identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7F51878C7E7FFFBC4907FC4ED2A7180F.text	7F51878C7E7FFFBC4907FC4ED2A7180F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleoptera LINNAEUS 1758	<div><p>COLEOPTERA LINNAEUS, 1758</p> <p>ARCHOSTEMATA KOLBE, 1908</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F51878C7E7FFFBC4907FC4ED2A7180F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas;Wedmann, Sonja;Poinar, George	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas, Wedmann, Sonja, Poinar, George (2010): How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (2): 300-311, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x
7F51878C7E7FFFBB48C6FBF9D1B61AAE.text	7F51878C7E7FFFBB48C6FBF9D1B61AAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micromalthus debilis LeConte 1878	<div><p>MICROMALTHUS DEBILIS LECONTE, 1878</p> <p>Figures 1A, 2A–C</p> <p>DESCRIPTION OF DOMINICAN AMBER SPECIMENS</p> <p>A detailed description of specimen MTEC226 (Figs 1A, 2A–C) is given as representative of the Dominican amber specimens.</p> <p>The fossil is embedded in a very clear piece of Dominican amber of light amber colour. There is a fissure running from one corner of the amber piece to the tip of the abdomen.</p> <p>With a few restrictions, the beetle is completely visible from both dorsal and ventral surfaces. It is intact with the exception of both antennae, which are broken after the fifth (left) and fourth (right) antennomere. Both hind wings are outstretched. The left one lies flat and shows the complete venation, whereas the right one is unnaturally folded at the radial hinge. Both elytra are partially closed and translucent (Fig. 1A). Overall, the animal is 2.18 mm long. In comparison with the figured extant specimen (Fig. 1B), the amber inclusions seem to have a very long abdomen. The length of the abdomen is very variable both in extant and fossil specimens. The abdominal segments are often more contracted in males than in females. For example, this may be because of physiological conditions, e.g. the developmental stage of eggs in the reproductive system of the female. Therefore, the overall length, especially of females, can be very variable. Further measurements are given in Table 2.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>The head is turned to the left and directed slightly upward. Of the mouthparts, only the protruding maxillary palps are visible. Each terminal palpomere is enlarged and bears a large sensory area with long rod-shaped sensilla. A white foggy substance covers the remaining mouthparts. Both antennae are complete but broken, the left antenna behind the fifth antennomere and the right antenna behind the fourth antennomere. The distal parts of the antennae are separated by the lengths of approximately three (right) to five (left) antennomeres from the more proximal segments. It is possible that the distal parts of the antennae stuck to the resin and were separated when the beetle attempted to free itself. The antennae are 11-segmented. The two basal antennomeres are distinctly larger than the third. Antennomeres 3 to 11 increase in size. The terminal antennomere is similar in size to the pedicel. The head is approximately 0.26 mm long and 0.38 mm wide. Each antenna is about 0.29 mm long without the gap.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>The pronotum is 0.27 mm wide at the anterior margin and 0.18 mm wide at the posterior margin. The ventral sides of the prothorax and mesothorax are obscured by a white foggy substance so that neither the prosternal area nor the procoxae or trochanters are visible (Fig. 2B). The tibiae are about two-thirds as long and about half as wide as the femora. Only in the hind legs are the tibiae nearly as long as the femora. All tarsi are five-segmented. The terminal tarsomere bears two claws and is nearly as long as the remaining tarsomeres combined. The metathorax is slightly longer than the prothorax and mesothorax combined. The metacoxae are inserted at the posterior margin of the metathorax. They stand close together and are somewhat cylindrical in shape. The elytra are very translucent and partially opened. Their surface is smooth and without recognizable pubescence. It is not possible to distinguish any details on the dorsal sides of the mesothorax and metathorax. The alae are nearly completely extended. The distal half of the right wing is turned upward and inward so that its tip is directed toward the abdomen. The left wing is nearly fully outstretched. Only the apex is slightly crumpled. Combining features from both hind wings, it is possible to reconstruct the complete venation (Fig. 2C).</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>The abdomen is completely collapsed with distinctly concave tergites, which are obliquely pressed against the sternites, so that the pleural membranes on the right side of the body can be seen in dorsal view. The abdomen has seven visible segments. None of the abdominal tergites have pubescent fovae, which, in combination with the long styli visible at the tip of the abdomen, indicates that the specimen is a female.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F51878C7E7FFFBB48C6FBF9D1B61AAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas;Wedmann, Sonja;Poinar, George	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas, Wedmann, Sonja, Poinar, George (2010): How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (2): 300-311, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x
7F51878C7E7AFFB74BE3FCABD2E518D0.text	7F51878C7E7AFFB74BE3FCABD2E518D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micromalthus debilis LeConte 1878	<div><p>MICROMALTHUS DEBILIS</p> <p>In the case of M. debilis, the critical environmental conditions might have been constant for an extended period. This beetle occupies a very special ecological niche. The peculiar and complex life cycle of M. debilis occurs in dead wood of a wide range of trees decayed by red-rot fungi (Pollock &amp; Normark, 2002; Hörnschemeyer, 2005). The mature timber habitat is an important component of forest ecosystems and offers ecological niches for a wide range of species (e.g. Grove, 2002). It can be assumed that this habitat remained more or less unchanged since the existence of deciduous and coniferous forests; i.e. since the middle Cretaceous for deciduous trees and significantly earlier for conifers (e.g. Nabors, 2007). In the life cycle of M. debilis (Fig. 5), there are two different types of parthenogenesis (‘virgin birth’), both of which have their origin in the so-called paedogenetic larva. In one pathway, the larva lays one egg, which then develops into a male beetle. In the other cycle a paedogenetic larva gives birth to about ten small larvae of the triungulin type, which are very agile and can disperse easily in the decaying wood. The triungulin larva passes through an unknown number of moults to become the cerambycoid larva, which may develop into a female beetle. But more often, this cerambycoid larva moults into a paedogenetic larva, and the cycle of larval reproduction starts anew.</p> <p>To date it is not known for certain whether the adult beetles can reproduce successfully. It may be that reproduction and also dispersal of M. debilis is completely dependent on the larval stages. In this case, the very small triungulin larva could cling to other larger flying insects as a means of transport to another decaying log, a behaviour known as phoresy (Wheeler, 1919; Clausen, 1976; Hörnschemeyer, 2005). Confirmation that this type of development (*also mentioned in Grimaldi &amp; Engel, 2005: 642).</p> <p>is ancient is shown by Micromalthus larvae from Miocene Mexican amber (Rozen, 1971) and Eocene Baltic amber (Lawrence &amp; Newton, 1995). The larvae most likely feed on fungi in the rotten wood. This remarkable life cycle entails a very efficient usage of resources and the species is well protected against potential predators. Obviously, M. debilis was able to survive with this life style for millions of years.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F51878C7E7AFFB74BE3FCABD2E518D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas;Wedmann, Sonja;Poinar, George	Hörnschemeyer, Thomas, Wedmann, Sonja, Poinar, George (2010): How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (2): 300-311, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x
