taxonID	type	description	language	source
8028401D181CFF917DCFFA5CFC69410B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Hawaiian Islands: CAS 8972, 128 mm. O‘ahu, BPBM 439 - 440, 2: 130 – 166 mm; BPBM 1796, 110 mm; BPBM 4097, 203 mm; BPBM 10013, 27 mm; BPBM 41038, 172 mm; BPBM 41050, 162 mm; CAS 228981, 118 mm; CAS 228982, 3: 100 – 141 mm; CAS 228983, 118 mm. Nihoa, BPBM 4100, 158 mm. Pearl & Hermes Reef, BPBM 3447, 165 mm. Laysan, BPBM 4106, 133 mm; CAS 208505, 2: 126 – 134 mm. Johnston Atoll: BPBM 4101 – 4102, 3: 76 – 202 mm.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181CFF917DCFFA5CFC69410B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateralline scales 38 – 41 (modally 40); gill rakers 6 – 8 + 12 – 14 (rarely 12), total 16 – 20; body robust, the depth 2.6 – 3.0 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not or just reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays (when fins placed posteriorly); caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark grey-brown to dark olive-brown, white ventrally, with three longitudinal rows of white blotches of about half eye size to nearly eye size and numerous orange-red spots of about half pupil size; head coloured like body dorsally, white ventrally, with a few dark spots posterior to eye and on opercle; most markings irregular yellow to orange, most horizontally linear and progressively larger posteriorly; upper lip with dark orange cross bands, the lower with fewer and darker bands; orange-red spots on spinous portion of dorsal fin extending out on membranes except for white tips; orange-red spots on second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins extending out on rays nearly to distal tips. Juveniles are more slender and the white markings on the body relatively larger than on adults (Fig. 2). Largest specimen, 28 cm total length.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181CFF917DCFFA5CFC69410B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Occurs on reefs and rocky shores exposed to surge, generally at depths of 1 – 3 m, but reported to 23 m (Mundy, 2005). Found only at the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Randall (1985) reported the diet from the stomach contents of 12 adult specimens as 80 % crabs, the rest shrimps, fishes, other crustaceans, sea urchins, and brittle stars. Although the Hawaiian population of Cirrhitus pinnulatus is the most distinct in meristic data and colouration, the genetic uniformity suggests that it best be regarded as a subspecies.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181DFF967DCFFA05FD7A4610.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Tuamotu Archipelago: Makatea, BPBM 15236, 6: 84 – 97 mm. Society Islands: Tahiti, BPBM 5962, 85 mm. Line Islands: Kiritimati, BPBM 15290, 25: 54 – 178 mm. Tabuaeran (Fanning Island), BPBM 4108, 160 mm. Teraina (Washington Island), BPBM 4105, 120 mm. Baker Island, BPBM 4104, 130 mm. Kiribati: Tungaru Islands, Onotoa Atoll, BPBM 15359, 105 mm. Wake Island: BPBM 4103, 3: 78 – 198 mm; BPBM 15121, 8: 87 – 162 mm. Minami-tori-shima (Marcus Island): BPBM 2429, 168 mm. Mariana Islands: Guam, BPBM 4099, 95 mm. Ogasawara Islands: Ani-jima, BPBM 35255, 55 mm. Philippines: Negros, BPBM 33005, 3: 103 – 117 mm. Japan: SU 9795, 117 mm. South China Sea: CAS 24408, 2: 117 – 149 mm. Papua New Guinea: CAS 208481, 5: 115 – 148 mm. Republic of Maldives: CAS 35427, 106 mm. Comoros: Grande Comore, CAS 33245, 114 mm; CAS 33422, 78 mm.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181DFF967DCFFA05FD7A4610.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateralline scales 39 – 42 (modally 40); gill rakers 6 – 8 + 12 – 14 (rarely 12), total 18 – 21; body robust, the depth 2.6 – 3.1 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not or just reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays; caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark olivaceous to dark grey-brown, white ventrally, with three to four irregular longitudinal rows of white blotches varying from pupil size to three-fourths eye size, and numerous dark brown spots, most vertically elongate and pupil size or smaller (spots on some individuals orangish or reddish brown); small dark spots on snout and suborbital region, those on operculum generally pupil size or larger, some merging to form irregular longitudinal bands; spinous dorsal fin with two large dark spots on most membranes; remaining median fins with dark spots mainly on rays, most on basal half of fins. Reaches 28 cm total length.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181DFF967DCFFA05FD7A4610.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Typically found in the surge zone of exposed seaward reefs or rocky shores. Wide-ranging in the Indo-Pacific region except the Red Sea, Oman, Hawaiian Islands, and Johnston Atoll; ranges south on the East African coast to Port Alfred, South Africa, east to the Line Islands and Pitcairn Islands; in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. Randall (1963) reported that the type specimen has not been located. It is not present in the Museum für Naturkunde der Universitat-Humboldt, Berlin.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181AFF977DCFF936FD0C42E3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Red Sea: USNM 47598, 181 mm (holotype); USNM 149583, 156 mm (paratype). Port Sudan, BPBM 20733, 2: 136 – 140 mm. Sanganeb Atoll, SMF 24858, 2: 131 – 136 mm; SMF 24859, 2: about 115 – 123 mm (posterior part of body missing on smallest specimen). Saudi Arabia, Al Lith, SMF 34703, 141 mm. Eritrea, USNM 323657, 121 mm.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181AFF977DCFF936FD0C42E3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 10 or 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateral-line scales 41 – 43 (usually 42); gill rakers 6 – 7 + 12 – 13 (rarely 12), total 16 – 20; body robust, the depth about 2.7 – 3.0 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays when posterior in position; caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark olive green the scales nearly covered by a dark brown to black spot, grading to white ventrally, with three to four longitudinal rows of irregular white spots, some approximately square, and many dark brown spots of about pupil size; dark brown to black spots on head progressively smaller and more close-set anteriorly; spinous portion of dorsal with large dark brown spots, mainly on membranes; remaining fins with dark spots on rays. Reaches at least 22 cm total length.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
8028401D181AFF977DCFF936FD0C42E3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lives in outer surge zone of seaward coral reefs or rocky shores, generally in the depth range of 0.3 – 3 m; wedges itself in crevices in the reef with its thickened lower pectoral rays to withstand the wave action. Found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Schultz (1950) described Cirrhitus spilotoceps from two specimens, both deposited in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History, the holotype as USNM 47598. He gave the locality only as Red Sea. He differentiated C. spilotoceps from the wide-ranging Indo-Pacific C. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider 1801) by having slightly higher lateral-line scale and gill-raker counts and numerous dark brown spots on the head instead of large dark blotches or streaks. Randall (1995) extended the range to Oman (as Cirrhitus pinnulatus) from underwater photographs taken at Raysut on the south coast and in the Gulf of Oman.	en	Gaither, Michelle R., Randall, John E. (2013): Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa 3599 (2): 189-196, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609
