identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7E6C879C3313944DFE97FC7B235EF913.text	7E6C879C3313944DFE97FC7B235EF913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Choristoneura	<div><p>Key to puparia of tachinid parasitoids of Nearctic Choristoneura species</p><p>1. Posterior spiracular discs borne on a cylindrical projection that is about as long as wide (Fig. 36) ...................................................................................... Actia interrupta</p><p>– Posterior end of puparium without such a projection (Figs. 22–35) ............................ 2</p><p>2. Slits of posterior spiracular discs broadened considerably (Fig. 35) ...... Actia diffidens</p><p>– Slits narrow (Figs. 22–34) ............................................................................................ 3</p><p>3. Each posterior spiracular disc with three slits (Figs. 27–34) ....................................... 4</p><p>– Each posterior spiracular disc with four slits (Figs. 22–26) ....................................... 12</p><p>4. Prominent bulge present below posterior spiracular discs, much broader and higher than a single disc (Figs. 31, 33) .................................................................................... 5</p><p>– Bulge below posterior spiracular discs absent or small, not higher or broader than a single disc (Figs. 28–30, 32) ........................................................................................ 7</p><p>5. Posterior spiracular discs scarcely raised above surface of puparium, with shallow grooves between spiracular slits; bulge below spiracular discs rarely extended dorsally to region between discs (Fig. 33) ................................................... Smidtia fumiferanae</p><p>– Posterior spiracular discs protruding above surface of puparium, with deep grooves between spiracular slits; bulge below spiracular discs varied along dorsal edge (Figs. 28, 31) ......................................................................................................................... 6</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3313944DFE97FC7B235EF913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33159455FE97F957237EFCB3.text	7E6C879C33159455FE97F957237EFCB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actia diffidens Curran 1933	<div><p>Actia diffidens Curran, 1933, Fig. 37</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); O’Hara 1991 (†SK, MB); † Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: O’Hara 1991 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>This species is an uncommonly recorded parasitoid of Choristoneura species. It is similar in size and appearance to A. interrupta except that wing vein CuA 1 is almost always bare dorsally (only rarely with one to several hairs; veins R 1 and R 4+5 haired as in A. interrupta; cf. Figs. 12 and 13). Actia diffidens is common and widespread throughout Canada and the northern and eastern United States, with scattered records throughout the rest of the United States and Mexico (O’Hara 1991). The first instar of A. diffidens was figured by O’Hara (1988) and the adult was redescribed by O’Hara (1991) in his revision of the Nearctic species of Actia . The three larval instars, pupa, and puparium were described and illustrated by Prebble (1935).</p><p>Prebble (1935) studied parasitism of the tortricid Acleris variana (Fernald) (as Peronea variana) by A. diffidens in Nova Scotia. He found that adult A. diffidens appeared in June, parasitism of third to fifth instar A. variana occurred from late June to mid July, and fully developed maggots emerged from their hosts and formed puparia from mid July to mid August. Known hosts of A. diffidens are mostly Tortricidae but include a few species of Geometridae, Gracillariidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae (Arnaud 1978; O’Hara 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33159455FE97F957237EFCB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A.text	7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actia interrupta Curran 1933	<div><p>Actia interrupta Curran, 1933, Fig. 38</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); O’Hara 1991 (†MB, SK); † Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Daviault 1946, ex. Archips fumiferana (QC); Reeks et al. 1948 (Maritime provinces and NF); Daviault 1950 (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Miller 1955, as Gymnophthalma interrupta (NB); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959 (ON); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963 (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984 (ME); Huber et al. 1996 (NB); Cappuccino et al. 1998 (QC); Cappuccino et al. 1999 (QC); Schoenmaker et al. 2001 (QC); † Smith et al. 2002 (eastern Canada); Cusson et al. 2002 (QC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941 ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY); O’Hara 1991, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, ID, †OR, CO, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, VT).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura lambertiana: O’Hara 1991 (MT); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979 (BC); O’Hara 1991 (BC, ID, MT); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, as Actia pilipennis ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“northern Rocky Mountain region”); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Gymnophthalma interrupta ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Gymnophthalma interrupta ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954 (MI); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (WI, MI); O’Hara 1991 (MB, ON, †WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Schuh &amp; Mote 1948, ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Neunzig &amp; Gyrisco 1955 (NY); † Arnaud 1978 (OR, NY); Hagley &amp; Barber 1991 (ON); O’Hara 1991 (†OR, ON, NS, NY); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI).</p><p>Actia interrupta is a very small tachinid, generally 4–5mm long, that is easily recognized among the species treated here by the dorsally haired wing veins R 1, R 4+5 and CuA 1 (Fig. 13). It is a common and widespread species found mostly in wooded areas from Alaska and British Columbia to Newfoundland, and south to California in the West and Virginia and Tennessee in the East (O’Hara 1991). Actia interrupta was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960, as Gymnophthalma interrupta). Tilles and Woodley (1984) included A. interrupta among the five tachinids treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. O’Hara (1991) redescribed A. interrupta and figured portions of its puparium in his revision of the Nearctic species of Actia .</p><p>Eggs laid by Actia females contain fully developed first instars that hatch soon after oviposition. It is likely that the eggs are laid in the vicinity of a host and the first instar actively searches for the host.</p><p>Actia interrupta attacks conifer­feeding Choristoneura species as late instar larvae, usually attacking the fifth or sixth instar but occasionally the fourth, and emerges from the sixth instar (Dowden et al. 1948; Miller 1955; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Cusson et al. 2002). Choristoneura rosaceana is apparently attacked earlier, from the third instar onwards, with emergence from the third to sixth instar (Bostanian, pers. comm.; Westbrook, pers. comm.). There are two or more generations per year (Schaffner 1959, Westbrook, pers. comm.), with a variety of alternate hosts. Fully developed maggots pupariate away from the host and the species overwinters in the pupal stage (Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984).</p><p>Actia interrupta is frequently recorded from Choristoneura species, but parasitism rates are generally low. However, Blais (1965) recorded up to 32% parasitism in a residual C. fumiferana outbreak in Québec, and Schaupp et al. (1991) reported 40% parasitism in an endemic population of Choristoneura sp. in southern Oregon. Schaupp et al. (1991) noted that A. interrupta is usually rare in epidemic populations of conifer­feeding Choristoneura species. The relatively low fecundity of A. interrupta (probably not more than a hundred or so eggs, compared to thousands in goniine tachinids that produce microtype eggs) may limit its ability to respond quickly to outbreaks.</p><p>Hosts of A. interrupta include about 25 species of Tortricidae and a species each of Geometridae and Notodontidae (Arnaud 1978; O’Hara 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC.text	7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceromasia auricaudata Townsend 1908	<div><p>Ceromasia auricaudata Townsend, 1908, Fig. 39</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: † Dowden et al. 1948, as Masicera rutila ex. Archips fumiferana (eastern North America); Blais 1960 (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Ceromasia aurifrons (NB) and C. auricaudata († America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Ceromasia aurifrons and C. auricaudata ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada); † Arnaud 1978, as Ceromasia aurifrons (Canada) and C. auricaudata (BC, OR, CO, ON, QC) ex. C. fumiferana .</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979 (BC); Schmid 1981 (NM); Torgersen et al., 1984 (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Harris &amp; Dawson 1985 (BC); † Torgersen 1985 (WA, OR, ID, MT).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1913, as Masicera rutila ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC); Wilkes 1946, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1947, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (western North America); †Wilkes 1949, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Graham &amp; Jones 1962, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Clausen 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR).</p><p>Ceromasia aurifrons and C. auricaudata were considered to be distinct species until recently, with the former having an eastern distribution and the latter a western distribution (e.g., Sabrosky &amp; Arnaud 1965). O’Hara and Wood (2004) synonymized C. aurifrons with C. auricaudata and gave the known distribution of this species as transcontinental in Canada and ranging southward to California, New Mexico, Kansas, and Massachusetts. Adults are typically 7–9mm long, rather robust, and mostly gray with a mottled abdomen. The head and tip of the abdomen are usually golden, though less so in eastern specimens. The egg, three larval instars, and puparium of C. auricaudata were described and illustrated by Coppel and Maw (1954a). Ceromasia auricaudata was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952, as separate species C. aurifrons and C. auricaudata) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960).</p><p>Ceromasia auricaudata belongs to the Goniini and produces microtype eggs that are ingested by the host. Further information on general goniine biology is given below under Cyzenis incrassata . Ceromasia auricaudata attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and the mature maggot emerges from the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (Dowden et al. 1948; Coppel &amp; Maw 1954a; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959). In a study of C. occidentalis parasitism in British Columbia by Harris and Dawson (1979), emergence from sixth instar hosts as well as from host pupae was reported. Adult flies emerge from their puparia in about 9–11 days (Coppel &amp; Maw 1954a).</p><p>Adults of the second generation of C. auricaudata overwinter in alternate hosts including pupae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Coppel 1947) . The few other known hosts of C. auricaudata include two tortricids, a species each of Geometridae and Noctuidae, and three species of Pieridae and Pyralidae that served as hosts under laboratory conditions (Arnaud 1978, including records from “ C. aurifrons ”).</p><p>The rate of parasitism of C. auricaudata in conifer­feeding Choristoneura is negligible in the East but significant in the West, with parasitism of up to 13% reported by Wilkes et al. (1949) and up to 16% reported by Harris &amp; Dawson (1979) in British Columbia, and up to 13% reported by Schaupp et al. (1991) in Oregon. Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked C. auricaudata as the fourth most important parasitoid, and second most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia.</p><p>Efforts were made during the 1940s and 1950s to establish several western species of budworm parasitoids in eastern Canada to help control outbreaks of Choristoneura fumiferana . Among these was C. auricaudata, which was reared in huge numbers in Belleville, Ontario, from budworms collected mostly from the Lillooet area of British Columbia (Wilkes 1946; Coppel 1947). About 21,000 C. auricaudata were released in eastern Canada between 1944 and 1953, with an additional 2363 specimens released in Maine and 6317 specimens released in New York during this period (McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962; Clausen 1978). There is no evidence that any western C. auricaudata became established in the East. Blais (1960) recorded a single C. auricaudata from Québec, but that specimen could well have represented parasitism from the endemic population of the species. The only other published report of C. auricaudata parasitizing Choristoneura fumiferana in the East is that of Huber et al. (1996, as C. aurifrons) based on a rearing record from New Brunswick.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33089451FE97FB5924A5FC4C.text	7E6C879C33089451FE97FB5924A5FC4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Compsilura concinnata (Meigen 1824) Meigen 1824	<div><p>Compsilura concinnata (Meigen, 1824), Fig. 40</p><p>Laboratory experiment ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (lab. experiment in northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978; † Huber et al. 1996. Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI); four specimens from QC (examined), from unpublished data of N. Bostanian (Agriculture and Agri­Food Canada, St. Jean­sur­Richelieu).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and/or Pandemis limitata: Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).</p><p>Compsilura concinnata is a mostly gray tachinid with four conspicuous, black, longitudinal stripes on the thorax and a black­and­gray banded abdomen. Adults are typically 7– 8mm long but some individuals are as small as 4mm. Compsilura concinnata was introduced repeatedly into North America from Europe throughout the 1900s for control of a number of lepidopterous pests, most notably the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar (L.)) and browntail moth ( Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.)). It became established and is presently recorded from most of southern Canada and the northeastern and western United States (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Because C. concinnata is continuing to expand its range, it may well be more widely distributed than current records suggest.</p><p>Compsilura concinnata is an extremely polyphagous parasitoid that has been reared from nearly 200 species of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera (Symphyta), and Coleoptera in North America (Arnaud 1978; Boettner et al. 2000). Females have a long piercing ovipositor that is used to inject thin­shelled eggs into the body of a host. The eggs hatch immediately and the first instars migrate to the midgut, where they develop within the narrow space between the peritrophic membrane and midgut wall (Ichiki &amp; Shima 2003). The species has two or more generations per year, often alternating hosts throughout the season, and can develop gregariously in larger hosts (Culver 1919; Webber &amp; Schaffner 1926; Schaffner &amp; Griswold 1934). The maggot overwinters within the host prepupa or pupa and emerges in the spring to pupariate nearby (Culver 1919; Webber &amp; Schaffner 1926).</p><p>Compsilura concinnata has been recorded only recently from C. rosaceana (see host records above) but readily parasitizes C. fumiferana in the laboratory (Dowden et al. 1948) and hence has the potential to be a significant budworm parasitoid. It is the most polyphagous tachinid known and its parasitism of Choristoneura species will likely occur whenever suitable opportunities arise. Parasitism of Choristoneura larvae can occur only during a summer generation of C. concinnata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33089451FE97FB5924A5FC4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC.text	7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyzenis incrassata (Smith 1912) Smith 1912	<div><p>Cyzenis incrassata (Smith, 1912), Fig. 41</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Torgersen, et al. 1984, as Phorocera incrassata (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Torgersen 1985, as P. incrassata (WA, OR, ID, MT); O’Hara &amp; Cooper 1992 (BC, OR, NM); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes 1946, as Phorocera incrassata ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1947, as P. incrassata ex. A. fumiferana (BC); † Dowden et al. 1948, as P. in cra ss at a ex. A. fumiferana (western North America); †Wilkes 1949, as P. incrassata ex. A. fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as P. in cra ss at a ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Ross 1952, as P. incrassata ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada); Coppel 1958, as P. i n c r a s s a t a ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Zwolfer 1961, as Clemelis incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Graham &amp; Jones 1962, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Arnaud 1978, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR); † Clausen 1978, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Huber et al. 1996, ex. C. fumiferana (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or C. retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Phorocera incrassata (OR); † O’Hara &amp; Cooper 1992 (OR).</p><p>Cyzenis incrassata is a grayish black tachinid about 5–7.5mm long with a known range comprising British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and New Mexico (O’Hara &amp; Cooper 1992; O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Attempts to establish C. incrassata in eastern Canada were unsuccessful (McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962; O’Hara &amp; Cooper 1992). The Nearctic species of Cyzenis were revised, and C. incrassata redescribed, by O’Hara and Cooper (1992). Cyzenis incrassata (as Phorocera incrassata) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). The egg, larval instars, and puparium of Cyzenis incrassata were described and illustrated by Coppel (1958). Records of Cyzenis incrassata parasitizing C. fumiferana in western North America are likely erroneous and based on misidentifications of C. occidentalis .</p><p>Cyzenis belongs to the Goniini (Exoristinae), a tribe characterized by the production of huge numbers of microtype eggs in the female reproductive system (Herting 1984; Wood 1987). These eggs are deposited on foliage, sometimes in response to feeding damage (Roland et al. 1989), and contain fully developed first instars. The eggs are ingested by a feeding host and pass unharmed into the gut, where they soon hatch under the influence of digestive enzymes and perhaps physical trauma (Mellini 1990). First instars burrow through the gut wall and move to specific locations within the host (Mellini 1990). In the case of Cyzenis incrassata, the first instar delays development until the host begins to pupate, then rapidly completes larval development and forms a puparium within the host’s pupal case (Coppel 1958). Adults emerge from their puparia after 12–14 days (Coppel 1958).</p><p>Adults of Cyzenis incrassata appear in June in British Columbia and attack maturing C. occidentalis larvae (Coppel 1958). Adults of the next generation appear in July and early August when C. occidentalis larvae are unavailable. Cyzenis incrassata must therefore overwinter in an alternate host, but its identity has not been determined (Coppel 1958). Choristoneura species remain almost exclusively the only known hosts of this species (Arnaud 1978; O’Hara &amp; Cooper 1992).</p><p>Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked Cyzenis incrassata (as Phorocera incrassata) as the eighth most important parasitoid, and fifth most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia, with an average parasitism rate of 1.1% during 1943–1947. Other studies have reported similarly low levels of parasitism, e.g., 0.008– 0.500% in British Columbia (Coppel 1958) and 0.0–2.5% in Oregon (Schaupp et al. 1991, with higher rates found in epidemic than endemic populations).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330E9452FE97FA5A27F5FCA4.text	7E6C879C330E9452FE97FA5A27F5FCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumea caesar (Aldrich 1916) Aldrich 1916	<div><p>Eumea caesar (Aldrich, 1916), Fig. 42</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fractivittana: † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips “practivittana” (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes &amp; Anderson 1947, as Zenillia caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Daviault 1950, as Aplomyia caesar (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes &amp; Drooz 1952, as Aplomya caesar (NY, ME); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar (ON); Dowden et al. 1953, as Aplomya caesar (ME); Miller 1955, as Aplomya caesar (NB); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959 (ON); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963, as Aplomya caesar (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984, as Aplomya caesar (ME); Hébert et al. 1989 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1913, as Exorista nigripalpis ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Brown 1941, as Zenillia caesar ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); Dowden et al. 1948, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, ME).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Aplomya caesar ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Aplomya caesar (CO); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979, as Aplomya caesar (BC).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Zenillia caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Aplomya caesar (OR).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Drooz &amp; Benjamin 1956, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); Kulman &amp; Hodson 1961, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963, as Aplomya caesar (Wisconsin); Allen et al. 1969, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan); Nealis 1991 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (North America); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Eumea caesar is a common tachinid found throughout temperate and boreal Canada, and south to California and Texas in the West and Virginia in the East (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Adults are generally 7–8mm long and mostly black with a black­and­gray banded abdomen. It was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952, as Aplomya caesar) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Wishart (1945) described and illustrated the immature stages of E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) and provided a detailed account of larval development in the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)) . Tilles and Woodley (1984) included E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) among the five tachinids treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.</p><p>Eumea caesar belongs to the Goniini, and like other members of that tribe produces microtype eggs that are laid on foliage and ingested by the host (see Cyzenis incrassata above for further information on goniine biology). It parasitizes fifth or sixth instar budworms, and the fully developed maggot emerges from the sixth instar or pupa and pupariates away from the host (Dowden et al. 1951; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; Hébert et al. 1989). Eumea caesar has more than one generation per year and occasionally two maggots emerge from a single Choristoneura host (Dowden et al. 1951). Dowden et al. (1951) reported that E. caesar overwinters in an alternate host, whereas Tilles and Woodley (1984) stated that it overwinters as a pupa in the soil.</p><p>Eumea caesar is recorded from a number of Tortricidae and six other families of Microlepidopera (Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar). Parasitism of Choristoneura species in western North America is reportedly low (Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; McKnight 1974; Harris &amp; Dawson 1979; Schaupp et al. 1991) and E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) was not included by Wilkes et al. (1949) in the top 15 hymenopterous and dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Parasitism of budworms in the East is also usually low but there are several reports of rates in excess of 25% (Dowden et al. 1948; Jaynes &amp; Drooz 1952; Blais 1965). Parasitism of C. pinus was reported as low by Drooz and Benjamin (1956) in Michigan, by Dixon and Benjamin (1963) in Wisconsin, and by Nealis (1991) in Ontario, but as high as 13% in a study by Allen et al. (1969) in Michigan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330E9452FE97FA5A27F5FCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330C945DFE97FC522245FC1C.text	7E6C879C330C945DFE97FC522245FC1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemisturmia parva (Bigot 1889) Bigot 1889	<div><p>Hemisturmia parva (Bigot, 1889), Fig. 43</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Dowden et al. 1951, as Phorocera tortricis ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Huber et al. 1996, as Hemisturmia tortricis (NB).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC, NY).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Phorocera tortricis ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Harris &amp; Dawson 1979, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Phorocera tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Coppel 1960, as Ceratochaeta tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Hemisturmia tortricis (OR).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963, as Phorocera tortricis (WI); † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis (WI); † Huber et al. 1996, as Hemisturmia tortricis (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Schuh &amp; Mote 1948, as Phorocera tortricis ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis (OR); † Huber et al. 1996, as Hemisturmia tortricis (America north of Mexico); Li et al. 1999, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); † Li et al. 2002, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and/or Pandemis limitata: Vakenti et al. 2001, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).</p><p>Hemisturmia parva is found throughout most of the forested regions of North America (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Adults are generally 5–7.5mm long, rather dark coloured, with an exceptionally large eye, a striped or black thorax, mostly orange scutellum, and banded or mottled abdomen. Hemisturmia parva was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952, as Phorocera tortricis) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960, as Ceratochaeta tortricis).</p><p>Hemisturmia belongs to the Winthemiini, a tribe in which the females oviposit unincubated eggs directly on a host (Wood 1987). The first instar probably develops within the egg for several days, then exits the egg and burrows into the host. Hemisturmia parva attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura and emerges from the larva or, more commonly, the pupa (Schuh &amp; Mote 1948; Harris &amp; Dawson 1979; Li et al. 1999). It has at least two generations per year and its method of overwintering is not known (Schaffner 1959). Parasitism rates are rarely above 1% in Choristoneura species (Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963; Harris &amp; Dawson 1979; Schaupp et al. 1991; Li et al. 1999). Wilkes et al. (1949) did not include H. parva (as Phorocera tortricis) among the 15 dominant hymenopterous and dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia, and Tilles and Woodley (1984) excluded it from their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.</p><p>Hemisturmia parva is recorded from more than ten species of Tortricidae and a species each in the families Glyphipterygidae, Nymphalidae, Pterophoridae, and Pyralidae (Arnaud 1978, as H. tortricis; Fitzpatrick et al. 1994, as H. tortricis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330C945DFE97FC522245FC1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4.text	7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphantrophaga blanda (Osten Sacken 1887) Osten Sacken 1887	<div><p>Hyphantrophaga blanda (Osten Sacken, 1887)</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI).</p><p>Hyphantrophaga blanda and H. virilis are, at best, uncommon parasitoids of Choristoneura species. They are included here rather than classed as accidental parasitoids of Choristoneura because a record each of H. blanda and H. virilis parasitizing different species of Choristoneura suggests that such parasitization is more opportunistic than accidental, and probably occurs occasionally. Both species are small to medium­sized tachinids (5– 8mm long), mostly gray with four black stripes on the thorax and a lightly banded abdomen. They are widely distributed throughout North America (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004).</p><p>Sellers (1930) examined reared specimens of H. blanda and H. virilis (both as species of Zenillia Robineau­Desvoidy) and described differences between the species in the puparium and both sexes of the adult. Thompson (1953) described and illustrated the egg, larval instars, and puparium of H. blanda .</p><p>Hyphantrophaga is a member of the Goniini, producing microtype eggs that are laid on foliage and consumed by a host (see Cyzenis incrassata above; also Thompson 1953). Records from a number of hosts indicate that the mature maggot of both H. blanda and H. virilis generally emerges from the host pupa but sometimes forms a puparium within the host (Sellers 1930). Similarly, Ciesla (1964) reported that H. blanda (as Eusisyropa blanda) emerges from the pupa of Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Geometridae) . However, Burgess and Crossman (1927) reported the emergence of H. blanda (as Zenillia blanda) from the larva of Leucoma salicis (L.) (as Stilpnotia salicis; Lymantriidae), and Evans (1962) reported the emergence of H. virilis (as Eusisyropa virilis) from the larva of Melanolophia imitata (Walker) (Geometridae) . Sellers (1930) found that both H. blanda and H. virilis overwinter as larvae in the host pupa, and noted that “if parasitic on hosts producing adults in the same season, both parasites completed their development that season; but if parasitic on hosts that pass the winter in the pupal stage and emerge the following spring or summer, the flies likewise did not emerge until the following spring” (p. 574). There are usually two generations per year and multiparasitism can occur in larger hosts (Schaffner &amp; Griswold 1934; Schaffner 1959).</p><p>Sellers (1930) examined the host records for H. blanda and H. virilis and found that only about one­third of the hosts known for these two species are shared. They are parasitoids of a wide variety of Lepidoptera, attacking hosts belonging to about 15 families. Hyphantrophaga blanda is a well known parasitoid of several tortricids, especially Archips species (Sellers 1930; Arnaud 1978, as Eusisyropa blanda).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3302945CFE97FC2B25D6FB40.text	7E6C879C3302945CFE97FC2B25D6FB40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphantrophaga virilis (Aldrich and Webber 1924) Aldrich and Webber 1924	<div><p>Hyphantrophaga virilis (Aldrich and Webber, 1924), Fig. 44</p><p>Unpublished host record ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: one specimen from BC (examined), from collection of Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria.</p><p>This species is discussed under Hyphantrophaga blanda .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3302945CFE97FC2B25D6FB40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64.text	7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lypha fumipennis Brooks 1945	<div><p>Lypha fumipennis Brooks, 1945, Fig. 45</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955, as Lypha setifacies (SK, MB); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); O’Hara 2002 (AB, †SK, MB).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Wilkes &amp; Anderson 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON); Dowden et al. 1951, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes &amp; Drooz 1952, as Lypha setifacies (NY, ME); Miller 1955, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Dowden et al. 1953, as Lypha setifacies (ME); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Blais 1960, as Lypha setifacies (QC); MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); † Miller 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Blais 1965, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984, as Lypha setifacies (ME); Hébert et al. 1989, as Lypha setifacies (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Bourchier &amp; Smith 1998, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Cappuccino et al. 1999, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Smith et al. 2002, as Lypha setifacies (eastern Canada); O’Hara 2002 (ON, †NB, †QC, †NY, ME).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Lypha dubia ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); † Dowden et al. 1948, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC, ON, QC, NB, ME, NY).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Lypha setifacies ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: O’Hara 2002 (BC, †OR).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Lypha setifacies (OR).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954, as Lypha setifacies (MI); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963, as Lypha setifacies (WI); Allen et al. 1969, as Lypha setifacies (MI); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (WI, MI); Nealis 1991, as Lypha setifacies (ON); † Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); †Frankenhuyzen 2002, as Lypha setifacies (ON, prairie provinces); O’Hara 2002 (ON, †WI, †MI).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips rosaceana (QC); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); † O’Hara 2002 (QC).</p><p>Lypha fumipennis is a dark coloured tachinid, 5–7.5mm long, that occurs throughout southern Canada and the northern United States and is also recorded from Georgia (O’Hara 2002). It was redescribed by O’Hara (2002) in his revision of the Polideini of America north of Mexico. Lypha fumipennis (as L. setifacies) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Tilles and Woodley (1984) included L. fumipennis (as L. setifacies) among the five tachinid species treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.</p><p>Almost all the North American species of Lypha were combined under the name L. dubia (Fallén), a Palearctic species, until Brooks (1945) revised the Canadian species of the genus. Brooks did not examine the type series of L. setifacies (West), however, and O’Hara (2002) showed that Brooks misapplied this name. O’Hara (2002) discovered that the species described by Brooks as L. intermedia is in fact L. setifacies, and that the L. setifacies of Brooks is conspecific with the species Brooks (1945) described from British Columbia as L. fumipennis . Hence, the valid name for this Choristoneura parasitoid is L. fumipennis . Unfortunately, the name used by Brooks (i.e., L. setifacies) became entrenched in the literature on Choristoneura parasitoids because this species has long been known as a parasitoid of the spruce budworm.</p><p>Host attack by L. fumipennis has not been described but is probably similar to that of its Palearctic relative, Lypha dubia (Fallén) . Lypha dubia deposits fully incubated eggs in the vicinity of a host, the eggs hatch soon afterwards, and the first instars search for and parasitize the host (Schröder 1969). Lypha fumipennis parasitizes fifth and sixth instar larvae of Choristoneura and the fully mature maggot emerges from the sixth instar of its host, or more rarely from the pupa (Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; Hébert et al. 1989). The maggot enters the ground, overwinters in the puparium, and emerges as an adult in spring (Brooks 1945; Coppel 1947). Adults are only seen during spring and early summer (O’Hara 2002), so there is probably only one generation per year. Females of L. dubia in Europe live for 30–50 days, have a preoviposition period of approximately a month, and develop about 150 eggs (Schröder 1969).</p><p>Lypha fumipennis is one of the most significant tachinid parasitoids of late instar Choristoneura larvae. Most studies of budworm parasitism have reported its presence (as L. setifacies) and parasitism rates are sometimes high. Benjamin and Drooz (1954) and Allen et al. (1969) reported parasitism of up to 16% and 9% respectively in C. pinus in Michigan, Dowden et al. (1951) reported up to 18% parasitism of C. fumiferana in New York, Jaynes and Drooz (1952) reported up to 17% parasitism of C. fumiferana in Maine, Nealis (1991) found greater than 20% parasitism of C. fumiferana in northwest Ontario, and Wilkes et al. (1949) reported up to 10% parasitism of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. In several studies L. fumipennis was the most dominant, or one of the most dominant, parasitoids of late instar budworms (Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954; Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984; Nealis 1991). Lypha fumipennis (as L. setifacies) was ranked by Wilkes et al. (1949) as the fifth most important parasitoid, and third most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Jaynes and Drooz (1952), Nealis (1991), and Bourchier and Smith (1998) reported increased rates of spruce budworm parasitism prior to the collapse of an outbreak, suggesting that L. fumipennis may have played a role in budworm decline.</p><p>Lypha fumipennis is almost exclusively a parasitoid of Choristoneura species (O’Hara 2002). The other known hosts are a tortricid, Pseudosciaphila duplex (Walsingham), and a pyralid, Dioryctria reniculelloides (Mutuura &amp; Munroe) (O’Hara 2002) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33009458FE97FA922278FE14.text	7E6C879C33009458FE97FA922278FE14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madremyia saundersii (Williston 1889) Williston 1889	<div><p>Madremyia saundersii (Williston, 1889), Fig. 46</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); † Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Miller 1955 (NB); Blais 1960 (QC); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, QC, NB, NY); † Zwolfer 1961, as Phryxe saundersii ex. C. fumiferana (North America)</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus:; † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979 (BC); Schmid 1981 (NM); Torgersen et al., 1984 (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Torgersen 1985 (WA, OR, ID, MT).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“northern Rocky Mountain region”); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Johnson 1925, ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); Franklin 1950, ex. Archips parallela (MA); † Arnaud 1978 (MA); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Kulman &amp; Hodson 1961 (MN); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (MN, WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Madremyia saundersii is a common and widespread species ranging from the Yukon and British Columbia to Newfoundland, and south to Mexico in the West and Virginia in the East (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Adults are generally 4.0–7.5mm long and mostly dark coloured with faint silvery bands on the abdomen. Madremyia saundersii was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by Coppel and Maw (1954b).</p><p>Madremyia belongs to the tribe Eryciini (in the Exoristinae) and is closely related to Phryxe, a species of which is treated below. The biology of M. saundersii was studied by Coppel and Maw (1954b). They observed that females deposit fully incubated eggs directly on the integument of a host. Soon after oviposition, the first instar exits from the end of the egg through the underside of the chorion and burrows into the host. Females generally lay 75– 100 eggs during a lifetime of 20–60 days. Usually only one parasitoid emerges per host but multiparasitism also occurs. Madremyia saundersii attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the sixth instar or pupa (Dowden et al. 1948; Coppel &amp; Maw 1954b; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969). The fully mature maggot falls to the ground and pupariates in the soil (Coppel &amp; Maw 1954b). A second generation is passed in an alternate host, and perhaps a third generation as well (Schaffner &amp; Griswold 1934; Coppel &amp; Maw 1954b). Coppel and Maw (1954b) speculated that M. saundersii passes the winter as a first or second instar in an alternate host.</p><p>Parasitism of conifer­feeding Choristoneura species by M. saundersii has been reported as higher in western than eastern North America. Dowden et al. (1948) recorded emergence of M. saundersii from up to 6% of larvae and up to 14% of pupae in Colorado. Coppel and Maw (1954b) reported up to 7.5% parasitism in British Columbia. In Oregon, Carolin and Coulter (1959) reported parasitism approaching 10% and Schaupp et al. (1991) recorded parasitism as high as13%; in both these studies there was an increase in parasitism as budworm outbreaks progressed. Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked M. saundersii as the twelfth most important parasitoid, and sixth most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Dowden et al. (1951) and Blais (1960) reported very low parasitism of C. fumiferana in New York and Québec, respectively. In northwestern Ontario, McGugan and Blais (1959) did not rear M. saundersii from C. fumiferana and Nealis (1991) did not rear it from C. pinus . Tilles and Woodley (1984) excluded M. saundersii from their treatment of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine, presumably because of its rarity as a parasitoid of C. fumiferana in that state.</p><p>Madremyia saundersii has a broad host range of over 30 known species, including members of the Danaidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae (Arnaud 1978) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33009458FE97FA922278FE14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3306945BFE97FDA32408FB0C.text	7E6C879C3306945BFE97FDA32408FB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemorilla pyste (Walker 1849) Walker 1849	<div><p>Nemorilla pyste (Walker, 1849), Fig. 47</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Tothill 1913, as Exorista pyste ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); Richmond 1941b, as Nemorilla [= N. maculosa] ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on spruce (SK, MB, ON); Daviault 1946, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. Archips fumiferana (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Raizenne 1952 (ON); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959 (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Nemorilla floralis (northeastern United States); Blais 1960 (QC); Blais 1965 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); † Dowden et al. 1948, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, SK, MB, ON, QC, NY).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“northern Rocky Mountain region”); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Franklin 1943, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); † Arnaud 1978 (MA); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Richmond 1938, as “Hemorilla” maculosa ex. spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (MB, ON); Richmond 1940, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (SK, MB, ON); Richmond 1941a, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Archips fumiferana, on jack pine (SK); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963, as Nemorilla floralis (WI); † Arnaud 1978 (WI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Davis 1912, as Exorista pyste ex. Archips rosaceana (IL); Schaffner 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips rosaceana (northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978 (IL, northeastern United States); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and/or Pandemis limitata: Pfannenstiel &amp; Unruh 2003 (WA); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).</p><p>Nemorilla pyste is a common species that is widespread throughout Canada, the United States, and Mexico (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). It is a dark coloured tachinid, generally 4.0– 7.5mm long, with three black stripes on the thorax (median stripe quite broad) and a mottled abdomen. It was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960).</p><p>The mode of oviposition has not been described for Nemorilla pyste, but is probably similar to that in other members of the tribe Winthemiini (including Hemisturmia parva and Smidtia fumiferanae of the species treated here). The female uses a telescopic ovipositor to attach eggs to the body of a host. The eggs hatch after several days and the first instar immediately burrows into the host. Nemorilla pyste attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the pupa (Davis 1912; Dowden et al. 1948; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; McKnight 1974). It is likely, based on specimens of N. pyste in the Canadian National Collection of Insects reared from various hosts, that the tachinid either pupariates in the host pupa or emerges as a mature maggot and pupariates elsewhere. The parasitoid has two or more generations per year and overwinters as a larva in various hosts (Schaffner 1959).</p><p>Nemorilla pyste has been reported frequently as a parasitoid of Choristoneura species, but the level of parasitism was generally very low (Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963; Dowden et al. 1951; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; McGugan &amp; Blais 1959; Blais 1960; McKnight 1974). It was not ranked among the top 15 hymenopterous and dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia in a study by Wilkes et al. (1949), nor included among the parasitoids of spruce budworm in Maine by Tilles and Woodley (1984). However, during outbreaks of C. pinus in Saskatchewan in 1939 and 1940, N. pyste (as N. maculosa) was considered one of the most important parasitoids of the budworm (Richmond 1940; Richmond 1941a).</p><p>Nemorilla pyste has a broad host range. It is recorded from about 30 species in each of the Pyralidae and Tortricidae and has one to several hosts in each of the Gelechiidae, Glyphipterygidae, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Oecophoridae, and Yponomeutidae (Arnaud 1978) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3306945BFE97FDA32408FB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3305945AFE97FABA241EF90D.text	7E6C879C3305945AFE97FABA241EF90D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nilea erecta (Coquillett 1902) Coquillett 1902	<div><p>Nilea erecta (Coquillett, 1902), Fig. 48</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: McGugan &amp; Blais 1959, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (ON); Blais 1960, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (QC); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Dowden et al. 1948, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Phorocera erecta ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Harris &amp; Dawson 1979, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (BC).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Phorocera erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as Phorocera erecta ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963, as Phorocera erecta (WI); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (WI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Knowlton &amp; Allen 1937, as Phorocera erecta ex. Cacoecia rosaceana (UT); Knowlton &amp; Hansen 1938, as Phorocera erecta ex. Cacoecia rosaceana (UT); Zeller &amp; Schuh 1944, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Schuh &amp; Mote 1948, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Raizenne 1952, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (OR, UT, ON, northeastern United States); Hagley &amp; Barber 1991 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and/or Pandemis limitata: Vakenti et al. 2001 (BC); Pfannenstiel &amp; Unruh 2003 (WA); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).</p><p>Nilea erecta is a small (generally 4.0–6.5 mm long), grayish black tachinid with a somewhat mottled or banded abdomen. It differs from other tachinids treated here in possessing four katepisternal setae (Fig. 4) instead of two or three. It is a widespread species found throughout America north of Mexico (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). Nilea erecta was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952, as Phorocera erecta) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta).</p><p>The egg­laying habits of N. erecta have not been described but are likely similar to those of the other eryciines treated here, Madremyia saundersii and Phryxe pecosensis (Table 2). If this is the case, then a fully incubated egg is deposited on a host and the first instar emerges almost immediately and burrows into the host’s body. Nilea erecta attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the sixth instar or pupa (Knowlton &amp; Allen 1937; Dowden et al. 1948; Schuh &amp; Mote 1948; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Harris &amp; Dawson 1979). There is usually only one N. erecta per host, there are at least two generations per year, and the winter is passed in the puparium (Schaffner 1959).</p><p>Nilea erecta has been frequently reported as a parasitoid of Choristoneura species but levels of parasitism are generally low (Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; McGugan &amp; Blais 1959; Blais 1960; Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963). However, Zeller and Schuh (1944) cited N. erecta (as Phorocera erecta) and a braconid wasp as the two most important parasitoids of C. rosaceana (as Archips rosaceana) in an Oregon study. Wilkes et al. (1949) placed N. erecta (as Phorocera erecta) low on their list of the 15 dominant parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia, ranking it thirteenth among all parasitoids and sixth among the Diptera . It was not included in a treatment of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine (Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984).</p><p>Nilea erecta is chiefly a parasitoid of the Tortricidae (15 host species) and Pyralidae (nine host species), with a single host species reported from each of the Noctuidae and Notodontidae (Arnaud, 1978) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3305945AFE97FABA241EF90D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4.text	7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend 1926) Townsend 1926	<div><p>Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend, 1926), Fig. 49</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); Schaffner 1959, ex. Archips conflictana (northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB, ME); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Johannsen 1913, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (ME); Tothill 1913, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); † Winn &amp; Beaulieu 1915, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); Wilkes &amp; Anderson 1947, ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Daviault 1950 (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes &amp; Drooz 1952 (NY, ME); Raizenne 1952 (ON); Dowden et al. 1953 (ME); Miller 1955 (NB); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959 (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Phryxe vulgaris (northeastern United States); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963 (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Arnaud 1978, as Phryxe vulgaris (MA, QC, ME); † Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984 (ME); Hébert et al. 1989 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB); † Huber et al. 1996, as Phryxe vulgaris (America north of Mexico); Cappuccino et al. 1999 (QC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Zenillia vulgaris ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Sellers 1943, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, ME, NY).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979 (BC).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954 (MI); Drooz &amp; Benjamin 1956 (MI); Kulman &amp; Hodson 1961 (MN); Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (MN, WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Raizenne 1952, ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); † Arnaud 1978 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Phryxe pecosensis ranges from Alaska to Newfoundland, and south to California and New Mexico in the West and Virginia in the East. It is a dark coloured species about 4.0–7.5mm long. The adult and puparium resemble those of the related Madremyia saundersii, and the puparia of the two species (Figs. 24–25) are not always easily distinguished. Phryxe pecosensis was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). The egg, larval instars and puparium were described by Maw and Coppel (1953).</p><p>Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén) is a widely distributed Holarctic species that is very similar in appearance to P. pecosensis . This similarity has resulted in frequent misidentifications of P. pecosensis as P. vulgaris in the literature. Sellers (1943) provided useful characters by which to separate the species, but the differences between the species are so subtle that misidentifications continue to occur. Sellers (1943) considered host records of P. v u l g a r i s from C. fumiferana (as Archips fumiferana) to be based on misidentifications of P. pecosensis, and I agree with his assessment.</p><p>Phryxe pecosensis is an eryciine tachinid that develops mature eggs within the female reproductive system. In a study of the biology of this species, Maw and Coppel (1953) found that eggs are deposited directly on the host. The first instar usually emerges soon after egg deposition, exiting through the ventral surface of the egg and burrowing into the host. Maw and Coppel (1953) observed a maximum deposition of 32 eggs in the laboratory but found many more eggs in the reproductive systems of dissected females, so females probably deposit close to 100 eggs under natural conditions. Females have a preoviposition period of about 10 days and adults live up to about 50 days (Maw &amp; Coppel 1953). Phryxe pecosensis attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the sixth instar or pupa (Dowden et al. 1948; Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; McKnight 1974). The fully mature maggot leaves the host to pupariate elsewhere (Sellers 1943; Maw &amp; Coppel 1953). Adults are active from May to October, there are two or more generations per year, and the parasitoid overwinters as a larva in an alternate host (Schaffner &amp; Griswold 1934; Schaffner 1959).</p><p>Phryxe pecosensis is a commonly recorded parasitoid of Choristoneura species that is generally responsible for low levels of parasitism but occasionally has been found at higher levels. Parasitism of C. pinus was reported as low (less than 3% parasitism of late larvae) in Michigan by Benjamin and Drooz (1954) and Allen et al. (1969) and in Wisconsin by Dixon and Benjamin (1963). In Quebec, Daviault (1950) reported spruce budworm parasitism as high as 7.4% in larvae and 1% in pupae, whereas Blais (1960) reported relative parasitism as high as 15%. In New York, Dowden et al. (1951) reported parasitism of spruce budworm larvae as high as 18% and of pupae as high as 6%. Jaynes and Drooz (1952) found up to 24% parasitism of mature larvae of spruce budworm in New York and up to 12% parasitism of budworm larvae in Maine. Tilles and Woodley (1984) included P. pecosensis as one of five tachinids in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. Parasitism in the West has been reported as low. Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked P. pecosensis fifteen among the 15 dominant dipterous and hymenopterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia.</p><p>The hosts from which P. pecosensis has been reported are many and varied: a species of Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera), a species each in Danaidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, and Saturniidae, two species of Pyralidae, several species in each of Geometridae and Noctuidae, and about ten species of Tortricidae (Arnaud 1978) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD.text	7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smidtia fumiferanae (Tothill 1912) Tothill 1912	<div><p>Smidtia fumiferanae (Tothill, 1912), Fig. 50</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955, as Omotoma fumiferanae (SK, MB); † Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae (SK, MB); † Huber et al. 1996, as Winthemia fumiferanae (America north of Mexico).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes &amp; Anderson 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Raizenne 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Miller 1955, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); McGugan &amp; Blais 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Blais 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae (QC); MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); † Miller 1963, as Winthemia amoena (NB); Blais 1965, as Winthemia amoena (QC); † Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ME); Hébert et al. 1989, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert &amp; Cloutier 1990a, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert &amp; Cloutier 1990b, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert et al. 1990, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Winthemia fumiferanae (NB); Bourchier &amp; Smith 1998, as Winthemia fumiferanae (ON); † Smith et al. 2002, as Winthemia fumiferanae (eastern Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1912, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Hewitt 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Tothill 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); † Johannsen 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (Canada); Tothill 1923, as Winthemia ex. spruce budworm (BC, NB); Brown 1941, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Dowden et al. 1948, as Omotoma (Winthemia) fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Winthemia amoena ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NH, NY).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Omotoma fumiferanae (CO); Doganlar &amp; Beirne 1978, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Harris &amp; Dawson 1979, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Schmid 1981, as Timnavia [= Timavia] fumiferanae (NM); Torgersen et al. 1984, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Harris &amp; Dawson 1985, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); † Torgersen 1985, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT).</p><p>Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC).</p><p>Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Nealis 1991 (ON).</p><p>This distinctive and common species is found throughout most of America north of Mexico (O’Hara &amp; Wood 2004). For many years it was variously assigned to Omotoma Lioy, Winthemia Robineau­Desvoidy, or Timavia Robineau­Desvoidy, but was recently moved to Smidtia Robineau­Desvoidy by Shima (1996), who also placed Omotoma and Timavia as generic synonyms of Smidtia . Smidtia fumiferanae can be distinguished from the other tachinids treated here by the presence of hairs on the mid portion of the parafacial (Fig.3); it differs from Winthemia species in having the hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen mostly erect (hairs recumbent in Winthemia). Adults are mostly 5–9mm long. The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by Coppel and Smith (1957). Smidtia fumiferanae (as Omotoma fumiferanae) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960).</p><p>Females of S. fumiferanae lay unincubated eggs directly on their hosts, as is typical of members of the Winthemiini. Eggs are laid primarily on sixth instar budworms and the first instar maggot is capable of parasitizing its host after about three days of development (Coppel &amp; Smith 1957; Hébert &amp; Cloutier 1990a). However, the first instar maggot generally waits in the egg for the host to begin pupation before entering it (Coppel &amp; Smith 1957; Hébert &amp; Cloutier 1990a). Hence, parasitoid development usually takes place entirely within the host pupa. Less frequently, fourth or fifth instar hosts are attacked (Doganlar &amp; Beirne 1978), and emergence from sixth instar hosts has been reported (Harris &amp; Dawson 1979). Once the maggot has completed development, it leaves the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (Coppel &amp; Smith 1957; Hébert et al. 1989). The parasitoid overwinters in the puparium and there is typically one generation per year (Schaffner &amp; Griswold 1934; Coppel &amp; Smith 1957; Hébert et al. 1989).</p><p>Smidtia fumiferanae is arguably the most important tachinid parasitoid of Choristoneura species in Canada. It was ranked by Wilkes et al. (1949, as Omotoma fumiferanae) as the third most important parasitoid, and single most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Harris and Dawson (1979) reported parasitism of late instar C. occidentalis larvae by S. fumiferanae (as Winthemia fumiferanae) as high as 18% in British Columbia. Smidtia fumiferanae (as Omotoma fumiferanae) was considered a major parasitoid of budworms in Colorado by Dowden et al. (1948) and in Oregon by Carolin and Coulter (1959). In the East, budworm parasitism by S. fumiferanae has not matched the levels reported in the West, but the species is common and parasitism can be locally significant (Coppel and Smith 1957, Blais 1960; Hébert et al. 1989). The species was included among the five tachinids treated by Tilles and Woodley (1984) in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.</p><p>The hosts of S. fumiferanae include two species of Geometridae and a few species of Noctuidae (Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae), in addition to the Choristoneura species indicated in Table 1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	O’Hara, James E.	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
