taxonID	type	description	language	source
875687DCFF847B1FFF20228CB6F6F9F7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the family (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF847B1DFF242142B064FEEE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF847B1DFF242142B064FEEE.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: The placement of this taxon has historically been hindered by several factors. For example, Kinsey (1937) in his description of the species stated that the sex of the fossil ‘‘ is not quite clear’ ’, but we have no doubt that this is a female. Certainly more details of the specimen can be observed owing to the advances in methods of preparation as well as in optical equipment available. Furthermore, Kinsey’s original description used characters that are now understood to be superficial. We therefore provide the following new description for the species. Female. Body length 1.9 mm; forewing length 1.8 mm. Antenna 15 - segmented, with distinct placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres except F 1; F 1 slightly bent medially. Frons flat, without carinate structures. Lateral part of cranium distinctly expanded behind compound eye; gena broad; occipital carina absent. Median dorsal length of pronotum behind anterior vertical plate short; pronotal carina absent; pronotal crest low and not incised medially, and dorsal pronotal area present and short; posteroventral margin of pronotum long and straight; lateral surface of pronotum glabrous. Mesonotum transversely costate; median mesoscutal impression and notauli absent; mesoscutellar suture transverse; mesoscutellum posteriorly sloped, without projection or process; mesopleuron ventrally protruding; mesocoxa directed obliquely backward, inserted on separate, oblique posterior area; median mesopleural impression and lateroventral mesopleural carina absent; mesopleural triangle slightly depressed with longitudinal striation; mesofemural groove present, granulate. Metapleural sulcus abruptly bent at middle; metepisternum subrectangular. Propodeal spiracular opening not completely covered by spiracular process, similar to extant Ibalia when observed laterally; lateral propodeal carina present; nucha short. Forewing lacking pterostigma; marginal cell closed, four times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 present; 2 r-rs directed obliquely, sloping outward posteriorly; Rs + M with mesal end meeting first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein) slightly behind the middle; areolet present. Metacoxa dorsally strongly depressed and lateroanteriorly with a triangular process. Petiolar annulus crescentic and glabrous; metasomal T 4 largest among all terga, lateroposterior margin more or less vertical and straight; metasomal T 3 – 6 subequal along middorsal line. Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF847B1DFF242142B064FEEE.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Cedar Lake, Manitoba, Canada; deposited in the Royal Ontario Museum. Stolamissidae Liu and Engel, new family TYPE GENUS: Stolamissus Liu and Engel, new genus.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF847B1DFF242142B064FEEE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: This new family is distinguished from other cynipoids by the apomorphic combination of the following traits: (1) mesosoma short and high in lateral view; (2) pronotal crest and dorsal pronotal area absent; (3) mesocoxa directed vertically and downward; (4) lateral pronotal carina distinct; (5) pterostigma lacking (figs. 3, 4); (6) Rs + M of forewing with mesal end meeting the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein) at about the middle; and, (7) posterior margin of metasomal T 2 not distinctly oblique.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Stolamissus mirabilis Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the family (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus-group name is derived from the Latin stolo (meaning ‘‘ branch’ ’) and amissus (meaning ‘‘ lost’ ’), which together mean ‘‘ lost branch’ ’ (a reference to the fact that this clade was lost via extinction within Cynipoidea). The name is masculine.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The genus has several of the symplesiomorphies that are shared among the macrocynipoids, including marginal cell of forewing relatively long and anteriorly closed, no bulla in Sc + R 1, remnant of pterostigma short and thick, and second metasomal tergum (5 third abdominal tergum) large with succeeding abdominal terga narrow. In addition, the pronotum is distinctly raised dorsoanteriorly, a condition similar to that of Ibaliidae and Liopteridae, and the well-developed lateral pronotal carina resembles that of the liopterids. On the other hand, it appears that the mesocoxae are inserted vertically downward, a feature shared by the microcynipoids, but not obliquely on a ventrally protruding, separate, and oblique posterior area as in the macrocynipoids. The mesopectus appears not to protrude ventrally, a feature considered a synapomorphy for the microcynipoids (Ronquist, 1995 a, 1999); however, we are somewhat cautious about this observation because of the presence of a bubble laterally above the mesopectal area, and our interpretation of this feature may be in error. Stolamissus mirabilis Liu and Engel, new species figures 3, 4	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 0.8 mm; forewing length 0.7 mm. Body entirely black; antennae and legs dark brown; wings hyaline, without any macula or band. Antenna 14 - segmented; flagellum distinctly expanded toward apex; scape and pedicel subequal in both length and thickness, slightly longer and much wider than F 1; F 1 distinctly longer than F 2; apical and subapical flagellomeres somewhat fused with each other, other flagellomeres subequal to F 1; elongate placodeal sensilla distinctly present on F 8 – 12. Frons, vertex, and gena glabrous; median frontal carina absent; gena not expanded behind compound eye; length of compound eye about three times as long as malar space. Anterior plate of pronotum with dense punctures and posteriorly delimited by prominent lateral pronotal carinae; lateral surfaces of pronotum irregularly carinate in lower part and narrowly bridged medially. Mesoscutum transversely costate; median impression present in posteri- or two-thirds; notauli percurrent and prominent; mesoscutellar foveae transverse; mesoscutellum posteriorly sloped and without process; mesopleuron mostly glabrate, ventrally depressed along lower margin; median impression and lateroventral carina absent; mesopectus not distinctly protruding ventrally, mesocoxa directed vertically downward and not inserted on separate, oblique posterior area (the mesopectal area is partly obscured by a large bubble and therefore our interpretation of the condition should be considered tentative). Propodeum devoid of processes. Wings hyaline, surface covered with appressed setae, margins ciliate. Forewing with marginal cell closed, slightly more than twice as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 absent, 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet present; Rs + M arising from about middle of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Mesofemur expanded dorsoventrally; first metatarsomere much shorter than combined length of second through fifth metatarsomeres; metapretarsal claw with basal lobe. Metasoma not distinctly compressed; metasomal T 2 (5 third abdominal tergum) relatively large, about one-third length of postpetiolar metasoma; metasomal T 3 – 7 dorsally subequal. Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, AMNH NJ- 709, Late Cretaceous (Turonian), White Oak Pit, Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey, coll. AMNH expedition, 1996; deposited in the Amber Fossil Collection, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, AMNH.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is the Latin word mirabilis, meaning ‘‘ beautiful and good-looking’ ’. FAMILY LIOPTERIDAE ASHMEAD	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Ronquist (1995 a) recently revised the family and suggested the following characters as apomorphies: lateral surface of pronotum and dorsal surface of mesoscutellum foveate; acetabulum more or less vertical, divided into two furrows for procoxa by a strong median keel; acetabular carina describing a v- shape; metapleural sulcus reaching anterior metapectal margin far above the midheight; intermetacoxal processes present; lateral pronotal carina reaching the raised ventral pronotal margin; laterodorsal process of mesoscutellum present; lateroventral carina of mesopectus present; nucha long; metatibia shorter than metafemur; petiolar annulus complete, tergal and sternal parts fused completely; occipital carina present; and mesopleural impression present.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Where known, extant Liopteridae are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles of families such as Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Curculionidae (Ronquist, 1995 a; Liu et al., 2007). The genera of Liopteridae were revised by Ronquist (1995 a) and an analysis of their relationships was undertaken. The genera of the family are presently segregated into four subfamilies: the Liopterinae (New World) and Oberthuerellinae (African) are sisters, with Dallatorrellinae (Asian and Australian) as sister to them, and the Mayrellinae (cosmopolitan except the Australian region) basal. According to our cladistic analyses the new fossil genus Proliopteron is basal to a clade consisting of all other Liopteridae (see below). In addition, the genus Goerania, described below, obviously belongs to the clade consisting of the subfamilies Oberthuerellinae + Liopterinae, although we have decided not to include it in the cladistic analysis owing to the limited number of observable characters. Both genera are characterized by an array of distinct features and therefore we herein erect two new subfamilies, as Proliopterinae and Goeraniinae, to accommodate them. Proliopterinae Liu and Engel, new subfamily	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS: Proliopteron Liu and Engel, new genus.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF867B12FD26267FB626FBCB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see below).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Proliopteron redactus Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: The genus can be easily distinguished from all other genera in the family by a combination of: (1) characteristic liopteridlike sculpture on gena and lateral surface of pronotum absent, (2) lateral pronotal carina dorsally very reduced, (3) posterior mesoscutellar processes absent, (4) metatibial lobe absent, (5) pubescence of wings reduced such that it is represented by mere dots, and (6) mesocoxa inserted to mesopectus vertically, not on a separate, projected area (a few modern species of Paramblynotus also have this feature).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Proliopteron is the sister clade to all other liopterids. The genus lacks several of the synapomorphic features shared by other liopterids, including the characteristic foveate integumental sculpturing of the pronotum and mesoscutellum, the median mesopleural impression, the posterior mesoscutellar process, and the metatibial lobe. Some of the features of the genus are also shared by Mesocynips, including the lack of foveate sculpturing on the pronotum and mesoscutellum and the absence of the posterior mesoscutellar process.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The genus-group name is a combination of pro- (Latin, meaning ‘‘ before’ ’) and Liopteron, the type genus of the family. The name is masculine. Proliopteron redactus Liu and Engel, new species figures 5, 6	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 1.0 mm; forewing length 0.9 mm. Body mostly black to dark brown; antenna and legs dark brown; wings hyaline, without any macula or band. Antennae cylindrical and slightly expanded toward apex, 12 - segmented; pedicel almost spherical, half as long as scape; F 1 as long as F 2; other flagellomeres subequal to F 1, except apical flagellomere is twice as long as preceding one; elongate placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres. Frons, vertex, and gena glabrous; lower face with flat but distinct median carina complete to clypeus, otherwise without apparent sculpture; gena not expanded behind compound eye; compound eye longer than malar space by onethird. Lateral surfaces of pronotum glabrous; lateral pronotal carina dorsally reduced. Mesoscutum glabrate, without transverse costa; mesoscutellum posteriorly sloped without process; mesopleuron glabrous and ventrally bordered by straight lateroventral carina; mesopectus not protruding ventrally, mesocoxa directed vertically and not inserted on separate, oblique posterior area. Propodeum devoid of processes; lateral propodeal carina dorsally raised into a distinct right-angular lobe. Wings entirely hyaline, all wing margins ciliate except anterior margin of forewing; pubescence of wings reduced and represented by mere dots. Forewing with marginal cell closed, four times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 present; 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet absent; Rs + M arising from somewhat anterior to middle of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). First metatarsomere slightly shorter than combined length of second through fifth metatarsomeres; metaprestaral claws simple, without basal lobe. Metasoma inserted high on propodeum, postsubpleuron long; metasomal T 2 – 4 (5 abdominal T 3 – 5) subequal in size, metasomal T 5 largest; metasomal T 7 exposed, not completely covered by metasomal T 6; metasomal S 3 – 5 (5 abdominal S 4 – 6) exposed, not covered by metasomal S 2; ovipositor exserted, apically with ventral serrations (fig. 6). Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, CNC CAS- 409, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, coll. J. F. McAlpine, 1971 - VII- 8 – 10 [8 – 10 July 1971]; deposited in the CNC.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word redactus meaning ‘‘ reduced’ ’ and refers to the reduced pubescence on the wing membranes. Goeraniinae Liu and Engel, new subfamily	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS: Goerania Liu and Engel, new genus.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF897B11FFB02305B0CCFAC2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see below).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Goerania petiolata Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Median flagellomere of antenna cylindrical, with very dense longitudinal placodeal sensilla. Head distinctly impressed posteriorly in dorsal view; gena expanded behind compound eyes; vertex, gena, and occiput glabrous. Anterior pronotal flange long; submedian depression of pronotum present and open laterally; dorsal pronotal area distinct; pronotal crest not observable; lateral surface of pronotum sloped evenly, without foveate sculpture. Mesoscutum transversely costate; median impression and lateral notauli distinct; lateral margin of axilla conspicuously raised anteriorly. Forewing without pterostigma; 2 r-rs long and perpendicular to anterior wing margin; marginal cell closed; bulla in Sc + R 1 present; Rs + M issuing from close to posterior two-thirds of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Mesocoxa inserted vertically; metatibia distinctly longer than metafemur and with a longitudinal carina on dorsal surface. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally; nucha low; petiolar annulus positioned low, long; petiole at least twice as long as wide, longitudinally carinate; posterior margin of petiole and anterior margin of metasomal T 1 abutting, dorsal margins of the two more or less continuous (i. e., without constriction between segments); metasomal T 2 – 7 of female visible and subequal in length along middorsal line.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The genus is named after Dr. Göran Nordlander, Uppsala, Sweden, who has significantly contributed to our current understanding of cynipoid relationships and mentored several of the most active cynipoid researchers worldwide.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The new genus belongs to the clade consisting of the subfamilies Oberthuerellinae and Liopterinae. Although it is difficult to collect sufficient characters to incorporate the species into the analysis of cynipoid phylogeny, several observable features strongly indicate its placement within this clade, including the following: (1) lateral margin of axilla conspicuously raised anteriorly; (2) petiolar annulus long, median dorsal length at least twice as long as minimum dorsal width (estimated from lateral view); and (3) posterior margin of petiole (5 metasomal T 1) and anterior margin of metasomal T 2 abutting, dorsal margins of the two more or less continuous (i. e., without constriction between segments). Goerania can be easily separated from genera in the Oberthuerellinae and Liopterinae by the absence of foveate sculpture on the lateral surface of the pronotum and the postpetiolar terga of the metasoma being subequal in length.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	description	Goerania petiolata Liu and Engel, new species figures 7, 8	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 3.0 mm, forewing length 2.5 mm. Antenna filiform, 14 - segmented. Anterior plate of pronotum transversely costate. Mesoscutum transversely weakly costate; median impression distinctly present in posterior one-third; notauli percurrent; parascutal carina posterolaterally smooth and not raised; mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate, posteriorly broadly rounded; dorsal lateral process present; scuto-scutellar suture transverse and separated into two foveae by a median carina. Forewing marginal cell closed, 3.8 times as long as wide; Rs + M proximally directed toward posterior two-thirds of basal vein; areolet distinct. First metatarsomere slightly shorter than combined length of second through fifth metatarsomeres. Petiolar annulus long, median dorsal length at least two times as long as minimum dorsal width (estimated from lateral view). Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, CAS, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada; deposited in the CNC.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is taken from Latin, petiolata, meaning ‘‘ stalked’ ’, and is a reference to the long petiolar segment of the species. Indeed, this is the oldest species with an extended petiole in the Cynipoidea. FAMILY FIGITIDAE THOMSON	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Figitids are morphologically diverse, making unifying traits a challenge to identify. Ronquist (1995 b, 1999) suggested that the Figitidae are supported by two apomorphies: presence of a distinct point of weakness in the eighth metasomal tergum of the female at the position of the gonoplac (5 third valvula), and forewing Rs + M situated close to the end of the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Further potential apomorphies include a vertical posterior margin of metasomal T 2 and the presence of a longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of the metatibia. Although each of the above characters except for the first has similar states in other lineages of Cynipoidea, the unique combination of these traits supports the separation of Figitidae from other cynipoids.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8A7B16FD38221CB67DFA55.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Species of Figitidae are relatively small and are primary parasitoids, principally on Diptera, but hosts also include chrysopid and hemerobiid lacewings (Neuroptera) or Cynipidae. In addition, some species are hyperparasitoids of braconid and chalcidoid primary parasitoids of aphids and psyllids. Ronquist (1995 b, 1999) considerably altered the concept of Figitidae. Ronquist was able to demonstrate from his analyses that figitids were paraphyletic, and he incorporated into Figitidae some groups that historically had been regarded as distinct families. The current classification of Figitidae is summarized in table 1. SUBFAMILY INCERTAE SEDIS	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Micropresbyteria caputipressa Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: F 1 of male antenna medially not flattened and not twisted. Head distinctly compressed longitudinally and not impressed posteriorly; lateral occipital carina laterally strongly expanded into a broad lobular structure; lower face glabrate, with a simple, more or less complete median carina. Anterior pronotal flange short; anterior submedian depression open laterally; dorsal pronotal area narrow but distinct; lateral pronotal carina present; lateral pronotal surface without foveate sculpture. Mesoscutum glabrous; median longitudinal impression and lateral notauli distinct; mesoscutellum posteriorly extended into a prominent horizontal process; lower mesopleuron ventrally strongly expanded into a broad lobular structure, posteriorly covering basal part of mesocoxa. Forewing with bulla present in Sc + R 1; Rs + M issuing from close to posterior end of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Mesocoxa inserted almost vertically; metacoxa distinctly dorsomedially swollen and dorsolaterally distinctly depressed. Petiolar annulus low and without longitudinal carina; petiole slightly shorter than wide, with distinct longitudinal carinae.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words mikros (meaning ‘‘ little’ ’ or ‘‘ small’ ’) and presbytrion (meaning ‘‘ an assemblage of elders’ ’). The name is feminine.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The extensive lobular expansion of the upper part of the lateral occipital carina and massively expanded ventrolateral carina of the mesopectus separate Micropresbyteria from all other cynipoids. The longitudinally distinctly compressed head, the lack of distinct sculpture on the head and mesosoma, the short anterior pronotal flange, and the downward insertion of the meso- and metacoxae strongly indicate that the fossil belongs to the microcynipoids. The presence of an obvious dorsal pronotal area, the position of the proximal end of Rs + M close to the posterior end of the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein), and the presence of the longitudinal carina dorsolaterally on the metatibia further suggest that the genus belongs to the family Figitidae. Because of a lack of information for female characters, which are more crucial in cynipoid phylogeny, we only provisionally place the genus in Figitidae. Micropresbyteria caputipressa Liu and Engel, new species figures 9, 10	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Male. Body length 1.00 mm; forewing length 0.90 mm. Body mostly black to dark brown; wings hyaline, without any macula or band. Antenna cylindrical, 14 - segmented; pedicel almost spherical, one-half as long as scape; F 1 medially not flattened and not twisted as in male of most known species of cynipoids, slightly longer than F 2 (F 2 seven-sixths length of F 1) and much thicker than the latter; elongate placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres. Head compressed longitudinally, attached high to mesosoma; frons, vertex, gena, and malar space glabrous; compound eye prominent, distinctly produced in front of gena, and vertically much extended; malar space reduced to narrow strip beneath compound eye; gena not expanded behind compound eye. Lateral surface of pronotum glabrous. Mesoscutum curved dorsally in lateral view and glabrous, with sparse pubescence; without transverse costa; median impression and lateral notauli distinct; mesoscutellum flat dorsally and posteriorly projected into a blunt process (an artifact of preservation?); mesopleuron glabrous; lower mesopleuron ventrally expanded; mesosoma across mesopleuron almost as high as long, excluding mesoscutellar process. Mesocoxa inserted almost vertically, not obliquely at posterior area. Propodeum devoid of processes; nucha short and broad in lateral view. Wings entirely hyaline, with sparse pubescence; all wing margins ciliate. Forewing with marginal cell closed, about 2.6 times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 present, 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet large; Rs + M nebulous, arising from posterior end of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Anterior margin of hind wing with three hamuli. Metabasitarsus shorter than combined lengths of second to fifth metatarsomeres; metacoxa dorsally distinctly depressed; metatibia dorsolaterally with a distinct longitudinal carina; all pretarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Petiolar annulus relatively long, attached low to propodeum; segmentation of metasoma indistinct owing to imperfect preservation. Female. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Male, RTMP 96.9.170, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Grassy Lake (110 ° 40 9 W, 49 ° 45 9 N), Alberta, Canada; deposited in RTMP.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is derived from Latin caputa (meaning ‘‘ head’ ’) and pressus (meaning ‘‘ pressed’ ’). The name refers to the longitudinally compressed head. SUBFAMILY EUCOILINAE THOMSON	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: The subfamily is easily distinguished from all other cynipoids by the presence of a mesoscutellar cup or plate with a deep depression centrally or posteriorly. In addition, eucoiline females, except for two of the new fossil genera described below, have the second through fourth metasomal terga (5 abdominal T 3 – 5) fused, a feature shared only with the Pycnostigminae (Figitidae) among cynipoids.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF8D7B0BFFAB22EBB5E2F911.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The presence of the mesoscutellar plate undoubtedly supports the monophyly of the subfamily, a feature exhibited by all three of the taxa treated herein. The new genera Anteucoila and Jerseucoila (see below), however, lack the fusion of metasomal T 2 – 4 and are therefore obviously basal to all other eucoilines, representing a stem group to the subfamily as it is understood based on modern taxa. However, as already noted, Anteucoila and Jerseucoila possess a well-developed mesoscutellar cup, indicative of their placement as eucoilines. The third genus, Syneucoila, is a typical crown-group eucoiline and is, in fact, apparently related to the clade consisting of the Zaeucoila generic group and the core + higher eucoilines (Fontal-Cazalla et al., 2002; see below). The Eucoilinae is the most species-rich figitid subfamily, currently with about 80 genera and 1000 species. Where known, eucoilines are restricted to hosts of the cyclorrhaphan Diptera (Ronquist, 1999, and references therein). The other Cretaceous genus, Syneucoila (see below), is more typical of modern Eucoilinae (yet still rather plesiomorphic for its clade), attesting to the antiquity of the lineage.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Anteucoila delicia Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: The new genus is easily distinguished from all other members of the subfamily (except Jerseucoila, see below) by absence of the characteristic fusion of metasomal T 2 – 4 and by the postpetiolar terga of about equal length along the middorsal line. The only other genus exhibiting these plesiomorphies is Jerseucoila, from which Anteucoila can be differentiated by the strongly sculptured mesoscutellar plate (weakly carinate and weakly granulose in Jerseucoila), straight path of Rs on the apical border of the marginal cell (distinctly arched apically in Jerseucoila), the shorter metabasitarsus (elongate in Jerseucoila), the shorter second 96 - 9 - 170). metasomal tergum (more elongate in Jerseucoila), and the narrower petiole (fig. 11) (broader in Jerseucoila).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus-group name is a combination of ante- (Latin, meaning ‘‘ before’ ’) and Eucoila, type genus of the subfamily. The name is feminine. Anteucoila delicia Liu and Engel, new species figures 11, 12	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 0.63 mm; forewing length 0.6 mm. Body mostly black to dark brown; wings hyaline, without macula or band. Antenna cylindrical, 12 - segmented, with distal three flagellomeres conspicuously expanded; pedicel almost spherical, twothirds as long as scape; F 1 distinctly longer than F 2; elongate placodeal sensilla distinct on at least distal flagellomeres. Frons, vertex, gena, and malar space glabrous; lower face somewhat elevated in upper part; gena not expanded behind compound eye; compound eye longer, slightly more than twice length of malar space. Lateral surface of pronotum glabrous; lateral pronotal carina present. Mesoscutum slightly curved dorsally in lateral view; mesoscutellum posteriorly sloped and dorsally with a central plate; mesopleuron glabrous; mesopectus not protruding ventrally, mesocoxa directed vertically and not inserted on separate, oblique posterior area. Propodeum devoid of processes; lateral propodeal carina distinct. Wings hyaline, with sparse pubescence; all wing margins, especially outer margin, ciliate. Forewing with marginal cell closed, about three times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 absent; 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet absent; Rs + M reduced, hardly traceable, arising from posterior end of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Metabasitarsus about half as long as combined lengths of second to fifth metatarsomeres; pretarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Postpetiolar metasomal terga not fused, all subequal in length along middorsal line; hypopygium of female long and slender. Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, RTMP 96.9.785, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Grassy Lake (110 ° 40 9 W, 49 ° 45 9 N), Alberta, Canada; deposited in RTMP. 2007 LIU ET AL.: EVOLUTION OF CYNIPOIDEA 21	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF907B0FFD202387B534FBBE.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word delicia (meaning ‘‘ favorite’ ’ or ‘‘ lovely’ ’).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Jerseucoila plesiosoma Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Like Anteucoila (see above) with freely articulated metasomal T 2 – 4, this new genus can be readily excluded from crown-group Eucoilinae. The presence of a mesoscutellar plate, as in the former genus, supports its position as a stem-group eucoiline. Jerseucoila differs from Anteucoila by the apically less expanded antenna, the weakly carinate and sculptured mesoscutellar plate, the arching of the distal abscissa of Rs, the elongate metabasitarsus, the larger second metasomal tergum, and the broader petiole (fig. 13) (refer also to the Diagnosis for Anteucoila).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus-group name is a combination of Jersey (a reference to the amber deposit in which it was discovered) and Eucoila, type genus of the subfamily. The name is feminine. Jerseucoila plesiosoma Liu and Engel, new species figures 13, 14 Cynipoid sp.: Grimaldi and Engel, 2005: 422 [figured].	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 0.60 mm; forewing length 0.51 mm. Body mostly black; wings hyaline, without macula or band. Antenna cylindrical, with distalmost flagellomeres more elongate than preceding flagellomeres; pedicel almost spherical, two-thirds as long as scape; F 1 about as long as F 2; elongate placodeal sensilla distinct on nearly all flagellomeres except basal two. Frons, vertex, gena, and malar space apparently glabrous (difficult to integument in holotype owing to layer of microscopic bubbles); gena not expanded behind compound eye; compound eye much longer than malar space, nearly five times longer than malar length. Lateral surface of pronotum apparently glabrous. Mesoscutum weakly curved dorsally in lateral view; mesoscutellum slightly sloped posteriorly and with weakly defined central plate; mesopleuron apparently glabrous; mesocoxa directed vertically and not inserted on separate, oblique posterior area. Propodeum devoid of processes. Wings hyaline, with scattered pubescence; all wing margins, especially posterior margins, ciliate. Forewing with marginal cell closed, about three times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 absent; 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet absent; Rs + M reduced, scarcely traceable, apparently arising from posterior end of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Metabasitarsus nearly as long as combined lengths of second to fifth metatarsomeres; pretarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Postpetiolar metasomal terga not fused, all subequal in length along middorsal line except metasomal T 2 more elongate; hypopygium of female long and slender. Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, AMNH NJ- 1006, Late Cretaceous (Turonian), White Oak Pit, Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey; deposited in the Amber Fossil Collection, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, AMNH.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF947B0DFF602388B65EFD68.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is a combination of the Greek words plesios (meaning ‘‘ near’ ’) and soma (meaning ‘‘ body’ ’).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Syneucoila magnifica Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Typical eucoiline with postpetiolar metasomal terga fused but exhibiting a relatively shortened head (not elongate), possessing an anterior metepimeral impression, and with a well-developed subalar pit and subalar area. Additional features defining the genus include: broad metasubpleural depression anterior to metacoxal foramen present; metacoxa without setal patches; forewing with marginal cell closed; R 1 complete and elongate, surpassing marginal cell apex; marginal ciliae of wing distinctly elongate along posterior margin of forewing.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus-group name is a combination of syn - (Greek, meaning ‘‘ together’ ’; a reference to the fused metasomal terga relative to other Cretaceous eucoilines) and Eucoila, type genus of the subfamily. The name is feminine. Syneucoila magnifica Liu and Engel, new species figures 15, 16	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Female. Body length 0.73 mm; forewing length 0.65 mm. Body mostly dark brown; wings hyaline, without macula or band. Antenna cylindrical; pedicel almost spherical; F 1 distinctly longer than F 2; elongate placodeal sensilla distinct on at least distal flagellomeres. Frons, vertex, gena, and malar space glabrous; malar space with distinct sulcus; lower face somewhat elevated in upper part; gena not expanded behind compound eye; compound eye nearly three times longer than malar space. Lateral surface of pronotum glabrous. Mesoscutum curved dorsally in lateral view; mesoscutellum posteriorly sloped and dorsally with a central plate; mesopleuron glabrous, subalar pit well developed; mesopectus not protruding ventrally, mesocoxa directed vertically and not inserted on separate, oblique posterior area. Propodeum devoid of processes; lateral propodeal carina distinct. Wings hyaline, with sparse pubescence; all wing margins ciliate, ciliae particularly elongate along apical posterior margin of forewing. Forewing with marginal cell, triangular closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 present; 2 r-rs short, projecting straight posteriorly; areolet absent; Rs + M reduced, hardly traceable, apparently arising from posterior end of first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Metabasitarsus slightly more than one-half as long as combined lengths of second to fifth metatarsomeres; pretarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Postpetiolar metasomal T 2 – 4 fused. Male. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL: Female, AMNH NJ- 1075, Late Cretaceous (Turonian), White Oak Pit, Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey; deposited in the Amber Fossil Collection, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, AMNH.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word magnificus (meaning ‘‘ splendid’ ’) and is a reference to the esthetic beauty of the holotype. FAMILY CYNIPIDAE LATREILLE	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF967B0CFF7F25FAB67DF9C1.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Although the family Cynipidae is universally accepted as monophyletic, satisfactory character evidence readily defining the family is lacking except for its phytophagous habit. Numerous characters have been put forward as putative synapomorphies for the family, including the lack of the lateral pronotal carina and an open marginal cell in forewing (Liljeblad and Ronquist, 1998), as well as a medially narrowed dorsellum (Ronquist, 1999). However, all of these putative synapomorphies have exceptions both within Cynipidae (as rever- sals) and in Figitidae (as parallelisms) (e. g., Ronquist, 1999). Nonetheless, the family can still be reasonably defined based on a combination of morphological attributes. In addition to the aforementioned characters, the following traits can be useful in the diagnosis of cynipids: (1) dorsal pronotal area absent; (2) metasoma of female strongly compressed; (3) Rs + M arising from middle of the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein); (4) 2 r-rs about 0.5 – 0.65 times as long as Sc + R 1; (5) R 1 lateral of 2 r-rs directed distinctly obliquely laterally rather than more or less perpendicular to anterior wing margin; and (6) R + Rs and Sc + R 1 smoothly continuous, not forming a distinct angle (see Liljeblad and Ronquist, 1998). SUBFAMILY INCERTAE SEDIS	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Tanaoknemus ecarinatus Liu and Engel, new species.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Male antenna 14 - segmented, with F 1 distinctly excavated laterally. Compound eye prominent; gena not expanded behind compound eye; vertex, gena, malar space, and face glabrous; lower face with a simple, more or less complete median carina. Pronotum dorsomedially strongly extended anteriorly; anterior pronotal flange short; lateral pronotal carina present; lateral pronotal surface transversely costate on upper half, and without foveate sculpture. Mesoscutum glabrous; lateral notauli distinct; mesoscutellum posteriorly truncate, without process; mesopleural impression anteriorly present, convergent to a longitudinal impression along ventral margin of lower mesopleuron toward posterior two-thirds and divided into several foveae by vertical carinae; lateroventral carina of mesopectus present and complete; lower mesopleuron ventrally not expanded. Forewing with bulla in Sc + R 1 present; Rs + M issuing from middle of the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). Mesocoxa inserted vertically and not obliquely at separate posterior area; metacoxa dorsally distinctly depressed and with a rounded, anterolateral triangular crest; metatibia longer than metafemur by one-third. Petiolar annulus low, postsubpleuron short; petiole slightly longer than wide and longitudinally carinate.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The presence of a unique mesopleural impression and unusually long tibia separate the genus from all other cynipoids. The lack of the lateral pronotal carina, presence of a bulla in Sc + R 1, and Rs + M issuing from the middle of the first free abscissa of M (i. e., basal vein) suggest affinity with the family Cynipidae. Although the relatively long petiole is a feature often found in Figitidae and is not known in extant Cynipidae, the trait has evolved independently in many Hymenopteran lineages, including several times within Cynipoidea. We therefore interpret its presence in Tanaoknemus as an autapomorphy, and the genus is provisionally placed as a basal clade of Cynipidae.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus-group name is a combination of the Greek words tanao - (meaning ‘‘ long’ ’ or ‘‘ outstretched’ ’) and knem - (meaning ‘‘ the leg between the knee and ankle’ ’). The name is a reference to the unusually long tibia of the new genus relative to other cynipoids. The name is masculine. Tanaoknemus ecarinatus Liu and Engel, new species figures 17, 18	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Male. Body length 1.20 mm; length of forewing about 1.00 mm (tip of wing not well preserved). Body mostly black; wings hyaline, without any macula or band. Antenna cylindrical, 14 - segmented (10 - segmented on the other side, but that is apparently an abnormality); F 1 laterally excavated; elongate placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres. Head compressed longitudinally, attached high to mesosoma; frons, vertex, gena, and malar space glabrous; compound eye prominent, vertically more than twice as high as malar space; gena not expanded behind compound eye. Lateral surface of pronotum transversely weakly costate in upper half; mesoscutum dorsally slightly curved in lateral view, glabrous with sparse pubescence, without transverse costa; median impression and lateral notauli percurrent; mesoscutellum dorsally flat and irregularly sculptured, without posterior processes; mesoscutellar sulcus medially divided into two large foveae by a longitudinal carina; mesopleuron glabrous. Mesocoxa inserted vertically beneath mesopleuron. Propodeum with no processes; nucha short; lateral propodeal carina percurrent and dorsally not curved in lateral view. Wings entirely hyaline and pubescent; wing margins ciliate. Forewing with marginal cell closed, about three times as long as wide; bulla in Sc + R 1 present; 2 r-rs oblique, sloping outward posteriorly; areolet large; Rs + M nebulous, arising from the middle of the first free abscissa of M (5 basal vein). First metatarsomere slightly shorter than combined length of second through fifth metatarsomeres; metacoxa dorsally distinctly depressed, anterolaterally with a rounded triangular crest; metatibia dorsolaterally with a distinct longitudinal carina; all pretarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Petiolar annulus slightly longer than wide and longitudinally carinate, attached low to propodeum; all metasomal terga subequal along middorsal line in lateral view, each with posterior margin oblique and almost straight. Female. Unknown.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Male, CNC CAS- 78, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada; deposited in CNC.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF977B00FFB82134B588FB38.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is derived from Latin and is a combination of e - (meaning ‘‘ without’ ’) and carinatus (meaning ‘‘ keeled’ ’). The name describes the lack of a lateral pronotal carina in the new species. SUBFAMILY CYNIPINAE LATREILLE TRIBE AYALCINI ASHMEAD	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES: Aulacidea succinea Kinsey, 1919.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Antenna of female long and slender, reaching beyond posterior end of mesosoma when in repose and 14 - segmented; F 1 slightly curved and slightly shorter than F 2 (50: 55); placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres. Compound eyes prominent and long, about twice as long as malar space; gena and vertex glabrous; clypeus ventrally projecting over mandibles, anterior margin trapezoidal; epistomal sulcus absent; facial strigae radiating from clypeus and reaching compound eye; lower face laterally with radiating strigae reaching lower margin of compound eye and medially glabrous. Pronotum long medially, ratio of median to posterior distance between dorsal and ventral margins about 0.56; lateral pronotal carina absent; pronotal surface longitudinally strigate; mesoscutum strongly convex and glabrous, with percurrent notauli; mesopleuron including mesopleural triangle glabrous; mesoscutellum convex, dorsally with broadly spaced costae, posteriorly sloped gradually; mesoscutellar sulcus medially subdivided into two foveae by a longitudinal carina; mesopectus ventrally not projected; mesocoxa directed vertically downward; metapleural sulcus anteriorly ends high, distance between upper metapectal margin and its anterior end about half the distance between its anterior end and anteroventral margin of episternum; metacoxal foramen close to anterior margin of metepisternum. Forewing with marginal cell closed anteriorly; R 1 laterad of 2 r-rs directed strongly obliquely laterally; Rs + M arising from just posterior of middle of first free abscissa of M; areolet present. (Note that we were unable to observe the venation clearly in the holotype. This may be due to deterioration of the specimen in a relatively exposed area through time. Thus, the above description is largely based on Kinsey’s original illustration, assuming that his observations and interpretations of the wing were correct.) Pretarsal claws of all legs simple, without tooth. Nucha low and short, about one-eighth length of metacoxa, dorsally glabrous. Petiole short and inconspicuous, dorsal part crescent-shaped, and glabrous; metasoma laterally strongly compressed, as long as head and mesosoma combined; metasomal T 2 – 3 not fused, about half as long as postpetiolar metasoma; ventral spine of metasomal S 6 short, slightly separated from and extending beyond apex of lateral flap.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The new genus is named after Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey (1894 – 1956) for his significant contributions to the study of gall wasps. His collection of gall wasps is estimated to amount to five million specimens and two million galls, and is now deposited in the AMNH. In addition to the description of about 400 new species of gall wasps, he pioneered the search for gall wasp phylogeny. Dr. Kinsey studied gall wasps for more than 20 years, but later turned his interest to, and became more widely known for, studies of human sexual behavior.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: Aulacidea succinea is considered here to belong to the gall wasp family Cynipidae owing to the absence of the lateral pronotal carina, a synapomorphy for the cynipids, and to the complete absence of synapomorphies defining the sister family Figitidae (e. g., Rs + M arising from distinctly after middle of the first free abscissa of M, metasomal T 2 with distinctly oblique posteri- or margin). Ronquist (1999) suggested that A. succinea belonged to the inquiline complex of Synergus (Synergini). However, the following characters clearly separate the species from the latter: lower face not covered with radiating strigae, but with a medial glabrous area; dorsal part of petiole small, glabrous, and crescentshaped; and metasomal T 2 – 3 not fused to form a large tergite covering more than half of the postpetiolar metasoma. Furthermore, the glabrous and asetose mesoscutum of A. succinea differs from all inquilines except Synophromorpha. Indeed, the fossil is further separated from all inquilines by several features, including toothless pretarsal claws; a clypeus projecting over the mandibles, with its anterior margin trapezoidal; and absence of the epistomal sulcus. Indeed, the fossil can be easily identified as Aylacini using the key to tribes of Neotropical Cynipidae provided by Buffington et al. (2005). Within Aylacini, the new genus more closely resembles those genera that produce galls on Rubus spp. and Potentilla spp. (i. e., Xestophanes and Diastrophus) in that all share glabrous integument on the vertex, mesoscutum, and mesopleuron. However, Kinseycynips can be easily distinguished from these by its toothless claws, closed marginal cell, and 14 - segmented antenna in the female. Kinseycynips is also similar to Aulacidea, the genus where Kinsey (1919) originally placed his species, but Aulacidea females have only 13 - segmented antennae, the vertex and mesoscutum coriaceous or otherwise sculptured (but never glabrous), and the mesopleuron longitudinally striate. Because the new genus shares more similarities with those aylacine genera galling on rosaceous, mostly woody hosts, we think that it was associated with a woody host of the rose family. However, in the absence of a cladistic analysis we cannot exclude the possibility that Kinseycynips was a galler of herbaceous species of the rose family.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	description	Kinseycynips succinea (Kinsey), new combination figure 19	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
875687DCFF9B7B07FFB3223EB03DFB3A.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: Female, Eocene (Lutetian), Baltic amber; deposited in the Amber Fossil Collection, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, AMNH. Kinsey (1919) stated, ‘‘ Type: a single specimen from collection of the Königsberg Museum, and temporarily at the Bussey Institution, of Harvard University. ’’ Once thought to be lost, the specimen was recently rediscovered in the Kinsey Collection at the AMNH. CYNIPOIDEA INCERTAE SEDIS Two additional specimens of cynipoid wasps were recognized, but owing to poor preservation and obscured views through the amber they were not identifiable beyond the level of superfamily. There was one specimen each in Canadian and New Jersey ambers. We provide here their accession numbers so that future workers, with new questions and techniques for old material, might know of their existence and perhaps seek them for study: NJ- 1069 in the AMNH and CAS- 282 in the CNC.	en	LIU, ZHIWEI, ENGEL, MICHAEL S., GRIMALDI, DAVID A. (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3583[1:PAGHOT]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293583%5B1%3APAGHOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2
