taxonID	type	description	language	source
8247878A2B33FFB0FF71F9796E95F629.taxon	description	Synonyms: Stenostomum unicolor Schmidt, 1848 Locality. temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B33FFB0FF71F9796E95F629.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 6 specimens. Squash preparations and live observations. Photographs. Ecological features. Stenostomum sphagnetorum was collected during spring (March 2002) in a large man-made temporary pool on Mount Carmel, characterized by large amounts of vegetation (see TABLE 1).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B32FFB7FF71F8C169E0F531.taxon	description	Ecological features. Stenostomum uronephrium is a characteristic species of lentic or stagnant waters with abundant vegetation (Marcus, 1945; Noreña-Janssen, 1995). In Israel, it was collected during the winter (January 2001) in 35 of the 53 studied pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya in the vicinity of Manof. The species disappeared in early spring, and was not collected again during the 2001 – 2 seasons. This may suggest important changes in the ecological factors of the pools. More studies are necessary to determine the cause of this temporal distribution.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B35FFB7FF71FC716E1AF291.taxon	description	Synonyms: Vortex armiger Schmidt, 1861 Dalyellia armiger Graff, 1904 – 1908 Microdalyellia armiger Papi, 1952 Locality. Permanent spring in Kaukab, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B35FFB7FF71FC716E1AF291.taxon	materials_examined	Material. More than 20 individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual. Ecological features. Microdalyellia armigera was collected along the edge of a permanent spring in Kaukab (April 2002) (see TABLE 1).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B35FFB6FF71F9A16F98F7F1.taxon	description	Synonyms: Dalyellia ornata Hofsten, 1907 Microdalyellia ornata Gieysztor, 1938 Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B35FFB6FF71F9A16F98F7F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Many individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual. Ecological features. Gieysztoria ornata dwells in temporary pools with dense vegetation and also in cold lakes in the northern regions of Europe (Luther, 1955). In Israel, G. ornata was found in pools without vegetation, some with filamentous algae (March 2000, January 2001, February – April 2002).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B34FFB5FF71F8B369F4F689.taxon	description	Dalyellia rubra Graff, 1904 – 1908 Microdalyellia rubra Gieysztor, 1939 Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B34FFB5FF71F8B369F4F689.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Few individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual. Ecological features. Gieysztoria rubra was found in small ponds with sandy bottoms and scarce filamentous algae (March 2001, January 2002).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B37FFB5FF71FE0369E6F083.taxon	description	Synonyms: Vortex cuspidatus Schmidt, 1861 Dalyellia cuspidata Hofsten, 1907 Microdalyellia cuspidata Gieysztor, 1938 Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B37FFB5FF71FE0369E6F083.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Few individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual, and photographs. Morphological remarks. Stylet with 3 – 7 spines (European specimens with 3 – 6 spines), but without real girdle (Fig. 4 C). Spines are thorn-like with a broad base. The curvature of the spines is variable, in some individuals nearly straight, in others sickle-like. Length of the spines is 26.9 – 28.5 μm.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B37FFB5FF71FE0369E6F083.taxon	description	Ecological features. Gieysztoria cuspidata is a typical inhabitant of freshwater environments (temporary and permanent pools, springs and rivers). G. c u s p i d a t a tolerates temperatures up to 31 ºC and low salinity contents (Luther, 1955). In Israel, it was collected from large and intermediate-sized temporary pools from December to April (December 2001, January - March 2002) and was most common in late February (Fig. 5).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B36FFB4FF71FE516AEEF383.taxon	description	Synonyms: Dochmiotrema valaamica Nasonov, 1917 Olisthanella valaamica Nasonov, 1917 Typhloplanella limicola Cordé, 1923 Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B36FFB4FF71FE516AEEF383.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Few individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual, photographs and two sagittally-sectioned individuals deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25076 and VR- 25077. Morphological remarks. Opening of the excretions pore separated in the caudal end of the body (in European specimens the excretory pore is situated caudally to the mouth (Luther, 1963) (Fig. 5 A )).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B36FFB4FF71FE516AEEF383.taxon	description	Ecological features. Dochmiotrema limicola is an inhabitant of the sandy, muddy bottoms of shallow pools and seas. It is possible, that this species could tolerate low brackish conditions (S: 0.39 0 / 0 0; cf. Luther, 1963) In Israel, D. limicola was found in freshwater pools during the late winter and early spring (March 2001, February – April 2002).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B36FFB4FF71FA6C6F95F0AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Many individuals. Live observations, squash preparations, whole-mounted individual, and two sagittally-sectioned individuals deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25080 and VR- 25081. Ecological features. Mesostoma maculatum lives in lentic waters, springs and brooks. In Israel, it was collected in temporary pools of Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya (March 2000, March 2001, January 2002) and in a temporary pool in Keren Carmel (March 2002). It tends to be negatively associated with larval Salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata, probably because Salamandra is an efficient predator of this flatworm; we have observed high predation rates in the laboratory (Eitam and Blaustein, unpublished data).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBBFF71FF2169E3F591.taxon	description	Mesostoma personatum Schmidt, 1848 Typhloplana nigra Houghton, 1867 Locality. Temporary pool in Lahav, northern Negev.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBBFF71FF2169E3F591.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Many individuals. Live observations, squash preparations. Ecological features. Bothromesostoma personatum is a springtime species (captured in March 2000), typical of pools and small brooks. Normally this species swims upside-down, attaching itself to the surface film.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBBFF71FC5E6B77F2A4.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBBFF71FC5E6B77F2A4.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Several individuals. Live observations, squash preparations and two sagittally- sectioned individuals deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25072 and VR- 25073. Ecological features. Olisthanella obtusa was found in some of the smallest temporary pools sampled, after the pools dried and refilled with water (April – May 2002) (Eitam et al 2004).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBAFF71FA116955F601.taxon	description	Synonyms: Krumbachia opisthoformis Ruebush 1938 Locality. Permanent spring in Kaukab, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBAFF71FA116955F601.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Squash preparations, photographs and two sagittally-sectioned individuals deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25078 and VR- 25079. Morphological remarks. Contrary to the European specimens, the Israeli population shows rhabditetracts (“ Stäbchenstrassen ”).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B39FFBAFF71FA116955F601.taxon	description	Ecological features. Olisthanella opistomiformis is an inhabitant of pools and swamps with humus-rich bottoms. In Israel, it was found in a permanent water source, Kaubab spring (April 2002) (TABLE 1). Olisthanella opistomiformis is reported from Europe and Brazil, although the species from Brazil was described by Marcus (1946) as Olisthanella parva. A review of the different descriptions of this species is necessary to determine a reliable distribution for O. opistomiformis. We consider O. opistomiformis to be distributed only in Europe and adjacent areas, as well as Israel.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B38FFBAFF71FDEE69F1F30C.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B38FFBAFF71FDEE69F1F30C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Many individuals. Live observations, squash preparations. Morphological remarks. Usually with one spherical, brownish-red egg, but some individuals with three or four eggs.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B38FFBAFF71FDEE69F1F30C.taxon	description	Ecological features. Phaenocora typhlops is well known as a predator within the small pools and ponds of freshwater environments (Young, 1973). In Israel, it was collected in large temporary pools during the winter and spring (December 2001, January and March 2002).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B38FFBAFF71FB796F69F089.taxon	description	Synonyms: Derostoma unipunctatum Oersted, 1848 Derostoma schmiditianum Schultze, 1851 Planaria fodina Dalyell, 1853 Derostoma fodinae (Dalyell, 1853) Derostoma viridis Schultze, 1851 Fasciola obscura Mueller, 1774 Turbella schmidtiana Diesing, 1862 Turbella unipunctatum Diesing, 1862 Locality. Keren Carmel. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve. Lahav, northern Negev.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B38FFBAFF71FB796F69F089.taxon	materials_examined	Material. A few individuals. Live observations, squash preparations and one sagittally-sectioned individual deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25083. Ecological features. Phaenocora unipunctata was found in temporary pools with scarce vegetation and abundant algae (March and April 2002) (see TABLE 1). Feeds on small and medium-sized “ microturbellaria ” (including intraspecific predation), as well as Crustacea, Copepoda and Diptera. Well-distributed in Europe and Asia, Phaenocora unipunctata is also known from Argentina (Luther, 1963; Mack-Fira, 1974; Müller & Faubel, 1993; Noreña-Janssen, 1995). This is the first record for Israel.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3BFFB8FF71F87A695AF4F1.taxon	description	Turbella radiata Diesing, 1862 Mesostoma radiatum Diesing, 1862 Mesostoma rostratum Hallez, 1869 Mesostoma wandae Nasonof, 1877 Castrada radiata Graff, 1882 Castrada acuta Braun, 1885 Mesostoma herclotsiannum de Man, 1894 Castrada agilis Dorner, 1902 Locality. Temporary pools in Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3BFFB8FF71F87A695AF4F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Many specimens, squash preparations, and sagittally-sectioned individuals, one of which is deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25082. Ecological features. According to Schwank and Gamo (1987), Strongylostoma radiatum is a stenothermic species. In central Europe, Strongylostoma radiatum is a summer species characteristic of the vegetative areas of lentic waters (Schwank, 1980). It can also be found frequently in plankton areas (Luther, 1963). In Israel, Strongylostoma radiatum was found in the largest ponds of Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya during the spring (March 2002) and in an artificial pond in Hai Bar (March 2001, February – April 2002) (see TABLE 1 and Eitam et al., 2004).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3AFFB8FF71FBCB69D2F2FF.taxon	description	Synonyms: Mesostoma bologoviense Plotnikow, 1906 Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee. Material. Many individuals, live observations, squash preparations, photographs. Ecological features. Strongylostoma elongatum elongatum was found during the spring (March 2002) in the largest pools of the study area.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3DFFBFFF71FB06692DF15C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. One individual, squash preparation, and one sagittally-sectioned individual deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25075. Ecological features. Rhynchomesostoma lutheri prefers shallow pools and ponds with abundant vegetation and detritus. In Israel, R. lutheri was found in large temporary pools in the late winter months (February 2002) (Eitam et al., 2004). Until now, Rhynchomesostoma lutheri had only been found in Finland (Luther, 1963) and Spain (Gamo & Noreña-Janssen, 1998). This is the first record for Israel.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3DFFBFFF71FF216AE3F339.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3DFFBFFF71FF216AE3F339.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Two individuals, one with dormant or resistant eggs and one with subitaneous eggs. Squash preparations, live observations, photographs. Ecological features. Tetracelis marmorosa forms numerous subitaneous eggs during the summer months, and produces a single resistant egg during the winter. In temperate climates (southern Europe), Tetracelis shows the two types of eggs, whereas in environments characterized by low temperatures (northern Europe), only dormant eggs are produced. This suggests the existence of two different races (Luther, 1963; Heitkamp, 1982), a southern race and a northern race, which are also differentiated by the presence of different karyotypes (Luther, 1963). During this study, individuals with both egg types, dormant and subitaneous, were collected in the same pool (March 2002). Therefore, the Israeli population could be included in the southern race, distributed along the Mediterranean basin. Currently, Tetracelis marmoratum is known from Europe and Asia (light brackish lake in the region of Lob Noor, Tibet) (Luther, 1963; Young, 1970; Gamo & Noreña-Janssen, 1998). This is the first record for Israel.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3DFFBEFF71F8E66999F060.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary pools on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3DFFBEFF71F8E66999F060.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Several specimens, live observations, squash preparations, photographs, fixed material for histology and sagittally-sectioned individual deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25074. Ecological features. In general, the specimens of Castrada viridis collected in Israel are larger in size than those from populations of northern Europe. C. viridis is a typical inhabitant of small bodies of water in spring and autumn. In Israel, it was collected in large temporary pools from January to April (2000 – 2002), with large populations from late February (Fig. 11) (see also Eitam et al., 2004).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary, artificial pool in Hai Bar Carmel Nature Reserve.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Five individuals, squash preparations, live observations, sagittally sectioned individuals. Holotype. A sagittally-sectioned specimen deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number: VR- 25071.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the numerous spines and thorns inside the blind sac.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	description	Description. Sexually mature animals up to 0.5 mm long, width up to 0.15 mm (Fig. 12 A). Body shape lanceolate: front rounded, tail pointed. The body colouration is whitish to translucent white. Eyes absent. Adenal rhabdites arranged at the anterior end. Pharynx rosulatus at the end of the first third of the body. The elongate testes are situated ventrally at the sides of the pharynx. The vasa deferentia arise from the posterior end of the testes, and enter together into the proximal region of the copulatory organ. The atrium copulatorium, situated behind the pharynx, shows a distal constriction (no sphincter) and surrounds the copulatory organ, the bursa copulatrix and one spiny blind sac. The copulatory organ is pearshaped with a cup-like ductus ejaculatorius with double-laminar walls (Fig. 12 B). The bursa copulatrix is formed by a protuberance of the atrium. The distal region of the bursa copulatrix is pointed and has small spines in its inner walls (Fig. 12 B). The proximal section of the bursa widens and lacks a stalk or spines. The inner walls of the blind sac are covered with sharp spines (Fig. 12 B), longer (length: 1 – 2.3 μm) in the distal section. The shape and size of the spines at the distal region differ among individuals, depending on age and degree of sexual maturity (compare different sizes of spines in Fig. 12 B and 12 C). The receptaculum seminis is incorporated into the oviduct. The ovary has the typical shape of the genus. Ecological features. Castrada multispina was collected during the spring (March 2002) in an artificial pool with cement walls at Hai Bar Carmel (see TABLE 1).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Castrada multispina is closely related to Castrada infernalis Papi, 1951, C. viridis Volz 1898 and C. horrida Schmidt, 1861. The relationship is based on the configuration of the male apparatus formed by only one spiny blind sac, a pear-shaped copulatory organ and a conical spiny bursa copulatrix. The most conspicuous differences concern the type and size of the spines within the blind sac. C. multispina shows large, sharp spines along the entire inner surface of the blind sac, while C. infernalis bears large spines only at the base; C. viridis and C. horrida lack large spines. The absence of sphincters in the atrium copulatorium of C. multispina further differentiates this species from C. infernalis and C. viridis, but this characteristic is apparently shared with C. horrida. Due to its morphological characteristics, C. multispina can be included in the C. viridis group, characterized by the presence of an atrium copulatorium with thorns or hooks, spiny blind sacs and bean shaped spermatophores without a stalk (group 3 of Luther, 1963). At present, Castrada multispina is only known from Israel.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3FFFBCFF71FF6B697CF569.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Castrada species with an atrium copulatorium without a sphincter and a blind sac lined with dense arranged spines, larger (until 2.3 μm) in the distal region.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	description	Locality. Temporary pool on Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Few individuals, live observations, squash preparations. Holotype. One sagittally-sectioned individual deposited in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel, Catalogue Number VR- 25070.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the double spine or thorn at the base of the copulatory organ.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	description	Description. Body spindle-like with narrowed posterior end and slightly rounded anterior end (Fig. 13 A). Length 1 – 1.5 mm. Colour transparent white; without zoochlorellae. Rhabdite-tracts well developed in the anterior end of the body. Pharynx rosulatus (length: 0.25 mm) at the end of the first half of the body. Both excretory pores open laterally, behind the pharynx and before the genital area. Testes not well developed in the studied individuals; testes are elongated, sack-like and located laterally to the pharynx. The copulatory organ has a truncheon-like shape, (length: 198 μm) with a proximal vesicula seminalis and distal granular secretion (Fig. 13 B). The ductus ejaculatorius (56.5 μm) is a double bladder, clearly differentiated from the proximal region of the copulatory organ. The copulatory organ, the bursa copulatrix and one small blind sac open into the atrium copulatorium. The opening of the atrium copulatorium into the atrium genitale is regulated through a sphincter. The bursa copulatrix (227 μm) shows longitudinal folds or small grooves. At the base of the bursa copulatrix there is a handsaw-like, strong spine or hook (spine 1, length: 96.8 μm, Fig. 13 B: Sp 1). Two other spines are located at the base of the copulatory organ (spine 2, length: 22.8 μm) and at the base of the blind sac (spine 3, length: 3 μm, width: 9 μm). The first of these spines (spine 2) resembles a double horn with a circular base (Fig. 13 B: Sp 2). The second spine (spine 3, Fig. 13 B: Sp 3) resembles a hook (thumbtack like) with a wide base. The atrium also contains a thorny cushion near the copulatory organ. The well-developed vitellaria are finger-like, strongly branched, stretching from the pharynx to the end of the body. Castrada (Castradella) biacantha is proterandric. All of the studied animals were without eggs. Ecological features. Castrada (Castradella) biacantha was collected during the spring (March 2002) in two of the largest pools at Manof (pools 1 and 28 in Eitam et al, 2004)	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Nasonov (1926) divided the genus Castrada into the subgenera Castrada and Castradella, although this division remains controversial (Papi, 1959; Luther, 1963; Willems, 2005). The subgenera can be distinguished by the different opening of the nephridiopore. Castrada is characterized by one nephridiopore and Castradella by two nephridopores to the outside. Besides this character, other morphological characters could help to distinguish between the taxa, such as the presence of three characteristically shaped (generally sawed) thorns in the atrium copulatorium of the species of Castradella. These characters are not enough to establish a new genus, but sufficient for the formation of a subgenus because they clearly distinguish between two groups of species within the genus Castrada. For a definitive creation or elimination of a subgenus or genus, it would be very advantageous to carry out an exhaustive revision of the genus Castrada and its diagnostic characters. Therefore, we prefer to await this revision and, following the criteria of authors such as Papi (1959), Schwank (1980) and Heitkamp (1982), describe the new species as Castrada (Castradella) biacantha. Given these considerations, seven species constitute the subgenus Castradella: C. baldi (Steinböck 1949), C. gladiata Schwank, 1980, C. granea Braun, 1885, C. lutheri Papi, 1959, C. mochella Schwank, 1980 and C. triacetabula Heitkamp, 1982. Of these seven species, C. baldi, C. gladiata and C. granea are most similar or closely related to C. biacantha. These four species show well-developed spines within the atrium copulatorium, but the size, number and shape of the spines are very different among these species (Table 2). Spines number, shape: size in µ m Another difference between C. gladiata and C. biacantha is the pseudocuticularized ductus ejaculatorius of C. gladiata, which is absent in C. biacantha. Presently, Castrada (Castradella) biacantha is only known from the temporary pools on the slopes of Mount Kavul and Mount Shekhanya, Lower Galilee.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B3EFFA3FF71FD23686FF21C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Castrada (Castradella) species with three spines within the atrium copulatorium, the first spine (spine 1) saw-shaped, the second spine (spine 2) double shaped with a circular base and the last spine (spine 3) short and with a rounded base.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B21FFA2FF71F9DC6BC3F0A8.taxon	description	Acrochordonoposthia sp. was collected in medium-sized temporary pools in Israel during the winter (January 2002), and disappeared with the beginning of spring and the seasonal rise in temperature.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B21FFA2FF71F9DC6BC3F0A8.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Two specimens. Live observations, squash preparations, photographs.	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
8247878A2B21FFA2FF71F9DC6BC3F0A8.taxon	description	Description. Very mobile body, elongated and narrow. Length 0.7 – 1 mm, width 0.15 – 0.20 mm. Posterior end rounded, motor and semirigid cilia present. Rhabdite-tracts weakly developed. Dermal rhabdites not recognized. Posterior end with mucus (adhesive or sticky) glands. Pharynx in the first third of the body. Colour transparent or colourless, but with numerous yellow or orange oil drops at the posterior end and irregular dark pigmentation at the anterior end. The two excretion pores open in the last third of the body, just in front of the reproductive organs. Copulatory organ and bursa are located together. The copulatory organ is pear-shaped. Testes spherical, opening laterally in the medial part of the male organ. Unfortunately, the studied individuals were not completely matured, and thus cirrus, penis papillae and female reproductive organs were not observable; therefore, an exact identification of the specimens is not possible. However, these specimens show some clear differences from similar species of the genus Acrochordonoposthia (Acrochordonoposthia conica Reisinger, 1924 and A. apopera Reisinger, 1924): the presence of pigmentation patches (possibly eye spots) at the anterior end and well-developed glands in the posterior end. The genus Acrochordonoposthia is mainly known from Europe, only one (Acrochordonoposthia conica Reisinger, 1925) of the 8 known species of the genus was also found outside of Europe (Greenland, Nearctic region; Steinböck, 1932).	en	Noreña, Carolina, Eitam, Avi, Blaustein, Leon (2008): “ Microturbellarian ” flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel. Zootaxa 1705: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180877
