taxonID	type	description	language	source
7D56ED099005FF9269E0D8E3FA1DFC11.taxon	description	Figs. 1 – 10, 19 – 27, 30, 31	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099005FF9269E0D8E3FA1DFC11.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype (here designated) (fig. 1): male, printed red label “ Type ” / yellow handwritten label “ Abisara sobrina | Parat- (paratype) 9. IX. (19) 14 W. Yünan ” (upperside) 九ª九号在IJDZ小Ē佛Dz [Collected in Dali, Xiaochifo on 9 th September, from right to left] (underside) / print institutional label with QR-code “ MfN URI | http: // coll. mfn-berlin. de / u / 09 c 7 f 7 ” (MfN). Paralectotypes: 1 male, white handwritten label “ Chauchow | W. Yunnan | 15. VIII. (19) 14 ” / printed red label “ Paratypus ” (MfN); 1 male, white handwritten label “ Chauchow | W. Yunnan | 20. VIII. (19) 14 ” / yellow handwritten label “ Ab. sobrina mell, | paratype ” (MfN); 1 male, yellow handwritten label “ 3. IX. (19) 14 Thuk shek fuh (upperside) 九ª三号在IJDZ小Ē [in Dali, Xiaochifo on 3 rd September] (underside) ” (MfN). Holotype of Abisara freda (fig. 2): male, yellow handwritten label “ male | Loimwe | S. Shan State | 3. 27 (March 1927) ” / printed round label with red ring “ Type ” / green label “ R. 1946 | A. S. C | 596 ” / printed QRcode label “ NHMUK 015106996 ” (NHMUK). Additional material examined. CHINA: 3 males, 12. VII. 2018, Baotaishan, Yongping County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, leg. Si-yao Huang, dissection No. BTS 01 – 03 (CHSY); 1 male, 9. IX. 2023, Songzishan, Changning County, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, leg. Song-yun Lang, dissection No. RIOD 0001 (CLSY). THAILAND: 1 male, 12. III. 1992, Fang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, dissection No. CM 1 (CYI); 1 male, III-IV. 1997, Fang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, dissection No. CM 2 (CYI).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099005FF9269E0D8E3FA1DFC11.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. (1) In the original description, Mell (1923) did not mention the number of the specimens nor designate a holotype for this taxon, therefore all the specimens found in Mell’s drawer and bearing the original handwritten labels from Mell in the collection of MfN are syntypes. In order to stabilize the nomenclature we hereby designate the male with the red “ Type ” label as the lectotype of Sospita sobrina Mell, 1923. The adult and male genitalia of the lectotype are illustrated herein. (2) The species Abisara freda Bennett, 1957, widely distributed in southwestern China, eastern Myanmar and northern Indochina, is considered to be conspecific with A. sobrina since no constant difference in wing pattern nor male genitalia can be found, and it is synonymized with A. sobrina (syn. nov.) herein. Examination of the male genitalia of different populations of A. sobrina across its distribution range reveals some individual variation in genital structures, particularly in the length of the distal section of the uncus, the length of the juxta, the distal section of the central plate and the length of the carina of the phallus. Among them, the length of the juxta is the most variable. The lectotype of Sospita sobrina bears the longest juxta of the individuals we examined (fig. 19), and the holotype of Abisara freda bears a much shorter one (fig. 20). However, individuals with intermediate juxta length can be found (e. g. figs. 22, 24 and 27) in several localities, suggesting that such difference is merely individual variation and is not associated with geographical distribution. Therefore these two taxa cannot be separated by this feature and A. freda is considered conspecific with A. sobrina. It should also be noted that Bennett (1957) made a mistake when publishing the line drawing of the male genitalia of A. freda, that is the juxta was not fully depicted, and only the basal section was drawn (fig. 21). (3) The taxon Abisara freda daliensis Sugiyama, 1992, described from two males collected from Dali, Yunnan, is almost from the same area as the syntypes of A. sobrina. Although the precise collecting site of the type series is unknown, no significant difference can be found between the type series of both taxa. Therefore it is considered as a new junior synonym of A. sobrina (syn. nov.). (4) During the search for information of the taxon sobrina on the internet, an additional male syntype was found on the website Butterflies of America (https: // www. butterfliesofamerica. com / L / abisara _ sobrina. htm), bearing the following labels: printed red label “ Type ” / green handwritten label “ Sospita sobri | na Mell / yellow handwritten label “ 九ª七号在IJDZ小Ē佛Dz [Collected in Dali, Xiaochifo on 7 th September] / white printed label “ DNA sample ID | NVG- 21124 E 01 | c / o Nick V. Grishin ”. Therefore the type series of Sospita sobrina Mell consist of at least five specimens. However this specimen was not located in the collection of MfN.	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099005FF9269E0D8E3FA1DFC11.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern China (western, central, northern and southwestern Yunnan), eastern Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos and northern Vietnam (fig. 29).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099005FF9269E0D8E3FA1DFC11.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. This species can be found in areas of secondary or indigenous vegetation at medium altitude. Adults are active during the daytime, usually can be found resting on top of the leaves of brushes or grass (figs. 30, 31).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099007FF9769E0DF0EFA13F97B.taxon	description	Figs. 11 – 18, 28, 32, 33	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099007FF9769E0DF0EFA13F97B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype (here designated) (fig. 11): male, printed red label “ Type ” / yellow handwritten label “ Tali | (y) [Yunnan] | v. s. H. | 5. IX. (19) 14 ” / printed institutional label with QR-code “ MfN URI | http: // coll. mfn-berlin. de / u / 09 c 810 ” (MfN). Holotype of Polycaena chauchowensis pallidior (fig. 12): male, printed and handwritten red label “ Holo-Typus ♂ | Polycaena | chauchowensis | ssp. pallidior Forst. | W. Forster München ” / yellow handwritten label “ Polycaena ♂ | chauchowensis | Mell | deter. W. Forster 1949 ” / yellow printed label “ Li-kiang. (China) | Provinz Nord-Yuennan. | 1.9 1935. H. Höne. ” / printed institutional label “ ZFMK | Lep 100613 ” (ZFMK). Paratypes of Polycaena chauchowensis pallidior (fig.): 1 male, printed and handwritten red label “ Para-Typus ♂ | Polycaena | chauchowensis | pallidior Forster | W. Forster München ” / yellow printed label “ Li-kiang. (China) | Provinz Nord-Yuennan. | 4.9 1935. H. Höne. ” / printed institutional label “ ZFMK | Lep 100616 ” (ZFMK); 1 male, printed and handwritten red label “ Para-Typus ♂ | Polycaena | chauchowensis | pallidior Forster | W. Forster München ” / yellow printed label “ Li-kiang. (China) | Provinz Nord-Yuennan. | 4.9 1935. H. Höne. ” / printed institutional label “ ZFMK | Lep 100617 ” (ZFMK); 1 male, printed and handwritten red label “ Para-Typus ♂ | Polycaena | chauchowensis | pallidior Forster | W. Forster München ” / yellow printed label “ Li-kiang. (China) | Provinz Nord-Yuennan. | 4.9 1935. H. Höne. ” / printed institutional label “ ZFMK | Lep 100618 ” (ZFMK); 1 male, printed and handwritten red label “ Para-Typus ♂ | Polycaena | chauchowensis | pallidior Forster | W. Forster München ” / yellow printed label “ Li-kiang. (China) | Provinz Nord-Yuennan. | 11.9 1935. H. Höne. ” / printed institutional label “ ZFMK | Lep 100619 ” (ZFMK). Additional material examined: CHINA: 1 male, Li-kiang. (China), Provinz Nord-Yuennan, 30.8 1935. H. Höne., ZFMK Lep 100628 (ZFMK); 1 male, Li-kiang. (China), Provinz Nord-Yuennan, 1.9 1934. H. Höne., ZFMK Lep 100629 (ZFMK); 1 male, ditto, ZFMK Lep 100630 (ZFMK); 1 male, 17. VIII. 2019, alt. 3000 m, Gezan, Shangari-La (Zhongdian) City, Yunnan Province, leg. Zi-hao Liu (CHSY); 1 male, ditto (CLZH).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099007FF9769E0DF0EFA13F97B.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. (1) In the original description, Mell (1923) did not mention the number of the specimens nor designate a holotype for this taxon, therefore all the specimens found in the Mell’s drawer and bearing the original handwritten labels from Mell in the collection of MfN are syntypes. In order to stabilize the nomenclature we hereby designate the male with the red “ Type ” label as the lectotype of Hipporion chauchowensis Mell, 1923. The adult and male genitalia of the lectotype are illustrated herein. (2) The subspecies pallidior Forster, 1951, described from Nord Yünnan, Likiang [= North Yunnan, Lijiang], although stated by Forster (1951) as differing from the nominate subspecies from Tali [= Dali] by the much lighter, sharper defined and clearer discal spots and slightly larger size, is treated as a new synonym of Polycaena chauchowensis (Mell) hereinfor the following reasons: First, the morphological differences between the two subspecies mentioned by Forster (1951) are not constant, as shown in the plate. The color of the discal spots of the paratypes of pallidior from the same area can vary from bright yellow (fig. 13 a) to ochreous yellow (figs. 14 a & 16 a), and intermediate individuals can be found (e. g. fig. 12). In fact, even the holotype of P. chauchowensis pallidior is somewhat intermediate regarding this character, and not distinctly differing from the LT of P. chauchowensis. As for the size, some small individuals (e. g. fig. 15) can be found among the Lijiang population, and the individuals of the type series of P. chauchowensis pallidior are almost of the same size as the LT of P. chauchowensis, therefore both morphological characters cannot be used to distinguish pallidior from the nominate subspecies. Second, during our field survey we found that the populations from Gezan (fig. 18) and Pudacuo (fig. 32), Diqing, in northwest of Lijiang, are of similar size and have almost brownish-red discal spots similar to the nominate subspecies, suggesting that the distribution of pallidior falls within the larger distribution range of the nominate subspecies from Dali to Diqing, and that this subspecies is not geographically isolated from the nominate one. In conclusion, no evidence can support the subdivision of different populations of P. chauchowensis and P. chauchowensis pallidior is synonymized with P. chauchowensis (syn. nov.).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099007FF9769E0DF0EFA13F97B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern China (comfined to northern and northwestern Yunnan) (fig. 29).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
7D56ED099007FF9769E0DF0EFA13F97B.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. This species can be found flying actively during the daytime in high altitude meadows (figs 32, 33).	en	Huang, Si-Yao, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Léger, Théo, Espeland, Marianne (2024): The riodinid taxa described by Rudolf Emil Mell (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Riodinidae), with notes on related ones. Zootaxa 5481 (5): 591-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.5.8
