taxonID	type	description	language	source
7E6C879C33159455FE97F957237EFCB3.taxon	description	This species is an uncommonly recorded parasitoid of Choristoneura species. It is similar in size and appearance to A. interrupta except that wing vein CuA 1 is almost always bare dorsally (only rarely with one to several hairs; veins R 1 and R 4 + 5 haired as in A. interrupta; cf. Figs. 12 and 13). Actia diffidens is common and widespread throughout Canada and the northern and eastern United States, with scattered records throughout the rest of the United States and Mexico (O’Hara 1991). The first instar of A. diffidens was figured by O’Hara (1988) and the adult was redescribed by O’Hara (1991) in his revision of the Nearctic species of Actia. The three larval instars, pupa, and puparium were described and illustrated by Prebble (1935). Prebble (1935) studied parasitism of the tortricid Acleris variana (Fernald) (as Peronea variana) by A. diffidens in Nova Scotia. He found that adult A. diffidens appeared in June, parasitism of third to fifth instar A. variana occurred from late June to mid July, and fully developed maggots emerged from their hosts and formed puparia from mid July to mid August. Known hosts of A. diffidens are mostly Tortricidae but include a few species of Geometridae, Gracillariidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae (Arnaud 1978; O’Hara 1991).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Daviault 1946, ex. Archips fumiferana (QC); Reeks et al. 1948 (Maritime provinces and NF); Daviault 1950 (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Miller 1955, as Gymnophthalma interrupta (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959 (ON); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963 (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Tilles & Woodley 1984 (ME); Huber et al. 1996 (NB); Cappuccino et al. 1998 (QC); Cappuccino et al. 1999 (QC); Schoenmaker et al. 2001 (QC); † Smith et al. 2002 (eastern Canada); Cusson et al. 2002 (QC). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941 ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY); O’Hara 1991, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, ID, † OR, CO, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, VT). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura lambertiana: O’Hara 1991 (MT); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979 (BC); O’Hara 1991 (BC, ID, MT); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, as Actia pilipennis ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“ northern Rocky Mountain region ”); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Gymnophthalma interrupta ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Gymnophthalma interrupta ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin & Drooz 1954 (MI); Dixon & Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (WI, MI); O’Hara 1991 (MB, ON, † WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Schuh & Mote 1948, ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Neunzig & Gyrisco 1955 (NY); † Arnaud 1978 (OR, NY); Hagley & Barber 1991 (ON); O’Hara 1991 († OR, ON, NS, NY); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Ceromasia aurifrons and C. auricaudata ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada); † Arnaud 1978, as Ceromasia aurifrons (Canada) and C. auricaudata (BC, OR, CO, ON, QC) ex. C. fumiferana. Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979 (BC); Schmid 1981 (NM); Torgersen et al., 1984 (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Harris & Dawson 1985 (BC); † Torgersen 1985 (WA, OR, ID, MT). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1913, as Masicera rutila ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC); Wilkes 1946, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1947, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (western North America); † Wilkes 1949, ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Graham & Jones 1962, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † McGugan & Coppel 1962, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Clausen 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC.taxon	description	The rate of parasitism of C. auricaudata in conifer­feeding Choristoneura is negligible in the East but significant in the West, with parasitism of up to 13 % reported by Wilkes et al. (1949) and up to 16 % reported by Harris & Dawson (1979) in British Columbia, and up to 13 % reported by Schaupp et al. (1991) in Oregon. Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked C. auricaudata as the fourth most important parasitoid, and second most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Efforts were made during the 1940 s and 1950 s to establish several western species of budworm parasitoids in eastern Canada to help control outbreaks of Choristoneura fumiferana. Among these was C. auricaudata, which was reared in huge numbers in Belleville, Ontario, from budworms collected mostly from the Lillooet area of British Columbia (Wilkes 1946; Coppel 1947). About 21,000 C. auricaudata were released in eastern Canada between 1944 and 1953, with an additional 2363 specimens released in Maine and 6317 specimens released in New York during this period (McGugan & Coppel 1962; Clausen 1978). There is no evidence that any western C. auricaudata became established in the East. Blais (1960) recorded a single C. auricaudata from Québec, but that specimen could well have represented parasitism from the endemic population of the species. The only other published report of C. auricaudata parasitizing Choristoneura fumiferana in the East is that of Huber et al. (1996, as C. aurifrons) based on a rearing record from New Brunswick.	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33089451FE97FB5924A5FC4C.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and / or Pandemis limitata: Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC). Compsilura concinnata is a mostly gray tachinid with four conspicuous, black, longitudinal stripes on the thorax and a black­and­gray banded abdomen. Adults are typically 7 – 8 mm long but some individuals are as small as 4 mm. Compsilura concinnata was introduced repeatedly into North America from Europe throughout the 1900 s for control of a number of lepidopterous pests, most notably the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L. )) and browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L. )). It became established and is presently recorded from most of southern Canada and the northeastern and western United States (O’Hara & Wood 2004). Because C. concinnata is continuing to expand its range, it may well be more widely distributed than current records suggest.	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC.taxon	description	Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes 1946, as Phorocera incrassata ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1947, as P. incrassata ex. A. fumiferana (BC); † Dowden et al. 1948, as P. in cra ss at a ex. A. fumiferana (western North America); † Wilkes 1949, as P. incrassata ex. A. fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as P. in cra ss at a ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Ross 1952, as P. incrassata ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada); Coppel 1958, as P. i n c r a s s a t a ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Zwolfer 1961, as Clemelis incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Graham & Jones 1962, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † McGugan & Coppel 1962, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Arnaud 1978, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR); † Clausen 1978, as P. incrassata ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Huber et al. 1996, ex. C. fumiferana (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or C. retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Phorocera incrassata (OR); † O’Hara & Cooper 1992 (OR).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC.taxon	description	Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked Cyzenis incrassata (as Phorocera incrassata) as the eighth most important parasitoid, and fifth most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia, with an average parasitism rate of 1.1 % during 1943 – 1947. Other studies have reported similarly low levels of parasitism, e. g., 0.008 – 0.500 % in British Columbia (Coppel 1958) and 0.0 – 2.5 % in Oregon (Schaupp et al. 1991, with higher rates found in epidemic than endemic populations).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330E9452FE97FA5A27F5FCA4.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fractivittana: † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips “ practivittana ” (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Zenillia caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Daviault 1950, as Aplomyia caesar (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes & Drooz 1952, as Aplomya caesar (NY, ME); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar (ON); Dowden et al. 1953, as Aplomya caesar (ME); Miller 1955, as Aplomya caesar (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959 (ON); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Aplomya caesar (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Aplomya caesar (ME); Hébert et al. 1989 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1913, as Exorista nigripalpis ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Brown 1941, as Zenillia caesar ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); Dowden et al. 1948, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, ME). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Aplomya caesar ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Aplomya caesar (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979, as Aplomya caesar (BC). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Zenillia caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Aplomya caesar (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Drooz & Benjamin 1956, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); Kulman & Hodson 1961, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Aplomya caesar (Wisconsin); Allen et al. 1969, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan); Nealis 1991 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: † Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (North America); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); † Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C330C945DFE97FC522245FC1C.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Phorocera tortricis ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Harris & Dawson 1979, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Phorocera tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC); † Coppel 1960, as Ceratochaeta tortricis ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Hemisturmia tortricis (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Phorocera tortricis (WI); † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis (WI); † Huber et al. 1996, as Hemisturmia tortricis (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Schuh & Mote 1948, as Phorocera tortricis ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); † Arnaud 1978, as Hemisturmia tortricis (OR); † Huber et al. 1996, as Hemisturmia tortricis (America north of Mexico); Li et al. 1999, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); † Li et al. 2002, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and / or Pandemis limitata: Vakenti et al. 2001, as Hemisturmia tortricis (BC); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4.taxon	description	Hyphantrophaga blanda and H. virilis are, at best, uncommon parasitoids of Choristoneura species. They are included here rather than classed as accidental parasitoids of Choristoneura because a record each of H. blanda and H. virilis parasitizing different species of Choristoneura suggests that such parasitization is more opportunistic than accidental, and probably occurs occasionally. Both species are small to medium­sized tachinids (5 – 8 mm long), mostly gray with four black stripes on the thorax and a lightly banded abdomen. They are widely distributed throughout North America (O’Hara & Wood 2004). Sellers (1930) examined reared specimens of H. blanda and H. virilis (both as species of Zenillia Robineau­Desvoidy) and described differences between the species in the puparium and both sexes of the adult. Thompson (1953) described and illustrated the egg, larval instars, and puparium of H. blanda.	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3302945CFE97FC2B25D6FB40.taxon	description	This species is discussed under Hyphantrophaga blanda.	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON); Dowden et al. 1951, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes & Drooz 1952, as Lypha setifacies (NY, ME); Miller 1955, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Dowden et al. 1953, as Lypha setifacies (ME); McGugan & Blais 1959, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Blais 1960, as Lypha setifacies (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); † Miller 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Blais 1965, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Lypha setifacies (ME); Hébert et al. 1989, as Lypha setifacies (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Bourchier & Smith 1998, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Cappuccino et al. 1999, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Smith et al. 2002, as Lypha setifacies (eastern Canada); O’Hara 2002 (ON, † NB, † QC, † NY, ME). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Lypha dubia ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); † Dowden et al. 1948, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC, ON, QC, NB, ME, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Lypha setifacies ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: O’Hara 2002 (BC, † OR). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Lypha setifacies (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin & Drooz 1954, as Lypha setifacies (MI); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Lypha setifacies (WI); Allen et al. 1969, as Lypha setifacies (MI); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (WI, MI); Nealis 1991, as Lypha setifacies (ON); † Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); † Frankenhuyzen 2002, as Lypha setifacies (ON, prairie provinces); O’Hara 2002 (ON, † WI, † MI). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips rosaceana (QC); † Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (QC); † Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); † O’Hara 2002 (QC).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64.taxon	description	Host attack by L. fumipennis has not been described but is probably similar to that of its Palearctic relative, Lypha dubia (Fallén). Lypha dubia deposits fully incubated eggs in the vicinity of a host, the eggs hatch soon afterwards, and the first instars search for and parasitize the host (Schröder 1969). Lypha fumipennis parasitizes fifth and sixth instar larvae of Choristoneura and the fully mature maggot emerges from the sixth instar of its host, or more rarely from the pupa (Benjamin & Drooz 1954; Carolin & Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; Hébert et al. 1989). The maggot enters the ground, overwinters in the puparium, and emerges as an adult in spring (Brooks 1945; Coppel 1947). Adults are only seen during spring and early summer (O’Hara 2002), so there is probably only one generation per year. Females of L. dubia in Europe live for 30 – 50 days, have a preoviposition period of approximately a month, and develop about 150 eggs (Schröder 1969).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33009458FE97FA922278FE14.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Miller 1955 (NB); Blais 1960 (QC); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, QC, NB, NY); † Zwolfer 1961, as Phryxe saundersii ex. C. fumiferana (North America) Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus:; † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979 (BC); Schmid 1981 (NM); Torgersen et al., 1984 (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Torgersen 1985 (WA, OR, ID, MT). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“ northern Rocky Mountain region ”); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Johnson 1925, ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); Franklin 1950, ex. Archips parallela (MA); † Arnaud 1978 (MA); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Kulman & Hodson 1961 (MN); Dixon & Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (MN, WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3306945BFE97FDA32408FB0C.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); † Dowden et al. 1948, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, SK, MB, ON, QC, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (“ northern Rocky Mountain region ”); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Franklin 1943, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); † Arnaud 1978 (MA); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Richmond 1938, as “ Hemorilla ” maculosa ex. spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (MB, ON); Richmond 1940, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (SK, MB, ON); Richmond 1941 a, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Archips fumiferana, on jack pine (SK); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Nemorilla floralis (WI); † Arnaud 1978 (WI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Davis 1912, as Exorista pyste ex. Archips rosaceana (IL); Schaffner 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips rosaceana (northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978 (IL, northeastern United States); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and / or Pandemis limitata: Pfannenstiel & Unruh 2003 (WA); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C3305945AFE97FABA241EF90D.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Dowden et al. 1948, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Phorocera erecta ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Harris & Dawson 1979, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (BC). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Phorocera erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Phorocera erecta ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Phorocera erecta (WI); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (WI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Knowlton & Allen 1937, as Phorocera erecta ex. Cacoecia rosaceana (UT); Knowlton & Hansen 1938, as Phorocera erecta ex. Cacoecia rosaceana (UT); Zeller & Schuh 1944, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Schuh & Mote 1948, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (OR); Raizenne 1952, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Phorocera erecta ex. Archips rosaceana (northeastern United States); † Arnaud 1978, as Pseudoperichaeta erecta (OR, UT, ON, northeastern United States); Hagley & Barber 1991 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico); Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and / or Pandemis limitata: Vakenti et al. 2001 (BC); Pfannenstiel & Unruh 2003 (WA); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Johannsen 1913, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (ME); Tothill 1913, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); † Winn & Beaulieu 1915, as Exorista vulgaris ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); Wilkes & Anderson 1947, ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Daviault 1950 (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes & Drooz 1952 (NY, ME); Raizenne 1952 (ON); Dowden et al. 1953 (ME); Miller 1955 (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959 (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Phryxe vulgaris (northeastern United States); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963 (NB); † Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); † Arnaud 1978, as Phryxe vulgaris (MA, QC, ME); † Tilles & Woodley 1984 (ME); Hébert et al. 1989 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB); † Huber et al. 1996, as Phryxe vulgaris (America north of Mexico); Cappuccino et al. 1999 (QC). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Zenillia vulgaris ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Sellers 1943, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, ME, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979 (BC). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin & Drooz 1954 (MI); Drooz & Benjamin 1956 (MI); Kulman & Hodson 1961 (MN); Dixon & Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); † Arnaud 1978 (MN, WI, MI); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Raizenne 1952, ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); † Arnaud 1978 (ON); † Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD.taxon	description	Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Raizenne 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Miller 1955, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Blais 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); † Miller 1963, as Winthemia amoena (NB); Blais 1965, as Winthemia amoena (QC); † Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ME); Hébert et al. 1989, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert & Cloutier 1990 a, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert & Cloutier 1990 b, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Hébert et al. 1990, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Winthemia fumiferanae (NB); Bourchier & Smith 1998, as Winthemia fumiferanae (ON); † Smith et al. 2002, as Winthemia fumiferanae (eastern Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and / or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1912, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Hewitt 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Tothill 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); † Johannsen 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (Canada); Tothill 1923, as Winthemia ex. spruce budworm (BC, NB); Brown 1941, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Dowden et al. 1948, as Omotoma (Winthemia) fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); † Zwolfer 1961, as Winthemia amoena ex. C. fumiferana (North America); † Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NH, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and / or Choristoneura pinus: † Ross 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. spruce and / or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Omotoma fumiferanae (CO); Doganlar & Beirne 1978, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Harris & Dawson 1979, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Schmid 1981, as Timnavia [= Timavia] fumiferanae (NM); Torgersen et al. 1984, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT); † Harris & Dawson 1985, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); † Torgersen 1985, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (OR); † Coppel 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Nealis 1991 (ON). This distinctive and common species is found throughout most of America north of Mexico (O’Hara & Wood 2004). For many years it was variously assigned to Omotoma Lioy, Winthemia Robineau­Desvoidy, or Timavia Robineau­Desvoidy, but was recently moved to Smidtia Robineau­Desvoidy by Shima (1996), who also placed Omotoma and Timavia as generic synonyms of Smidtia. Smidtia fumiferanae can be distinguished from the other tachinids treated here by the presence of hairs on the mid portion of the parafacial (Fig. 3); it differs from Winthemia species in having the hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen mostly erect (hairs recumbent in Winthemia). Adults are mostly 5 – 9 mm long. The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by Coppel and Smith (1957). Smidtia fumiferanae (as Omotoma fumiferanae) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Females of S. fumiferanae lay unincubated eggs directly on their hosts, as is typical of members of the Winthemiini. Eggs are laid primarily on sixth instar budworms and the first instar maggot is capable of parasitizing its host after about three days of development (Coppel & Smith 1957; Hébert & Cloutier 1990 a). However, the first instar maggot generally waits in the egg for the host to begin pupation before entering it (Coppel & Smith 1957; Hébert & Cloutier 1990 a). Hence, parasitoid development usually takes place entirely within the host pupa. Less frequently, fourth or fifth instar hosts are attacked (Doganlar & Beirne 1978), and emergence from sixth instar hosts has been reported (Harris & Dawson 1979). Once the maggot has completed development, it leaves the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (Coppel & Smith 1957; Hébert et al. 1989). The parasitoid overwinters in the puparium and there is typically one generation per year (Schaffner & Griswold 1934; Coppel & Smith 1957; Hébert et al. 1989).	en	O’Hara, James E. (2005): A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa 938: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153
