identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
81198784FF8FFFEA93CC88F6FE19FBA2.text	81198784FF8FFFEA93CC88F6FE19FBA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia	<div><p>KEY TO ASPHONDYLIA GALLS ON NORTH AMERICAN GOLDENRODS</p> <p>1. Bud gall.........................................................................................................................................2</p> <p>– Leaf or inflorescence gall...................................................................................................................9</p> <p>2. Gall in young Solidago altissima sprouts (in April–May; Figs 1, 2)................................................................................................................................ Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, 1869, spring generation</p> <p>– Gall in apical (usually) or lateral bud of mature goldenrod spp................................................................ 3</p> <p>3. Inconspicuous gall, up to 1 cm long, composed of two or three leaves that form a single chamber in shoot tips (Fig. 19)......................................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>– Gall composed of many leaves that form a rosette, at least 4 cm wide...................................................... 5</p> <p>4. Gall on Solidago caesia................................................................................ Asphondylia silva sp. nov.</p> <p>– Gall on Solidago nemoralis............................................................................................ Asphondylia sp.</p> <p>5. Gall forms spherical structure, 5–8 cm in diameter, composed of many individual units, each with a central larval chamber (Figs 3–6).......................................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>– Gall not spherical, containing single, central chamber............................................................................7</p> <p>6. On Solidago juncea, Solidago erecta, and Solidago uliginosa...................................................................................................................................... Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, 1869, summer generation</p> <p>– On Solidago sempervirens and Solidago bicolor................................................................ Asphondylia spp.</p> <p>7. Gall dorsoventrally flat, up to 5 cm wide; on Solidago spp. (Figs 13, 14).................................................... 8</p> <p>– Gall narrower, resembling, a rosebud when young; on Euthamia graminifolia (Fig. 17)........................................................................................................................................ Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.</p> <p>8. Gall on Solidago altissima........................... Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmüller, 1907, summer generation</p> <p>– Gall on Solidago rugosa.......................................................................... Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov.</p> <p>9. Leaf gall, joining two or more adjacent leaves on various goldenrods.......................................................10</p> <p>– Gall in inflorescence of Euthamia graminifolia........................................ Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.</p> <p>10. Gall on Solidago spp....................................................................................................................... 11</p> <p>– Gall on Euthamia graminifolia............................................................. Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.</p> <p>11. Gall on Solidago altissima....................................................... Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmüller, 1907</p> <p>– Gall on Solidago rugosa.......................................................................... Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF8FFFEA93CC88F6FE19FBA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF8FFFED92ED8E1AF932FDC2.text	81198784FF8FFFED92ED8E1AF932FDC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken 1869	<div><p>ASPHONDYLIA MONACHA OSTEN SACKEN, 1869</p> <p>Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, 1869: 299.</p> <p>Hosts plants</p> <p>Solidago juncea, S. erecta, S. uliginosa (summer generation), and S. altissima (spring generation).</p> <p>Gall and biology</p> <p>This species has two generations a year that induce distinct bud galls on different Solidago species. The early-spring generation was found only on S. altissima in April–May. Galls were discovered accidentally in early April while digging out rhizomes, as they developed in buds that grew from the rhizomes and were barely visible above ground (Fig. 1). Galled buds were wider and felt harder to the touch than normal buds, were 5 cm long and 2 cm wide, and contained a single chamber, the internal walls of which were lined by a thick layer of white mycelium. Each gall contained a single larva or pupa. In May, some galls were found in much longer sprouts (∼ 15 cm long) that still appeared stunted and somewhat thicker than normal sprouts (Fig. 2). The larval chamber in these galls was situated at the very tip of the shoot. Adults of the spring generation emerged in May. The much more conspicuous summer-generation gall of this species on S. juncea (the host was incorrectly identified as S. canadensis in the original description) is a rosette bud gall that is found in great numbers (Fig. 3). The galls become apparent in mid-June and reach their final size while the larvae inside them are still tiny first instars. They are usually composed of 15–30 individual units, each with a single larval chamber that is surrounded by shortened leaves and lined internally by white mycelium. These units form a spherical structure on shoot tips that is 4–7 cm in diameter and can be spotted from a distance. Adults of the summer generation emerged in late August to mid-September. Although it was not observed, we assume that adults of the autumn generation lay their eggs in plant tissue close to the ground and the hatching first-instar larvae overwinter next to dormant buds in the rhizomes. Old galls turn black and may remain on dry shoots of S. juncea throughout winter and into the next spring. Galls of similar structure were found on S. erecta (Fig. 4) and S. uliginosa, and our molecular analysis indicates that they are all induced by A. monacha. No morphological differences were found among adults from these three host plants. Asphondylia monacha galls superficially resemble those of Rhopalomyia solidaginis on S. altissima, but they are not as wide and flat as the Rhopalomyia galls, are never found on S. altissima, and their structure is different, as indicated by Osten Sacken (1869) in his original description of A. monacha.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>General colour black.</p> <p>Head: Eye facets round. Palpus three-segmented, segments successively longer, with several strong setae and otherwise covered by microtrichia. Labella slightly pointed, with numerous strong setae on lateral surface.</p> <p>Antenna: Scape and pedicel with long, dark setae. Male flagellomeres cylindrical, flagellomere 1 slightly longer than succeeding flagellomere, apical flagellomere slightly shorter than preceding flagellomere, all covered by anastomosing loops of circumfila, numerous strong setae, and microtrichia (Fig. 23); flagellomere 1/ flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.13–1.34 (N = 23). Female flagellomeres 1–9 cylindrical with well-developed circumfila, with two transverse connections, numerous strong setae, and otherwise covered by microtrichia (Fig. 24); flagellomere 1 conspicuously longer than succeeding flagellomere, flagellomere 1/flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.41–1.62 (N = 38); flagellomeres 7 and onwards successively shorter; flagellomeres 10–12 with two whorls of circumfila and several longitudinal connections, numerous strong setae, and otherwise covered by microtrichia (Fig. 25); flagellomere 10 slightly longer than wide; flagellomere 11 slightly wider than long; flagellomere 12 rudimentary.</p> <p>Thorax: Legs: densely covered by black scales other than a patch of white scales from apical part of femur to base of tibia, and from base of tarsomere 1 to first third of tarsomere 2; ventral part with silvery hairlike scales, coxae with long black setae. Tarsal claws thick, evenly curved; empodia longer than bend in claw. Wing: dark grey, densely covered by dark hair-like microtrichia (Fig. 18); length 2.00– 2.80 mm in males (N = 41) and 2.01–3.30 mm in females (N = 57) of summer generation, 2.91–3.11 mm in males (N = 2) and 3.29–3.59 mm in females (N = 5) of spring generation; R1 joins C proximal to mid-length of wing, R5 joins C posterior to wing apex, M weak, CuA forked into CuA1 and CuA2.</p> <p>Female abdomen (Fig. 26): Dorsum covered by black scales, pleuron and venter with silvery hair-like scales. Tergites 1–7 rectangular, with posterior one or two rows of strong setae and otherwise evenly covered by scales; tergite 8 narrower than preceding tergite, saddlelike, without setae. Sternites 2–6 with posterior row of setae and several setae on mid part; sternite 7 much longer than preceding sternite, narrowed posteriorly, with group of strong setae on posterior half. Ovipositor relatively long: sclerotized part 1.96–3.04 times as long as sternite 7 (N = 55) in summer-generation females, 2.62–3.25 times as long in spring-generation females (N = 6).</p> <p>Male abdomen (Fig. 27): Colour pattern as in female. Tergite 1 narrow, band-like, without setae; tergites 2–7 rectangular, with posterior row of strong setae, few setae on basal area, and evenly scattered scales; tergite 7 more setose than preceding tergite; tergite 8 narrow, band-like, without setae. Sternites 2–6 rectangular, with posterior row of strong setae and several strong setae medially, otherwise evenly covered by scales. Sternite 7 more setose than preceding sternite. Sternite 8 with small but strongly setose sclerotized area.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs 28–30): Gonocoxite compact, wide, and short, with short apical projection extending medially; bearing numerous strong setae and evenly setulose. Gonocoxal apodeme extending on both sides of aedeagus to form complex, strongly sclerotized structure (Figs 28, 30). Gonostylus round–ovoid, with numerous strong setae and otherwise evenly setulose, bearing crescent-shaped apical tooth. Aedeagus wide at base, tapered towards rounded apex, curved anteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 30). Hypoproct wide at base, deeply divided into two lobes apically, setose and setulose, with two longer setae apically on each lobe. Cerci completely or almost completely separated, bulbous, strongly setose and setulose throughout.</p> <p>Larva (third instar) (Fig. 31)</p> <p>Orange; integument covered by spicules. Length 2.06– 2.84 mm (N = 6). Antennae about 1.5 times as long as wide; cephalic apodeme as long as head capsule. Spatula shape variable (Figs 32–37): lateral teeth slightly or conspicuously longer and more pointed than median teeth, gap between median teeth slightly or clearly deeper than gaps between lateral and median teeth, shaft thick and well-sclerotized in summer-generation larvae (Figs 35–37), thinner and less sclerotized in spring-generation larvae (Figs 32–34).</p> <p>Pupa (Figs 62–65)</p> <p>The pupae of the summer and spring generations differ from each other in the shape of the antennal horns. In summer-generation pupae antennal horns are robust, wide at base, slightly arched (Fig. 65), with apices flat and finely serrated in frontal view (Fig. 64); in springgeneration pupae antennal horns are longer, more slender (Fig. 63), and are tapered at apex in frontal view (Fig. 62). Other attributes are similar in pupae of both generations, as follows. Cephalic seta minute. Upper facial horn divided into two apices separated by shallow, curved notch. Lower facial horn curved dorsally at apex, on each side with two papillae, one bearing a relatively long seta. Frons on each side with three lateral papillae: one setose and two asetose. Prothoracic spiracle long and slender, with widened base; trachea ends at apex. Abdominal segments, except for first, each with posterior straight row and two or three anterior less ordered rows of spikes.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>We could not find any substantial morphological differences among populations from S. juncea, S. erecta, and S. uliginosa, and our molecular analysis indicates that all belong to A. monacha. The galls on S. uliginosa are somewhat smaller than those on the other two host plants, and were also found in lateral buds, whereas galls on S. juncea and S. erecta almost always develop in apical buds. Adults reared from galls on S. uliginosa were likewise smaller than those from the two other hosts. Additional molecular work on the S. uliginosa population may show that it represents a separate species.</p> <p>Adults of the spring generation that develop on S. altissima are clearly bigger than those of the summer generation. Based on the collection date, one individual from the Felt collection represents the spring generation of A. monacha, but the host from which it was reared is not indicated. It is possible that the spring generation of A. monacha induces galls on other Solidago species in areas where S. altissima is uncommon, but such galls have not been found in the present study. Aggregated bud galls that are very similar to those of A. monacha are also found on S. sempervirens (Fig. 5) and S. bicolor (Fig. 6), and although we could not find morphological differences between A. monacha and individuals from these populations, our molecular analysis indicates that the latter belong to one or more undescribed species. There are additional Solidago species on which similar composite galls have been observed, and further molecular study will probably be necessary to determine whether they belong to A. monacha or to undescribed species. Felt (1908, 1916) attributed rosette and inflorescence galls on Euthamia ‘ lanceolata ’, as well as leaf galls on S. gigantea or S. Canadensis, to A. monacha, but these galls belong to different species discussed in the present paper.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Spring generation (from S. altissima bud galls): 4♀, 1 exuviae, 3 larvae, USA, PA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.642784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.985233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.642784/lat 40.985233)">Route</a> 642 (40°59.114′N 76°38.567′W), 28 April 2005, N. Dorchin; 3♀, 2 exuviae, USA, PA, Montour Environmental Preserve, 25 May 2007, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 1 May 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, 2 exuviae, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 13 May 2005, N. Dorchin; 5 pupae, USA, PA, multiple localities, May 2005 –2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs).</p> <p>Material from Felt collection with no indication of host: 1♀, USA, NJ, Orange Mountain, May 1907? (Felt no. 813; USNM).</p> <p>From S. juncea: Gall (syntype), USA, NY, near Brooklyn, 1867 (USNM); 2 larvae, USA, MD, Wheaton Park, 22 August 1976, R. J. Gagné (USNM); 1 larva, USA, PA, Pittsburgh, 13 August 1991, J. Plakidas (USNM); 1♂, USA, PA, Warrendale, 30 August 1991, J. Plakidas (USNM); 1♂, 1♀, 3 larvae, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 22 August 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, 2♀, USA, PA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.642784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.985233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.642784/lat 40.985233)">Route</a> 642 (40°59.114′N 76°38.567′W), 16 Spetember 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Mauses Creek, 16 September 2005, N. Dorchin; 3♂, 12♀, 7 exuviae, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 23 August 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 30 August 2007, N. Dorchin; 12♂, 11♀, USA, VA, Bedford, Sharp-top, 15 Spetember 2012, M.J. Wise; 9 pupae, USA, PA, multiple localities, August– September 2005 –2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs).</p> <p>From S. erecta: 4♂, 3♀, 2 exuviae, 1 larva, USA, VA, Roanoke, 28 August 2010, N. Dorchin and M.J. Wise; 3♂, 5♀, USA, VA, Roanoke, Spetember 2010, M.J. Wise; 3♂, 9♀, USA, VA, Roanoke, Havens, 5 September 2012, M.J. Wise; 3♂, 3♀, USA, VA, Roanoke, Forest Acre Trail, 9 September 2012, M.J. Wise; 12 pupae, USA, VA, Roanoke, August–September 2010, 2012, M.J. Wise (on SEM stubs).</p> <p>From S. uliginosa: 7♂, 6♀, USA, ME, Winter Harbor, 7 September 2007, R. J. Gagné (USNM).</p> <p>Material from Felt collection with no indication of host and collector (recognized by Felt as A. monacha; all in</p> <p>USNM): 1♀, USA, NY, Albany, 11 June 1906 (Felt no. 208); 1♀, USA, NY, Albany, 20 July 1906 (Felt no. 650a); 1♀, 1♂, USA, NY, Karner, 5 August 1906 (Felt no. 1583); 1 exuviae, USA, NY, Albany, 4 September 1906 (Felt no. 1200); 1♀, USA, NY, Albany, 21 August 1906 (Felt no. 761); 1♂, USA, NY, Nassau, 17 September 1906 (Felt no. 1336); 1♀, USA NY, Albany, 20 July 1907 (Felt no. 1568a); 1♂, USA, NY, Bath, 24 July 1907 (Felt no. 1568a); 1 larva, USA, NY, Albany, 24 July 1907 (Felt no. 1583); 1♀, USA, NY, Bath, 16 July 1907 (Felt no. 1568a); 1♂, USA, NY, Nassau, 7 August 1907 (Felt no. 1583a); 1♀, 1 exuviae, USA NY, Bath, 18 July 1907 (Felt no. 1268); 1♂, USA, MA, Magnolia, 11 August 1908 (Felt no. 1879).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF8FFFED92ED8E1AF932FDC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF88FFF392ED8A82FA82FE3B.text	81198784FF88FFF392ED8A82FA82FE3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmuller 1907	<div><p>ASPHONDYLIA SOLIDAGINIS BEUTENMÜLLER, 1907</p> <p>Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmüller, 1907: 305.</p> <p>Host plants</p> <p>Solidago altissima and S. gigantea.</p> <p>Gall and biology</p> <p>This species has several generations a year and it forms two very different types of galls. The galls that are formed in spring and early summer are blister leaf galls that join two (and sometimes three or four) leaves together like a snap (Figs 7–10). When made of two leaves, one leaf contributes the bottom part of the gall and the other contributes the upper part to form a singlechambered gall that is thickly lined by white mycelium on the inside. An individual leaf can participate in multiple galls, forming the upper part of some and the bottom part of others. These ‘bifoliate’ galls (termed snap galls in this paper) are very abundant on S. altissima and can sometimes also be found on S. gigantea. Adults emerge from the galls in June and July. From June to August, a rosette gall also appears in the apical or axillary buds of S. altissima. These rosette galls are small (3–5 cm in diameter), composed of shortened leaves, and contain a single chamber at their centre (Fig. 13). The chamber is formed by several very short leaves that are attached together to form a small, rigid cone, and is lined internally by white mycelium. Adults emerge from these rosette galls from late June to late August, when the leaf snap galls become less abundant. Although the snap galls dominate in early summer and the rosette galls dominate in late summer, the two types overlap in June–July, and the type of gall that will result from an oviposition event is apparently determined by the location in the plant where the egg is laid. As is nicely described by Beutenmüller (1907), the snap galls are formed in immature leaves in young, rapidly growing buds, so that the leaves that form the gall remain attached as they grow. The later-developing rosette galls are probably induced in more mature buds that develop more slowly.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>Characters as described in A. monacha except for the following.</p> <p>Head: Flagellomere 1/flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.19–1.35 in male (N = 7), 1.53–1.72 in female (N = 5).</p> <p>Thorax: Wing length 2.15–2.62 mm in males (N = 7), 2.26–2.80 mm in females (N = 5).</p> <p>Female abdomen: Sclerotized part of ovipositor 2.44– 3.20 times as long as sternite 7 (N = 6).</p> <p>Male terminalia: Aedeagus cylindrical, same width throughout length, tapered at apex.</p> <p>Larva (third instar)</p> <p>Orange; integument covered by round, flat bumps. Length 2.66–3.59 mm (N = 7). Antennae about 1.5 times as long as wide; cephalic apodeme as long as head capsule. Spatula shape relatively uniform among larvae from S. altissima (Figs 38, 39), with lateral teeth the same length or slightly longer than median teeth, and equal gaps between all teeth. In larvae from S. gigantea, median teeth considerably smaller than lateral teeth, and gap between median teeth much deeper than gap between lateral and median teeth (Figs 42–44). Shaft well sclerotized in larvae from both host plants.</p> <p>Pupa (Figs 66, 67)</p> <p>Characters as described in A. monacha, except for the following: antennal horns long and slender, almost straight (Fig. 67), apices splayed, pointed and finely serrated in frontal view (Fig. 66); cephalic seta minute; upper facial horn divided into two apices separated by deep notch.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>We did not find morphological differences among adults or immature stages from the two types of galls induced by this species, and our molecular analysis suggests that individuals from these galls belong to the same species, as the respective haplotypes are intermingled. Although adult morphology is virtually identical between individuals from A. solidaginis and A. monacha, their pupae differ in the shape of the antennal horns, which are shorter and wider in A. monacha than in A. solidaginis (as well as than those of all other Asphondylia species from Solidago described in this paper). Our molecular analysis shows that A. solidaginis uses S. gigantea as a complementary host on which it induces snap galls (but never bud galls), whereas snap galls on S. rugosa and E. graminifolia belong to different species.</p> <p>SYSTEMATICS OF GOLDENROD ASPHONDYLIA 281</p> <p>Asphondylia solidaginis snap galls on S. altissima cannot be mistaken for any other gall on this host, but the bud galls induced by this species later in the season may superficially resemble bud galls of other Diptera on this plant. The differences among these galls were summarized above.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>The type series of A. solidaginis, consisting of several male and female specimens from New York, New Jersey, and North Carolina, could not be located in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, where it was originally deposited, and is presumed to be lost (D. Grimaldi, pers. comm.). We therefore designate a neotype for this species as follows.</p> <p>Neotype: Pupal exuviae, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 18 June 2005, N. Dorchin; taken from leaf snap gall on S. altissima. The neotype is mounted on a permanent microscope slide in Euparal and is deposited in the USNM.</p> <p>Other material examined in this study includes the following.</p> <p>From S. altissima snap galls: 4 exuviae, USA, MD, Beltsville, July 1979, R.J. Gagné; 1 larva, USA, PA, Pittsburgh, Weible Rd., 22 June 1991, J. Plakidas (USNM); 1 larva, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 19 June 2006, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 21 June 2006; 1 larva, USA, PA, Montour Environmental Preserve, 30 June 2006, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 7 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, 2♀, USA, PA Montour Environmental Preserve, 12 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, 3♀, USA, PA, Mifflinburg, 14 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 17 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 3♂, 1♀, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 24 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 8 pupae, USA, PA, multiple localities, June– July 2006, 2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs).</p> <p>From S. altissima rosette galls: 2 larvae, USA, PA, Lairdsville, 19 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 2 exuviae, 1♂, 1♀, USA, PA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.642784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.985233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.642784/lat 40.985233)">Route</a> 642 (40°59.114′N 76°38.567′W), 20 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan; 1♂, 1♀, USA, PA, Lewisburg, Furnace Road, 26 July 2007, D. Ryan; 1♀, USA, PA, Lewisburg, Stein Lane, 15 August 2007, N. Dorchin; 2 pupae, USA, PA, Lairdsville, July 2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs).</p> <p>From S. gigantea snap galls: 1 larva, USA, PA, Montour Environmental Preserve, 20 June 2006, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, 1 exuviae, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 19 June 2006, N. Dorchin and C. Clarkin; 1♂, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 24 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, 1 exuviae, 1♂, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 5 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan; 4 pupae, USA, PA, multiple localities, June–July 2006, 2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF88FFF392ED8A82FA82FE3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF96FFF6929E89E3FF3BFC69.text	81198784FF96FFF6929E89E3FF3BFC69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia pseudorosa Dorchin & Joy & Hilke & Wise & Abrahamson 2015	<div><p>ASPHONDYLIA PSEUDOROSA DORCHIN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Host plants</p> <p>Euthamia graminifolia.</p> <p>Gall and biology</p> <p>This species has several generations between late June and mid-September, during which it forms two types of galls in buds and inflorescences. The bud galls are single-chambered and contain only one larva; they are composed of a cluster of leaves that are wider and shorter in the outer part of the gall, and thinner and longer in its inner part, resembling a rosebud (Fig. 17). Some of the wider leaves have a very wide central longitudinal vein that is lighter in colour than the remainder of the leaf. Galls are 40–200 mm wide at the base, and most often found in the apical bud but sometimes also in lateral buds. The base of the galled bud is wide and somewhat rigid. The innermost leaves are joined to form a conical, apically tapered chamber, the internal walls of which are lined by white mycelium. As the gall matures, the innermost leaves turn black. The galls are very common from late June to mid- August, and become scarcer thereafter. Adults were reared from them from late June to early September. Beginning from August, when inflorescences start developing on the host plants, these are also galled by A. pseudorosa sp. nov. Infested inflorescence buds do not usually show any external signs of infestation, although they may appear somewhat wider than normal buds (Fig. 15). The larva feeds on the developing inflorescence within the closed bud, and the gall is accompanied by a white fungal mycelium that lines its internal walls. Larvae and pupae are found in the inflorescences during August, and adults emerge from mid-August to mid-September. The bud galls of this species are heavily attacked by the predator/inquiline Youngomyia podophyllae, the large orange larvae of which usually occupy the central chamber of the gall, but are occasionally found among its outer leaves. Between two and ten inquiline larvae can be found in a single gall, usually with no signs of the larva of the gall inducer, but it is not clear whether they actually prey on it before taking over the gall. The inquiline larvae are very active and squirm out of the gall when disturbed. When they are present in the gall, the fungus lining the central chamber is not as apparent as when the Asphondylia larva is present. Some inflorescence galls were also found to contain inquilinous larvae, usually with one found per gall. The larvae of the gall inducer and the inquiline are both orange, but the latter are much bigger, longer, and more active, and the two species are easily distinguished by their spatula shape. Larvae of a second species of gall midge inquiline, Clinodiplosis comitis sp. nov., were often found among the outer leaves of the bud gall. These are much smaller than both the Asphondylia and the Youngomyia larvae, and are pale yellow. Other natural enemies found in the galls are two species of parasitic wasps: one that induces dark, spherical endo-galls, such as those found in Asphondylia snap galls, and the other that pupates freely inside the gall. Both are usually found in groups of between four and eight individuals. Parasitism rates in galls may reach 90%.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>Colour pattern as in A. monacha. Individuals from bud galls are notably larger than those from inflorescence galls.</p> <p>Head (Figs 45, 46): Eye facets round. Frons with two groups of seven to ten setae. Palpus three-segmented, segment 3 about as long as segment 2, all segments with several strong setae and otherwise covered by microtrichia. Labella slightly pointed, with numerous strong setae on lateral surface.</p> <p>Antenna: Scape and pedicel with long, dark setae. Male flagellomere 1 about as long as succeeding flagellomere, apical flagellomere slightly shorter than preceding flagellomere, all flagellomeres covered by anastomosing loops of circumfila, numerous strong setae, and microtrichia; flagellomere 1/flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.04– 1.27 (N = 14). Female flagellomeres 1–9 cylindrical, with two circumfila whorls, numerous strong setae, and otherwise covered by microtrichia; flagellomere 1 only slightly longer than succeeding flagellomere (flagellomere 1/ flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.31–1.42, N = 7); flagellomeres 7– 12 successively shorter; flagellomeres 10 and 11 with two whorls of circumfila and one or two longitudinal connections, numerous strong setae, and otherwise covered by microtrichia; flagellomere 12 spherical, with a single loop of circumfila (Fig. 47).</p> <p>Thorax: Legs: densely covered by black scales other than a patch of white scales from base of tarsomere 1 to first third of tarsomere 2; ventral part with silvery hair-like scales, coxae with long black setae. Tarsal claws thick, evenly curved; empodia longer than bend in claw. Wing: dark grey, densely covered by dark hair-like microtrichia; wing length 2.38–2.56 mm in males (N = 7), 2.33–2.98 mm in females (N = 3) from bud galls; 1.57– 1.92 mm in males (N = 9), 1.62–1.75 mm in females</p> <p>SYSTEMATICS OF GOLDENROD ASPHONDYLIA 283</p> <p>(N = 5) from inflorescence galls; R1 joins C before midlength of wing, R5 joins C behind wing apex, M very weak, CuA forked.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Dorsum covered by black scales, pleuron and venter with silvery hair-like scales. Tergites 1–7 rectangular, with posterior row of strong setae and otherwise evenly covered by scales; tergite 8 narrower than preceding tergite, without setae. Sternites 2–6 with posterior row of setae and several setae on mid-dorsal part; sternite 7 much longer than preceding sternite, narrowed posteriorly, with group of strong setae on posterior half. Sclerotized part of ovipositor 2.10–2.61 as long as sternite 7 (N = 2) in individuals from bud galls; 2.23–2.53 times as long as sternite 7 (N = 5) in individuals from inflorescence galls.</p> <p>Male abdomen: Colour pattern as in female. Tergite 1 narrow, band-like without setae; tergites 2–7 rectangular, with posterior row of setae and evenly scattered scales; tergite 7 more setose than preceding tergite; tergite 8 narrow, band-like dorsally, widened ventrally, sometimes completely unsclerotized, without setae. Sternites 2–6 rectangular, with posterior row of setae and several setae medially, otherwise evenly covered by scales. Sternite 7 more setose than preceding sternite. Sternite 8 with small but strongly setose sclerotized area.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Fig. 48): Gonocoxite compact, wide, and short, with short apical projection extending medially; bearing numerous strong setae and evenly setulose. Gonocoxal apodeme extending on both sides of aedeagus to form strongly sclerotized structure. Gonostylus ovoid, with numerous strong setae and otherwise evenly setulose, bearing crescent-shaped apical tooth. Aedeagus cylindrical, same width throughout length, tapered at apex. Hypoproct wide at base, divided into two lobes apically by notch of variable size: deep in some individuals, very shallow in others (Fig. 49), setose and setulose, with one long seta apically on each lobe. Cerci separated to or almost to base, bulbous, strongly setose and setulose throughout.</p> <p>Larva (third instar)</p> <p>Orange; integument covered by tiny, shallow bumps. Length 1.44–3.26 mm (N = 18). Spatula (Figs 50–54): variable in shape; median teeth shorter than lateral teeth, sometimes rudimentary (Fig. 52); gap between median teeth clearly deeper than gaps between lateral and median teeth, shaft well-sclerotized, especially along mid-section.</p> <p>Pupa (Figs 70–73)</p> <p>Antennal horns clearly different between pupae from buds and pupae from inflorescences. In pupae from buds, antennal horns long, almost straight, apices pointed and serrated in frontal view; in pupae from inflorescences, antennal horns very short, wide and blunt in frontal view. Cephalic setae minute. Upper facial horn divided into two apices separated by shallow, curved notch. Lower facial horn curved dorsally at apex, on each side with two papillae, one bearing relatively long seta. Frons on each side with three lateral papillae, one setose, two asetose. Prothoracic spiracle long and slender, with widened base; trachea ending at apex. Abdominal segments, except for first, each with posterior straight row and two or three anterior, less ordered, rows of spines.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other Asphondylia spp. on goldenrods by association with its host plant and galls: the bud gall is single-chambered, resembling a small rosebud, and is not as flat as the galls of A. rosulata sp. nov. and A. solidaginis on Solidago rugosa and S. altissima, respectively. Pupae developing in buds are very similar morphologically to those of A. rosulata sp. nov., A. solidaginis, and A. silva sp. nov., which all differ from pupae of A. monacha in having more slender, tapered antennal horns. Individuals of A. pseudorosa sp. nov. that develop in inflorescences are the smallest of the Asphondylia species on goldenrods, and are the only ones known to use this plant organ. Their pupa differs from that of all other goldenrod-associated Asphondylia in having short antennal horns that are distally truncate rather than tapered.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name pseudorosa refers to the typical appearance of the galls, which resemble rosebuds.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Smaller bud galls of similar structure to those described above commonly develop in lateral buds on this host, and at this point it is unclear whether they represent a separate species. The adults and immature stages described here were taken from the larger bud galls. Some pupae taken from small bud galls have shorter, blunter antennal horns than those of pupae from large galls, representing a transitional condition between pupae from large buds and from inflorescences. More detailed morphological and molecular work will be needed in order to determine whether the different types of bud galls on Euthamia graminifolia represent different species. Our molecular analysis failed to separate between individuals from bud and inflorescence galls, hence they are described here as belonging to the same species.</p> <p>Leaf snap galls are uncommonly found on E. graminifolia (Fig. 16), and we were unable to rear adults from them. We attribute these galls to A. pesudorosa based on the pupal morphology and on the similar situation observed in A. solidaginis and A. rosulata sp. nov., where the same species induces both snap and bud galls on its host plant.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: ♀, USA, PA, RB Winter State Park, 10 September 2006, N. Dorchin, ex. bud gall on Euthamia graminifolia (TAUI).</p> <p>Paratypes: Ex bud galls: 1 larva, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 31 July 2005, N. Dorchin; 1 exuviae, USA, PA, Bucknell University, Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 26 July 2006, N. Dorchin; 5 larvae, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, USA, PA, White Deer Creek, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, 1♀, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 13 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 16 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 2 exuviae, 3♂, USA, PA, RB Winter State Park, 22 July 2007, N. Dorchin. Ex inflorescence galls: 2♂, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 19 August 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 29 July 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Mauses Creek, 16 September 2005, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Hughesville, 2 August 2006, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Hughesville, 9 August 2006, N. Dorchin &amp; Michael Wise; 3♂, 5♀, USA, PA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.642784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.985233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.642784/lat 40.985233)">Route</a> 642 (40°59.114′N 76°38.567′W), 18 August 2006, N. Dorchin (1♀ USNM, others TAUI); 11 larvae, USA, PA, Hughesville, 27 August 2007, N. Dorchin.</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>Ex bud galls: 1♂, USA, PA, RB Winter State Park, 22 July 2007, N. Dorchin; 1♂, USA, PA, Pine Creek, Hampton, 8 August 2010, J. Plakidas (Plakidas, private collection); 1♀, USA, PA, Dorseyville Rd. Fox Chapel, 8 August 2010, J. Plakidas (Plakidas, private collection); 7 pupae, USA, PA, various localities, June–August 2006 –2007, N. Dorchin (on SEM stubs). Ex inflorescence galls: 1♂, USA, PA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.642784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.985233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.642784/lat 40.985233)">Route</a> 642 (40°59.114′N 76°38.567′W), 18 August 2006, N. Dorchin. 2 pupae, USA, PA, Mauses Creek, 8 August 2006, N. Dorchin (on SEM stub).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF96FFF6929E89E3FF3BFC69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF93FFF791098BD3F8D0FDF8.text	81198784FF93FFF791098BD3F8D0FDF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia rosulata Dorchin & Joy & Hilke & Wise & Abrahamson 2015	<div><p>ASPHONDYLIA ROSULATA DORCHIN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Host plants</p> <p>Solidago rugosa, S. gigantea.</p> <p>Gall and biology</p> <p>This species has several generations a year and forms snap and bud galls (Figs 11, 12, 14), similar to the situation in A. solidaginis. Snap galls join two or more leaves together, are formed in spring and early summer, and are usually found on leaves very close to the apical bud, rather than on more mature leaves farther down the shoot. In this respect, the galls of A. rosulata sp. nov. constitute intermediate steps between snap and rosette galls, and the distinction between these two types is not as clear as in A. solidaginis (Figs 7, 8, 13). As in A. solidaginis, this species appears to use S. gigantea as a complementary host, as indicated by our molecular analysis, but the bud galls are found only on the primary host: S. rugosa. The small rosette galls develop only in apical buds and can be locally very common. These galls are composed of several shortened leaves that surround a single central, rigid chamber made of closely attached leaves (Fig. 14), and are lined by white mycelium on the inside. Adults emerge from these galls from late June to late August.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>Characters as in A. monacha, except for the following. Head: Flagellomere 1/flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.11–1.18 in male (N = 5), 1.38–1.48 in female (N = 5).</p> <p>Thorax: Wing length 2.62–2.85 mm in males (N = 6), 2.61–2.78 mm in females (N = 6).</p> <p>Female abdomen: Sclerotized part of ovipositor 2.31– 2.56 as long as sternite 7 (N = 5).</p> <p>Male terminalia: Aedeagus cylindrical, same width throughout length, tapered at apex.</p> <p>Larva (third instar)</p> <p>Orange; integument covered by round, flat bumps. Length 2.18–3.46 mm (N = 3). Antennae about as long as wide; cephalic apodeme slightly longer than head capsule. Spatula (Figs 40, 41) with lateral teeth longer than median teeth, and gap between median teeth much deeper than between lateral and median teeth.</p> <p>Pupa (Figs 68, 69)</p> <p>Characters as in A. monacha, except for the following: antennal horns long and slender, almost straight, apices tapered and finely serrated along median margins in frontal view.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Asphondylia spp. on goldenrods by its host plant and gall structure. The bud gall resembles that of A. solidaginis on S. altissima, and is flatter than that of A. pseudorosa sp. nov. Pupae are morphologically similar to those of A. solidaginis, A. pseudorosa sp. nov., and A. silva sp. nov., all having antennal horns that are more slender than those of A. monacha.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named after its gall, which forms a small rosette in apical buds.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>We did not find morphological differences among adults from the two types of galls induced by this species, and our molecular analysis indicated that they belong to the same species. The small rosette galls of this species may be mistaken for the superficially similar galls of Rhopalomyia solidaginis on S. rugosa but differ from them in being flatter rather than spherical, composed of a smaller number of leaves, and containing a central, rigid larval chamber that is lined by white mycelium, similar to the rosette galls of A. solidaginis.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: ♂, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 26 June 2007, G. Lee and D. Ryan, from Solidago rugosa leaf snap gall (TAUI). Paratypes: 1 exuviae, USA, MD, Silver Spring, unspecified date, R. J. Gagné (USNM); 1 larva, USA, PA, Pittsburgh, Weible Road, 15 August 1991, J. Plakidas (USNM); 1♀, USA, PA, Lairdsville, 9 August 2006, N. Dorchin; 4 exuviae, 4♂, 4♀, USA, PA, Black Moshannon State Forest, 8 July 2007, N. Dorchin and M.J. Wise (1♂, 1♀ USNM, others TAUI), 2 larvae, USA, PA, Lairdsville, 19 July 2007. N. Dorchin &amp; D. Ryan.</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>1♂, 1♀, 1 exuviae, USA, PA, Fox Chapel, Squaw Run Road, 25 June 2010, J. Plakidas (Plakidas, private collection).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF93FFF791098BD3F8D0FDF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF92FFF591D98AA7F98DF9AF.text	81198784FF92FFF591D98AA7F98DF9AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphondylia silva Dorchin & Joy & Hilke & Wise & Abrahamson 2015	<div><p>ASPHONDYLIA SILVA DORCHIN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Host plants</p> <p>Solidago caesia.</p> <p>Gall and biology</p> <p>This species induces very small, single-chambered galls in apical shoot tips (Figs 19, 20). The gall is composed of several very short leaves that are pressed together to form a conical chamber, the internal walls of which are lined by a white layer of mycelium. Each gall contains a single larva. Galls are 4.5–7.5 mm long and 1.5–3.0 mm wide, and are barely noticeable. They may be very common in some localities, but absent in others. The species has at least two generations between June and September; galls were first apparent in early June and adults emerged from them in early July. In early September, galls were found among flower buds on the shoot tips, and all were already empty, some with pupal skins stuck in them (Fig. 20). This species is heavily parasitized, and thus very few galls yielded adult midges in the laboratory. Out of six regularly surveyed localities in central PA, galls were found in only two (Shikellamy State Park and Dale’s Ridge), where they were consistently abundant.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>Characters as in A. monacha, except for the following.</p> <p>Head: Flagellomere 1/flagellomere 5 ratio = 1.09–1.23 in male (N = 3), 1.41–1.56 in female (N = 4).</p> <p>Thorax: Wing length 2.37–2.63 mm in males (N = 3), 2.15–2.51 in females (N = 4).</p> <p>Female abdomen (Fig. 58): Sclerotized part of ovipositor 2.15–2.24 times as long as sternite 7 (N = 4).</p> <p>Male terminalia (Fig. 59): Aedeagus about same width throughout length, slightly tapered towards rounded apex. Hypoproct with very shallow notch apically.</p> <p>Larva (third instar)</p> <p>Orange; integument covered by small bumps. Length 2.02–3.26 mm (N = 6). Antennae about 1.0–1.5 times as long as wide; cephalic apodeme as long as head capsule. Spatula shape variable (Figs 60, 61), lateral teeth longer than median teeth, gap between median teeth as deep as, or clearly deeper than, gaps between lateral and median teeth, shaft thick and well sclerotized.</p> <p>Pupa (Figs 74, 75)</p> <p>Characters as in A. monacha, except for the following. Antennal horns long and slender, only slightly curved, apices pointed and finely serrated in frontal view.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This is the second smallest Asphondylia species from goldenrods and the only one that is found on S. caesia, hence it can be easily recognized from its host and tiny bud gall. Other than their size and the slightly different shape of the male hypoproct, adults of this species do not differ morphologically from those of A. solidaginis, A. rosulata sp. nov., and A. pseudorosa sp. nov., but molecular data consistently indicate that this is a distinct species most closely related to A. rosulata sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name silva (Latin for forest) refers to the typical habitat in which this species is found.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: ♂, USA, PA, Shikellamy State Park, 30 July 2007, N. Dorchin and M.J. Wise, from S. caesia bud gall (TAUI).</p> <p>Paratypes: 1 larva, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 18 June 2006, N. Dorchin; 6 larvae, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 19 June 2006, N. Dorchin; 4 exuviae, USA, PA, Shikellamy State Park, 30 June 2007, N. Dorchin; 1 larva, 1♂, USA, PA, Dale’s Ridge, 5 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan; 1 exuviae, 1♂, 4♀, USA, PA, Shikellamy State Park, 30 July 2007, N. Dorchin and M.J. Wise (exuviae and 1♀ USNM, others TAUI).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF92FFF591D98AA7F98DF9AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF90FFFE91238EB7FFA6FD85.text	81198784FF90FFFE91238EB7FFA6FD85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clinodiplosis comitis Dorchin & Joy & Hilke & Wise & Abrahamson 2015	<div><p>CLINODIPLOSIS COMITIS DORCHIN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Hosts and biology</p> <p>This species lives as an inquiline in Asphondylia monacha and A. pseudorosa sp. nov. galls. Dozens of tiny, yellowish larvae were found frequently among the rosette leaves (Fig. 21), but we never observed them actually interacting with larvae of the gall inducer. They leave the gall to pupate in the ground and adults emerge 10–14 days later. This is an extremely delicate cecidomyiid whose dark eyes stand out on the background of an otherwise whitish body. Several consecutive generations appear to develop during spring and summer, and larvae of the last generation most probably overwinter in the ground.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>Tiny whitish-hyaline gall midge with black eyes.</p> <p>Head (Fig. 78): Small dorsal projection at top of vertex present just behind eyes, bearing two setae. Eye facets round. Palpus four-segmented; segment 1 about as long as wide, segments 2 and 3 about 2.5 times as long as segment 1, segment 4 about 4.0 times as long as segment 1; all segments with fine, long setae and otherwise covered by microtrichia. Face with four or five short setae on each side. Labrum and labella pointed, strongly setose. Antenna: 12 flagellomeres in both sexes; first two flagellomeres fused. Male flagellomeres 1– 11 trinodal (Fig. 79): first node setulose, with basal whorl of strong setae, distal whorl of long-looped circumfila, followed by long, bare neck; second node setulose, with one median circumfilar whorl, followed by third setulose node, with basal whorl of strong setae and whorl of long-looped circumfila, followed by long, mostly bare neck. Flagellomere 12 with third node followed by long and thin vestigial, setulose appendage, 0.2–0.3 times as long as flagellomere. Both proximal and distal necks longer in distal flagellomeres than in proximal flagellomeres: neck 1 to node 1 ratio 0.83–1.37 for flagellomere 3 (N = 8), 1.10–1.47 for flagellomere 7 (N = 7); neck 2 to nodes 2 + 3 ratio 0.66–0.90 for flagellomere 3 (N = 8), 0.89–1.14 for flagellomere 7 (N = 7). Female flagellomeres cylindrical, setose and setulose, with simple circumfila and long bare necks of same relative length throughout antenna (Fig. 80); neck to node ratio for flagellomere 7, 0.61–0.80 (N = 12). Flagellomere 12 with long vestigial appendage, about 0.3 times as long as flagellomere, setose and setulose, rounded apically (Fig. 81).</p> <p>Thorax: Legs: tarsal claws bent beyond mid-length, untoothed (Fig. 83); empodia almost reaching bend in claw. Wing (Fig. 82): completely transparent, with sparse, delicate hairs; length 1.60–2.00 mm in male (N = 11), 1.40–2.20 mm in female (N = 10). R1 joins C at third of wing length, R5 joins C far beyond wing apex, Rs incomplete, situated around midlength of R1; M weak, CuA forked, with CuA2 strongly curved posteriad.</p> <p>Female abdomen (Fig. 84): Sclerites rectangular, virtually undifferentiated from surrounding membrane; tergites with posterior row and one or two median rows of setae; sternites with uniformly scattered setae; no discernible trichoid sensilla. Ovipositor protractible, about 3.5 as long as sternite 7. Cerci large, setose and setulose, ventral and apical areas with numerous thicker, blunt sensory setae ending in apical pore (Fig. 77).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Segments and setation as described in female.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Fig. 86): Gonocoxites slender, with strong setae on mid-distal half. Gonostylus long and slender, only slightly arched, about same width throughout length, with numerous evenly spread short setae, bearing small apical tooth. Aedeagus wide, conical, extending far beyond hypoproct, with two pairs of pits on apical third; slightly constricted at level of apical pits towards rounded apex. Hypoproct widest distally, with wide, deeply concave notch apically, evenly setulose dorsally except for bare, widened sections along apicolateral margins. Cerci trapezoid, separated almost to base by a deep notch, narrowing abruptly at half-length to form triangular lobes; evenly setulose, with several long setae apically and one strong median seta at base of triangular lobe.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Larva (third instar) (Figs 85, 87)</p> <p>Pale yellow, slender. Length: 1.36–2.19 mm (N = 12). Integument covered by shallow, acute bumps. Antennae about twice as long as wide; cephalic apodeme as long as head capsule. Spatula with two triangular teeth and long, slender shaft, on each side with two groups of three tiny lateral papillae with no perceptible setae (Fig. 85). Terminal segment with one large and two smaller pairs of coniform papillae, and fourth pair bearing long setae (Fig. 87).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is unique among all 45 described species of Clinodiplosis in North America for the shape and setation of the male hypoproct and the large female cerci with their ventral group of blunt sensory setae.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name is derived from the Latin word for ‘companion’, with reference to the fact that it accompanies Asphondylia galls without causing apparent damage to the gall inducer.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Clinodiplosis is a large cosmopolitan genus represent- ed in North America by 45 described species and many undescribed species (Gagné, 1994; Gagné &amp; Jaschhof, 2014). Whereas most European species appear to be mycophagous, many New World species are inquilines, gall inducers, or even predators (Gagné &amp; Jaschhof, 2014), but the life history of many is unknown because they were caught in flight. Morphological attributes of the male genitalia, and in particular of the cerci, are the best taxonomic characters in the genus, although in some cases there may be considerable intraspecific variability that renders these characters unusable (Skuhravá, 1973). The shape and setation of the male hypoproct and the large female cerci, with their blunt sensory setae, in C. comitis make this species unique among all described North American species (R. Gagné, pers. comm.). At present we do not know how specific its association with Asphondylia galls on goldenrods is, but we never reared it from galls of other cecidomyiids on these plants.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: ♂, USA, PA, Millersburg, 29 June 2007, N. Dorchin and M.J. Wise, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud gall on Euthamia graminifolia (TAUI).</p> <p>Paratypes: 8 larvae, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 8 August 2005, N. Dorchin, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud galls on Euthamia graminifolia (4 USNM, 4 TAUI); 7 larvae, USA, PA, Rt. 487 (41°21.2′N, 76°17.8′W), 31 July 2006, N. Dorchin, ex Asphondylia monacha bud galls on Solidago juncea; 3♂, 6♀, same data as holotype (1♂ &amp; 1♀ USNM, others TAUI); 4♂, 3♀, USA, PA, White Deer Creek, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud galls on Euthamia graminifolia (TAUI).</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>2♂, 2♀, USA, PA, Millersburg, 29 June 2007, N. Dorchin &amp; M.J. Wise; 4♂, 3♀, USA, PA, White Deer Creek, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin &amp; D. Ryan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF90FFFE91238EB7FFA6FD85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
81198784FF9BFFC1912F8A4BF9DCF994.text	81198784FF9BFFC1912F8A4BF9DCF994.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Youngomyia podophyllae Felt 1907	<div><p>YOUNGOMYIA PODOPHYLLAE FELT, 1907</p> <p>Dicrodiplosis podophyllae Felt, 1907: 30.</p> <p>Hosts and biology</p> <p>The six species in this genus are inquilines, or possibly predators, in galls of various cecidomyiids in the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (Gagné, 1989; Gagné &amp; Jaschhof, 2014). Two species are currently known from North America, Youngomyia quercina Felt, 1911 from Quercus in California and Y. podophyllae, which is particularly associated with Asphondyliini galls on Asteraceae host plants in the north-eastern US. In the present study, the large and very active larvae of Y. podophyllae were regularly found in groups of between three and five in galls of all the surveyed Asphondylia species, but were especially common in A. pseudorosa sp. nov. and A. monacha galls. It is unclear whether they actually prey on the gall inducer’s larva, or kill it indirectly by feeding on gall tissue, because feeding behaviour has not been observed directly. Youngomyia podophyllae larvae were abundant in galls from June to September, and the species probably completes at least two generations during this time. The larvae leave the gall to pupate in the ground, and those of the last (fall) generation most probably overwinter in the soil as third instars.</p> <p>Adult</p> <p>General colour brownish orange.</p> <p>Head (Fig. 88): Eye facets round–hexagonal. Palpus foursegmented, with distinct palpiger; segment 1 slightly longer than wide, segment 2 about 3.5 times as long as segment 1, segments 3–4 about 0.75 times as long as segment 2; all segments with several strong setae and otherwise covered by microtrichia. Face with two or three short setae on each side. Labrum and labella elongate, pointed, and strongly setose. Antenna: 12 flagellomeres in both sexes; first two flagellomeres fused. Male flagellomeres 1–11 trinodal (Figs 93–95): first node setulose, with basal whorl of strong setae and distal whorl of long-looped circumfila, followed by long, bare neck; second node setulose, with one median circumfilar whorl, followed by short setulose neck; third node setulose, with basal whorl of strong setae and whorl of long-looped circumfila, followed by long, bare neck. Flagellomere 12 (Fig. 95) with third node followed by smaller, vestigial setulose appendage bearing few setae, ending in short, apically rounded neck; both proximal and distal flagellomere necks longer in distal flagellomeres than in proximal ones (Figs 93, 94): neck 1 to node 1 ratio 0.67–1.34 for flagellomere 3 (N = 17), 1.13–1.98 for flagellomere 10 (N = 10); neck 2 to nodes 2 + 3 ratio 0.44–0.54 for flagellomere 3 (N = 17), 0.54–0.79 for flagellomere 10 (N = 10). Female flagellomeres cylindrical, setose and setulose, with simple circumfila and short, setulose necks of same relative length throughout antenna (Fig. 89): neck to node ratio for flagellomere 5, 0.24–0.28 (N = 5). Flagellomere 12 with short vestigial appendage, setose and setulose, rounded apically (Fig. 90).</p> <p>Thorax: Legs: very long and slender. Tarsal claws curved close to base, with long, thin tooth and a tiny, barely visible proximal second tooth (Fig. 91); empodia much shorter than bend in claw. Wing (Fig. 92): transpar- ent, covered by hair-like microtrichia; length 2.47– 3.70 mm in male (N = 19), 2.49–4.22 in female (N = 17). R1 joins C at third of wing length, R5 joins C far beyond wing apex, Rs incomplete, situated slightly beyond midlength of R1; M weak, CuA forked.</p> <p>Female abdomen (Fig. 98): Sclerites rectangular, weakly sclerotized, with posterior row of setae, several scat- tered setae on mid-proximal part, and pair of proximal trichoid sensilla. Abdomen not protractible. Cerci large and bulbous, bearing evenly scattered setae and densely covered by short, peg-like setulae.</p> <p>Male abdomen: Tergites 1–7 rectangular, with posteri- or row of setae, a group of setae at mid-proximal part, and pair of proximal trichoid sensilla; tergite 8 completely undifferentiated from surrounding membrane. Sternites 2–7 rectangular, with posterior row of setae, numerous setae on proximal half, and a pair of closely adjacent trichoid sensilla. Sternite 8 smaller and more setose than preceding sternite.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs 96, 97): Gonocoxites slender, widely splayed, with numerous very strong setae on distal half, a prominent angular lobe basoventrally, and conspicuous setose lobe basodorsally. Gonostylus long, slender, evenly arched, with numerous setae on distal twothirds, bearing small apical tooth. Aedeagus wide, almost heart-shaped at apex, extending far beyond hypoproct. Hypoproct conspicuously and densely covered by short, blunt setae, rounded at apex. Cerci thin, deeply separated and splayed, with several strong setae along posterior margin, setulose throughout.</p> <p>Larva (third instar) (Fig. 100)</p> <p>Bright orange, very long and slender. Length 2.19– 5.14 mm (N = 19). Integument covered by tiny spicules, spiracles conspicuously protruding above body surface. Antennae about 1.5 times as long as wide; cephalic apodeme much longer than head capsule. Spatula (Figs 99, 100) long and robust, with two large triangular teeth and long shaft, on each side with two groups of three tiny lateral papillae; two setose, one asetose in each group. Terminal segment on each side with four setiform papillae on slightly elevated bases.</p> <p>Pupa (Fig. 101)</p> <p>Small pointed antennal horns; no facial horns. Face on each side with pair of papillae medially, one setose, one asetose, and a group of three asetose papillae laterally. Prothoracic spiracle conspicuously long, pointed and strongly sclerotized; trachea ends at apex. Abdominal segments, except for first and last, each with one proximal row of long and slender barbed spikes, and otherwise covered by tiny spicules.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Several larvae of this species were found in Felt’s slidemounted collection, in which they were attributed to Asphondylia because they were taken from Asphondylia galls; however, larvae of the two genera can be easily distinguished from each other and the labels on the relevant specimens were therefore amended.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>1 larva, USA, NY, Albany, 26 August 1907, EP. Felt, ex gall on Solidago patula (USNM); 1 larva, USA, NY, Albany, 26 August 1907, E.P. Felt, ex gall on Solidago odora (USNM); 1 larva, USA, MA, Magnolia, 26 August 1908, EP. Felt, ex Asphondylia gall on Aster sp. (Felt no. 1891) (USNM); 2 larvae, USA, MD, Wheaton Pk. 15 July 1968, R.J Gagné, ex. gall on Solidago altissima (USNM); 2 larvae, USA, MD, Wheaton Pk., 22 August 1970, R.J. Gagné, ex Asphondylia monacha gall on Solidago juncea (USNM); 12 larvae, USA, PA, Lewisburg, 8 August 2005, N. Dorchin, ex Asphondylia monacha galls on S. juncea; 10♂, 4♀, USA, PA, White Deer Creek, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. galls on Euthamia graminifolia; 5♂, 7♀, USA, PA, Mauses Creek, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. galls on Euthamia graminifolia; 3♂, 2♀, USA, PA, Millersburg, 4 July 2007, N. Dorchin and D. Ryan, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. galls on Euthamia graminifolia; 5 exuviae, 1♂, 5♀, USA, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area, 15 July 2012, N. Dorchin, ex Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. galls on Euthamia graminifolia.</p> <p>PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</p> <p>The complete molecular data set of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI, 53 sequences) and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α, 33 sequences) consisted of 1047 positions (690 COI and 357 EF-1α). All sequences are deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and accession numbers are provided in Table 1. Tree topologies inferred from the mitochondrial COI and from the nuclear EF-1α genes are largely compatible (Figs 102, 103). The combined phylogenetic analysis yielded five well-supported clades representing at least six species of Asphondylia on goldenords (Fig. 104). The previously described species A. monacha and A. solidaginis, and the newly described species A. pseudorosa sp. nov., A. rosulata sp. nov., and A. silva sp. nov., are well supported in this analysis, corroborating inferences drawn from morphological and life-history data. A fifth, early branching clade includes individuals from three different Solidago hosts as well as Asphondylia recondita from Aster novaeangliae. This clade requires further morphological and molecular sampling before systematic conclusions can be reached; the taxa represented by this clade are therefore not described in the present paper.</p> <p>Analysis of EF-1α (Fig. 102) provides enhanced resolution and support at deeper nodes in the tree, but does not differentiate between A. silva sp. nov. and A. rosulata sp. nov., which form distinct species in the COI tree (Fig. 103), where shallower nodes are</p> <p>A. clavata 0.9926 A. sp. Gut A. bigeloviabrassicoides A. monacha jun1 A. monacha alt2 0.7178 A. monacha jun2 A. monacha jun3 A. Silva 3 0.9105 A. rosulata gig2 0.3187 A. silva 4 A. rosulata sn2 A. rosulata gig1 1 0.2233 A. rosulata bud4 A. rosulata sn3 0.2726 0.9392 A. rosulata sn1 A. rosulata bud1 A. rosulata bud2 A. rosulata sn4 A. solidaginis bud3 A. solidaginis sn3 0.3981 A. solidaginis sn4 A. solidaginis sn1 0.9325 1 A. solidaginis gig A. solidaginis sn2 A. solidaginis sn5 A. pseudorosa f2 A. pseudorosa b1 0.1705 A. pseudorosa f3 A. pseudorosa f4 A. pseudorosa b2 0.9999 A. pseudorosa f6 A. pseudorosa f5 A. pseudorosa f5 0.5251 A. pseudorosa f1 A. pseudorosa b4 A. pseudorosa b 3 3.0E- 4 Figure 102. Phylogenetic tree of Asphondylia species associated with goldenrods based on Bayesian analysis of partial sequence of the elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) gene. Support values are shown next to nodes. strongly supported. Other discrepancies between the two gene trees include the division in the EF-1α tree to Euthamia -associated and Solidago -associated clades (Fig. 102), whereas in the COI tree the Euthamia clade is nested within the Solidago + Aster clade (Fig. 103). In both trees, A. monacha is most closely related to A. rosulata sp. nov. and A. silva sp. nov., and it is clearly separated from A. solidaginis. Reconstruction of the evolution of host-plant pref- erences among Asphondylia spp. on goldenrods (Fig. 105) reveals a complex history of host-plant use. Maximum- parsimony analyses suggest substantial uncertainty in host-plant usage at deeper nodes in the phylog- eny. Our analyses suggest that S. rugosa is the an- cestral host for the A. rosulata sp. nov. clade with subsequent shifts to S. gigantea, and that A. silva sp. nov. shifted onto and retained S. caesia as its host. The Euthamia -feeding clade shifted onto E. graminifolia early and retained this host, inducing galls in both buds and inflorescences. The history of host use within the A. monacha clade is uncertain, with four different hosts used by the same gall midge species. Our phylogenetic analyses yielded novel insights into contexts of host shifts and the evolution of Asphondylia host–plant relationships in the goldenrod species complex. Further, finer scale patterns of host-plant use (plant-part and gall-type associations) within individ- ual species are revealed with greater granularity (Fig. 104). Asphondylia solidaginis is shown to include individuals from two very different types of galls – a rosette bud gall and a leaf snap – that represent the overlapping spring and summer generations of this species on S. altissima. This species appears to use S. gigantea occasionally as a supplementary host for the leaf snap galls. Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov.</p> <p>0.002</p> <p>exhibits a very similar pattern but uses S. rugosa rather than S. altissima as its primary host. Despite the morphological and biological similarity between these two Asphondylia species, they are not closely related. Instead, the sister species to A. rosulata sp. nov. is A. silva sp. nov., which is found exclusively on Soli- dago caesia, on which it completes multiple generations in tiny bud galls throughout the season. The A. monacha clade comprises individuals from complex rosette galls on S. juncea, S. erecta, and S. uliginosa that represent the summer generation of this species. Also included in this clade are individuals from simple bud galls on S. altissima that represent the previously unknown spring generation of A. monacha.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81198784FF9BFFC1912F8A4BF9DCF994	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dorchin, Netta;Joy, Jeffrey B.;Hilke, Lukas K.;Wise, Michael J.;Abrahamson, Warren G.	Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J., Abrahamson, Warren G. (2015): Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2): 265-304, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12234, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12234
