identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
822887BCE713FFBF5EF3FD0EE2B1F998.text	822887BCE713FFBF5EF3FD0EE2B1F998.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miomantinae Westwood 1889	<div><p>Subfamily  Miomantinae Westwood, 1889: 17 .</p><p>Genus  Parasphendale Schulthess-Schindler, 1898: 39 (2): 177-178.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Mantis vincta Gerst. (female). In: Gerstaecker, 1869: 209-210, #24.</p><p>Mantis vincta Gerst. (female). In: Gerstaecker, 1873: 14-15, #24, Taf. I., Fig. 6.</p><p>Mantis (Photina) agrionina Gerst. (male). In: Gerstaecker, 1869: 209, #23.</p><p>Mantis (Photina) agrionina Gerst. (male) In: Gerstaecker, 1873: 13-14, #23.</p><p>Mantis (Sphendale) vincta Gerst., 1873, Bd. III (2): 14. Taf. I., Fig. 6. In: Schulthess-Schindler, 1898: 177.</p><p>Synonyms</p><p>Parasphendale agrionina (male and female) Gerstaecker, 1869.</p><p>=  Mantis (Photina) agrionina (male) Gerstaecker. In: Gerstaecker, 1869: 209, #23.</p><p>=  Miopteryx agrionina,  Miomantis ? agrionina Gerst. Sansibar. In: Saussure, 1870: 238.</p><p>=  Iris? vincta Gerst.,  Miomantis agrionina Gerst. Zanzibar. In: Saussure, 1871a: 115, 121.</p><p>=  Iris vincta, In: Saussure, 1871b: 300-302.</p><p>=  Mantis vincta Gerst.,  Miomantis agrionina Gerst.,  Miopterxy? agrionina, Zanzibar. In: Saussure, 1871c: 263, 269.</p><p>=  Iris vincta . In: Saussure, 1871d: 426.</p><p>=  Mantis (Photina) agrionina (male) Gerstaecker. In: Gerstaecker, 1873: 13-14, #23.</p><p>=  Mantis vincta (female) Gerstaecker.In: Gerstaecker, 1869: 209-210, #24. =  Mantis vincta (female) Gerstaecker. In: Gerstaecker, 1873: 14-15, #24, Taf. I., Fig. 6.</p><p>=  Mantis (Sphendale) vincta Gerst., 1873, Bd. III (2): 14. Taf. I., Fig. 6. In: Schulthess-Schindler, 1898: 177.</p><p>=  Iris vincta Gerstaecker: 209. In: Westwood, 1889: 8.</p><p>=  Miomantis agrionina e? (female). In: Westwood, 1889: 8.</p><p>=  Fischeria vincta Gerstaecker. In: Westwood, 1889: 9.</p><p>=  Miomantis agrionina Gerstaecker. In: Westwood, 1889: 18.</p><p>=  Miomantis vincta Gerstaecker. In: Westwood, 1889: 18.</p><p>=  Miomantis vincta Gerst.,  Miomantis agrionina Gerst., Sansibar, Mozambique,  Carvilia vincta Gerst. In: Saussure, 1898: 196.</p><p>=  Carvilia Stål [ vincta Gerst.] (female). In: Saussure, In: Voeltzkow, 1899: 587-588.</p><p>=  Carvilia (sp.  Carvilia vincta) (female) (nec Stål). In: Kirby, 1904: 266.</p><p>=  Photina agrionina Gerst. In: Werner, 1906: 368-369.</p><p>=  Parasphendale (Carvilia) vincta (male), In: Werner, 1906: 369.</p><p>Remarks. – Gerstaecker, A. (1873) adds an important note on page 15. Quote: “Anmerkung: Trotz der auffallenden Form-, Färbungs- und Zeichnungsunterschiede, welche zwischen der vorstehend beschriebenen Art und  Mant. agrionina vorhanden sind, wäre es immerhin nicht undenkbar, dass beide als Männchen und Weibchen einer und derselbenArt angehören. Für diesen Fall würde der Name  Mantis vincta für dieselbe einzutreten haben.“</p><p>We share the doubts of Gerstaecker, quoted in 1873, concerning the validity of  Mantis (Photina) agrionina . So, as he postulated in the above quote, the name  Mantis vincta as type species is valid.</p><p>Furthermore, the "  Carvilia " named by Stål (1876, 1877) do not refer to the genus  Parasphendale sensu Schulthess-Schindler (1898) . Figures 35 - 46 show the type specimens of the two closely related species  Parasphendale affinis Giglio-Tos 1915 and  Parasphendale vincta .</p><p>Diagnosis. – Medium to large size. Male slender, female robust. Head broader than long. Frontal shield strongly transverse and narrow. Vertex straight in male, convex in female. Eyes in male round and exophthalmic, in female flatter. Pronotum moderately slender, longer than anterior coxa, with distinct, short supracoxal extension, sides at least in female toothed, prozone sometimes granulate. Wings in males exceeding the abdomen, forewings narrow, their costal field subopaque, with parallel veins, hindwings hyaline. Wings in females not reaching the end of the abdomen, forewings opaque, often with pale transverse bands, at most a little longer than pronotum. Hindwings dark, with pale transverse bands. Anterior coxae strongly dentated especially in female, with divergent inner apical lobes, the metazone of the pronotum not or only slightly surpassing. Anterior femora with 4 discoidal and 4 posteroventral spines, granulated between the latter. The tibial spur groove situated proximal to the middle of the tibia. Fore tibiae broad, with 7 posteroventral spines. Meso- and metathoracic legs conspicuously short. Supra-anal plate broader than long. Cerci rather long and simple.</p><p>Distribution. – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/822887BCE713FFBF5EF3FD0EE2B1F998	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Borer, Matthias;Ehrmann, Reinhard	Borer, Matthias, Ehrmann, Reinhard (2022): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Parasphendale Schulthess- Schindler, 1898 (Mantodea: Miomantidae) with description of a new species from East Africa. Faunitaxys 10 (34): 1-29, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-10(34), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15365172
822887BCE711FFB15DC0F9EFE625FC36.text	822887BCE711FFB15DC0F9EFE625FC36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasphendale arabukosokokei Borer & Ehrmann 2022	<div><p>Parasphendale arabukosokokei sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 1-21)</p><p>ZooBank:http://zoobank.org/ 9CD6D318-B1F3-40A0-93A3-D100313D1346</p><p>Holotype, ♂, Kenya-SE: Arabuko-Sokoke-Forest, N Kilifi Creek, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.9/lat -3.18)">Jilore</a> (3.18°S - 39.90°E), leg. R. Ehrmann &amp; H. Karbaum, 13.VI.-04. VII.1987. (Gen. Prep. Schwarz, # 443), QR NMB-MANTO0001219 (NMB).</p><p>Allotype, ♀, Kenya-SE: part of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.89815&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.42125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.89815/lat -3.42125)">Arabuko Sokoke Forest</a>, vic. Malindi, (03.42125°S - 039.89815°E), (site 06), leg. S. Materna &amp; T. Schulze, 05.-17. VIII. 2012 (captive bread) // NMB-MANTO0001221 (NMB).</p><p>Paratypes (33 ex.)</p><p>–   1 ♂, Kenya-SE: Arabuko-Sokoke-Forest, 3.18°S / 39.90°E, N Kilifi <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.9/lat -3.18)">Creek</a>, Jilore, leg. R  .  Ehrmann &amp; H. Karbaum, 13. VI .-04. VII.1987. (Gen.-Prep.Schwarz, # 445), SMNK-Mant-Cat.-Nr. 06830 (SMNK).</p><p>–  1 ♂, Kenya-SE: Arabuko-Sokoke-Forest, 3.18°S / 39.90°E, N Kilifi Creek, Jilore, leg. H. Probst, 05. V .1992, SMNK-Mant-Cat.-Nr. 06831 (SMNK).</p><p>–   1 ♀, Kenya-SE: part of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.89815&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.42125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.89815/lat -3.42125)">Arabuko Sokoke Forest</a>, vic. Malindi, (03.42125°S - 039.89815°E), (site 06), leg. S. Materna &amp; T  .   Schulze, 05.-17. VIII. 2012 (captive bred, ex coll. Schulze (TSC)). SMNK- Mant-Cat. - Nr. 06832 (SMNK)  .</p><p>– 33 ex. with identical locality information:</p><p>Kenya-SE: part of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.89815&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.42125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.89815/lat -3.42125)">Arabuko Sokoke Forest</a>, vic. Malindi, (03.42125°S - 039.89815°E), (site 06), leg. S. Materna &amp; T. Schulze, 05.-17. VIII. 2012 (captive bred)  .</p><p>1 ♂ NMB-MANTO0001220,  2 ♀ NMB-MANTO0001222, NMB-</p><p>MANTO0001223, (NMB);</p><p>1 ♂ #-44,  1 ♀ #-45, (MFNB);</p><p>1 ♀ #-11, (ZFMK);</p><p>1 ♂ #-17,  1 ♀ #-18, (MSNG);</p><p>1 ♀ #-05, (ZIMG);</p><p>1 ♂ #-16,  1 ♀ #-17, (ZMH-LIB);</p><p>1 ♂ #-18a,  1 ♀ #-19a, (RMNH);</p><p>1 ♂ #-05 ex coll. MBDS,  1 ♀ #-03 ex coll. MBDS,  (NHMUK);</p><p>1 ♀ MNCN Cat. Nr. -268517, #-05, (MNCN);</p><p>1 ♂ #-04a,  1 ♀ #-04 ex coll. MBDS (ZSM) .</p><p>1 ♂ #-16 (bred in captivity by T. Schulze), 1 ♀ #-17 (bred in captivity</p><p>by R. Ehrmann), (MNHN);</p><p>1 ♂ #-01,  1 ♀ #-02, (MWNH);</p><p>1 ♂ #-01, 1 ♀ #-02, (cBOM);</p><p>1 ♂ #-40,  1 ♀ #-36, (TSC);</p><p>1 ♂ #-34,  1 ♀ #-41, (SCHK);</p><p>1 ♂ #-06,  1 ♀ #-01; (MBDS) .</p><p>Description of the male (Fig. 1 -7, 15 &amp; 17)</p><p>General aspects. – Large size and slender habitus.</p><p>Head. – Antennae filiform andlong,atleasthalf of bodylength(Fig.1&amp; 2).– Eyes slightly reverse drop-shaped in lateral view, in frontal view approximately globularandexophthalmic.– Vertex slightlyconvex. –Ocellartubercles and ocelli welldeveloped; betweeninsertionof antenna andcompoundeyea small tubercle with rounded tip, which is provided with 3- 5 setae. – Lower frons transverse, aboutthree timeswiderthan highwithitsuppersulcusslightlyvaulted. –Ventral part of clypeus and dorsal part of labrum keeled (Fig.7).</p><p>Thorax. – Pronotum elongated; metazone about 2.8 times as long as prozone; with distinct supracoxal extension; supracoxal extension and prozone slightly denticulate onlateral margin (Fig.1 &amp; 2). – Metathorax with ear of DK type (see Yager &amp; Svenson 2008).</p><p>Wings. –Exceeding the apex of abdomen. – Forewings withcostal fieldand the tip of the wing opaque, remaining parts hyalin. – Apex rounded. – Sigma narrow and ovoid.– Hindwings subhyaline; costal field opaque (Fig.1 &amp; 2).</p><p>Legs. – Foreleg rather solid. – Forecoxa slightly shorter than metazone. – Anteriorapical lobes divergent.Itsdorsal edgeiscoveredby numerousspines with following pattern. One to three small spines before, in-between, and after the four well-developed spines. Its ventral edge covered with small, saw-like spines that are inclined towards the apices (Fig. 5). – Forefemur with 4 posteroventral femoral spines(pvfs) and 13 anteroventral femoral spines (avfs); the avfsare arrangedinfollowing formationiIiIiIiIiIiiI. –Four discoidal spines; the second 1.5 times longer than the first, the third twice as long as the second and the fourth slightly shorter than the second;proximal on the same ridge as discoidal spines, 4 - 7 small pines with rounded apices. – Genicular lobe with small genicular spur (Fig. 3&amp; 6). – Foretibia with 7posteroventral tibial spines (pvts) and 14 anteroventral tibial spines (avts) (Fig. 4). – The armament of the foreleg in male may vary as follows: anteroventral femoral spines (avfs) 12-13, posteroventral tibial spines (pvts) 6-7, anteroventral tibial spines (avts) 14-15. – Meso - and metathoracic legs rather short and simply structured, with small genicular lobe and genicular spur.</p><p>Abdomen. – Slender, dorso-ventrally depressed, with eight visible coxosternites (II-IX) and ten tergites. – Coxosternite IX (subgenital plate) slightly lance-shaped with blunt end and styli (Fig. 15b). – Tergite X (supra-anal plate) lance-shaped (Fig. 15a). –  Cerci rather long with 15- 17 cylinder-shaped cercomeres; the most basal cercomere might be interpreted as several partially fused cercomeres; the seven most distal cercomeres are longer than wide and the last one is flattened.</p><p>Coloration. – Generally brown colored. Lower frons with a dark transverse stripe. Anterior part of prosternum black, followed by an ivory</p><p>13</p><p>colored, narrow transverse stripe. Black, narrow stripe between forecoxae. Posterior part of prosternum light gray-blue. Small spines on dorsal surface of forecoxa colored in pale brown and the four well developed spines are black with white tips on the anterior side and pale brown colored on the posterior side. Posterior surface of forecoxa brown with two pale colored wave-like transverse stripes. First third of anterior surface proximal black colored, followed by a pale band, and distal half of forecoxa gray-blue colored (in dead specimens, gray-blue turns into pale gray or brown, depending on the conservation procedure). Forefemur, first three discoidal spines black on the anterior side and pale brown with black apices on the posterior side, the fourth discoidal spine pale brown with black apex.All posteroventral femoral spines (pvfs) pale brown with darkened apices. First small and large anteroventral femoral spines completely black, towards the distal end steadily lighter colored. All tibial spines and tibial spur pale brown with darkened apices. Costal area of forewings ivory colored, followed by a narrow transverse redbrown colored part of the discoidal area. Hindwings subhyaline with smoky coloration, transverse veins ivory colored; costal field and adjacent part of discoidal area opaque brown with red tones.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 17). – The ventral lobe of the ventral phallomere has weakly developed, somewhat elongated pda. Sdpl rounded, serrate, and only minimally prominent; bl only weakly differentiated. The main posterior lobe of the right phallomere elongate with a broadly rounded and protruding hairy apex. The dextral extension (bm) is well developed and sclerotized. Pia triangular with rounded, strongly sclerotized apex; surface wrinkled. Pva c-shaped with roundedapex.Theanterior processof left phallomere(afa) serrate,apex rounded orsomewhatbroadened androunded;loa membranousandalmostsemicircular; paa blunt and slightly bicuspid.</p><p>Description of the female (Fig. 8 -14, 16 &amp; 18-20)</p><p>General aspects. – Large size and robust habitus.</p><p>Head. –Antennae filiform andshorterthanmetazoneof pronotum (Fig.9). – Eyes slightly reversedrop-shaped. – Vertex distinctlyconvex. –Ocellartubercle and ocelli poorlydeveloped;betweeninsertionof antenna andcompoundeye a small tubercle with rounded tip, which is provided with 3- 5 setae. – Lower frons transverse, aboutthree times wider than highwith its upper sulcus slightly vaulted (Fig.14). – Ventral part of clypeus and dorsal part of labrum keeled.</p><p>Thorax. – Pronotum elongated. – Metazone about 2.8 times as long as prozone; with distinct supracoxal extension. – Pronotum distinctly denticulate on lateral margin with increasing size of denticules towards supracoxal extension and prozone. – Distal part of metazone and prozone with numerous tubercles (Fig. 8 &amp; 9). – Metathorax with ear of DNK type (see Yager &amp; Svenson 2008).</p><p>Wings. – Coveringabout2/3 of abdomen. –Forewings opaquewithrounded apex. – Stigma narrow and ovoid. – Costal- and discoidal area of hindwings opaque. –Anal area subhyaline. – Apex rounded (Fig.8&amp; 9).</p><p>Legs. –Forelegs solid. –Forecoxa slightlyshorterthanmetazone. –Anterior apical lobe s divergent. Its dorsal surface is covered by numerous spines with following pattern.Twoto five small spines before, in-between, and after the four well developed spines. Its ventral surface covered with small, saw-like spines that are inclinedtowards theapex and gettingbigger towardsthe apex (Fig. 12). – Forefemur with 4 posteroventral femoral spines (pvfs) and 13 anteroventral femoralspines (avfs); the avfs are arranged in following formation iIiIiIiIiIiiI. – Four discoidal spines; the second 1.5 timeslonger than the first, the thirdtwice as long asthe secondandthe fourthslightlyshorterthan thesecond. – Genicular lobe with small genicular spur(Fig.10 &amp; 13). – Foretibia with7posteroventral tibial spines (pvts) and 14 anteroventral tibial spines (avts) (Fig. 11). – The armament of the foreleg in female may vary as follows:anteroventral femoral spines (avfs) 12-15, posteroventral tibial spines (pvts) 6- 7, anteroventral tibial spines (avts) 13- 16. – Meso- and metathoracic legs rather short and simply structured, with small genicular lobe and genicular spur.</p><p>Abdomen. – Pearshaped/fusiform, dorso-ventrally depressed, with six visible coxosternites (II-VII) and ten tergites. – Coxosternite VII (subgenital plate) with group typical shape. – TergitX (supra-anal plate) broder than long andlance-shaped (Fig. 8&amp; 9). –  Cerci rather longwith17 -19 cylinder-shaped cercomeres; the most basal cercomere might be interpreted as several partially fused cercomeres; the eight most distal cercomeres are longer than wide and the last one is slightly flattened.</p><p>Coloration. – The coloration of body parts mentioned here, differ from those described in males. All others are identical in males and females. Costal area of forewings ivory colored; discoidal area dark brown, towards the apex lightened; anal area pale brown. Costal- and discoidal area of hindwings opaque dark brown with a pale brown margin at the apex; anal area of hindwings subhyaline with smoky coloration, transverse veins ivory colored (Fig. 8, 9 &amp; 18-20).</p><p>Measurement (mm).</p><p>– Body length, ♂: 55.0 - 62.8</p><p>– Body length, ♀: 70.0 - 81.3</p><p>Details showed in Table 1-4</p><p>Life aspect and others. – The picture of live aspects are studio shots and illustrate an adult female and freshly hatched larvae (Fig. 18- 21). The larvae of the first larval stage have a black body, dark compound eyes, and a bright red head (Fig. 21). It seems to be another example of myrmecomorphism or even ant mimicry in early nymphs, as already known for several other African  Mantodea species (Kumar, 1973; Gillon &amp; Roy, 1968; Hevers &amp; Liske, 1991; Wieland, 2013). Oothecae are cylindrical with a rounded apical end, up to slightly ovoid (Fig. 16). Dorsal habitus pictures of thirty-three paratype specimens are illustrated in Appendix 1 - 9, as well as the distribution map of  P. arabukosokokei sp. nov. and  P. stali (Appendix 9).</p><p>Etymology. – The specific epithet refers to the locus typicus, the Arabuko Sokoke Forest, which is the largest fragment of East African Coastal Forests left.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/822887BCE711FFB15DC0F9EFE625FC36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Borer, Matthias;Ehrmann, Reinhard	Borer, Matthias, Ehrmann, Reinhard (2022): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Parasphendale Schulthess- Schindler, 1898 (Mantodea: Miomantidae) with description of a new species from East Africa. Faunitaxys 10 (34): 1-29, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-10(34), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15365172
822887BCE71FFFB35EB7FBD5E1A6FD66.text	822887BCE71FFFB35EB7FBD5E1A6FD66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasphendale stali Sjostedt 1930	<div><p>Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, 1930</p><p>(Fig. 22 -34)</p><p>Remarks. – In the past, the species status of  Parasphendale gracilicollis Beier, 1930: 449 and  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, 1930, was evaluated differently. Beier (1935) listed  P.gracilicollis and  P. stali as valid species in Genera Insectorum, but in 1942 he listed  P. gracilicollis as a synonym of  P. stali Sjöstedt (1930) . Marshall (1975) lists  P. gracilicollis as a valid species, and Kaltenbach (1996) listed  P.gracilicollis as a synonym of  P.stali . The detailed drawings of  P.stali shown in the identification key of Kaltenbach (1998, p 47, fig. 79 - m; p 48, fig. 86 - f; p 49, fig. 93- f), clearly illustrate the morphological characteristics of  P. stali and not of  P. gracilicollis . Ehrmann (2002) also lists  P.gracilicollis as a synonym of  P. stali, and Otte &amp; Spearman (2005) list both taxa as valid species in their catalog.</p><p>After studying the type material and numerous additional individuals, it is clear that both species,  P. gracilicollis Beier, 1930: 449 and  P. stali Sjöstedt, 1930, are distinct and valid taxa. And so, to the best of our current knowledge, there are ten valid  Parasphendale species. Based on Otte &amp; Spearman (2005) and Otte et al. (2022), this means the following change:  Parasphendale agrionina becomes a synonym of  Parasphendale vincta, the type species.</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Tanzania-SW: Kigonsera, Nyassa-See //  Parasphendale stali Sjöst. n. sp., female // Typus // NRM-MANT-0001189 // (Stockholm-NHRS-#01-f (HT)) //</p><p>Allotype, ♂,  Demokratischen Republik Kongo: Elisabethville [since 1966 Lubumbashi], 02. X. 1950 // det. Beier,  Parasphendale stali Sjöst .,  Allotype male // (Wien-NHMW-#01-m (AT)) //</p><p>Cotype,   1 ♀, Tanzania: Manow, D. O. Afr. //  Parasphendale stali Sjöst. n. sp., female // Cotypus // NRM-MANT-0001190 // (Stockholm- NHRS-#02-f (CT)) //</p><p>Non-type specimens</p><p>–  1 ♂, Malawi-S: Zomba, Chanc coll. 29. IX. 1974, coll. H. R .   Feijen //  Museum Leiden ex coll. H. R  . Feijen, rec. 2001 // No.  74 male // [(Schwarz-GP-0437)], [ex coll. Leiden-RMNH.Ins-1104766] // (NMB-MANTO0001258) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Malawi-S: Zomba,  Chimwalowe, Malawi, 22. X. 1973, H. R. Feijen // Museum Leiden ex coll. H. R. Feijen, rec. 2001 // No.36 // det. R. Roy, 1999,  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, female // [ex coll. Leiden-RMNH.Ins-1104769] // MB-MANTO0001259 //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Mozambique: Landsch.-Mecutine, ca. 70 km westl. der Küste von Mozambique // det. Beier:  Parasphendale ghindana G.Tos female // (Hamburg-ZMH-LIB-#15-f) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Mozambique –SW:  Goba Mozambique, IV. 1980, H. R. Feijen // Museum Leiden ex coll. H. R. Feijen, rec. 2001 // RMNH.Ins-1104768 // (Leiden-RMNH-#16-m) //</p><p>–  1 ♂, Malawi-S: Zomba, Chanc coll. 16. X. 1974, coll. H. R. Feijen // Museum Leiden ex coll. H. R. Feijen, rec. 2001 // No .   73 male // det. R. Roy, 1999,  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, male // RMNH.Ins-1104767 // (Leiden-RMNH-#17-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Malawi-S: Zomba:  Airport, 28. IX. 1973, H. R. Feijen // No  .   36 female //  Museum Leiden ex coll. H. R. Feijen, rec. 2001 // RMNH.Ins-1104770 // (Leiden-RMNH-#20-f) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Malawi-S: Zomba:  Bwaila, 19. X. 1974 // No  .  36 female // RMNH.Ins-1104771 // (Leiden-RMNH-#21-f) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Malawi?: // Pres. By Com Inst Ent B M 1872-2 // MMRS X. 66 d-light // C.I.E. coll. A.2137 // Accession No. N. R. /1882 // NHMUK-011250112 // det. J. A. Meadows, 1972:  Parasphendale sp. ? // (London-NHMUK-#07-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Malawi-S: // Nyasaland:  Chiromo [(16°33ʹS-35°8ʹE)], R. C. Wood // Pres. By Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1930-215 // det. Beier:  Parasphendale ghindana G.Tos (f) // NHMUK 010729430 // (London-NHMUK-#08-f) //</p><p>–  1 ♂, South Africa-SE: Kruger NP, Pretoriuskop rest camp, (25°10’09.5“S- 31°16’04.2”E), 595 m, [ca. 80 km west to the border Mozambique] leg. S.Danflous, 11.XII.2007 // (Montérolier-RCNM-#01-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Malawi-NW: Chitipa District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.533333/lat -9.633333)">Mughese Forest</a>, 60 km NW Chitipa, (09º38’S- 33º32’E), 1810 m, 11.-12. XII. 2012 ”, ex. Coll. V. Kalinin // (Moskau-ESPC-#01-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Malawi-NW: Chitipa District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.533333/lat -9.633333)">Mughese Forest</a>, 60 km NW Chitipa, (09º38’S- 33º32’E), 1810 m, 11.-12. XII. 2012 ”, ex. Coll. V. Kalinin // (Moskau-ESPC-#02-m) //</p><p>– 1 ♀, Tanzania-NW: Songea, Peramiho, 1000 m, leg. Ch. Lindemann, 26. XI. 1958 // det. Beier,  Parasphendale stali Sjöst., female // (München-ZSM-#06-f) //</p><p>– 1 ♂, Tanzania-NW: Ruwana am River [near Mbusa, south Lake Victoria], XI. 1929 // det. F. Lombardo, 1997:  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt // (Philadelphia-ANSP-#09-01a-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Tanzania-NW: Tshakoma [near  Busegwe, south Lake Victoria], Zpbg, G. van Son, XI. 1931 // det. R. Roy, 1988,  Parasphendale stali, female // (Philadelphia-ANSP-#10-02a-f) //</p><p>– 1 ♀, Tanzania-NW: Peramiho, Ertl-1904 // (Strasbourg-MZS-#12-f) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Zambia:(N. Rhodesia),  Mazabuka, X. 1960, Nat.Museum, S. R. // det. Kaltenbach, 1994,  Parasphendale stali Sjöst. // (Wien-NHMW-#02-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Zimbabwe:  Hwange Safari Lodge, leg. Kaltenbach, 15.-18. X. 1988 // det. Kaltenbach, 1988,  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, male // (Wien-NHMW-#03-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♂, Zimbabwe:  Hwange Safari Lodge, leg. Kaltenbach, 15.-18. X. 1988 // det. Kaltenbach, 1988,  Parasphendale stali Sjöstedt, male // (Wien-NHMW-#04-m) //</p><p>–   1 ♀, Tanzania: Tanganyika-Terr., [Tanzania-SW]  Matengo-Hochland, wsw. V.  Songea, Zerny, 21.-31. 1936 // Linda 13-1400 m //  Parasphendale stali Sjöst., female // (Wien-NHMW-#05-f) //</p><p>Measurement (mm).</p><p>– Body length, ♂: 57.8 - 60.0</p><p>– Body length, ♀: 81.0 - 85.0</p><p>Details showed in Table 3-4 Distribution. – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.</p><p>Differential diagnosis  Parasphendale arabukosokokei sp.</p><p>nov. vs.  P. stali Sjöstedt, 1930 .</p><p>Parasphendale arabukosokokei and  Parasphendale stali are the largest species within the genus  Parasphendale . However, these two species can be easily distinguished. The general body structure of  P. arabukosokokei is more robust, in both sexes, than that of  P. stali .  Parasphendale arabukosokokei has a distinct supracoxal extension, and in  P. stali, the extension is weakly pronounced. Lower frons with one dark transverse stripe in  P. arabukosokokei, in  P. stali, there are two. Spines of anterior coxae are more pronounced in  P. arabukosokokei than in  P. stali . Both species have very similar male genital structures.  P. stali tends to have a somewhat more developed sdpl; likewise, the pia is usually somewhat flatter than in  P. arabukosokokei .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/822887BCE71FFFB35EB7FBD5E1A6FD66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Borer, Matthias;Ehrmann, Reinhard	Borer, Matthias, Ehrmann, Reinhard (2022): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Parasphendale Schulthess- Schindler, 1898 (Mantodea: Miomantidae) with description of a new species from East Africa. Faunitaxys 10 (34): 1-29, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-10(34), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15365172
