identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8146737DFFE7FFDBFF838C6AA08AE252.text	8146737DFFE7FFDBFF838C6AA08AE252.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enidae B. B. Woodward 1903	<div><p>Family Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880)</p> <p>Woodward (1903: 354, 358); ICZN (2003, Opinion 2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFE7FFDBFF838C6AA08AE252	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFE0FFDCFF838FBAA68AE002.text	8146737DFFE0FFDCFF838FBAA68AE002.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus Albers 1850	<div><p>Genus Napaeus Albers, 1850</p> <p>Type species by subsequent designation by Herrmannsen (1852): Bulimus baeticatus Webb &amp; Berthelot, 1833.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFE0FFDCFF838FBAA68AE002	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFE0FFD0FF838E0CA3B1E3A5.text	8146737DFFE0FFD0FF838E0CA3B1E3A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus josei Santana, Alonso & Ibanez 2011	<div><p>Napaeus josei Santana, Alonso &amp; Ibáñez, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs. 1, 3 A, 4 A–C, 5 A, B, 6 A, B, 7 A–C</p> <p>Type locality. Barranco del Lechugal (Gran Canaria; UTM: 28RDR 3075, 100 m altitude).</p> <p>Holotype (Fig. 3 A; empty shell). TFMC (MT 0415). Leg. J. Santana, 26 January 2009.</p> <p>Paratypes. 6 specimens and 102 shells, collected between 1998 and 2010 from the southwest of Gran Canaria, deposited in AIT (6 specimens, 5 shells) and the following collections: JSGC (68 shells); FDGC (9 shells); MAGC (20 shells).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to our late friend Jose María Hernández, marine malacologist from Gran Canaria.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). Endemic to Gran Canaria, occupying an area of about 100 km 2 of the southwest of the island, with lowland vegetation, within an altitudinal range between 40 and 460 m. Napaeus josei (Fig. 4 A) is mainly a ground dweller, living associated with large Euphorbia species, sheltering during the day under stones or between Euphorbia roots. The majority of the specimens collected had the shell disguised by a covering of soil, which was sometimes very thick (Figs. 4 B, C), altering the appearance of the shell considerably as in other disguised Napaeus species (Yanes et al. 2010). This renders most living animals very inconspicuous in their normal resting places, presumably reducing the risk of visual detection by predators. The snails are part of the diet of the Southern Grey Shrike, Lanius meridionalis Temminck (Aves, Passeriformes) (Padilla et al. 2009) and the omnivorous lizard, Gallotia atlantica (Peters &amp; Doria), endemic to the eastern islands (Valido &amp; Nogales 2003). Other species of Gallotia, which as a genus is present in all the islands of the Archipelago, probably also consume snails as part of their regular diet (Yanes et al. 2010).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell very obese, conic-ovate, brown-coloured, with first whorls slightly darker than rest. Teleoconch granulated. Penis short and thick, with large penial papilla. System of penial appendix parts A 1 –A 3 very short. Appendicular retractor muscle inserts laterally in proximal tip of part A 3. Epiphallus with epiphallic caecum. Bursa copulatrix duct inflated, with long diverticulum.</p> <p>Description. Body pale brown-greyish, covered with brown spots, denser in cephalic area (Fig. 4 A). Shell (Fig. 3 A) dextral, robust, very obese (SB/SH index), conic-ovate, with sharp apex, irregularly increasing whorls (penultimate whorl and body whorl giving oval appearance), 5¾–6 convex whorls and deeply marked suture. Body whorl large (SB/SH index) occupying more than ⅔ of shell surface area (BS/SS index). Protoconch smooth, with 1¾–2 whorls. Aperture long, very wide (AH/SH and AB/SB indices), rounded at palatal side, more curved at junction of columellar and palatal edges. Angle (Fig. 2) between columella and upper palatal margin about 122º. Peristome discontinuous, expanded as a wide, whitish lip, more developed in lower part of the palatal and columellar edges, reflected on columellar edge, where it partly covers umbilical slit. Older specimens with a callosity between peristome edges and a nodule at junction of parietal and palatal margins. Aperture extending laterally beyond penultimate whorl by about 32% (ca. 1 mm). Colour brown, with first whorls slightly darker than rest.</p> <p>Ornamentation of first teleoconch whorl characterised by numerous, thin, radial, oblique ribs with small, irregular protuberances. Protuberances from second teleoconch whorl to body whorl more developed, and those of penultimate whorl (Fig. 5 A) broader and usually equidistantly placed, giving appearance of granular rows perpendicular to radial shell ribs. Body whorl mainly with radial ribs provided with irregular granulation on the upper side (Fig. 5 B).</p> <p>Genital system (Figs. 6 A, B; two specimens dissected). Atrium very short. Penis short and thick, without evident division into separate portions and about a third of the length of the epiphallus. Penial papilla large, welldeveloped, occupying almost all of penial cavity. Penial retractor muscle inserts apically into proximal penis tip, next to epiphallus-penis connection. Epiphallus opening distally into penis, tubular, slender, with epiphallic caecum inserting in its proximal third. Flagellum very short, globular. Vas deferens opens sub-terminally on proximal end of epiphallus. Penial appendix long, arising obliquely in distal portion of penis near atrium, longer than penis and epiphallus together. System of penial appendix parts A 1 –A 3 very short, boundary between them scarcely visible. Parts A 3 and A 4 clearly separated from each other, A 4 long and thin, passing gradually into expanded A 5. Appendicular retractor muscle inserts laterally in proximal tip of short part A 3, joined to penial retractor just before insertion on lower lung wall.</p> <p>Vagina tubiform, similar in length to free oviduct and proximal third of epiphallus, respectively. Bursa copulatrix duct inflated, with diverticulum longer than duct and branching off in proximal quarter of duct, surmounting the vesicle of the bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Comparison with other taxa. Shell morphology: The shell of N. josei n. sp. (Fig. 3 A) is comparable in shape and size mainly to that of N. nanodes (Shuttleworth, 1852) (Fig. 3 B) and N. badiosus (Webb &amp; Berthelot, 1833) (Fig. 3 C), both from Tenerife. The shell of N. josei is clearly more obese than that of both species (Figs. 3 A–C, 7 A). The shell aperture of N. josei is similar to that of N. badiosus and bigger than that of N. nanodes (Figs. 3 A, B, 7 C). The shell ornamentation is clearly different in the three species, the granulation of N. josei (Figs. 3 A, 5 A, B) contrasting with the sinuous, undulating ribs surrounding large depressions in N. nanodes (Fig. 3 B) and the more or less uniformly ribbed, not granulated shell of N. badiosus (Fig. 3 C).</p> <p>Genital anatomy: N. josei has an enormous penial papilla (Fig. 6 B), the largest known in the genus, occupying almost the entire penial cavity.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFE0FFD0FF838E0CA3B1E3A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFECFFD3FF838D94A126E4FB.text	8146737DFFECFFD3FF838D94A126E4FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus venegueraensis Artiles, Santana & Deniz 2011	<div><p>Napaeus venegueraensis Artiles, Santana &amp; Deniz, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs. 1, 3 D, G, 5 C, D, 7 A–C, 8 A</p> <p>Type locality. Barranco de Veneguera (Gran Canaria; UTM: 28RDR 2583, 100 m altitude).</p> <p>Holotype (Fig. 3 D; empty shell): TFMC (MT 0416). Leg. M. Valido and M. Ibáñez, 29 December 1988.</p> <p>Paratypes. 3 specimens and 107 shells, collected between 1988 and 2010 from the south of Gran Canaria; deposited in AIT and the following collections: FDGC (7 shells); JSGC (67 shells); MAGC (20 shells).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from its type locality, Veneguera.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). Endemic to Gran Canaria, occupying an area of about 200 km 2 of the south of the island, associated mainly with lowland vegetation and also pine forest, within an altitudinal range between 80 and 715 m. Napaeus venegueraensis is mainly a ground dweller, living in pine forest and “cardonal” (Euphorbia canariensis L.), sheltering during the day under stones or between Euphorbia roots. Some specimens collected together with N. josei in the Barranco del Lechugal had the shell disguised by a thick soil covering, but N. venegueraensis has usually been found undisguised.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell ovate, with whorls increasing regularly in size. Teleoconch ribbed with protuberances irregularly distributed on first whorls and regularly placed on the body whorl. Epiphallus with epiphallic caecum. Penial appendix slightly shorter than penis and epiphallus together. Bursa copulatrix duct similar in length to or slightly shorter than diverticulum.</p> <p>Description. Body pale brown, covered with brown spots, denser in cephalic area. Shell (Fig. 3 D) dextral, robust, obese (SB/SH index), ovate, cone-shaped above, with whorls increasing regularly in size, 6½–7 weakly convex whorls separated by shallow sutures. Body whorl intermediate (BH/SH index), occupying less than ⅔ of the shell surface area (BS/SS index). Protoconch smooth, shiny, with 1½–1¾ whorls. Aperture long, wide (AH/SH and AB/SB indices, respectively), with elliptical section at palatal side, more curved at junction of columellar and palatal edges. Angle (Fig. 2) between columella and upper palatal margin about 135º. Peristome discontinuous, moderately expanded as whitish lip, more developed in lower part of palatal edge, reflected on columellar edge, partly covering umbilical slit. Older specimens with a callosity between peristome edges and a nodule at junction of parietal and palatal margins. Aperture extending laterally beyond penultimate whorl by about 22% (ca 0.74 mm).</p> <p>Shell colour pale brown. Ornamentation characterised by numerous oblique, sinuous radial ribs, interrupted on the first teleoconch whorls forming irregularly distributed protuberances, whereas they are regularly placed on the body whorl (Figs. 5 C, D).</p> <p>Genital system (Fig. 8 A; three specimens dissected). Atrium very short. Penis about a quarter of the length of the epiphallus, with two portions. Distal portion tubular, located between atrium and insertion of penial retractor muscle. Proximal portion swollen. Epiphallus tubular, opening distally into penis, two regions of similar length defined by presence of epiphallic caecum. Flagellum very short. Vas deferens thicker in its distal portion. Penial appendix arising in distal portion of penis near genital orifice, slightly shorter than penis and epiphallus together. Part A 1 of penial appendix clearly differentiated from globular part A 2, similar in length to penis. Appendicular retractor muscle inserting laterally in middle zone of part A 1, joined to penial retractor on diaphragm walls. Part A 3 more slender, shorter than proximal A 1 portion. Parts A 3 and A 4 clearly separated from each other; A 4 long, distally very thin, passing gradually into expanded A 5.</p> <p>Free oviduct shorter than vagina. Vagina firmly fixed to body tegument by short connective fibres. Bursa copulatrix complex with well-developed diverticulum, branching off near proximal end of bursa duct, more slender and similar in length to or slightly longer than bursa duct.</p> <p>Comparison with other taxa. Shell morphology: The shell shape of N. venegueraensis n. sp. (Fig. 3 D) is comparable mainly to that of N. obesatus (Webb &amp; Berthelot, 1833), from Gran Canaria (Fig. 3 G), and N. bajamarensis Ibáñez &amp; Alonso, 2009, from Tenerife (Fig. 3 H). The last two species are similar to each other in dimensions and clearly bigger than N. venegueraensis (Figs. 3 G, H, 7 A). The three species differ also in shell ornamentation, N. venegueraensis being rough, without gloss, with the radial ribs irregularly distributed on the first teleoconch whorls (Figs. 5 C, D); N. obesatus has the ribs more widely spaced and regularly disposed (Fig. 3G), and N. bajamarensis has the teleoconch almost smooth (Fig. 3 H).</p> <p>Genital anatomy: N. venegueraensis is similar to N. bajamarensis (Yanes et al., 2009, fig. 9), but the latter species has an exceptionally long bursa copulatrix duct, several times longer than the diverticulum. In contrast, the bursa duct of N. venegueraensis is similar in length to or slightly longer than the diverticulum. The proximal penis portion of N. venegueraensis is more swollen than that of N. bajamarensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFECFFD3FF838D94A126E4FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFEFFFD3FF838952A6A6E39C.text	8146737DFFEFFFD3FF838952A6A6E39C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus arinagaensis Artiles, Deniz & Martin 2011	<div><p>Napaeus arinagaensis Artiles, Deniz &amp; Martín, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs. 1, 2, 3 N, 7 D–F, 9 A</p> <p>Type locality. North slope of Arinaga Mountain (Gran Canaria; UTM: 28RDR 6182, 180 m altitude).</p> <p>Holotype (Figs. 2, 3 N; empty shell): TFMC (MT 0417). Leg. M. Valido and M. Ibáñez, 9 July 1989.</p> <p>Paratypes. 36 shells collected between 1989 and 2010 from Arinaga Mountain (east of Gran Canaria); deposited in AIT and the following collections: JSGC (12 shells); MAGC (10 shells).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name derives from its type locality, Arinaga Mountain.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). Endemic to Gran Canaria, occupying an area of about 6 km 2 of the Arinaga mountain and its surroundings (southeast of the island), associated with lowland vegetation, within an altitudinal range between 30 and 180 m. We only found empty shells of this species, which is possibly extinct as living specimens were not recorded during the fieldwork since 1989, despite intensive searching.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell slender, conic, almost smooth, shiny, with whorls increasing regularly in size. Aperture ovate, rounded at junction of columellar and palatal edges.</p> <p>Description. Shell (Figs. 2, 3 N) dextral, slender (SB/SH index), conic, with whorls increasing regularly in size; 6¾–7¼ convex whorls, deeply marked suture. Body whorl intermediate (BH/SH index), occupying less than ⅔ of the shell surface area (BS/SS index). Protoconch smooth, shiny, with about 1½ whorls. Aperture short and wide (AH/SH and AB/SB indices), ovate, rounded at junction of columellar and palatal edges. Angle (Fig. 2) between columella and upper palatal margin about 117º. Peristome discontinuous, expanded as narrow whitish lip, more developed in lower part of palatal edge and reflected on columellar edge, partly covering umbilical slit. Older specimens with a callosity between peristome edges and a small nodule at junction of parietal and palatal margins. Aperture extending laterally beyond penultimate whorl by about 42% (ca 0.8 mm).</p> <p>The majority of the shells collected were bleached and whitish, but some of them, including the holotype, retain a part of the original coloration, being uniformly pale brown, without blotches. Shell ornamentation almost smooth (Fig. 9 A), characterised by numerous weak, radial oblique ribs, only a few stronger on the body whorl. The shell has some gloss despite ribs.</p> <p>Comparison with other taxa. The N. arinagaensis shell (Fig. 3 N) is comparable in form and size to five species from Gran Canaria. It is clearly smaller than N. isletae Groh &amp; Ibáñez, 1992 (Fig. 3 P) and larger than N. exilis Henríquez, 1995 (Fig. 3 M), N. myosotis (Webb &amp; Berthelot, 1833) (Fig. 3 L) and N. osoriensis (Wollaston, 1878) (Fig. 3 K). Napaeus arinagaensis is similar in shell size to N. moquinianus (Webb &amp; Berthelot, 1833) (Fig. 3 O), however, the latter has irregular whitish blotches on its shell and the surface areas of the first whorls and the entire shell of N. arinagaensis are smaller than those of N. moquinianus. Napaeus arinagaensis (Fig. 3 N) and N. myosotis (Fig. 3 L) are similar in the degree of convexity of their whorls whereas the other four species have flatter whorls.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFEFFFD3FF838952A6A6E39C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFEFFFD5FF838C72A1B4E0C2.text	8146737DFFEFFFD5FF838C72A1B4E0C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus validoi Ibanez, Alonso & Martin 2011	<div><p>Napaeus validoi Ibáñez, Alonso &amp; Martín, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs. 1, 3 F, 7 D–F, 8 B, 9 B</p> <p>Type locality. Ñameritas (Gran Canaria; UTM: 28RDR3389, 1000 m altitude).</p> <p>Holotype (Fig. 3 F; empty shell): TFMC (MT 0418). Leg. M. Nogales, 10 November 1984.</p> <p>Paratypes. 14 specimens and 11 shells, collected between 1984 and 2010 from the central-western part of Gran Canaria; deposited in AIT and the JSGC collection (1 shell).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to our friend Manuel Valido, malacologist from Gran Canaria.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). Endemic to Gran Canaria, occupying an area of about 25 km 2 of the Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua, the Monumento Natural del Roque Nublo and their surroundings, associated mainly with pine forest, within an altitudinal range between 950 and 1450 m. Napaeus validoi is a ground dweller; the specimens collected had the shell disguised by a covering of vertic soil (a type of clayey soil), altering its appearance considerably as in other disguised Napaeus species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell slender, nearly cylindrical, with prominent aperture and wide lip. Epiphallus with epiphallic caecum. Penial appendix shorter than penis and epiphallus combined. Bursa copulatrix duct shorter than diverticulum.</p> <p>Description. Shell (Fig. 3 F) dextral, slender (SB/SH index), nearly cylindrical, with 7–7½ slightly convex whorls. Body whorl intermediate in size (BH/SH index), occupying about 4/7 of the shell surface area (BS/SS index). Protoconch smooth, shiny, with about 1½ whorls. Aperture short and very wide (AH/SH and AB/SB indices), rounded, with elliptical section at palatal side, more curved at the junction of the columellar and palatal margins. Angle (Fig. 2) between columella and upper palatal margin about 114º. Peristome discontinuous, expanded as wide, whitish lip, more developed in lower part of palatal edge and reflected on columellar edge, partly covering umbilical slit. Older specimens with a callosity between peristome edges and a small nodule at the junction of parietal and palatal margins. Aperture extending laterally beyond penultimate whorl by 50% (ca 1.6 mm).</p> <p>Shell colour brown. Ornamentation characterised by numerous oblique radial ribs, regularly placed on body whorl and sinuous, sometimes interrupted in remainder of teleoconch whorls, forming small protuberances that are irregularly distributed (Fig. 9 B).</p> <p>Genital system (Fig. 8 B; two specimens dissected). Atrium very short. Penis about one quarter of length of epiphallus, with two portions. Distal portion tubular, located between atrium and insertion of penial retractor muscle. Proximal portion slightly swollen. Epiphallus tubular, opening distally into penis, two regions defined by presence of epiphallic caecum, distal region slightly longer and more slender than proximal region. Flagellum very short. Penial appendix arising from distal penis portion near genital orifice, shorter than penis and epiphallus combined. Part A 1 of penial appendix not much differentiated from small, globular part A 2, slightly longer than penis. Appendicular retractor muscle inserting laterally in the proximal zone of part A 1, joining penial retractor on diaphragm walls.</p> <p>Free oviduct longer than vagina. Bursa copulatrix complex with well-developed diverticulum, branching off near proximal end of bursa duct, longer than bursa duct and similarly inflated when accommodating partner’s spermatophore.</p> <p>Comparison with other taxa. Shell morphology: Napaeus validoi (max. SH = 19.1 mm) has almost the same height but is more slender (SB/SH index = 0.42) than N. interpunctatus (Wollaston, 1878) (max. SH = 20.0 mm; SB/ SH index = 0.46), which is the biggest Napeus species from Gran Canaria. The N. validoi shell (Fig. 3 F) has a form similar to that of N. chrysaloides (Wollaston, 1878) (Fig. 3 E), but is clearly higher, has a stronger ornamentation, and its rounded aperture is nearly twice as large as that of N. chrysaloides.</p> <p>Genital anatomy: N. validoi is similar to N. venegueraensis and N. chrysaloides, without important differences between them. The apparently greater length of the diverticulum of the bursa copulatrix in N. validoi (Fig. 8) can be attributed to the remains of a spermatophore inside the dissected specimens.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFEFFFD5FF838C72A1B4E0C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
8146737DFFE9FFD6FF838D4BA0F3E0E0.text	8146737DFFE9FFD6FF838D4BA0F3E0E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Napaeus grohi Alonso, Ibanez & Santana 2011	<div><p>Napaeus grohi Alonso, Ibáñez &amp; Santana, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs. 1, 3 J, 7 A–C, 9 C, 10</p> <p>Type locality. Pista del Derrabado (El Hierro; UTM: 28RDR 6182, 850 m altitude).</p> <p>Holotype. (Fig. 3 J; ethanol-preserved specimen): TFMC (MT 0419, shell and dissected soft body). Leg. M. Ibáñez, 5 January 1993. Paratypes. 2 shells (JSGC) collected in 2006 from the Ermita de La Caridad and Lomo Blanco (northwest of the island); deposited in the JSGC collection.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to our friend Klaus Groh, who has spent several decades working in malacology.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). Endemic to El Hierro, occupying an area of about 10 km 2 of the humid laurel forest on the El Golfo northern slopes, within an altitudinal range between 850 and 1200 m. This species is a ground-dweller, associated with the humid laurel forest.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell obese, conic-ovate, with weakly convex whorls increasing regularly in size and shallow but distinct suture. Body whorl large. Aperture with five-sided appearance. Penis globose, without penial papilla but with sphincter between epiphallus and penis. Penial cavity with eight longitudinal, wrinkled folds, four of these thickened and alternating with the other four. Penial retractor muscle inserting on distal end of penis. Bursa copulatrix very large, pear shaped, without diverticulum.</p> <p>Description. Body brown, covered with blackish-brown spots, denser in cephalic area. Shell (Fig. 3 J) dextral, obese (SB/SH index), conic-ovate, with whorls increasing regularly in size, 6½–7 weakly convex whorls. Body whorl large (BH/SH index), comprising almost ¾ of shell surface area (BS/SS index). Protoconch smooth, shiny, with 1½ whorls. Aperture long and wide (AH/SH and AB/SB indices). Angle (Fig. 2) between columella and start of upper palatal margin about 120º; upper palatal margin transitioning into central part of palatal margin with a rounded, blunt angle (ca. 50º), so that the central part is almost parallel with the columella; (angle between them ca. 170º); junction of palatal and columellar edges also slightly angular, resulting in a five-sided appearance of the aperture. Peristome discontinuous, expanded as moderate whitish lip, more developed in lower part of palatal edge and reflected on columellar edge, partly covering umbilical slit. Holotype with callosity between peristome edges and small nodule at junction of parietal and palatal margins. Aperture extending laterally beyond penultimate whorl by about 28% (ca 0.95 mm).</p> <p>Shell colour pale-brown, with first whorls darker than rest. Shell ornamentation almost smooth, characterised by numerous weak, radial oblique ribs (Fig. 9 C). Shell with gloss despite ribs.</p> <p>Genital system (Fig. 10; only one specimen dissected, the holotype). Atrium very short. Penis globose, without sections, about one-third the length of epiphallus, without penial papilla but with sphincter between epiphallus and penis. Penial cavity with eight longitudinal, wrinkled folds, four of them thickened and alternating with the other four which are narrower. Penial retractor muscle inserting on distal end of penis. Epiphallus tubular, not subdivided into portions, opening distally into penis. Flagellum short. Vas deferens opens laterally into proximal end of epiphallus. Penial appendix arising from distal portion of penis near atrium, slightly shorter than penis and epiphallus combined. Part A 1 of penial appendix short, tubular, clearly differentiated from globular part A 2. Short appendicular retractor muscle inserting laterally in middle zone of part A 1, joined to short penial retractor on diaphragm walls. Part A 3 slender, shorter than penis. Part A 4 shorter and more slender than A 3, passing gradually into expanded and longer A 5. Free oviduct three to four times longer than vagina. Vagina firmly attached to body tegument by short connective fibres. Bursa copulatrix complex without diverticulum, vesicle pear shaped, very large, ca. twice as long as wide; bursa duct tubular and very thick.</p> <p>Comparison with other taxa. Shell morphology: Napaeus grohi (Fig. 3 J) is comparable in form and size with N. josei (Fig. 3 A) and N. badiosus (Fig. 3 C), its whorls being flatter and the ornamentation weaker than in both of those species. In N. josei the shell is broader and in N. badiosus it is more slender (excluding the aperture) than in N. grohi.</p> <p>Genital anatomy: N. grohi differs from all species of the genus for which the anatomy is known by the insertion of the penial retractor muscle on the distal end of the penis, near the genital orifice and by the very large, pear shaped vesicle of the bursa copulatrix complex.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8146737DFFE9FFD6FF838D4BA0F3E0E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yanes, Yurena;Santana, Jesús;Artiles, Miguel;Deniz, Francisco;Martín, Javier;Alonso, María R.;Ibáñez, Miguel	Yanes, Yurena, Santana, Jesús, Artiles, Miguel, Deniz, Francisco, Martín, Javier, Alonso, María R., Ibáñez, Miguel (2011): Five new Napaeus species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Enidae) from Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands). Zootaxa 2901 (1): 35-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2901.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2901.1.3
