identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7D5E87ADC0755519FC0C4C1CD28FF9E2.text	7D5E87ADC0755519FC0C4C1CD28FF9E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetragnathidae MENGE 1866	<div><p>TETRAGNATHIDAE MENGE, 1866</p> <p>Type genus: Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Tetragnathid females can be differentiated from other araneoids by the following combination of features: cheliceral boss present with its cuticle either smooth or similar to the rest of the anterior surface of chelicerae (Figs 9C, 23D, E, 57D, 101D); clypeus more than one AME diameter high; labium trapezoidal and rebordered (Figs 19G, 23C, 47G); a flat epigynum, when present (124-0 Figs 79A, 81D, 89A); ALS piriform spigot bases separated from the spigot shaft by a torus (Fig. 66B arrow in insert box points to the torus area wrapping the piriform spigot shaft), absent in Meta and Mollemeta (Figs 56B, 82E); absence of aciniform spigots on the PMS, present in Azilia and Meta (4-0: Figs 13G, 56C, 71A, 109D); and cylindrical spigots on the PLS peripheral in position (Figs 26D, 77E). Males of Tetragnathidae are distinguished from other araneoids by their large cymbial tarsal organ, larger than the surrounding macrosetal bases; absence of tegular apophyses, except for the conductor (contra Archer, 1951: 4–5); conductor and embolus coiled together; apical position of the embolic division; and by having the embolus connected to the tegulum by a membrane. Tetragnathids differ from nephilids by the absence of cheliceral denticles (Fig. 93D), except in Nanometinae (Figs 73C, 88D) and by their cylindrical paracymbium (Fig. 112D). The paracymbium of nephilids is more rectangular (Fig. 138D). The webs of nephilids have secondary and tertiary radii (Figs 6B, 7A), whereas the radii of most tetragnathid webs are undivided (Figs 4C, F, 5D), and usually have open hubs, few radii, and few spirals of sticky silk (fewer than 20), although exceptions exist, such as the webs of Azilia and Dolichognatha species, which are denser and can have secondary radii (Fig. 3C, E). Secondary radii can also be found in some Glenognatha species (G. Hormiga, unpubl. data). Tetragnathid phylogenetic relationships are discussed in the previous sections. The monophyly of Tetragnathidae is supported by seven morphological synapomorphies: piriform spigot base edges separated from the spigot shaft (2-1: Fig. 66B), cymbium tarsal organ diameter larger than the contiguous macrosetae bases (24-1: Fig. 112C), oval to spherical tegulum (47-0: Fig. 112A), carapace moderately hirsute (98-1: Fig. 62A), femora IV mesal surface without basal macrosetae (174-1: Fig. 14H); male palpal patella with one macroseta (180-1: Fig. 29F); and male palpal tibia length approximately two times the widest point of the tibia (181-1: Fig. 69C).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0755519FC0C4C1CD28FF9E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0775527FF334C03D748F95E.text	7D5E87ADC0775527FF334C03D748F95E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allende	<div><p>ALLENDE ÁLVAREZ- PADILLA, 2007 (FIGS 3B, 8–12)</p> <p>Type species: Allende puyehuensis Álvarez-Padilla, 2007. The holotype of this species is a female specimen from Osorno (Chile) deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Allende species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: epigynum projected and with two apical invaginations (Fig. 10C); cymbial base covered with small denticles (Fig. 11D); cymbial ectomedian process with short and thick macrosetae (Fig. 11B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length from 7.6 to 13.33 mm. Carapace thoracic region slightly elevated and with a shallow semi-circular fovea (Fig. 9A). Ocular area higher than cephalothorax lateral margins (Fig. 9D, G). Sternum triangular, projecting between coxae IV (Fig. 9F). Secondary eyes with canoeshaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly larger. Lateral eyes juxtaposed and on a tubercle. Clypeus height is 1.5 AME diameter. Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth (Fig. 9C). Cheliceral boss present (Fig. 9C, D). Labium trapezoidal and rebordered. Endites rebordered, longer than wide (Fig. 9F). Femora without trichobothria. Booklung covers smooth. Tracheal spiracle located near the ALS. Median tracheae undivided, with leaf-shaped apex, longer than half the lateral tracheae length, tracheal spiracle with several glands (more than four on each side) (Fig. 8A–E). ALS with c. 60 piriform spigots. PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and the minor ampullate spigots; minor ampullate spigot nubbin present. PLS with 13 aciniform spigots arranged roughly in two lines; cylindrical spigots peripheral; aggregate spigots embracing the flagelliform (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9f–h). Epigynum protruding and well sclerotized, copulatory openings groove-shaped and located at the sides of the base of median plate (Fig. 10C). Copulatory ducts short and well sclerotized. Fertilization ducts short, arising behind the copulatory duct insertion area and crossing over the spermathecae (Figs 10D, E, 12D). Spermathecae surface rugose, covered with small pits and accessory gland openings arranged in groups (Fig. 10F).</p> <p>Male: body length from 5.4 to 8.9 mm. Legs relatively longer than those in the females, without modifications. Ocular area as in female (Fig. 9E). Anterior surface of chelicerae rugose (Fig. 9B). Epiandrous fusules arranged in clusters inside a depression on the epiandrous plate (Fig. 8F). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins, cylindrical spigots absent (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9i). Pedipalp patella with a single macroseta (Fig. 11A, B). Palpal tibia 3.5 times longer than wide, and with dorsal trichobothria at its base. Paracymbium cylindrical, longer than wide, with a distal sclerotized outgrowth, covered with macrosetae and attached to the cymbium by means of a membrane. Tegulum wider than long, cup-shaped, and with the subtegulum located at its base (Figs 11E, 12C). Embolus enlarged basally and with a single apophysis, which is attached to the embolus by an S-shaped sclerotized ridge that inserts into its median section, the rest of the attachment is membranous (Fig. 12A). Conductor well sclerotized, arising dorsally from the tegulum, following its margin and gradually wrapping the embolus, attachment to the tegulum sclerotized (Fig. 12B). Sperm reservoir spiralled (Fig. 12C).</p> <p>Natural history: This genus includes four species endemic to the western slopes of the Chilean Andes. They live in temperate cloud forests amongst low vegetation or near rivers. Only the web of Allende puyehuensis has been documented (Fig. 3B): it builds horizontal webs with c. 11 radii, c. ten spirals, an open sector, and open hubs.</p> <p>Taxonomy: The monophyly of this genus is well supported with BS and JK values of 4 and 97, respectively, in the morphology plus behaviour analyses (Fig. 143A, B). Six morphological synapomorphies support the monophyly of Allende: PLS aggregate spigots distal parts embracing the flagelliform spigot, cymbial ectobasal process covered with denticles (Fig. 11D), cymbial ectomedian process longer than half the cymbium width, and covered with macrosetae thicker than those of the cymbium (Fig. 11A, D); conductor with a distal hook with several lobes at the tip (Fig. 11F), and the protruding epigynum plate (Fig. 10A). A previous phylogenetic analysis proposed Allende as sister to Chrysometa (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007; Fig. 142B). The analysis of the morphological and behavioural data set recovered Allende as sister to a large clade of tetragnathids that includes Chrysometa, Nanometinae, Diphya spinifera, and Tetragnathinae (Fig. 143A). The total evidence analysis recovered Allende as sister to Tetragnathinae (Fig. 144). Our genus diagnosis and description takes into account all described species of Allende (Álvarez- Padilla, 2007). We coded specimens of A. nigrohumeralis (F. O. P. Cambridge, 1889) for the phylogenetic analysis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0775527FF334C03D748F95E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0495524FCEE4CB5D091FA06.text	7D5E87ADC0495524FCEE4CB5D091FA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Azilia Keyserling 1881	<div><p>AZILIA KEYSERLING, 1881 (FIGS 2B, 3C, 13–17)</p> <p>Type species: Azilia formosa Keyserling, 1881a. According to Levi (1980) the type specimens of A. formosa are from Peru and were deposited at the Polish Academy of Sciences, but are presumed to be lost. There are no indications in either Keyserling or Levi’s studies of the number of syntypes.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Azilia species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: all eyes without tapeta, the rhabdome arranged in rows that form loops (Levi, 1980: figs 299, 300); lateral eyes of both sexes separated (i.e. not juxtaposed), more than one PLE diameter apart (Figs 2B, 14A, B); male pedipalp without conductor (Fig. 16A–F); epigynum flat (Fig. 15A, B); spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized (Figs 15C, D, 17B); and absence of femoral trichobothria (Fig. 14G, H).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length from 6.9 to 9.9 mm. Carapace thoracic and cephalic regions at the same height, cephalothorax ocular area slightly lower than the carapace lateral margins and cephalic fovea formed by two longitudinal pits (Fig. 14A, B). Clypeus height less than one AME diameter. Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth (Fig. 14C). Cheliceral boss present. Sternum longer than wide. Labium trapezoidal and rebordered. Endites rebordered, longer than wide (Fig. 14E). Abdomen oval, sometimes with a hump above the spinnerets (Levi, 1980: fig. 297). Booklung covers smooth. Median tracheae undivided and longer than half the lateral tracheae length (Fig. 13A), leaf-shaped apically (Fig. 13D). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, with more than four accessory glands on each side (Fig. 13B, C). ALS with more than 60 piriform spigots. PMS anterior surface with c. 32 aciniform spigots. PLS cylindrical spigots near spinneret margins, with c. 40 aciniform spigots and aggregate spigots on the distal margin separated from the flagelliform spigot apex (Fig. 13F, G). Epigynum flat, copulatory openings as two pits posteriorly orientated (Fig. 15A, B). Spermathecal walls weakly sclerotized, accessory gland openings arranged in groups (Figs 15F, G, 17B). Fertilization and copulatory ducts shorter than half the spermathecae length, coiled (Figs 15E, 17B).</p> <p>Male: body length from 5.2 to 6.9 mm. Somatic morphology as in female. PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous fusules immersed in pits, arranged in a transversal line of many clusters and over a flat sclerotized plate (Fig. 13H). Male palpal patella with one macroseta, tibia from two to more than four times longer than wide (A. marmorata; Mello-Leitão, 1948: fig. 7); tibial ectal surface with trichobothria (Fig. 16D). Paracymbium shorter than half the cymbium length, covered with macrosetae, and its attachment to the cymbium well sclerotized (Fig. 16D). Conductor absent. Sperm duct coiled (Fig. 17A). Embolus lamelliform, curving less than one turn (Figs 16F, 17C).</p> <p>Natural history: Azilia includes ten species found mainly in the Neotropical region (Bryant, 1940; di Caporiacco, 1954; Keyserling, 1881a; Mello-Leitão, 1940, 1948; O. P. Cambridge, 1889, 1893). The only species with a geographical range extending to the north temperate regions is A. affinis O. P. Cambridge, 1893 (Levi, 1980). These spiders build horizontal webs with numerous radii and spirals – more than 30 each, a closed hub and secondary radii (Fig. 3C). Their webs are usually found between tree buttresses and similar cavities; at night time the spider is often found at the centre of the web.</p> <p>Taxonomy: There are no taxonomic revisions or phylogenetic analyses that test the monophyly of this genus. Only the taxonomy of A. affinis has been revised for the USA (Levi, 1980). Both sexes are known only in three of the described species: A. affinis, A. marmorata, and A. guatemalensis O. P.- Cambridge, 1889. The male pedipalpal femur and tibia of A. marmorata (Mello-Leitão, 1948) are extremely long, resembling those of Metleucauge eldorado Levi, 1980 (Fig. 78F). Azilia marmorata and other species have embolic apophyses. The other seven species are known only from female specimens except Azilia vachoni (di Caporiacco, 1954) which was described from an immature specimen. Some aspects of the behaviour of Azilia species have been studied, for example, the extended position of legs I and II while the spider is resting, how these spiders initiate airborne lines, and to some extent, their web building behaviour (Eberhard, 1982, 1984, 1987). The diagnosis and description are based on A. affinis, A. histrio, A. marmorata from the Dominican Republic, and A. guatemalensis from Mexico. As the anatomy of A. affinis has been studied in more detail, many characters in the description refer to this species. The phylogenetic placement of Azilia is far from clear. Previous to this study two hypotheses existed about the sister taxon of Azilia: either as sister to Dolichognatha (Hormiga et al., 1995: fig. 141 A), or as sister to all other leucaugines (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 142 B). We coded specimens of A. affinis for the morphology in the phylogenetic analysis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0495524FCEE4CB5D091FA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC04A552CFCC74C01D0C3F96E.text	7D5E87ADC04A552CFCC74C01D0C3F96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysometa SIMON 1894	<div><p>CHRYSOMETA SIMON, 1894 (FIGS 3D, 18–21)</p> <p>Type species: Chrysometa tenuipes (Keyserling, 1864). Levi (1986) designated a female lectotype and five female paralectotypes from Bogota (Colombia), which are deposited at The Natural History Museum, London.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Chrysometa species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: femora without trichobothria; abdomen covered with silver guanine patches (Levi, 1986: fig. 651); epigynum flat (Fig. 20A, B); fertilization ducts originating anteriorly and crossing over the spermathecae (Figs 20E, 22D); male palpal tibial length approximately as long as its widest point; paracymbium articulated and bearing several apophyses located at both extremes (Fig. 21C, D); male cephalic region narrower than in the female, relative to the thoracic region (Fig. 19A, B); and cymbial ectobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (Fig. 21A, C).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 10.0 mm. Carapace with a deep transverse m-shaped groove, cephalic region more than 70% of thoracic region width (Fig. 19A). Ocular area higher than the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 19C). Sternum as wide as long, labium trapezoidal and rebordered (Fig. 19G). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth (Fig. 19E). Cheliceral boss present (Fig. 19E, F). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed and on a tubercle. Clypeus higher than one AME diameter. Median tracheae not ramified, with the tips leaf-shaped (Fig. 18D) and less than half the lateral tracheae length (Fig. 18A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, with fewer than four accessory glands on each junction with the tracheal trunks (Fig. 18B, C). ALS with several piriform spigots (Hormiga et al., 1995; fig. 16A–D). PMS anterior surface without aciniform spigots (Fig. 18F; Hormiga et al., 1995; Fig. 20C). PLS with c. ten aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines; aggregate spigots apex not embracing the flagelliform spigot tip (Fig. 18E; Hormiga et al., 1995: Fig. 20D). Epigynal plate well sclerotized, slightly protruded ventrally and copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (Fig. 20A–C). Spermathecae well sclerotized; fertilization ducts crossing over the spermatheca and originating anteriorly; accessory glands concentrated at the fertilization ductspermatheca junction and arranged in groups (Figs 20E, 22D). Copulatory duct walls well sclerotized and slightly longer than half the spermatheca length and fertilization ducts also well sclerotized (Fig. 22D).</p> <p>Male: body length c. 8.0 mm. Cephalic area less than 70% of thoracic region width, cephalic fovea deep, elongated x-shaped (Fig. 19B). Ocular area is higher than the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 19C, D). Cheliceral anterior-ectal margin rugose (Fig. 19F). PLS aggregate and flagelliform spigots reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous fusules arranged in a transversal line, formed by several spigot clusters that are immersed in pits (Fig. 18G). Male palpal patella with one macroseta (Fig. 21D). Paracymbium with several basal and distal apophyses, with few macrosetae, and attached to the cymbium by a membrane (Figs 21C–E, 22A). Tegulum cup-shaped, with elevated apical margin (Figs 21B, 22A). Conductor membranous and originating behind a tegular ectal margin projection (Fig. 22A). Embolus lamelliform and coiled. Embolic metine apophysis present (‘terminal apophysis’ in Levi, 1986), coiled with the embolus and firmly attached to its base (Fig. 22B). Sperm duct spiralled without switchbacks (Fig. 22C).</p> <p>Natural history: Chrysometa is the third most diverse genus of tetragnathids, with 130 species described so far (Platnick, 2009). These species inhabit the tropical and south temperate regions of the Americas, being more diverse in the tropical areas (Levi, 1986). These spiders build vertical webs amongst the forest vegetation. Their webs usually have few radii, few spirals (fewer than 30), an open hub, and an open sector at the top of the web (Fig. 3D; Levi, 1980: plates 1–2). This open sector, when present, has a ‘telegraph’ silk line that connects the centre of the web with the spider retreat (outside the web). These spiders are usually found hiding in their retreat holding the end of this line.</p> <p>Taxonomy: Chrysometa was revised by Levi (1986) who illustrated all 127 species. It seems very likely that many new species of Chrysometa remain to be discovered. Some aspects of the behaviour of Chrysometa have been studied, such as the sequence of leg movements used during web construction (Eberhard, 1982, 1984, 1987). The diagnosis and description of this genus is based on Levi (1986) plus additional observations of specimens from the following species: Chrysometa nuboso, Chrysometa saladito, Chrysometa acinosa, Chrysometa flava, and other specimens of Chrysometa spp. from Colombia. Some characters in the genus description refer only to Chrysometa alajuela Levi, 1986 (from Costa Rica) because they have only been studied in this species so far. The monophyly of Chrysometa remains to be tested with a large taxonomic sample. The only phylogenetic analysis to date included only six species, and was designed to test whether the two described Chilean Chrysometa species belonged to this genus (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). The synapomorphies proposed for Chrysometa in that study must be taken as tentative because of the relatively small taxonomic sample used. C hrysometa has been proposed as sister to Metellina (Hormiga et al., 1995) or Allende (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). The present phylogenetic analysis based on morphology and behaviour recovered Chrysometa as sister to a large clade of tetragnathids that includes: the Nanometinae, D. spinifera, and Tetragnathinae (Fig. 143A). When these data are combined with the nucleotide sequences Chrysometa is recovered as sister to Diphya and this clade is nested within Metainae (Fig. 144). We coded specimens of c. alajuela for the phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>CYRTOGNATHA KEYSERLING, 1881</p> <p>(FIGS 2A, 3A, 23–25)</p> <p>Type species: Cyrtognatha nigrovittata Keyserling, 1881a. The holotype of c. nigrovittata is a male specimen from Pumamarca (Peru) deposited at the Polish Academy of Sciences (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Cyrtognatha species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: the presence of feathered trichobothria on femur IV (Fig. 24C, E); PLS ectal surface with a straight line of long and robust macrosetae with enlarged bases (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 35E, F); spermathecae reduced, the sperm being stored in a specialized membranous sac (Fig. 24D–G; Dimitrov, Álvarez-Padilla &amp; Hormiga, 2007: fig. 3A–F); male chelicerae not projected, wider distally and conspicuously divergent in its distal two thirds (Fig. 23A, B); embolus enlarged and bearing a basal apophysis that can be subdivided (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 6A, E); sclerotized paracymbium and cymbium joint (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 41D–F); and conductor with several apophyses (Fig. 25A, B; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 6C).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length variable, c. 4.5 to 6.0 mm (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009). Cephalothorax fovea transverse (Fig. 24A). Femora IV with both branched and smooth trichobothria (Fig. 24C–E; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: figs 12H, 29F, Cyrtognatha quichua and Cyrtognatha pachygnathoides, respectively). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 23F). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 23C). Chelicerae not divergent, anterior surface smooth and cheliceral boss present (Fig. 23A, D). Clypeus less than one AME diameter. Abdomen cylindrical with silver guanine patches and with anterior and caudal tubercles. Booklung cuticle smooth (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 36F). Tracheal spiracle located near the spinnerets. ALS have an extensive field of piriform spigots (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 35G). PMS anterior surface are without aciniform spigots (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 36A). PLS with c. 15 aciniform spigots arranged in two parallel lines, distal end of the aggregate spigots separated from the distal end of the flagelliform spigot (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 35E, F). Epigynal plate absent, copulatory opening as a transverse spiracle (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 36E). Spermathecae vestigial, presumably not functional (Fig. 24F, G; Dimitrov et al., 2007: fig. 3A–F). Copulatory ducts weakly sclerotized, not membranous, covered with accessory glands. Fertilization ducts absent. Two types of accessory glands are present, long-stem gland ductiles over the copulatory ducts and short-stem gland ductiles over the posterior sac (Fig. 24D, F, G, respectively, and Dimitrov et al., 2007: fig. 3B). Accessory glands immersed in individual pits (Fig. 24G).</p> <p>Male: body length from 3.0 to 4.3 mm (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009). Somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except that the chelicerae are considerably larger, divergent, with the ectal surface rugose and with distal apophyses (Fig. 23A, B). Abdomen without caudal tubercle (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 28A–D). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous fusules area as the surrounding abdominal cuticle; fusules arranged in one transverse line with enlarged bases. Palpal patella with one macroseta. Palpal femur more than four times its width, tibia approximately as long as the widest point of the tibia (Figs 24B, 25E). Paracymbium cylindrical, longer than half the cymbium length, with few macroseta and without a basal apophysis (Fig. 25D, F). Paracymbium and cymbium attachment with a sclerotized continuous margin. Tegulum spherical (Fig. 25C). Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous, located on the centre of the tegulum (Fig. 25A). Embolus lamelliform, coiled and without basal apophyses (Fig. 25E). Most Cyrtognatha species have basal apophyses on the embolus (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 6A, B, D, E). Sperm duct spiralled and considerably enlarged in its middle section (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 6A, E).</p> <p>Natural history: There are 21 Cyrtognatha species described, but most of them are known from only a few museum specimens (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009). Cyrtognatha species live in cloud and rain forests in the Americas, from Mexico to Argentina, the West Indies, and are more diverse in the tropical areas. The wide geographical distribution of the genus and its poor representation in collections suggests that many species of Cyrtognatha remain to be discovered. Cyrtognatha species are found resting on the centre of the web with legs I and II extended, legs I always in contact with radii (Fig. 2A). They usually build horizontal orb webs with open hub and the number of radii and spirals vary considerably amongst species (Fig. 3A; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009: fig. 2C, E). The web building behaviours of a Cyrtognatha species were described by Eberhard (1982). The information in the diagnosis and description is based on Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga’s (2009) monograph. We coded specimens of Cyrtognatha espanola (Bryant, 1945) in this phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>Taxonomy: This genus has been recently revised, its monophyly tested, and its phylogenetic relationships studied (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009). The monophyly of Cyrtognatha is well supported with BS values of 13 and JK values of 99. These authors concluded that the sister group of Cyrtognatha is Tetragnatha. The present phylogenetic analysis with morphology and behaviour also recovered Cyrtognatha and Tetragnatha as sister taxa (Fig. 143A); however, when these data were combined with the DNA partition Cyrtognatha was recovered as sister to a clade that including Tetragnatha, Pachygnatha, and Glenognatha (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC04A552CFCC74C01D0C3F96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0425536FC344C97D2C4FA0D.text	7D5E87ADC0425536FC344C97D2C4FA0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diphya NICOLET 1849	<div><p>DIPHYA NICOLET, 1849 (FIGS 26–30)</p> <p>Type species: Diphya macrophthalma Nicolet, 1849. The holotype of D. macrophthalma is a female specimen from Valdivia (Chile), deposited at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Diphya species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: AME considerably smaller and PLE on separate tubercles (Fig. 27E); secondary eyes without reflective tapetum; legs I and II armed with a mesal row of macrosetae; epigynum a flat sclerotized plate with the copulatory openings ventrally orientated (Fig. 28A, B); spermathecae well sclerotized (Figs 28C, 30C); palpal tibia with a distal apophysis (Fig. 29F); cymbium only with the cymbial ectomedian process (Fig. 29D); paracymbium with an anterior apophysis, distally swollen (Fig. 29C); spherical tegulum (Fig. 29A). Conductor of membranous appearance but with the margins well sclerotized, coiled and firmly attached to the tegulum centre (Fig. 29G). Embolus lamelliform and coiled, opposite to conductor (Fig. 29E).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 0.5 mm. Transverse and shallow cephalothorax thoracic fovea (Fig. 27A). Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 27E). Sternum as wide as long, with sculpted cuticle (Fig. 27F). Cheliceral boss present, anterior cheliceral cuticle smooth (Fig. 27D). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered (Fig. 27F). Anterior cheliceral cuticle as in clypeal area. Clypeus height less than one PLE diameter, AME considerably reduced. Abdomen oval lacking tubercles and silver guanine patches. Median tracheae not ramified, leaf-shaped apically (Fig. 26A, E). ALS with c. 40 piriform spigots (Fig. 26F). PMS anterior surface without aciniform spigots. PLS with fewer than 20 aciniform spigots arranged roughly in one line, aggregate spigots tips not embracing the flagelliform spigot apex (Fig. 26D). Copulatory and fertilization ducts also well sclerotized and considerably shorter than half the spermatheca length (Figs 28C, 30C). Accessory gland openings immersed in individual pits, located away from the copulatory and fertilization ducts (Fig. 28C, E).</p> <p>Male: body length c. 2.8 mm. Somatic morphology as in female, except that the chelicerae are longer, with rugose cuticle on the anterior surface (Fig. 27C). Epiandrous fusules concentrated in clusters, arranged in one transverse line (Fig. 26G), with bases not immersed in pits. PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Male palpal tibia as wide as long, with a hook-shaped apophysis on the ectodistal margin (Fig. 29F). Palpal patella with one macroseta. Conductor membranous, with sclerotized edges at the base and apex, originating at the centre of the tegulum (Fig. 30A). Sperm duct spiralled (Fig. 30B).</p> <p>Natural history: Diphya includes 11 species with a widespread geographical distribution that includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, South Africa, and Taiwan. The type species is from Chile (Nicolet, 1849; Simon, 1894; Tanikawa, 1995; Vellard, 1926; Zhu, Song &amp; Zhang, 2003). Nothing is known about their biology and whether they build orb webs or not remains undocumented (Namkung, 2003).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Diphya has been revised by Tanikawa (1995), who described the first species from China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Tanikawa (1995) revised and illustrated all known species except Diphya bicolor Vellard, 1926 (from Brazil) and Diphya simoni Kauri, 1950 (from South Africa). Our diagnosis and genus description is based on these studies plus additional specimens of an unnamed Diphya from Tanzania. The anatomy of D. spinifera has been studied in more detail than that of the other species; therefore, some characters in the description refer only to this species. Although the monophyly of Diphya remains untested by quantitative cladistic methods, similarity in the anatomy of all the species described and illustrated by Tanikawa (1995) suggests the monophyly of these taxa, except for the Malagasy species (unpubl. data). The present morphological and behavioural analysis proposed Diphya as sister to Tetragnathinae (Fig. 143A); however, when molecular data are combined, Diphya and Chrysometa are recovered as sister taxa. In this last analysis there were no sequences for Diphya; therefore its position as sister to Chrysometa is a result of the indirect optimization of morphological characters imposed by the congruence with the total evidence topology. We coded specimens of D. spinifera Tullgren, 1902 in the phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>DOLICHOGNATHA O. P.- CAMBRIDGE 1869</p> <p>(FIGS 3E, 31–35)</p> <p>Type species: Dolichognatha nietneri O. P.- Cambridge 1869. The holotype of D. nietneri is a male specimen from Sri Lanka deposited in The Natural History Museum, London (O. P.- Cambridge, 1869; Levi, 1981).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Dolichognatha species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: PME close together, when present, and smaller than the PLE (Fig. 32A); clypeus height less than one AME diameter; chelicerae longer than the cymbial width, male chelicera longer, in some species longer than the carapace (Fig. 32C, D); abdomen wider than long, with tubercles (Fig. 35B); male palpal patella macroseta absent (Fig. 32E); cymbial ectobasal process present (Fig. 34A, B); metaine embolic apophysis present (Figs 34E, 35A).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length from 2.6 to 4.0 mm. Transverse and shallow thoracic fovea, cephalic region considerably longer than the thoracic region (Figs 32A, 35B). Female sternum sculpted and longer than wide (Fig. 32F). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Ocular area higher than the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 32E, G); lateral eyes on separated tubercles (Fig. 32E, G). Cheliceral boss present, cuticle of anterior cheliceral surface rugose (Fig. 32B–D). Abdomen with four pairs of caudal tubercles (Fig. 35B), without silver guanine patches. Median tracheae considerably shorter than the lateral tracheal trunks, not ramified and with rounded tips (Fig. 31A–D). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, with fewer than four accessory glands on each side (Fig. 31F). ALS with many piriform spigots. PMS anterior surface without aciniform spigots. PLS aggregate distal end apart from the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 31E; Hormiga et al., 1995: fig. 24A–D). Epigynum well sclerotized, membranous in the middle, and slightly swollen. Copulatory openings as grooves orientated posteriorly (Figs 33A, B, 35D). Spermathecae spherical, well sclerotized, with one to two accessory glands (Fig. 33C–E). Copulatory and fertilization ducts well sclerotized, running in parallel before entering the spermathecae (Fig. 33D).</p> <p>Male: body length from 2.6 to 3.2 mm. Somatic morphology as in female, except chelicerae, which are considerably longer (Fig. 32E; Lise, 1993: figs 1–8). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous fusules concentrated in two clusters, immersed in individual pits (Fig. 31G). Male palpal tibia length approximately twice as long as wide. Conductor well sclerotized, fused to the tegulum, with a membranous apex. Tegulum larger than the subtegulum, cup-shaped (Fig. 35A). Embolic metaine apophysis present, fused to embolus base, and longer than wide. Embolus short and tubular, similar in shape to the basal apophyses (Figs 34E, 35A, C). Sperm duct with two switchbacks (Fig. 35C).</p> <p>Natural history: Dolichognatha includes 27 species with a geographical distribution that includes the Old and New World tropics (O. P. Cambridge, 1869; Keyserling, 1883; Simon, 1895; Lessert, 1938; Marples, 1955; Tanikawa, 1991; Lise, 1993; Brescovit &amp; de Cunha, 2001; Smith, 2008). The best documented species by far is Dolichognatha pentagona (Hentz, 1850), with a geographical distribution that extends from Venezuela to the southern USA (Levi, 1981). Dolichognatha pentagona builds horizontal webs with more than 30 spirals and radii, sometimes with secondary radii and a closed hub. These webs are usually found between tree buttresses and roots or near the ground (Fig. 3E). The web building behaviour of D. pentagona has been described by Eberhard (1982).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Dolichognatha has never been revised and its monophyly has never been tested with a global taxon sample. A recent study included four Dolichognatha species from South-East Asia and Australia, and recovered this genus as monophyletic, supported by four synapomorphies: male versus female cheliceral size larger, palpal patellar macroseta absent, paracymbium secondary process procurved and metine embolic apophysis present (Smith, 2008). We coded specimens of D. pentagona in the character matrix. Information available in the descriptions also includes the following species: Dolichognatha maturaca Lise, 1993 and the species included in Brescovit &amp; de Cunha (2001) and Smith (2008). Two hypotheses have been proposed regarding the sister taxon of Dolichognatha: as either sister to Azilia (Hormiga et al., 1995) or Metellina (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). This latter sister group relationship is recovered in this study with the morphology and behavioural data set under all weighting criteria (Fig. 143B). With the addition of DNA sequence data Dolichognatha was proposed as sister to a clade formed by Chrysometa and Diphya (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0425536FC344C97D2C4FA0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0585534FF484C76D7A6F957.text	7D5E87ADC0585534FF484C76D7A6F957.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glenognatha SIMON 1887	<div><p>GLENOGNATHA SIMON, 1887 (FIGS 36–40)</p> <p>Type species: Glenognatha emertoni Simon, 1887. The holotype of G. emertoni is a male specimen from Arizona (USA), deposited at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Levi, 1980).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Glenognatha species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: body under 5 mm in length; abdomen oval to spherical, length less than one and a half times its width (Levi, 1980; Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990: figs 3, 12, 25); posterior tracheal spiracle anteriorly displaced and located in the middle of the abdomen venter (Fig. 36A); median tracheal trunks divided into numerous small tracheoles (Fig. 36C–G); spermathecae present but lacking epigynum and fertilization ducts (Fig. 38A, B, see also Dimitrov et al., 2007); and tegulum spherical and considerably larger than the conductor and embolus (Fig. 39B).</p> <p>Description: Female: thoracic fovea absent (Fig. 37B). Ocular area higher than the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 37E). Sternum as wide as long (Fig. 37F). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Chelicerae slightly divergent, anterior cuticle smooth as in clypeal area (Fig. 37C). Cheliceral boss present. Clypeus higher than two AME diameters (Fig. 37E). Eyes subequal in size; lateral eyes slightly smaller. PME without canoe-shaped tapetum, with rhabdoms arranged in loops; PLE with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 261, 262). Median tracheal trunks considerably wider than lateral tracheae and branching into several tracheoles at the tip and on the sides, some of these tracheoles extend to the prosoma; the lateral tracheae present fewer branches (Levi, 1980: figs 260, 275). Tracheal spiracle wider than long and with fewer than four accessory glands on each side (Fig. 36F, G). ALS with c. 12 piriform spigots (Hormiga et al., 1995: fig. 25B). PMS with two aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 36H; Hormiga et al., 1995: fig. 25C). Femora IV without trichobothria. Epigynum absent, copulatory opening spiracle-shaped with both margins slightly sclerotized. Spermathecae well sclerotized and connected to a membranous sac, probably homologous to an enlargement of the uterus externus (Figs 38C, D, 40B). Accessory glands openings located on separate pits, concentrated on the copulatory ducts, and with their bases enlarged (Fig. 38B, C, see also Dimitrov et al., 2007).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to the female, but with more divergent chelicerae, without cheliceral boss and bearing distal apophyses (Fig. 37A, D, G). PLS triplet is present in the adult. Epiandrous fusules immersed in a transverse depression, arranged linearly. Lower margin of epiandrous plate enlarged (Fig. 36I). Palpal patella without macrosetae; palpal tibia as wide as long (Fig. 39E). Paracymbium almost as long as cymbium (Fig. 39E). Conductor-tegulum attachment well sclerotized, located on the centre of the tegulum (Fig. 39B). Embolus tubular, without basal apophyses (Levi, 1980: figs 280, 289). Sperm duct spiralled, its diameter considerably wider on its middle section (Fig. 40A).</p> <p>Natural history: This genus includes 20 species with a worldwide geographical distribution; most described species inhabit the north temperate regions (Levi, 1980; Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990; Bosmans &amp; Bosselaers, 1994 and references therein). The webs of Glenognatha heleios Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990 are horizontal with c. 15 radii, more than 30 spirals and open hubs. Some species have split radii (G. Hormiga, unpubl. data). Their webs are usually found near the ground of marshes, waterlands, or near meadows, but also in forests and agricultural fields (Levi, 1980; Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990: fig. 2). The phenology of some North</p> <p>764 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA</p> <p>American Glenognatha species have been studied (Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990). In addition, the mating behaviour and natural history have been studied recently for G. emertoni Simon, 1887 (Danielson- François, 2006). The web building behaviour of an undescribed Glenognatha species was documented by Eberhard (1982).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Glenognatha has never been revised, with the exception of the North American species (Levi, 1980; Hormiga &amp; Döbel, 1990), and its monophyly has never been tested. The diagnosis and description for Glenognatha was based on Glenognatha foxi, species coded for the phylogenetic analysis, plus the information for the species included in Levi (1980) and Hormiga &amp; Döbel (1990). All recent phylogenetic analyses have recovered Glenognatha as sister to Pachygnatha with morphology alone and molecules combined (Hormiga et al., 1995; Álvarez-Padilla, 2007; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0585534FF484C76D7A6F957	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC05A553EFCCA4C97D1D2FA28.text	7D5E87ADC05A553EFCCA4C97D1D2FA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucauge WHITE 1841	<div><p>LEUCAUGE WHITE, 1841 (FIGS 1C, E, 41–50)</p> <p>Type species: Epeira venusta Walckenaer, 1841 (see Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2010). Linyphia (Leucauge) argyrobapta White, 1841, is a junior synonym of Epeira venusta Walckenaer, 1841. The type of Epeira venusta is an illustration by John Abbot (1792) from his unpublished manuscript on the spiders of Georgia (USA). Abbot’s original illustration is in the library of The Natural History Museum in London. Walckenaer (1841) used Abbot’s manuscript (p. 13, fig. 113) to describe Epeira venusta. A photocopy of Abbot’s illustration, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, was examined by Levi (1980) for his redescription of Leucauge venusta. The name venusta was published in 1841, before Whites’s argyrobapta, as can be seen from White’s (1841: 473) footnote about Walckenaer’s work.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Leucauge species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: two parallel rows of feathered trichobothria on the IV femoral ectal surface (Figs 1C, 42E, F, 47F); spermathecae walls translucent and weakly sclerotized (Figs 43C, 48C); fertilization ducts coiled around the copulatory ducts (Figs 45D, 50D); flagelliform embolus with an elongated base (Figs 44D, 50C); conductor apically projected (Fig. 49F); and sperm duct with more than four switchbacks (Figs 45B, 50B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length from 3.2 to 10.3 mm. Cephalothorax fovea formed by two deep longitudinal pits (Figs 42A, 47B). Sternum as wide as long (Figs 42H, 47G). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 47A). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth, boss present (Figs 42D, 47D). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 48, 49, 65, 66). Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed and on a tubercle. Clypeus one AME diameter high. Abdomen longer than wide, covered with silver guanine patches (Fig. 1E). Booklung cuticle smooth (Figs 41A, 46A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets (Fig. 41B), internally covered with more than eight accessory glands (Fig. 46B). Median tracheae not ramified, with rounded tips (Figs 41C, D, 46C–E). ALS with c. 65 piriform spigots. PMS with three to four aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface. PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines; distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the distal end of the flagelliform spigot. Epigynal plate well sclerotized and flat in most species, ventrally projected in L. argyra (Figs 43A, 48A, B). Copulatory openings ventrally orientated, laterally displaced in L. argyra (Fig. 50D). Copulatory ducts more than half the spermathecae length but less than its total length, cuticle sclerotization variable (Figs 45D, 50D). Fertilization duct sclerotization variable, distal section usually well sclerotized (Fig. 43B–E). Accessory glands concentrated between the spermathecae and fertilization duct junction (Fig. 43B–D). Accessory gland bases considerably enlarged giving them an inverted acorn form (Figs 43F, 48D).</p> <p>Male: slightly smaller than females; no significant sexual size dimorphism has been reported for Leucauge species. Male somatic morphology as in female except for having the cheliceral anterior surface macrosetae thicker and lacking the cheliceral boss (Figs 42C, H, 47C). Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove. This groove can be continuous or subdivided (Figs 41E, 46G). Epiandrous fusules not immersed in pits and with their bases wider than the fusule shaft. PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Figs 41F, 46F). Male palpal patella with one long macroseta, palpal tibia more than twice as long as wide (Figs 42H, 49F). Cymbium dorsal surface can be either smooth (Fig. 44B) or with processes and modified macrosetae; the cymbium of L. argyra has an enormous modified macroseta and a cymbial dorsobasal process (Fig. 49C). Paracymbium hookshaped, without apophyses, and considerably shorter than the cymbium length (Figs 44C, 49E). Tegulum roughly oval, with a mesal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (Figs 44F, 49F). Conductor rigid, although some parts are weakly sclerotized, its attachment to the tegulum membranous and originating at the ventral edge of the tegulum. The part of the tegulum where the embolus and conductor arise is membranous in L. venusta and other leucaugine genera, in the former species the embolus and tegulum attachment are close together. Usually the conductor’s base apex and margins are more sclerotized and can bear distal apophyses (Figs 44A, E, F, 45A, 49D, F, 50A). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide. Embolus flagelliform, considerably narrower than its base (Figs 44D, 45C, 50C), flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct path convoluted with several coils (Figs 45B, 50B). Although Archer (1951: fig. 7) mentioned that L. argyra has a median apophysis we have not found any tegular apophyses, other than the conductor, in any of the tetragnathid species that we have studied, including L. argyra. This species has a huge macroseta on the dorsal surface of the cymbium (Fig. 49B, C) not homologous to the cymbial dorsobasal process by the conjunction test (Patterson, 1982).</p> <p>Natural history: This genus includes 170 species and eight subspecies with a worldwide geographical distribution, except western Europe (Platnick, 2009). Many Leucauge species build horizontal webs with more than 30 radii and spirals, an open hub, and a barrier web below the orb (Fig. 3F; Levi, 1980: plates 4–5; Eberhard, 1982, 1987, 1988a, 2001). Their webs are usually found on low vegetation in a diversity of habitats and are often built in open sunny spots, such as patches of secondary growth along roads and forest gaps, and in gardens and orchards. Some species prefer habitats along the shores of fresh water bodies whereas other species are found in pristine primary forests. Many studies have been published on a diversity of aspects of the biology of a few Leucauge species, to the extent that these spiders can be referred as to model organisms for spider biology. For example, studies of Leucauge mariana (Taczanowski, in Keyserling, 1881b) include those of the early and late stages of web building behaviours (Eberhard, 1982, 1988a, b, 1990a; Zschokke, 2002), internal anatomy (Palmgren, 1979), effects of gravity on web architecture, the behaviour involved in dispersal by airborne silk lines (Eberhard, 1987), mating behaviour and sexual selection in relation to genitalic development (Eberhard &amp; Huber, 1998a, b), kleptoparasitic associations, and predation rates and preferences (Hénaut, 2000). Leucauge venusta has been studied for capture silk stickiness (Opell, 1997), variations in web construction (Hénaut, García-Ballinas &amp; Alauzet, 2006), web architecture variations either in solitary or aggregations (Buskirk, 1986), kleptoparasitic interactions (Hénaut et al., 2005), community structure (Peck, 1966; Post &amp; Riechert, 1977), variations in the material properties of dragline silk across many spiders including L. venusta (Swanson et al., 2006), amongst many others. Other works on American species include the study of the effects of parasitoid toxins in the web building behaviour of L. argyra (Eberhard, 2001). In addition, a considerable number of studies has been conducted with some Palaeotropical Leucauge species such as the predatory behaviour of Leucauge magnifica (Yoshida, 2000) or web architecture in relation to predation in Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864; Li &amp; Lee, 2004), amongst others.</p> <p>Taxonomy: Leucauge has never been revised except for treatments of some North American (Levi, 1980) and Asian species (Yaginuma, 1954; Kim, Kim &amp; Lee, 1999; Song, Zhu &amp; Chen, 1999; Hu, 2001; Namkung, 2003; Zhu et al., 2003). The specimens that we have studied for the description and diagnosis of this genus belong to L. venusta (Walckenaer, 1841) and L. argyra (Walckenaer, 1841), two of the species that have been most intensively studied. The current number of described species of Leucauge in the Neotropics represents a small fraction of the total number of species found in museum collections. A phylogenetic analysis that included four Leucauge species recovered this genus as monophyletic and sister to a clade that includes Okileucauge, Tylorida, and Mesida (Tanikawa, 2001; Fig. 141B). In Tanikawa’s analysis Leucauge monophyly was supported by a single synapomorphy, the presence of parallel trichobothria rows with more than ten pairs on femur IV. It is likely that the genus Leucauge as currently delimited is either polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Leucauge argyra, which has been previously recognized as belonging to a different genus (Plesiometa F. O. P. Cambridge, 1903; e.g. see Eberhard, 2001 and Levi, 2005b), was recovered in our analysis as sister to L. venusta. The genera Alcimosphenus Simon, 1895 and Opas O. P. Cambridge, 1896, previously included in Leucauge, have been recently recognized as different genera (Levi, 2005c, 2008). The analyses of both data sets (morphology plus behaviour and morphology plus behaviour plus DNA sequences) recover L. venusta and L. argyra as sister taxa (Figs 143A, B, 144). In order to test whether L. argyra could belong to a separate genus (and whether the remaining species in Leucauge form a clade), a larger sample of Leucauge species and representatives from closely genera would be required. Both data sets suggest that Leucauge is sister to the Palaeotropical genus Opadometa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC05A553EFCCA4C97D1D2FA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC050553BFF7E4C5AD1E3FA3B.text	7D5E87ADC050553BFF7E4C5AD1E3FA3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesida KULCZYNSKI 1911	<div><p>MESIDA KULCZYŃSKI, 1911 (FIGS 4A, 51–55)</p> <p>Type species: Mesida humilis Kulczyński, 1911. Type specimen a female from Papua New Guinea, depository unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Mesida species are very similar to those of Leucauge but can be distinguished from the latter and from all other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: two parallel rows of feathered trichobothria on the femora IV ectal surface (Fig. 61H); copulatory and fertilization ducts running parallel before entering the spermathecae (Figs 43E, 55D); flat epigynal plate with a round atrium (Fig. 53A, B; Chrysanthus, 1975: fig. 6); male cheliceral anterior surface with a median spur (Fig. 52E; Chrysanthus, 1975: fig. 7); and the presence of a cymbial dorsobasal process (Fig. 54C, D).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 7.0 mm. Cephalothorax fovea formed by two short longitudinal pits, carapace cephalic area almost as wide as thoracic area (Fig. 52C). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 52B). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum as wide as long (Fig. 52A). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 52D, E). Secondary eyes with canoeshaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus less than one AME diameter. Abdomen longer than wide, covered with silver guanine patches, some species such as Mesida argentiopunctata have a caudal abdominal tubercle. Booklung cuticle smooth. Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, with few accessory glands (Fig. 51C). Median tracheae not ramified, with rounded tips (Fig. 51B, D, F). ALS with c. 60 piriform spigots. PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface. PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines, distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the distal end of the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 51E). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientated and in the shape of longitudinal grooves (Fig. 53A, B). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized (Fig. 53C). Copulatory ducts more than half the spermathecae length but less than its total length, cuticle weakly sclerotized (Fig. 53C). Fertilization ducts coiled and sclerotized at their distal end (Fig. 55D). Accessory glands concentrated over the ducts, with their bases slightly wider than the duct (Fig. 53D–F).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except that the cheliceral anterior surface cuticle is rugose, with a dorsal apophysis (Fig. 52E). Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, posterior margin thicker than the anterior margin (Fig. 51G); fusules immersed in a transverse groove, their bases wider than the fusule shaft. PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Male palpal patella with one macroseta. Paracymbium hook-shaped, without apophyses and considerably shorter than the cymbium length (Fig. 54F). Tegulum roughly oval, with an ectal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (Fig. 54B). Conductor rigid, with sclerotized edges although some parts are weakly sclerotized. Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous, originating at the ventral edge of the tegulum (Figs 54B, 55B). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide (Fig. 55A). Embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct path convoluted with several coils (Fig. 55C).</p> <p>Natural history: This genus includes 12 species and one subspecies, all with an Australasian distribution (Chrysanthus, 1975; Davies, 1988; Barrion &amp; Litsinger, 1995; Zhu et al., 2003). Mesida argentiopunctata builds vertical webs with c. 20 radii, fewer than c. 20 spirals and open hubs (Fig. 4A). These webs are usually found on the forest lower vegetation. The biology of Mesida remains largely unknown. A recent study comparing the spider communities between habitats with different levels of disturbance found that Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882) and Leucauge argentina (Hasselt, 1882) were the most abundant species in primary forest on the Orchid Island, south of Taiwan (Chen &amp; Tso, 2004).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Mesida has never been revised. Our description and diagnosis is based on specimens of M. argentiopunctata and the species descriptions and illustrations of M. humilis by Chrysanthus (1975). The best documented species of this genus is M. argentiopunctata, which we have coded in our character matrix. It is possible that Mesida is a clade within Leucauge or paraphyletic in relation to this latter genus (although Leucauge ’s monophyly has not been tested in sufficient depth). Several Asian species of Leucauge share many diagnostic characters with Mesida, such as the long and perpendicular cymbial dorsobasal process (Song et al., 1999: fig. 122A–N). Tanikawa (2001) proposed that Mesida and Tylorida were sister taxa based on one synapomorphy, the presence of a spur on the male chelicera (Fig. 52H). In Tanikawa’s analysis Mesida was represented by two species: M. argentiopunctata plus one unidentified species (Tanikawa, 2001: fig. 141B). The cladistic analysis of Álvarez-Padilla (2007: fig. 142B) recovered Mesida and Opadometa as sister taxa based on one synapomorphy, the male chelicerae proportionally larger than the female chelicerae. The analyses of both our data sets (morphology plus behaviour and morphology plus behaviour plus DNA sequences) recovered Mesida as sister to a clade that includes Opadometa plus Leucauge (Figs 143A, 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC050553BFF7E4C5AD1E3FA3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D.text	7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Meta C. L. KOCH 1836	<div><p>META C. L. KOCH, 1836 (FIGS 1D, 4C, 56–60)</p> <p>Type species: Meta menardi Latreille, 1804. The type specimens of Aranea menardi are lost (Levi, 1980).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Meta species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: abdomen as high as long (Fig. 1D; Levi, 1980: figs 113–115); PMS anterior surface with more than 20 aciniform spigots (Fig. 56C); epigynum ventrally projected with the copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (Fig. 58A, B); fertilization ducts crossing over the spermathecae (Figs 58C–F, 60C); cymbial ectobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (Fig. 59A); cymbial ectobasal process formed by a massive cuticular fold and cymbial ectomedian process shorter than half the cymbial width without macrosetae (Fig. 59A–F); and by having the metaine embolic apophysis, when present, fused to the embolus base (Fig. 60A, B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 14.0 mm. Cephalic fovea formed by two deep longitudinal pits (Fig. 57A). Ocular area lower than the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 57B, D). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum as wide as long (Fig. 57C). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth, boss present (Fig. 57B, D). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 122, 123). Eyes roughly subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller and juxtaposed and on a tubercle (Fig. 57A, B, D). Clypeus c. 1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle grooved. Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets (Fig. 56A). ALS piriform spigots base rounded (Fig. 56B). PLS with more than 20 aciniform spigots; distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the tip of the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 56D; Hormiga et al., 1995: fig. 19A–D). Epigynal plate protruded, copulatory openings posteriorly orientated and in the shape of longitudinal grooves (Fig. 58A, B). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized (Fig. 58C–F). Cuticle of copulatory ducts well sclerotized and shorter than half the spermathecae (Figs 58F, 60C). Wiehle (1967) proposed that M. menardi had a semi-entelegyne reproductive system, lacking fertilization ducts and, as in haplogyne reproductive systems, that the sperm must pass through the copulatory ducts to fertilize the eggs. Levi (1980: 40) mentioned that he could not verify that M. menardi lacked fertilization ducts, but did not state that this species had them. We found by means of SEM that M. menardi indeed has fertilization ducts; furthermore, these ducts cross over the spermathecae and copulatory duct junction (Fig. 58D–F). Owing to this particular configuration it is difficult to differentiate both ducts in cleared epigyna (Fig. 60C). Accessory glands distributed over the spermathecae, with gland openings arranged in groups (Fig. 58E).</p> <p>Male: body length c. 10.0 mm. Cephalothorax morphology as in females, except that the anterior cheliceral cuticle is rugose (Fig. 57B, F). Abdomen cylindrical. PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Fig. 56E). Epiandrous fusules dispersed over a flat plate and immersed in pits (Fig. 56F). Palpal patella with one macroseta; palpal tibia slightly longer than wide. Tegulum wider than long and slightly larger than the subtegulum (Fig. 60B). Conductor well sclerotized and fused to the tegulum (Fig. 60A). Embolic apophysis bearing several processes. Embolus short and well sclerotized (Figs 59B, 60A, B). Sperm duct with fewer than two switchbacks (Fig. 60B).</p> <p>Natural history: Meta includes 37 species with a Holarctic distribution (Platnick, 2009). Meta menardi builds vertical webs with open hubs, few radii, and few spirals (fewer than 15) (Fig. 4C). These spiders are usually found inside caves, near the entrance or deep inside, and in humid dark places such as tunnels, mines, and wells (Levi, 1980). The egg-sac is white, large, drop-shaped, and hangs from a thread near the web (Comstock, 1948; Levi, 1980). Meta menardi is the only species in which the biology is relatively well documented (Ecker &amp; Moritz, 1992). The web building behaviour of M. menardi was described by Eberhard (1982). Some studies of this species have covered aspects of its diet and predatory behaviour (Yoshida &amp; Shinkai, 1993; Smithers, 1996, 2005a), its distribution within its habitat (Smithers, 1995), and observations on its dispersal biology and early life stages (Smithers, 2005b; Smithers &amp; Smith, 1998).</p> <p>Taxonomy: North American Meta and some European and Japanese species have been revised (Levi, 1980; Marusik, 1986; Yaginuma, 1986; Marusik &amp; Koponen, 1992). Our description and diagnosis are based on the species included in Levi (1980), Marusik &amp; Koponen (1992), and the illustrations of Roberts (1985) of the European species. We coded M. menardi for the phylogenetic analysis, by far the species that has been most intensively studied. We propose that Meta and Metellina are different genera, as suggested by previous authors (Palmgren, 1978a; Levi, 1980; Coddington, 1990a; Marusik &amp; Koponen, 1992). However, this hypothesis has not been cladistically tested with a sufficiently large taxonomic sample of both genera. The phylogenetic analysis that has included more Meta species to date included only Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994 and M. reticuloides Yaginuma, 1958 (Tanikawa, 2001: fig. 141B). This latter author proposed five synapomorphies for the genus Meta: male chelicerae larger than female chelicerae; large teeth on the chelicera fang furrow; sperm duct with switch backs; paracymbium large and modified; and epigynum weakly sclerotized (Tanikawa, 2001). Other phylogenetic analyses have found Meta as sister either to a clade comprised by Metellina and Chrysometa (Hormiga et al., 1995) or to a clade including Dolichognatha and Metellina (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered Meta as sister to a clade that includes Metellina and Dolichognatha; when these data were combined with DNA sequences Meta came out as sister to a clade that includes the previous taxa plus Chrysometa and Diphya (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0565545FCE84CF8D675F98D.text	7D5E87ADC0565545FCE84CF8D675F98D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metabus O.Pickard-Cambridge 1899	<div><p>METABUS O. P.- CAMBRIDGE 1899 (FIGS 4B, 61–65)</p> <p>Type species: Metabus ocellatus (Keyserling, 1864). The syntype series of Tetragnatha ocellata consists of two males and seven females from Bogota (Colombia), deposited at the Natural History Museum, London (examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Metabus species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: leg I more than four times the body length; femur IV without trichobothria (Fig. 62C); epigynum flat, well sclerotized and with a rectangular atrium (Fig. 63A, B); spermathecae weakly sclerotized (Figs 63C, 65C); fertilization ducts coiled over the copulatory ducts (Fig. 63B); CEDP longer than half the cymbial width and parallel to the cymbium longitudinal axis; conductor longer than wide and apically projected (Fig. 64B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 14.0 mm. Cephalothorax fovea formed by two short transverse grooves (Fig. 62A). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 62F). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 62G). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 62E). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus more than one AME diameter high. Abdomen covered with silver guanine patches. Booklung cuticle smooth (Fig. 61B). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, almost without accessory glands (Fig. 61F). Median tracheae not ramified, with leaf-shaped tips and shorter than half the lateral tracheae length (Fig. 61C–E). ALS with c. 70 piriform spigots. PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface. PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines; distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the distal end of the flagelliform spigot (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9A–C). Epigynal plate flat (Fig. 63A, B). Copulatory openings ventrally orientated with the shape of longitudinal grooves located under the atrial edges (Fig. 65C). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts more than half the spermathecae length but less than its total length, cuticle weakly sclerotized. Fertilization ducts well sclerotized, coiled around copulatory ducts (Figs 63C–E and 65C). Accessory glands ducts in individual pits, concentrated over spermatheca-fertilization duct junction (Fig. 63C, F).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except that legs I and II are considerably longer. Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove with bases wider than fusule shaft. Posterior margin of the epiandrous plate thicker than the anterior margin (Fig. 61G). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9D). Male palpal patella with one macroseta. Paracymbium hook-shaped, without apophyses and considerably shorter than cymbium length (Fig. 64A). Tegulum roughly ovoid, with an ectal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (Fig. 64B). Conductor rigid, with sclerotized edges, although some parts are weakly sclerotized. Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous, originating at the ventral edge of the tegulum (Fig. 65A, B). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide (Fig. 65A). Embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct path convoluted, with several coils (Fig. 65D).</p> <p>Natural history: This genus includes four species with a Neotropical distribution. Metabus ebanoverde Álvarez-Padilla, 2007, builds horizontal webs with open hubs, fewer than ten radii, and fewer than 20 spirals (Fig. 4B), but other Metabus species seem to have denser webs (Lopardo et al., 2004: fig. 16). Metabus ocellatus (Keyserling, 1864) builds communal orb webs over ponds and shares a communal retreat during the night (Buskirk, 1975a: fig. 1, 1986; Uetz &amp; Craig, 1997). This communal behaviour has not been reported for any other species in the family. The web building behaviour of M. ocellatus was described by Eberhard (1982). The communal behaviour of M. ocellatus has been described and discussed by Buskirk (1975b).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Metabus has recently been revised and its monophyly tested (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). Synapomorphies for Metabus include the conductor apex curved apically and the absence of trichobothria on the fourth femora. In that study Metabus was sister to a clade that included L. venusta and L. argyra (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9B). Okileucauge Tanikawa, 2001 species are very similar to Metabus in their genital anatomy and somatic morphology, i.e. both genera lack femoral trichobothria. However, a previous phylogenetic analysis proposed that Metabus and Okileucauge were not sister taxa; instead Metabus was hypothesized to be sister to a clade that included Leucauge, Okileucauge, Tylorida, and Mesida (Tanikawa, 2001; Fig. 8B). The morphology plus behaviour data set did not resolve Metabus sister taxa relationships with either Tylorida or Orsinome (Fig. 143A). When these data are combined with DNA sequences Metabus come out as sister to a clade that includes Orsinome and Tylorida (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0565545FCE84CF8D675F98D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC02B5542FC844CF8D128F9F7.text	7D5E87ADC02B5542FC844CF8D128F9F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metellina CHAMBERLIN & IVIE 1941	<div><p>METELLINA CHAMBERLIN &amp; IVIE, 1941 (FIGS 66–70)</p> <p>Type species: Metellina curtisi (McCook, 1894). The syntypes of Pachygnatha curtisi are fragments of three male specimens from California (USA), deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Levi, 1980).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Metellina species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: abdomen oval, longer than wide; secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 95, 96); PLE on a single tubercle (Fig. 67C, E); epigynal plate flat (Fig. 68A, B); copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (Fig. 68D); fertilization ducts originating on the anterior surface of the spermathecae (Figs 68C, 70D); accessory glands concentrated near the copulatory ducts (Fig. 68F); cymbial ectobasal process formed by a massive cuticular fold (Fig. 69C, D); cymbial ectomedian process absent (Fig. 69D); paracymbium slightly longer than half the cymbium length; and sperm duct without switch backs (Fig. 70C).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 8.0 mm. Cephalic fovea formed by a transverse, deep, M-shaped groove (Fig. 67A). Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 67C, E). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum slightly longer than wide (Fig. 67D). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 67C, E). Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus c. 1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle smooth (Fig. 66A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets. Median tracheae not ramified, longer than half the lateral tracheae length (Fig. 66D). Tracheal spiracle without accessory glands, median tracheae tips leaf-shaped (Fig. 66C, F). ALS with c. 60 piriform spigots (Fig. 66B). PMS with two aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface. PLS with more than 20 aciniform spigots, distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the tip of flagelliform spigot. Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings posteriorly orientated and in the shape of longitudinal grooves (Fig. 68A, B, D). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized (Fig. 68C–F). Copulatory and fertilization ducts cuticle well sclerotized. Copulatory ducts shorter than half the spermathecae length, fertilization ducts longer than the spermatheca width (Figs 68F, 70D). Accessory glands distributed on one side of the spermathecae, accessory gland openings arranged in groups (Fig. 68E, F).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except the chelicerae are slightly larger and divergent (Fig. 67B, C, F). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate flat, fusules arranged in two groups and immersed in pits (Fig. 66E). Palpal patella with one macroseta, palpal tibia slightly longer than wide. Tegulum wider than long and larger than the subtegulum. Conductor well sclerotized and fused to the tegulum (Fig. 70B, C). Embolic apophysis massive and square in ectal view; embolus short and well sclerotized (Figs 69B, 70B). Sperm duct spiralled (Fig. 70C).</p> <p>Natural history: The Holarctic genus Metellina includes seven species and one subspecies (Levi, 1980; Marusik, 1986). Metellina builds vertical webs with c. 25 radii, more than 30 spirals, and an open hub (Levi, 1980: pl. 6). These spiders are found either in dark and humid places or amongst the forest low vegetation. A few aspects of the biology of M. segmentata have been studied, such as the reproductive biology (Rubenstein, 1987; Prenter, Montgomery &amp; Elwood, 1995; Hack, Thompson &amp; Fernandez, 1997; Malakov, Bilde &amp; Lubin, 2004), the phenology and life cycle, including that of Metellina mengei (Blackwall, 1869; Toft, 1983), and the sperm ultrastructure and development (Michalik, Sacher &amp; Alberti, 2005).</p> <p>Taxonomy: Metellina has never been revised, except for the North American species (Levi, 1980). Our diagnosis and description includes the species revised by Levi (1980). We coded M. segmentata for the phylogenetic analysis. The monophyly of Metellina has never been tested. Two hypotheses exist regarding the sister group of Metellina, either sister to Chrysometa (supported by the chelicerae of</p> <p>782 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA the male larger than those of the female and by having the sperm duct without switch backs; Hormiga et al., 1995); or sister to Dolichognatha (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered Metellina as sister to Dolichognatha (Fig. 143A, B); when these data are combined with DNA sequences, Metellina comes out as sister to a clade that includes Dolichognatha, Chrysometa, and Diphya (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC02B5542FC844CF8D128F9F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC02C554EFF744C7ED161F898.text	7D5E87ADC02C554EFF744C7ED161F898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metleucauge LEVI 1980	<div><p>METLEUCAUGE LEVI 1980 (FIGS 4D, 77–81)</p> <p>Type species: Metleucauge eldorado Levi 1980. The holotype of M. eldorado is a female specimen from California (USA), deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (not examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Metleucauge species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: cephalic fovea of both sexes resembling two deep pits (Fig. 78A); femora without trichobothria (Fig. 78E); epigynum flat with two deep atria (Fig. 79A, B); spermathecae weakly sclerotized (Figs 79C, D, 81D); (Fig. 78G, H); male palpal trochanter with a large distal apophysis, palpal femora and tibia longer than four times its width, almost half the carapace length (Fig. 78F); cymbial dorsobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (Fig. 80B, E); and conductor subdivided (Fig. 81A, B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 11.0 mm. Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 78C). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 78B). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 78C, G). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 139, 140). Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed and on a tubercle. Clypeus c. 1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle smooth (Fig. 77A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, without accessory glands (Fig. 77D). Median tracheae not ramified, tips leaf-shaped (Fig. 77C, F). ALS with an extensive field of piriform spigots (Fig. 77B). PMS with five aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 77G). PLS with c. 25 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines; distal end of aggregate spigots embracing tip of flagelliform spigot (Fig. 77E). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientaed. Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized (Fig. 79A–D). Copulatory and fertilization ducts shorter than the spermatheca length and cuticle well sclerotized. Fertilization ducts curved, but not coiling around the copulatory ducts. Accessory glands evenly distributed over the spermathecae, with gland openings arranged in groups (Fig. 79C, D).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except the chelicerae are longer and their anterior cuticle is rugose (Fig. 78D, H, F). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate flat, fusules arranged in an irregular line of clusters, fusules not immersed in pits (Fig. 77F). Palpal patella with one macroseta (Fig. 78D). Paracymbium rectangular, with a basal apophysis, and considerably shorter than the cymbium length (Fig. 80B). Tegulum roughly oval, with an ectal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (Fig. 80A). Both conductor parts are well sclerotized; one presents a translucent membranous process (Fig. 81A, B). Conductor attachment to tegulum and between its two parts membranous. Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide; embolus roughly the same length as its base, well sclerotized (Fig. 81C). Sperm duct path with fewer than three coils (Fig. 81C).</p> <p>Natural history: There are seven described species of Metleucauge, with a geographical distribution on both sides of the Pacific (Levi, 1980; Tanikawa, 1992; Zhu et al., 2003). These spiders build horizontal webs with open hubs, fewer than ten radii and spirals (Fig. 4D). Their webs are spun between rocks or near streams (Levi, 1980; G. Hormiga, pers. observ.). Little is known about the biology of Metleucauge species, but a</p> <p>784 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA pioneering study by Yoshida (1989) documented and compared the feeding behaviours and prey composition for three Japanese species.</p> <p>Taxonomy: Both the Asian and North American species of Metleucauge have been studied relatively recently (Levi, 1980; Tanikawa, 1992; Tanikawa &amp; Chang, 1997); however the monophyly of this genus remains untested. Our diagnosis and description are based on M. eldorado specimens and the illustrations of the species described by Tanikawa (1992). The specimens that we coded for the phylogenetic analysis belong to M. eldorado. Tanikawa’s (2001) phylogenetic analysis proposed Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa, 1992 as sister to a clade formed by a large sample of leucaugines. Support for Tanikawa’s hypothesis was provided by three synapomorphies: presence of cymbial processes other than the paracymbium, seminal receptacles of the female not sclerotized, and a deep thoracic groove (Tanikawa, 2001; Fig. 8B). Both our data sets recovered Metleucauge as sister to a clade that includes Metabus, Orsinome, Tylorida, Mesida, Opadometa, and Leucauge (Figs 143A, B, 144).</p> <p>MOLLEMETA ÁLVAREZ- PADILLA, 2007</p> <p>(FIGS 4E, 82–86)</p> <p>Type species: Mollemeta edwardsi (Simon, 1904). The holotype of Landana edwardsi is a female from Chile deposited at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Mollemeta can be distinguished from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: epigynum with a small spherical scape; copulatory openings located in deep curved groves (Fig. 84A–C); cymbial ectobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (Fig. 85C); male palpal femora and tibia longer that four times its width, approximately half the carapace length (Fig. 83E); paracymbium cone-shaped, much shorter than the cymbial ectobasal process (Fig. 85C); tegulum reduced to a narrow ring (Fig. 86A–C); membranous conductor (Fig. 86C); and embolus without basal apophyses (Fig. 85F).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 10.0 mm. Thoracic fovea transverse and deep (Fig. 83A). Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 83G). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 83F). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 83C). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus c. 1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle grooved (Fig. 82B). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, with accessory glands (Fig. 82C). Median tracheae not ramified, tips leaf-shaped (Fig. 82D, F). ALS piriform spigots bases rounded (Fig. 82E). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface. PLS with c. 25 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines; distal end of aggregate spigots embracing tip of flagelliform spigot (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9L, M). Epigynal plate flat (Fig. 84A, B), copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (Fig. 86D). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized. Copulatory ducts coiled, longer than the spermatheca diameter (Fig. 84C). Fertilization ducts path straight, slightly longer than spermatheca, with well-sclerotized cuticle (Fig. 84F). Accessory glands concentrated over the anterior surface of spermathecae, gland openings arranged in groups (Fig. 84C–E).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female (Fig. 83B, D, E). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9N). Epiandrous plate flat, fusules arranged in an irregular line of fusules clusters, fusules not immersed in pits (Fig. 82G). Palpal patella with one macroseta. Conductor membranous, with rigid edges. Conductortegulum attachment membranous (Fig. 86A, C). Embolus base rectangular and slightly longer than wide; embolus almost as long as the cymbium, well sclerotized (Figs 85D–F, 86A). Sperm duct path with one loop before reaching fundus (Fig. 86B).</p> <p>786 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA</p> <p>Natural history: Mollemeta is a monotypic genus endemic to Chile. These spiders build vertical webs, longer than wide, with a closed hub, with more than 30 spiral turns and radii. The webs of Mollemeta are spun over tree trunks (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Taxonomy: The monotypy of this genus was based on the results of a previous cladistic analysis that recovered M. edwardsi as sister to a clade that contains the genera Meta, Metellina, Dolichognatha, Allende, and Chrysometa (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007). This sister group relationship was supported by a single synapomorphy, the paracymbium on the base of the cymbial ectobasal process. The morphological + behavioural data set recovered Mollemeta as sister to a clade that includes Metainae, Nanometinae, Tetragnathinae, Chrysometa, and Allende (Fig. 143A); when these data were combined with DNA sequences, Mollemeta was placed as sister to a clade that includes Allende plus Tetragnathinae (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC02C554EFF744C7ED161F898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC020554CFCD74EB5D72EF922.text	7D5E87ADC020554CFCD74EB5D72EF922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nanometa SIMON 1908	<div><p>NANOMETA SIMON, 1908 (FIGS 4F, 87–91)</p> <p>Type species: Nanometa gentilis Simon, 1908. The type specimen of N. gentilis is a female from Western Australia deposited at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (examined).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Nanometa can be distinguished from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: small size (body length c. 3–4 mm); abdomen covered with silver guanine patches; ramified median tracheal trunks (Fig. 87B–D); absence of femoral trichobothria; denticles between the cheliceral fang furrows (Fig. 87D); flat epigynum (Fig. 89A); copulatory ducts modified as sacs and separated from the spermathecae (Figs 89B, D, 91C); male book lung with a stridulatory file (Fig. 87A); male coxa IV mesal surface with cusps (Fig. 88F); cheliceral ectal margin rugose and dimorphic (the female cheliceral surface is smooth, Fig. 88A, E); and cymbial ectobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (Fig. 90A, C). Description: Female: cephalic fovea absent (Fig. 88B). Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 88A). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered; sternum longer than wide (Fig. 88C). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; cheliceral boss present (Fig. 88A). Eyes subequal in size, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle (Fig. 88A). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Clypeus height approximately one AME diameter. Booklung cuticle smooth. Tracheal spiracle located near the spinnerets, without accessory glands (Fig. 87C). ALS with c. 30 piriform spigots. PLS and PMS with c. eight aciniform spigots. PLS distal end of aggregate spigots embracing tip of flagelliform spigot (Fig. 87H). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientated and in the shape of pits (Fig. 89A). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized, fertilization ducts short and slightly curved (Figs 89B, 91C). Accessory gland openings grouped on a common pit near the spermatheca ducts junction (Fig. 89B–D).</p> <p>Male: body length and cephalothorax morphology as in the female, except that the anterior cheliceral cuticle is rugose and the booklung covers have an stridulatory organ (Figs 87A, 88E). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Fig. 87G). Epiandrous fusules concentrated in two groups and immersed in pits (Fig. 87E). Palpal patella without macrosetae, palpal tibia slightly longer than wide (Fig. 90A, D). Paracymbium very small, smaller than the cymbial ectobasal process (Fig. 90E). Tegulum wider than long, spherical to oval (Fig. 91A). Conductor edges well sclerotized and fused to the tegulum; centre of conductor membranous (it expands when repeatedly transferred between KOH 10% and distilled water; Fig. 91A). Embolic apophysis without processes; embolus and its base continuous and well sclerotized (Fig. 91A). Sperm duct spiralled without switchbacks.</p> <p>Natural history: Nanometa is a monotypic genus endemic to Australia (Platnick, 2009); however, at least 20 more species from Australia (including Tasmania) remain to be described (Ray Forster, unpubl. data). These spiders build horizontal webs with c. 16 spirals, c. 16 radii, and open hubs (Fig. 4F). They are found in forests building their webs in the low vegetation.</p> <p>Taxonomy: Nanometa has never been revised, and new species wait to be described (Forster &amp; Forster, 1999). The specimens studied for the diagnosis and description belong to an undescribed species morphologically similar to N. gentilis, which we have also coded in the phylogenetic analysis. Davies (1988: fig. 17) illustrated another undescribed Nanometa species similar to the one that we examined. The anatomy of Nanometa is similar to that of the specimens referred in the text as ‘Nanometine sp.’; however, this latter undescribed species differs considerably in size (7.0 mm body length, in comparison with Nanometa, which is 4.0 mm). This ‘ Nanometinae sp.’ is similar in size to that illustrated by Davies (1988), also from Queensland, and referred there as ‘Metine sp.’ (Davies, 1988: fig. 17), and the same species as ‘metaine from Australia’ in Álvarez-Padilla et al. (2009). We decided to leave this species unnamed until its phylogenetic placement is resolved using a larger taxonomic sample of Nanometinae. The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered Nanometa as sister to ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini (Fig. 144); when these data are combined with the DNA sequences, Nanometa is placed as sister to ‘ Nanometinae sp.’ (Fig. 143A, B).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC020554CFCD74EB5D72EF922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0225549FCFA4D54D289F9CA.text	7D5E87ADC0225549FCFA4D54D289F9CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Opadometa Archer 1951	<div><p>OPADOMETA ARCHER, 1951 (FIGS 5A, B, 92–95)</p> <p>Type species: Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838). The type specimen depository of Epeira grata is unknown. Diagnosis: Opadometa can be distinguished from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: female tibia IV with a brush of macroseta on the distal third (Simon, 1894: fig. 817); fourth femora with two parallel rows of trichobothria with branched shafts (Fig. 93E, F); epigynum flat with a triangular atrium and soft spermathecae (Figs 94A, 95E); male cheliceral anterior surface armed with many macrosetae (Fig. 95D); conductor fused to the tegulum (Fig. 95C); and by having the adult male size less than half the size of the females.</p> <p>Description: Female: body length is c. 12.0 mm. Cephalothorax fovea formed by two short transverse grooves (Fig. 93A). Ocular area lower carapace lateral margins (Fig. 93B, C). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Sternum as wide as long (Fig. 93D). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present. Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus less than one AME diameter. Abdomen longer than wide, covered with silver guanine patches, and anteriorly projected. Booklung cuticle smooth (Fig. 92A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, almost without accessory glands (Fig. 92C, E). ALS with c. 50 piriform spigots (Fig. 92A). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 92D). PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines; distal end of aggregate spigots embracing tip of flagelliform spigot (Fig. 92F). Epigynal plate flat and triangular in shape (Fig. 93A); copulatory openings ventrally orientated, located at the middle base of the atria and in the shape of short longitudinal grooves (Figs 94A, 95E). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized (Fig. 94B, D). Copulatory ducts are more than half the spermathecae length but less than its total length, cuticle weakly sclerotized. Fertilization ducts coiled and sclerotized at their terminal part (Fig. 95E). Accessory glands concentrated over the ducts, with their bases slightly wider than the duct (Fig. 94E, F).</p> <p>Male: considerably smaller than the female, 7.0 mm body length, somatic morphology similar to a male of L. venusta except that the chelicerae are proportionally longer and the macrosetae on the anterior surface are larger (Fig. 95D). Male palpal patella without macrosetae. Cymbial dorsobasal process present, longer than more than half the cymbial width and perpendicular to the cymbium longitudinal axis (Fig. 95A). Paracymbium hook-shaped, without apophyses and considerably shorter than the cymbium length (Fig. 95C). Tegulum roughly oval with an ectally displaced subtegulum (Fig. 95C). Conductor rigid, with sclerotized edges, bearing a basal apophysis. Conductor-tegulum attachment well sclerotized (Fig. 95C). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide; embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct path convoluted with five coils (Fig. 95B).</p> <p>Natural history: Opadometa has two described species (and eight subspecies), distributed in the South-East Asian tropics (Simon, 1894; Chrysanthus, 1963, 1975). These spiders build vertical webs (&gt; 45°), with c. 30 radii, c. 30 spiral turns, and open hubs (Fig. 5A, B). They are found along rivers, roads, or in the low vegetation of open spaces.</p> <p>Taxonomy: The monophyly of Opadometa has never been tested or its taxonomy revised. The males of Opadometa species are extremely rare in collections and in overall morphology resemble a small Leucauge species. In contrast, female specimens are very abundant. Our diagnosis and description of this genus are based in specimens of a species similar to Opadometa grata (Chrysanthus, 1963, 1975). Data on Opadometa fastigata were taken from Simon (1894). Both our data sets (morphology plus behaviour and these data combined with DNA sequences) suggest that Opadometa is sister to Leucauge.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0225549FCFA4D54D289F9CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0275556FE844C25D287F9E6.text	7D5E87ADC0275556FE844C25D287F9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orsinome THORELL 1890	<div><p>ORSINOME THORELL, 1890</p> <p>(FIGS 5A, B, 91B, D, 96–104)</p> <p>Type species: Orsinome vethii (Hasselt, 1882). The type specimen depository of Pachygnatha vethii is unknown to us.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Orsinome species can be distinguished from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: femora IV with trichobothria (Fig. 101G); female chilum present; copulatory ducts well sclerotized and coiled; copulatory openings inside a common chamber on the centre of the epigynal plate (Figs 102A–D, 104E); male cephalothorax ocular area higher than lateral margins (Fig. 101B, D); embolus base resting on the subtegulum (Fig. 104A); and having the dorsobasal process of the cymbium made of a cuticular fold that extends to the middle of the cymbium (Fig. 103C).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 14.0 mm. Femora IV trichobothrial shaft not branched (Fig. 101G). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 101B). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 101C). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 101F). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus almost twice one AME diameter. Abdomen cylindrical, covered with silver guanine patches (Murphy &amp; Murphy, 2000: fig. 10). Booklung cuticle smooth (Fig. 100A). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets. Median tracheae not ramified, longer than half the lateral tracheae length, with leaf-shaped tips (Fig. 100A, C). ALS with an extensive field of piriform spigots (Fig. 100B). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 100G). PLS with c. 22 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines, distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the tip of the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 100D). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientated. Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized (Figs 100B, 104E). Copulatory and fertilization ducts coiled, longer than the spermatheca length with well-sclerotized cuticle. Accessory concentrated near the duct junction, accessory glands acorn-shaped and in individual pits (Fig. 104B–F).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except the chelicerae are considerably larger, with a massive median apophysis on the internal margins (Fig. 101H). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove with their bases wider than the fusule shaft (Fig. 100F). Palpal patella without macrosetae. Palpal femora very long, more than four times its width. Tibia length twice its width. Paracymbium shorter than half the cymbium length, curved, with swollen distal margin (Fig. 103F). Cymbial dorsobasal process fused to the cymbium more than two thirds of its length (Fig. 103C, D). Tegulum roughly oval, with an ectal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (Fig. 104A, B). Conductor parts well sclerotized, attachment to tegulum membranous (Fig. 104C, D). Embolus base rectangular and longer than wide, located between tegulum and cymbium. Embolus displaced between the tegulum and cymbium with its distal part resting on the subtegulum (Fig. 104A). Embolus approximately as long as the cymbium, thin and well sclerotized (Fig. 104C). Sperm duct with more than five coils (Fig. 104B).</p> <p>Natural history: Orsinome includes 17 described species distributed in the South-East Asian tropics and Madagascar (Thorell, 1890; Chrysanthus, 1971; Zhu et al., 2003). They build horizontal webs, with c. 20 spirals, c. 13 radii, and open hubs (Fig. 5C). Their webs are found over the water between the rocks, and over vegetation along rivers.</p> <p>Taxonomy: Two species are included in this analysis, Orsinome cf. vethi and ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini Berland, 1924, but the results of our analysis suggest that they are not congeneric. The first species belongs to the leucaugines, whereas ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini belongs to Nanometinae (Fig. 144). The taxonomic status of ‘ O. ’ sarasini should be revised when a larger taxonomic sample of these Australasian lineages is studied in more depth. A new genus name is required for this lineage of species from New Caledonia, South-eastern Australia, and Tasmania (Urquhart, 1891; Berland, 1924). ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini differs from the taxa in Nanometinae by the following characteristics: distal end of aggregate spigots embracing the distal end of flagelliform spigot (Fig. 96C); paracymbium cylindrical, longer than half the cymbium length and with a basal apophysis (Fig. 97E); and median tracheae not ramified (Fig. 97F). All other studied morphological</p> <p>794 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA features are similar to Nanometa sp. and ‘ Nanometinae sp.’ (Figs 91B, D, 96–99). The relationships of Orsinome to other Leucauginae genera are unresolved by the data set of morphology plus behaviour (Fig. 143A, B); however when these data are combined with DNA sequences O. cf. vethi is placed as sister to Tylorida (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0275556FE844C25D287F9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC0385550FF164C11D285F986.text	7D5E87ADC0385550FF164C11D285F986.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachygnatha SUNDEVALL 1823	<div><p>PACHYGNATHA SUNDEVALL, 1823 (FIGS 105–108)</p> <p>Type species: Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823. The type specimens of P. clercki are deposited at the Natural History Museum of Geneva (Levi, 1980).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Pachygnatha species can be distinguished from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: lack of aggregate and flagelliform silk gland spigots and the PMS spigot nubbin (Fig. 105C, E); sternum projecting between the coxae (Fig. 106B); carapace covered with thin and short macrosetae immersed in pits (Fig. 106A); femora IV with a single trichobothrium (Fig. 106F); thick and cylindrical median and lateral tracheal trunks (Fig. 105B); haplogyne system (Fig. 107B–D); copulatory opening as a spiracle, more sclerotized than the surrounding cuticle (Fig. 107A), displaced to the centre of the abdomen.</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 5.0 mm. Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 106C). Sternum longer than wide projecting between the coxae; labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered (Fig. 106B). Chelicerae divergent, anterior cuticle smooth as in the clypeal area (Fig. 106C–E); boss present. Clypeus higher than two AME diameters. Eyes subequal in size; PME without canoe-shaped tapetum, with rhabdoms arranged in loops. PLE with canoe-shaped tapetum (Levi, 1980: figs 156–161). Abdominal cuticle formed by small cylinders arranged in lines (Fig. 105A, F). Tracheal spiracle located near the spinnerets, wider than long, with fewer than four accessory glands on each side (Fig. 105B, D). ALS with c. 35 piriform spigots. PMS with two aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 105C). Femora IV with a single trichobothrium (Fig. 106F). Epigynum absent, copulatory opening spiracle-shaped, with both margins slightly sclerotized. Spermathecae well sclerotized and connected to a membranous sac that leads to the only copulatory opening (Fig. 116B; Levi, 1980: figs 206, 207). Accessory gland openings in separate pits, concentrated near the copulatory ducts (Fig. 107C, D).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to the female. Epiandrous fusules immersed in a transverse depression and arranged in a single line. Lower margin of the epiandrous plate swollen (Fig. 105F). Palpal patella without macrosetae; palpal tibia as wide as long (Fig. 108B). Palpal femur length more than four times its width. Cymbium constricted in the middle (Fig. 108C). Paracymbium-cymbium attachment membranous. Paracymbium longer than half the cymbium length, with distal apophyses (Fig. 108D). Conductor-tegulum attachment well sclerotized, located at the centre of the tegulum (Fig. 108A). Embolus tubular, without basal apophyses. Sperm duct spiralled, considerably enlarged on its middle section (Levi, 1980: fig. 177).</p> <p>Natural history: Pachygnatha has 40 described species and two subspecies described. Most species have a Holarctic distribution with some exceptions in South-East Asia, central and southern Africa (Platnick, 2009). Adults of Pachygnatha do not build capture webs but juveniles construct a small orb web (4 to 6 cm in diameter), with 13 to 17 radii and open hubs although the web has never been photographed (Levi, 1980: 50). Adults are found wandering in moist places on the ground, lack aggregate and flagelliform silk gland spigots, and the tarsal accessory claw is reduced. Juveniles have these gland spigots and their accessory claws are well developed (Levi, 1980). Some aspects of the biology of Pachygnatha have been studied, such as a comparison and description of the life cycles of Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 and Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Alderweireldt &amp; de Keer, 1990); the role of P. degeeri as an aphid predator (Harwood, Sunderland &amp; Symondson, 2005); and the sperm ultrastructure of Pachygnatha listeri Sundevall, 1830 (Michalik et al., 2005). The female genital anatomy of P. autumnalis was descried by Dimitrov et al. (2007).</p> <p>Taxonomy: The monophyly of Pachygnatha has never been tested. The taxonomy of the North American (Levi, 1980), European and the Afrotropical species (Bosmans &amp; Bosselaers, 1994) has been revised. We have coded P. autumnalis Marx, in Keyserling, 1884 in the character matrix. Our diagnosis and description were based on this latter species and on the Pachygnatha species descriptions of Levi (1980) and Bosmans &amp; Bosselaers (1994). Previous phylogenetic analyses have recovered Pachygnatha as sister to Glenognatha (Hormiga et al., 1995; Álvarez-Padilla, 2007; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2009). Both the morphology plus behaviour and the total evidence data sets recover this latter sister group relationship (Figs 143, 144).</p> <p>TETRAGNATHA LATREILLE, 1804</p> <p>(FIGS 1A, B, 5D, 109–113)</p> <p>Type species: Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758). The type specimens of Aranea extensa are lost (Levi, 1981).</p> <p>Diagnosis: The genus Tetragnatha is diagnosed by the following features: PLE tapetum absent but PLE canoe-shaped tapetum present (Levi, 1981: figs 20, 21); female lateral eyes on separate tubercles; cephalic fovea deep, divided in two pits (Fig. 110D); smooth femoral trichobothrial shaft, arranged in an irregular line; and haplogyne genitalia (Fig. 113D). In many species mature females have the copulatory opening displaced posteriorly relative to the epigastric furrow (Fig. 111A, B).</p> <p>Description: Female: body length variable 5.4 to 13.3 mm (Levi, 1981). Femora IV trichobothrial shaft not branched (Fig. 110E). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 110B). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered (Fig. 110F). Sternum longer than wide. Chelicerae divergent, anterior surface smooth and cheliceral boss present (Fig. 110B). Clypeus slightly higher than one AME diameter. Abdomen cylindrical, covered with silver guanine patches. Booklung cuticle smooth. Tracheal spiracle located near the spinnerets. ALS with extensive field of piriform spigots (Fig. 109B). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 109D). PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines, distal end of the aggregate spigots separated from the tip of the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 109F). Epigynal plate absent, copulatory opening as a transverse spiracle (Fig. 111A, B). Spermathecae with two chambers, walls well sclerotized (Figs 111C–F, 113D). Copulatory ducts short, well sclerotized and attached to a membranous sac (Fig. 113D). Fertilization ducts absent. Spermathecae accessory gland ductiles evenly distributed over the spermatheca, but more concentrated in the chamber near the copulatory duct. Accessory glands immersed in individual pits (Fig. 111E, F).</p> <p>Male: body length 4.3 to 9.2 mm (Levi, 1981); somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except chelicerae considerably larger and with distal apophyses (Fig. 110A, C). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins (Fig. 109E). Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules distributed in two groups, individual fusules not immersed in pits (Fig. 109C). Palpal patella with one macroseta. Palpal femora and tibia very long, more than four times its width (Fig. 110A). Paracymbium cylindrical, longer than half the cymbium length, evenly covered with macrosetae, and with a basal apophysis. Paracymbium-cymbium attachment membranous (Fig. 113A, D). Tegulum spherical (Fig. 112A). Conductor-tegulum attachment well sclerotized, located on the centre of the tegulum (Fig. 113A). Embolus tubular, without basal apophyses. Sperm duct spiralled and considerably enlarged in its middle section (Fig. 113B, C).</p> <p>Natural history: Tetragnatha is the most diverse genus in the family, with 325 described species and 15 subspecies that are distributed worldwide (Platnick, 2009). These spiders usually build webs over the vegetation inside forests or along ponds and rivers. The orb architecture is very variable (Fig. 5D; Levi, 1981: pl. 3) and some species do not build webs (Okuma, 1990; Gillespie, 1991b). The biology of Tetragnatha species has received more attention than that of any other tetragnathid genus. The web building behaviours of several Tetragnatha species were described by Eberhard (1982). Some studies on the biology of Tetragnatha include those of habitat selection in several Nearctic Tetragnatha species (Gillespie, 1987; Aiken &amp; Coyle, 2000); the evolution, taxonomy, and biogeography of radiations of Tetragnatha species on the Hawaiian archipelago and Society Islands (Blackledge &amp; Gillespie, 2004; Gillespie, 1991 a, 1997, 1999, 2002; Pons &amp; Gillespie, 2003; Vandergast, Gillespie &amp; Roderick, 2004); venom composition (Binford, 2001); the relationship of the ‘haplogyne’ type of genital anatomy and sperm priority in Tetragnatha extensa (Austad, 1984; West &amp; Toft, 1999); and sexual selection based on mating histories and body condition (Danielson- François &amp; Bukowski, 2005).</p> <p>Taxonomy: The taxonomy of Tetragnatha has received considerable attention and although a global taxonomic revision has never been attempted, several regional taxonomic revisions are available. The North American Tetragnatha species were revised by Seeley (1928), Chickering (1959), and Levi (1981). The species from Mexico, Central America, Jamaica, and Panama were revised by Chickering (1957a, 1957b, 1957c, 1962). The Hawaiian fauna has been studied by Gillespie (2003a, b, c). Some Tetragnatha species from the Far East of Russia were revised by Kurenshchikov (1994). The Australasian and Japanese Tetragnatha were revised by (Okuma 1979, 1987, 1988a, b); this latter author also revised some of the African Tetragnatha (Okuma, 1985). Several of the Tetragnatha species from China have been illustrated (Song et al., 1999). Finally the Tetragnatha species from paddy fields in Thailand and China have also been studied (Vungsilabutr, 1988; Barrion &amp; Litsinger, 1995; Zhu, Wu &amp; Song, 2002). We coded Tetragnatha versicolor in the character matrix. Our diagnosis and description were based on this latter species plus the species</p> <p>800 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA descriptions in Levi (1981). The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered Tetragnatha and Cyrtognatha as sister taxa (Fig. 143A, B); however, when these data are combined with DNA sequences, Tetragnatha is sister to a clade that includes Glenognatha and Pachygnatha (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0385550FF164C11D285F986	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC03E555EFF714CDFD7C6FA19.text	7D5E87ADC03E555EFF714CDFD7C6FA19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylorida SIMON 1894	<div><p>TYLORIDA SIMON, 1894 (FIGS 5E, 114–118)</p> <p>Type species: Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877). Type specimen and depository museum unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Tylorida species differ from other tetragnathids in the following combination of characters: femora IV with smooth trichobothrial shaft (Fig. 115F); copulatory and fertilization ducts running parallel before entering the spermathecae (Fig. 116C); tegulum ventrally swollen (Fig. 117B); cymbial dorsobasal process shorter than half the cymbial width and perpendicular to the cymbium longitudinal axis (Fig. 117A, F). The following description is based on our study of Tylorida striata.</p> <p>Description: Female: body length c. 10.0 mm. Femora IV trichobothrial shaft not branched, shorter than half the femur length (Fig. 115F). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (Fig. 115B, D). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (Fig. 115E). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (Fig. 115B). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus almost 1.5 times the AME diameter. Abdomen anteriorly projected and covered with silver guanine patches that form longitudinal lines (Tanikawa, 2005: figs 1, 2). Booklung cuticle smooth. Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets. Median tracheae not ramified, longer than half the lateral tracheae length (Fig. 114A, C, D). ALS with an extensive field of piriform spigots (Fig. 114B). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface (Fig. 114E). PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines; distal end of aggregate spigots separated from tip of the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 114G). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientated (Fig. 116A). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized. Copulatory and fertilization ducts coiled, longer than the spermatheca length and cuticle well sclerotized (Figs 116F, 118D). Accessory gland ductiles concentrated near the duct junction, accessory glands acorn-shaped and in individual pits (Fig. 116B, E).</p> <p>Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female (Fig. 115C, D). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove with their bases wider than fusule shaft (Fig. 114F). Palpal patella without macrosetae. Palpal femora very long, more than four times its width. Tibia length slightly more</p> <p>802 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA than one times its width (Fig. 117D). Paracymbium shorter than half the cymbium length, curved and with the distal margin swollen (Fig. 117F). Subtegulum ectally displaced (Fig. 117C). Conductor edges well sclerotized, median sections rigid but weakly sclerotized. Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous (Figs 117E, 118C). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide (Fig. 118C). Embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct with more than five coils (Fig. 118A, B).</p> <p>Natural history: There are nine described species of Tylorida, all from the Australasian region, with some species extending to western South Africa and Cameroon (Chrysanthus, 1975; Davies, 1988; Zhu et al., 2003). Tylorida striata builds horizontal webs with c. 20 spiral switchbacks, c. 15 radii, an open hub, and an open sector (Fig. 5E). The reproductive behaviour of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) has been recently documented (Preston-Mafham &amp; Cahill, 2000). The web building behaviour of T. striata was described by Eberhard (1982).</p> <p>Taxonomy: The monophyly of Tylorida remains to be tested. The Chinese Tylorida species were recently treated by Zhu et al. (2002) and the Japanese species by Tanikawa (2005). A previous phylogenetic analysis proposed T. striata as sister to Mesida (Fig. 141B; Tanikawa, 2001). The sister taxa relationships of Tylorida with other Leucauginae genera are unresolved by the data set of morphology plus behaviour (Fig. 143A, B). In the total evidence analysis Tylorida is sister to Orsinome (Fig. 144).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC03E555EFF714CDFD7C6FA19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
7D5E87ADC030555DFCDA4C08D093F9E9.text	7D5E87ADC030555DFCDA4C08D093F9E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nanometinae FORSTER & FORSTER 1999	<div><p>NANOMETINAE FORSTER &amp; FORSTER, 1999</p> <p>NEW RANK (FIGS 4F, 71–76, 87–91, 96–99)</p> <p>Type genus: Nanometa Simon, 1908. This family name was first proposed by Forster &amp; Forster (1999: 166) at the family rank, but it has never been formally diagnosed.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Nanometines can be differentiated from other tetragnathids by the following combination of characters: female cheliceral denticles present (84-1: Figs 73C, 88D), absence of trichobothria on femur IV (Fig. 73F) and the remaining femora, female genital openings often plugged with amorphous material (132-3: Figs 74A, 98B), male palpal patella without macrosetae (180-0: Figs 73D, 97H), conductor originating on the centre of the tegulum (55-0), solid, uniform degree of sclerotization between tegulum and conductor (59-0); and tubular embolus shape (67-0) (Figs 75E, 76A–C, 90C, 91A). These six characters also represent the morphological synapomorphies supporting this lineage obtained by the total evidence analysis of Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga (2011), in which they are labelled as ‘ Nanometa clade’ (see also Álvarez- Padilla et al., 2009). Additional diagnostic characters of nanometines are the female copulatory ducts longer than the spermathecae length (146-2; Figs 74B, 89D, 98D), shorter in Pinkfloydia Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2011: figs 8G, H, 15F); the presence of a cymbium ectobasal process (26-1); and having the cymbium ectomedian process more than half the cymbial width (30-1: Figs 75A, 90A, C, 99D). The characteristic branched tracheal system of many nanometines (such as Nanometa and ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini; see Forster &amp; Forster, 1999: 166) is not found in Pinkfloydia, which has its median tracheal trunks confined to the abdomen and not branched (Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2011).</p> <p>Taxonomic and natural history: Forster &amp; Forster (1999) were the first to recognize this group endemic to Australasia as ‘Nanometidae’ and discussed some interesting aspects of nanometine anatomy such as the presence of an stridulatory organ on the booklung covers of males opposite to a row of denticles on the IV coxa (Figs 71A, B, 73E). They also included in their ‘Nanometidae’ the monotypic genus Eryciniolia Strand, 1912 and Orsinome lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888). There are many species to be described in Nanometinae, some which are new (e.g. Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2011) but others are misplaced, such as the case of ‘ Orsinome ’ sarasini (Figs 143A, B, 144), which is not congeneric with the type species of Orsinome and belongs in the Nanometinae. At the present time Nanometinae includes the genera Nanometa and Pinkfloydia. The monophyly of Nanometinae has been tested in recent phylogenetic analyses that also included molecular data and the group is relatively well supported (Álvarez-Padilla et al., 2009; Dimitrov &amp; Hormiga, 2011).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC030555DFCDA4C08D093F9E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2011): Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4): 713-879, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
