identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7C0D87B7FFB0FFA58987F98B8936F080.text	7C0D87B7FFB0FFA58987F98B8936F080.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athyreus gulesseriani Kohlmann & Solis	<div><p>Athyreus gulesseriani Kohlmann &amp; Solís, new species</p><p>Figs. 1–3, 13</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other Athyreus species by the following combination of characters: body extremely pilose (Fig. 1–2); males have a central pronotal horn nearly vertical, tapering to a slender, slightly tricuspid apex (Figs. 1, 3a); anterior and posterior base of horn impunctate; posterior to horn a shallow depression is present, with a mid-line of sparse setae running from the pronotal base to the mid-depression. Clypeal horn nearly vertical, slender, and longer than pronotal horn, with distinct anterior and lateral carinae (Figs. 1, 3a), posterior carina running from base to horn mid-height. Females almost impossible to separate from related species: pronotum as in figure 2, with the carina beside the median swelling forming an inverted “U”; lateral margin posterior to median angle slightly arcuate, curving lightly inward anterior to elytral humerus.</p><p>Athyreus gulesseriani would key out to A. championi in Howden &amp; Martínez’s (1978) key. The males of A. gulesseriani can be easily separated from the males of A. championi, a very similar species, by the form of the pronotal horn (Fig. 3), which is very fine and slender in A. gulesseriani (Fig. 3a), whereas it is shorter and broader (Fig. 3 b) in A. championi . Females of both species are indistinguishable.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Male (Figs. 1, 3a): Length 17.5 mm. Humeral width 10.2 mm. Body oblong and convex, color dorsally black, dorsal surface shagreened. Labrum and mandibles reddish brown.</p><p>Head with erect clypeal horn; anterior edge of horn arising from anterior clypeal margin; horn triangular in shape, sharp in front and bifurcating near anterior base into two carinae; carinae extending into proximate anterior angles. Posterior surface of clypeal horn flattened and faintly carinate from base to horn mid-height; basally, on each side of horn, a carina extending to gena (Figs, 1, 3a). Surface of frons concave, centrally impunctate with scattered punctures laterally. Vertex concave and impunctate.</p><p>Disc of pronotum with conspicuous, long, central, horn, tapering to a slender, almost trifurcate point; posterior projection of horn higher than two anterior projections (Figs. 1, 3a). Surface of pronotum concave, smooth, and impunctate in anterior and posterior area of horn; finely setose-granulate laterally. Carina on either side of central horn small but evident. Lateral pronotal margin in front of median angle slightly sinuate.</p><p>Elytra with striae indicated by seven shallow, biserially to quatriserially punctate-setose longitudinal depressions; intervals between depressions glabrous, smooth, and weakly shiny; granular punctures only at elytral lateral borders; majority of setae arising from the strial punctures short and semierect, but occasionally long, erect setae (flying setae) intermixed.</p><p>Pygidium wider than long with a notch at its apex. Metasternum in front of mesocoxae forming a sharply pointed spine. Protibia with five teeth; ventrally rough and with distinct carina running down onto base of apical tooth.</p><p>Allotype. Female (Fig. 2). Length 16 mm. Humeral width 10.5 mm. Similar to male, but unarmed, clypeus with sharp, arcuately raised, transverse carina anteriorly, clypeal surface in front of carina with some large, setose punctures; surface behind carina distinctly, irregularly rugose or punctate. Clypeus transversally divided by tridentate carina; middle tubercle of carina more anterior than lateral ones, normally more elongate than lateral tubercles.</p><p>Posterior clypeal area distinctly punctate-serrate, punctures with small granules at anterior margins. Frons anteriorly setose-granulate and setose-punctate posteriorly. Pronotum with central, shiny, shallowly bifurcate protrusion (Fig. 2); on either side of central protrusion, and joining anterior pronotal margin, a distinct carina forms an inverted “U” around median projection; distinct oval depression present medially, just behind anterior margin; midline shallowly, distinctly depressed near posterior margin; on each side posteriorly, between U-shaped carina and posterior lateral pronotal margin, an indistinct, short, slightly elevated carina occupying the same position as in the male. Pronotum dull, except for shiny median swelling and carinae. Elytra similar to those described in the male. Pygidium broadly arcuate and much shorter than the male. Protibia as in male, except for additional very small sixth tooth evident basally.</p><p>Variation. Fifty-two specimens examined, 43 males and nine females. Length 14–19 mm. Humeral width 8.5– 11 mm. Less developed males tend to have the central head area, as well as the anterior and posterior depressed pronotal horn area covered with setae, not smooth as in developed males, thus resembling females of the species in this characteristic. Size variation is evident by observing the differences in male horn length, going from individuals with just a slight bump, to individuals with very well developed horns (Fig. 3a). There is a wide variety of horn sizes, but preliminary analysis indicates no allometric horn size-body length variation exists.</p><p>Examined material (52 specimens). Holotype, male: COSTA RICA. Prov. Limón. R. B. Hitoy Cerere. Est. Hitoy Cerere, Send Espavel. 300 m. 21–30 JUN 2000. W. Arana. Intersección L_S_401500_570200 #57105. Allotype, female: COSTA RICA Prov. Limón. Valle de la Estrella. R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Sendero Espavel. 300 m. 24 MAY 2000. A. López. Intersección L_S_401500_570200 #57556. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Same as allotype, 1– 16 NOV 1999, W. Arana, #57439, 11 males, 1 female; Prov. Limón, R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Send. Espavel, 300m. 26 JUL-05 AGO 2000. W. Arana. Intersección. L_S_570200_401500 #58216, 2 females; 22 JUN–8 JUL 2003, B. Gamboa, E. Rojas, W. Arana, L_S_401200_569800 #74455, 1 female; 16 SEPT –03 OCT 2000, W. Arana, L_N_184100_643350 #63405, 1 male; 26 May 2000, A. López, L_N_184400_643300 #62659, 1 male; COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón, R.B. Hitoy Cerere. Sendero Espavel. 220m. JUL 1998. E. Rojas. Tp. Intersección. L_S_401558_570460 #51620, 1 male; COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón, Res Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Est. Hitoy Cerere, Send Espavel. 220m. 6–13 ABR 2000. W. Arana. Intersección L_S_401558_570460 #56362, 1 male; COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón, R. B. Hitoy Cerere, Est. Hitoy Cerere, Send Espavel. 300m. 21–30 JUN 2000. W. Arana. Intersección L_S_401500_570200 #57105, 1 male; COSTA RICA. Prov. Limón, R.B. Hitoy Cerere. Sendero Espavel. 300m. 26 MAY 2000. A. López. Intersección. L_N_184400_643300 #62659, 1 male; COSTA RICA. Prov. Limón, R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Send. Espavel, 560m, 22 JUN – 8 JUL 2003, B. Gamboa, E. Rojas, W. Arana,Tp. Intersección, L_S_401200_569800 #74455, 4 males; COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón, Est. Hitoy Cerere, 100m. 20 MAR –7 ABR 1998. E. Rojas. Tp. Intersección. L_N_184600_643400 #49937, 1 male; Valle la Estrella, R.B. Hitoy Cerere, A. C. Amistad, Prov. Limón, COSTA RICA. 100 m. Jun 1994, G. Carballo, L N 184600_643400 # 3014, 1 female; COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón, Res Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Est. Hitoy Cerere, Send Bobócara. 300m. 16 ABR 2000. W. Arana. Intersección L_N_184250_641800 #56363, 1 male; Río Sardinas, R.N.F. S. Barra del Colorado, A.C.A.C. Tortuguero, Prov. Limón, 50m. Jun 1994, F. Araya L N 291900_565900 #2998, 5 males, 1 female, same collecting information as above, but with collecting date May 1994, #2916, 1 female; Sardinas, Barra del Colorado, Prov. Limón, COSTA RICA. 15 m. 29 JUL–20 AGO 1994, F. V. Araya, L N 291500_564700 # 3159, 1 male; 06– 10 DIC 1994. F. Araya, L_N_291900_565900 #4363; Talamanca, Bratsi, Watsi (Volio), 80m. 29 AGO 2002. C. Cubillo. Manual, L_S_397500_587000 #79750, 1 male; Katsi, 2.3 Km. ESE de Amubri, Prov. Limón, COSTA RICA. 70m. 13 ABR 1995. G. Gallardo, L_S_384350_581400 #4813, 2 males; Amubri, Prov. Limón, COSTA RICA. 70m. 1–22 JUN 1995. G. Gallardo, L_S_385000_578100 #5333, 2 males, 1 female; Costa Rica. Prov. Cartago, Turrialba, P.N. Barbilla, 2Km después del Río Dantas. 400m. 17–28 NOV 2000. W. Arana. Intersección. L_N_596500_ 217700 #60959, 1 male; Prov. Alajuela. San Carlos. Pital. Boca Tapada. Finca Sergio Murillo. 50– 400m. 24 JUL 2004. B. Hernández. Tp. Intersección L_N_293857 514072 #77924, 1 male; COSTA RICA, Prov. Alajuela, Sector Colonia Palmarena, 9 Km. SO. de Bajo Rodríguez. 700m. MAR 1997. G. Carballo. L_N_245900_475900 #45517, 1 male; COSTA RICA. Prov. Alajuela. P.N. Volcán Tenorio. Albergue Heliconias, Sendero Heliconias. 700m. 17 al 28 JUN 2001. A. López. Intersección. L_N_299100_422600 #63475, 2 males; COSTA RICA. Prov. Alajuela. Upala. P.N. Volcán Tenorio. Alb. Heliconias. Send. Puentes Colgantes. 800– 900m. 6–9 JUN 2006. B. Gamboa, M. Moraga. Tp. Intersección. L_N_299800_423800 #86392, 1 male; Costa Rica. Prov. Alajuela, Upala, Alb Heliconias, Send Heliconias. 700m. 23 JUN–02 JUL 2000. A. López. Intersección. L_N_422600_299100 #58553, 1 male; COSTA RICA. Prov. Alajuela. Guatuso. Est. Pilón, Send. Atta, suampo. 600– 700m. 27 JUL–2 AGO 2009. J. A. Azofeifa. Tp. Intersección. L_N_299670_428001 #97678, 1 male.</p><p>Habitat. The species has been collected with flight interception traps at night, inside primary tropical rain forest at altitudes varying from 15–900 m, from April to November.</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 13). This species is known from the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and probably also occurs under similar conditions in Nicaragua and Panama. Athyreus gulesseriani and Athyreus championi are the only two species in this genus known to occur in Central America, all other species occur in South America (Howden 1964).</p><p>Chorological affinities. Athyreus gulesseriani seems to show a geographic vicariant pattern in relation to the similar species A. championi Bates (Fig. 13); the former species being distributed along the Caribbean slope and the latter species along the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama (Howden 1964).</p><p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to Haig Gulesserian, brother in law of one of the authors (B.K.), and a very genteel and supportive person. The name is a patronymic, a Latinized noun in the masculine genitive case, originating from his Armenian surname, derived from “gul” (rose) and “esser” (breeze).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C0D87B7FFB0FFA58987F98B8936F080	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kohlmann, Bert;Solís, Ángel	Kohlmann, Bert, Solís, Ángel (2012): New species and revalidations of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Athyreini and Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Zootaxa 3193: 28-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211122
7C0D87B7FFB4FFA68987FA3088DDF7A7.text	7C0D87B7FFB4FFA68987FA3088DDF7A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ateuchus alutacius Kohlmann & Solis	<div><p>Ateuchus alutacius Kohlmann &amp; Solís, new species</p><p>Figs. 4, 5, 14</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other Costa Rican species by the following combination of characters: body slightly globose; head disc finely punctured with coarse punctures along clypeal margin; eyes viewed from above three times longer than wide; pronotum finely punctured with some coarse punctures at the base of the mid-line and anterior angles; surface of head and pronotum smooth; anterior pronotal margin incomplete; proepisternum shagreened and finely punctured; elytra, pygidium, and abdominal sternites strongly shagreened; profemur with a smooth surface; brachypterous.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Female (Fig. 4): Length 7.1 mm. Humeral width 4.0 mm. Body oblong and slightly globose. Head and pronotum black with cupreous red reflections, elytra black, shagreened, with faint cupreous red reflections; venter dark brown, legs less so, abdominal sternites black with faint cupreous red reflections.</p><p>Clypeal margin coarsely punctate, with a broad band of strong cupreous red reflections and broadly V-shaped; tooth on each side rounded; lateral margin arcuate; dorsal surface of head finely punctate, with faint cupreous red reflections; frons and vertex tumid; eyes appear small from above (three times longer than wide).</p><p>Disc of pronotum finely punctate with some coarse punctures at the base of mid-line and anterior angles; midline only impressed one-third the pronotal length; anterior pronotal margin incomplete. Proepisternum shagreened and finely punctured; proepimeron finely wrinkled.</p><p>Elytral surface strongly shagreened, with faint red cupreous reflections; striae slightly impressed and feebly punctate, more strongly impressed at the apex of the four inner striae; intervals slightly convex. Brachypterous, wing about half the size of an A. candezei wing (Fig. 5). Pygidium wider than long, very convex, and strongly shagreened with small reflective spots, completely grooved.</p><p>Protibia quadridentate, basal tooth small, protibial spur long and slender; profemora, mesofemora, and metafemora short, thick and with their ventral surface smooth. Abdominal sternites black, strongly shagreened; last one broad and with small reflective spots, the others with a line of coarse punctures at their base and a second incomplete line of coarse punctures near their centre.</p><p>Examined material (1 specimen). Holotype, female: COSTA RICA. Prov. Puntarenas. Golfito. Camino a Cerro Paraguas. Finca de Pito. 1100–1200 m. 8–10 AGO 2008. B. Hernández y M. Moraga. Tp. Foso. L_S_ 300700 _569000 #95344. INB0004182326.</p><p>Habitat. The species has been collected with a pitfall trap at an altitude varying from 1100–1200 m, during the month of August. Ateuchus alutacius was collected in a cloud forest on the southern slope of the Fila Costeña, in an approximately 10 ha sized forest remnant, surrounded by cattle pasture and grasslands.</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 14). This species is known from the Pacific slope of the Fila Costeña of Costa Rica.</p><p>Chorological affinities. Ateuchus alutacius is found at similar altitudes at the Fila Costeña as its ecological equivalents, small dung tunnellers living in cloud forests, in Guanacaste ( Ateuchus earthorum Kohlmann &amp; Solís, A. fetteri Kohlmann, and A. hendrichsi Kohlmann) and Central Cordillera ( A. ginae Kohlmann) (Kohlmann 1997) .</p><p>This is the first brachypterous species described in the genus Ateuchus . It is also the fifth flightless species of Scarabaeinae recorded for Costa Rica. The other known species are: Canthidium planovultum Howden &amp; Young, collected on the Pacific slopes of the Central and Talamanca Cordillera and also present in Panama (Solís &amp; Kohlmann 2004); Cryptocanthon lindemanae Howden &amp; Gill, collected on the Pacific slope of the Tilarán Cordillera in Monteverde (Cook 2002); and Onthophagus inediapterus Kohlmann &amp; Solís and Onthophagus micropterus Zunino &amp; Halffter, collected on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca Cordillera (Kohlmann &amp; Solís 2001). All these species have in common that they live in mountain cloud forests, which apparently supports the theory that flightlessness increases with altitude in temperate forests in the tropics (Scholtz et al. 2009).</p><p>Regarding habitats, flightless dung beetles are not well represented in tropical forests (Scholtz et al. 2009). In Costa Rica, flightless dung beetles are associated with cloud forests in tropical mountains, not with tropical forests in the lowlands. It is argued that habitat stability is a key factor favouring the loss of flight (Roff 1990, Scholtz 2000). Following this train of thought, it would seem then that cloud forests represent such stable habitats and not the rain forests.</p><p>An analysis of species and endemicity richness, reported by Kohlmann (2011), concluded that cloud forests are somewhat richer than lowland tropical rain forests in Costa Rica on both counts. This aspect contradicts Scholtz’s (2000) hypothesis that flightless dung beetles occur at higher rates in temperate forests at high altitudes in the tropics, where these environments are relatively species-poor and thus lack complex biotic interactions. This is not the case for Costa Rican cloud forests, which are very species-rich.</p><p>Wagner &amp; Liebherr (1992) present an analysis of flightlessness in insects, where it is calculated that around 10% of temperate Coleoptera species show this characteristic. Based on our current tally, 181 Scarabaeinae taxa have been listed for Costa Rica. It would seem then that the percentage of flightlessness of tropical dung beetle species in Costa Rica (2.7%) is below the percentage registered for temperate Coleoptera . This finding would seem to support the hypothesis that dung-beetle flightlessness increases with latitude (Scholtz et al. 2009).</p><p>Finally, Scholtz et al. (2009) indicate that flightless species of dung beetles tend to develop a rounded shoulder (humeral angle) and a globose body. Costa Rican flightless species are certainly globose in body shape, but they all have a sharply angled shoulder like their winged beetle counterparts. This could be probably explained by the fact that these species are of recent evolutionary origin.</p><p>Taxonomic relationships. More material is needed, especially males, and an actual phylogenetic analysis, in order to establish taxonomic relationships. Presently, and using the similar eye shape and the shagreened elytra and pygidium, the new species would seem to have a certain degree of affinity with A. candezei Harold. It is the only North and Central American species known so far to the authors that has shagreened abdominal sternites, as well as being the only brachypterous Ateuchus species described so far.</p><p>This species will key to A. candezei in Kohlmann’s (1997) key. However, the two species are easily separated by the following combination of characters: In A. alutacius, both the pygidium and sternites are heavily shagreened and black in color; in A. candezei, only the upper part of the pygidium is shagreened, and the pygidium and the sternites are reddish brown. Additionally, the base of the thorax is not shagreened in A. alutacius, while the thorax base of A. candezei is shagreened. Finally, A. alutacius is brachypterous, the first recorded Ateuchus to show this characteristic.</p><p>With the description of this new species of Ateuchus, the total number of species reported from Costa Rica increases from 10 (Kohlmann &amp; Solís 2009) to 11.</p><p>Etymology. Alutacius, Latin adjective in the genitive case, referring to the leathery appearance of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C0D87B7FFB4FFA68987FA3088DDF7A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kohlmann, Bert;Solís, Ángel	Kohlmann, Bert, Solís, Ángel (2012): New species and revalidations of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Athyreini and Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Zootaxa 3193: 28-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211122
7C0D87B7FFB8FFAB8987FF568F56F447.text	7C0D87B7FFB8FFAB8987FF568F56F447.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltochilum acanthus Kohlmann & Solis	<div><p>Deltochilum acanthus Kohlmann &amp; Solís, new species</p><p>Figs. 6, 7, 15</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other Costa Rican Deltochilum species by the following combination of characters: Pygidium with apex thickened, very acutely angled (90°) and outwardly produced (Fig. 7 f). Apical half of metatibia bent inward.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Male (Fig. 6): Length 11.9 mm. Humeral width 8.0 mm. Body color black, head and pronotum distinctly punctate.</p><p>Head approximately as long as wide; clypeus with two distinct, narrowly separated, upwardly reflexed, pointed teeth, pointed anterior teeth; each clypeal-genal margin with low obtuse teeth; vertex closely punctate, nearly flat; dorsal eyes large.</p><p>Pronotum with lateral margin angulate at middle, otherwise straight to slightly sinuate before and behind; pronotal surface densely punctate, giving the appearance of a honeycomb.</p><p>Elytral striae indicated by a double line, line expanded by widely separated, shallow strial punctures; disc intervals opaque, with numerous shallow, very close punctures (Fig. 7 h); humeral umbone and apices of third to seventh intervals carinate; elytral surface shagreened. Epipleural upper carina interrupted (Figs. 7 b, d).</p><p>Pygidium with apex thickened, very acutely angled and outwardly produced (Fig. 7 f); disc nearly flat, shallowly and densely punctate, punctures umbilical. First abdominal sternite forms a rearward projection at the middle of the posterior border.</p><p>Profemur with margin unmodified; protibia with three apical teeth (the middle one smaller) and numerous serrations on outer margin. Apical half of metatibia bent inwardly.</p><p>Allotype. Female. Length 11.2 mm. Humeral width 7.6 mm. Similar to male, but the first abdominal sternite is evenly arched at the middle of the posterior border.</p><p>Variation. Fifty-eight specimens examined, 38 males and 20 females. Length 10.4–13.0 mm. Humeral width 7.3–8.0 mm.</p><p>Examined material (58 specimens). Holotype, male: COSTA RICA. Prov. Puntarenas. Res. Biol. Carara, Est., Quebrada Bonita. 50 m, jun 1993. J.C. Saborío. L-N-194500, 469850, CRI 001185073. Allotype, female: COSTA RICA. Prov. Puntarenas. R.B. Carara, Est. Quebrada Bonita. 50 m, nov. 1993. J.C. Saborío. L S 194500_469850, #2470, CRI 001969700. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Prov. Puntarenas. Centro Juvenil Tropical. Alrededor de la Estación. 100m. 5–12 JUL 1997. M. Lobo. Colecta Nocturna. L_S_294700_517100 #47733, 1 female; Estación Esquinas, 0 m, Península de Osa, Abr 1993. M. Segura, L-S 301400_542200, 1 female; Estación Quebrada Bonita, 50 m, Res. Biol. Carara, 1 a 29 jul 1992, R. Guzmán, L- N 194500_469850, 1 male; Oct 1993. J. C. Saborío, L N 194500_469850 # 2396, 1 female; Set 1993. J. Saborío, L N 194500_469850 # 2354, 2 males; Nov 1993, R. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2447, 2 males; Jun 1993, R. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2202, 1 male; 2 a 23 set 1992, R. Guzmán, L-N 194500_469850, 3 males; agos 1993, R.M. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2297, 1 female; Ene 1994, R. M. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2572, 1 female; Feb 1994, R. M. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2613, 1 male; May 1994, R. M. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 2914, 3 males, 1 female; Ago 1994, R. M. Guzmán, L N 194500_469850 # 3163, 1 female; Oct 1994. J.C. Saborío, Desconocido L_N_469850_194500 #3288, 1 female; Jun 1996. R. Guzmán. L_N_195250_469850 #7648, 1 male; Set 1994. R. M. Guzmán, L_N_194500,469850 #3214, 2 males, 1 female; May 1994. J. Saborío. L_N_470000_195200 #2849, 4 males, 1 female; Estación Sirena, 0–100m, P. N. Corcovado, Ago 1991, J. C. Saborío, L S 270500 _508300, 1 female; G. Fonseca, Jun 1991, L- S 270500 _508300, 1 male; Jun 1991, J. C. Saborío, L- S 270500 _508300, 1 male; Oct 1993. G. Fonseca, L S 270500 _508300 # 2380, 1 male; Jan 1990, G. Fonseca, L_S_ 270500 _508300, 1 female; G. Fonseca, Abr 1991, L- S 270500 _508300, 1 male, 1 female; G. Fonseca, Oct 1989, L- S 270500 _508300, 1 female; F. Quesada, Jun 1990, L- S 270500 _508300, 1 male; Refugio de Vida Silvestre Golfito, Estación Naranjales, 0 – 100m, 25 ABR 2004, W. Porras, Libre, L_S_289900_553450 #76842, 1 male; 22 – 27 ABR 2004, W. Porras, B. Gamboa, D. Briceño, M. Moraga, Amarilla, L_S_289900_553450 #76946, 2 males, 3 females; Rancho Quemado, 200 m, Península de Osa. 12 a 24 may 1993. A. Gutiérrez, L S 292500_511000, 1 male; Oct 1990. F. Quesada. L-S 292500,511000, 1 male; 11–28 Oct 1993, A. H. Gutiérrez, L S 292500_511000 # 2409, 2 males, 1 female; Río Agujas. Estación Agujas. Send. Ajo. 300m. 6–12 ENE 1998. M. Lobo. L_S_276750_526550 #49736, 1 male.</p><p>PANAMA. Canal Zone, Barro Colorado, Poscher’s Peninsula, 6 jun 1986. H. Wolda, 1 male; 11 jun 1986. H. Wolda, 1 female; 18 jun 1986. H. Wolda, 1 male; 25 jun 1986, H. Wolda, 1 male; 11 sep 1987. H. Wolda, 1 male.</p><p>Habitat. The species has been collected with flight interception traps in tropical rain forest, ranging from 0– 100 m altitude, during the months of April to November.</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 15). This species is known so far from the Pacific rain forest of Costa Rica and the Canal Zone of Panama.</p><p>Chorological affinities. Deltochilum acanthus seems to show a geographic vicariant pattern in relation to the similar species D. valgum acropyge, which inhabits the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica.</p><p>Taxonomic relationships. It would appear that the new species originated from a vicariant event, when the Talamanca range rose up approximately 3 million years ago, isolating the rain forest on the Pacific coast from the rainforests on the Caribbean coast. This mechanism seems to account for the origin of a great number of other animal vicariant species, examined in Kohlmann &amp; Wilkinson (2007). We believe that D. valgum needs to be studied, and that its different subspecies represent a species complex in need of hierarchical revaluation. We therefore describe D. acanthus as a species and not as a subspecies, in anticipation of this process.</p><p>Deltochilum acanthus can be easily separated from D. valgum by its pygidium, which has the thickened apex, very acutely angled and outwardly produced (Fig. 7 f), whereas D. valgum has a much less thickened and projected pygidium (Fig. 7 e). There are also differences in dorsal punctation: the pronotum in D. acanthus is very densely punctured, producing the effect of a honeycomb, whereas in D. valgum the punctures are more spaced, by at least the length of one puncture. The elytral punctures are also different, in D. acanthus punctation is dense and the elytral striae are broad (Fig. 7 h), whereas D. valgum is less densely punctured and the striae are thin (Fig. 7 g).</p><p>Etymology. Acanthus (ĸανθοζ = acanthos), a Latinized Greek noun in apposition, meaning thorn, making reference to the spiny pygidial apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C0D87B7FFB8FFAB8987FF568F56F447	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kohlmann, Bert;Solís, Ángel	Kohlmann, Bert, Solís, Ángel (2012): New species and revalidations of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Athyreini and Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Zootaxa 3193: 28-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211122
7C0D87B7FFBAFFAD8987FE768C78F614.text	7C0D87B7FFBAFFAD8987FE768C78F614.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus turgidus Kohlmann & Solis	<div><p>Onthophagus turgidus Kohlmann &amp; Solís, new species</p><p>Figs. 8, 14</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other species of the O. dicranius species group by the following combination of characters: body dark reddish brown (Fig. 8); clypeal horn upright, basal portion wide, forked in its apical third, apical portion nearly parallel-sided; pronotum broadly tumescent anteriorly (Fig. 8), apical portion of tumescence with well separated lateral tubercles; anterior pronotal apical bead angularly reflexed medially.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Male (Fig. 8): Length 10.3 mm. Humeral width 5.9 mm. Body oblong and dark brown. Vertex, pronotum, and elytral intervals closely punctate; vertex and pronotal punctures ocellate, surface between smooth; most elytral punctures with very minute setae.</p><p>Clypeus at anterior median edge with an upright, slightly arched, and flattened horn (Fig. 8); horn in its apical third bifurcate, Y-shaped, apical portion nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 8). Side of clypeus from rounded edge of gena to base of horn almost straight. Clypeal surface behind the horn concave. Frons surface feebly convex medially and with scattered punctures. Vertex with very small tubercle on each side near anterior inner edge of each eye; surface anterior to and between tubercles punctate, punctures between eyes ocellate.</p><p>Pronotum with anterior margin raised medially; anterior median half with large transverse tumosity (Fig. 8), delimited on each side by a distinct conical tubercle, tubercles evidently separated; anterior face of tumosity almost vertical with a small, slightly convex, tuberculated mid-line, tubercles very small. Pronotal surfaces near anterior lateral angles concave; marginal bead of posterior margin obsolete medially.</p><p>Elytron with striae distinctly impressed with ocellate punctures at regular intervals; intervals on disc with two or more irregular rows of punctures, surface between shiny. Pygidium closely ocellate-punctate, each puncture with a short stiff seta.</p><p>Metasternum with ocellate punctures, except along mid-line. Protibia elongate, with terminal tuft of setae; apical and subapical teeth distinctly closer to each other than second to third or third to fourth teeth. Ventral surface of all femora with regular, shallow punctures.</p><p>Examined material (1 specimen). Holotype, male: PANAMA. Panamá, Bocas del Toro. Fila a 1.5 km este de río Tskui, 800 m. 9.4453º N - 82.8471º W. Col: A. Solís y M. Moraga. Trampa 11. Proyecto Darwin.</p><p>Habitat. The specimen was collected with a trap baited with pig manure at an altitude of 800 m inside a primary tropical rain forest, during the month of October.</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 14). This species is known so far from the Caribbean slope on the Panamanian Central Cordillera.</p><p>Chorological affinities. Onthophagus turgidus is found at similar altitudes in the Chiriquí Cordillera as O. solisi (500–1250 m; Kohlmann &amp; Solís 2001; Fig. 9), its ecological equivalent (a small dung tunneller), in the Guanacaste and Tilarán Cordilleras.</p><p>Taxonomic relationships. More material is needed, especially females, in order to establish taxonomic relationships. Presently, and using the similar clypeal horn, the anterior pronotal marginal bead, and the pronotal tumescence, the new species would seem to be closely related to O. solisi Howden &amp; Gill, and it might actually be its sister species.</p><p>This species will key to O. solisi in Kohlmann &amp; Solís’ (2001) key. The male of the new species (Fig. 8) can be easily separated from the males of O. solisi (Fig. 9) by the form of the clypeal horn, which is thicker and more robust in the new species; as well as having a developed pronotal tumescence with more divergent lateral tubercles. With the description of these new species of Onthophagus in this paper, there are now 24 known from Panama.</p><p>Etymology. Turgidus, Latin adjective in the genitive case meaning swollen, in reference to the transverse pronotal tumosity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C0D87B7FFBAFFAD8987FE768C78F614	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kohlmann, Bert;Solís, Ángel	Kohlmann, Bert, Solís, Ángel (2012): New species and revalidations of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Athyreini and Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Zootaxa 3193: 28-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211122
7C0D87B7FFBCFFAC8987FC478DB9F1C4.text	7C0D87B7FFBCFFAC8987FC478DB9F1C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coprophanaeus gephyra Kohlmann & Solis	<div><p>Coprophanaeus gephyra Kohlmann &amp; Solís, new species</p><p>Figs. 10, 11, 16</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other species of the C. pluto species group by the following combination of characters: Length of male frons more than twice that of clypeus (in females one-half times that of clypeus); posterior portion of paraocular area smooth; pronotal transverse ridge quadrilobate with lobes linked by thick carina (Figs. 10 c, 11a); basal pronotal fossae effaced; elytral interstriae flat; pygidium with wide basal groove; parameres viewed dorsally with wide, flattened subapical teeth.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Male (Fig. 10 c): Length 19 mm. Humeral width 13 mm. Completely black.</p><p>Transversal frontal carina low and trituberculate. Transverse protuberance on pronotum quadrilobate with lobes linked by thick carina (Fig. 10 c); protuberance flanked by broad concavities; declivitous surface of pronotum beneath protuberance smooth, devoid of sculpturing. Tooth-like projection in the middle of the basal margin of the pygidium. The parameres of the aedeagus have their teeth backwards hooked.</p><p>Allotype. Female. Length 18 mm. Humeral width 12.5 mm. Similar to male, but allotype has a low and feeble frontal carina; transverse pronotal carina broadly obtuse, vaguely indented at anterior median edge; surface behind carina shallowly concave, transverse depression summit weakly bitumid.</p><p>Variation. Six specimens examined, four males and two females. Length 18–20 mm. Humeral width 12–13 mm. In smaller males the transverse pronotal protuberance is only evident as a thickening.</p><p>Examined material (6 specimens). Holotype, male: PANAMA. Panama, Cerro Campana (Capira), 0 8°44’N, 79°57’W, 5 June 1995, 790 m, J. Ashe, R, Brooks, #129, ex: flight intercept trap. Allotype, female: PANAMA. Panamá. Chepo Carti Rd., B. Gill, 400 m, 24 VI – 30 VII 82, Flt. intercept. Paratypes. PANAMA. Panamá. Chepo Carti Rd., 24 VI-30 VII 82, B. Gill, 400 m, Flt. Intercept, 1 male; 6-24 VI 1982, B. Gill, 400 m, Flt. Intercept, 1 male. Canal Zone. Madden Forest, 10-13.VI.77, S. Peck, carrion tps., 1 female. Colón. 270 m, 10 mi SE Colón, Santa Rita Ridge, 10-12.VI.77, S. Peck, carrion tps. Flt. Intercept, 1 male.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical moist forest, altitudinal distribution 120–790 m, collected from June to July, with flight interception and carrion traps.</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 16). The new species is presently known from central Panama, distributed in the provinces of Colón, Panamá, and the Canal Zone.</p><p>Chorological affinities. C. gephyra, represents a geographical and morphological bridge, between C. kohlmanni to the north and C. morenoi to the south of its central Panamanian distribution. It is also found in tropical moist forest, as are the other two species.</p><p>Taxonomic relationships. This new species was originally, partly, and erroneously considered to be C. ohausi by Howden &amp; Young (1981) and as a Panamanian variation of C. morenoi by Edmonds &amp; Zidek (2010). In reality, a species complex exists (Fig. 16), where C. kohlmanni is distributed from Nicaragua to northwestern Panama (Bocas del Toro), C. gephyra is distributed in central Panama, and C. morenoi is distributed from southeastern Panama (Darién) to Ecuador. All three species are very similar in their morphological characters.</p><p>Etymology. A Greek word in apposition, gephyra (γέφυρα), meaning bridge, in reference to the fact that it acts like a bridge to the distribution of two similar species, C. morenoi in South America and C. kohlmanni in Central America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C0D87B7FFBCFFAC8987FC478DB9F1C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kohlmann, Bert;Solís, Ángel	Kohlmann, Bert, Solís, Ángel (2012): New species and revalidations of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Athyreini and Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Zootaxa 3193: 28-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211122
