identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FC2958B73038E016107096155B262D5A.text	FC2958B73038E016107096155B262D5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus batesi (Boulenger 1900) Boulenger 1900	<div><p>Astylosternus batesi (Boulenger, 1900)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82863 (GenBank MK318840), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Kala, 899 m, 3°50'27.66"N, 11°20'52.44"E, 9 November 2011, leg. M.F. Barej, H.C. Liedtke &amp; N.L. Gonwouo; ZMB 82864 (GenBank MK318841), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Bekob, 893 m, 4°21'51.96"N, 10°25'10.26"E, 30 September 2011, leg. M. Dahmen; ZMB 82865 (GenBank MK318842), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Bekob, 852 m, 4°21'54.36"N, 10°25'17.22"E, 1 September 2011, leg. M. Dahmen; ZMB 82866 (GenBank MK318843), 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Bekob, 917 m, 4°21'27.42"N, 10°25'5.94"E, 9 January 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; F. Grözinger; ZMB 82784 (GenBank MK318844), Gosner stage 36, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Bekob, 807 m, 4°21'54.3"N, 10°25'24.54"E, 10 January 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; F. Grözinger .</p><p>All tadpoles were caught in small to medium-sized streams. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82865 and ZMB 82784. Genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult frog (MC11_205; GenBank MK318905) from Mount Kala, near Kala village, Cameroon. The genotyped individuals were genetically almost identical, the maximum uncorrected p-differences in pairwise comparisons was 0.2% (1 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with long, muscular tail and narrow fins (Fig. 1); body oblong oval in dorsal and lateral view; back with a medial longitudinal-depression; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrow-rounded in lateral view; body length approximately 0.3 (31.3-36.7%, N = 3) of total length; body height 46.3 ± 5.6% of body length; body width 60.5 ± 6.0% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.3 ± 1.4% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 75.2 ± 9.7% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base, ventral fin height narrow, reaching 70.7 ± 4.7% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 91.7 ± 11.5% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 41.3 ± 11.4% of body width; tail axis height 59.8 ± 13.9% of maximum tail height; tail tip rounded; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral air sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, very close to snout, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2/2+2:1; anterior lip only lateral with papillae, large rostral gap; posterior lip with 2-3 rows of approximately 20 uniform papillae, papillae triangular and approximately as long as broad (Fig. 1d); black jaw sheaths massive and serrated; upper jaw with a big medial projection (fang); lower jaw U-shaped with a medial notch.</p><p>The largest tadpole, still Gosner stage 25 (ZMB 82865), measured 25 mm body length. The most developed specimen (ZMB 82784, Gosner stage 36) had similar body length of 24.7 mm. When reconstructing the tail tip of the largest specimens by the shape of tails in smaller specimens we estimate the maximum total length of A. batesi tadpoles to be 60-80 mm.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Brown, slightly fading from snout to tail; dorsal surfaces with irregular dark speckles; ventral surfaces without or only few darker markings; tail fins sometimes with dark blotches or speckles, partly transparent. Life color of very small specimens with much yolk, were much lighter than larger specimens (Fig. 2), showing distinct black blotches on body and tail axis, tail fins completely transparent.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>According to Channing et al. (2012) the anterior lip has three rows of keratodonts, 1:2+2/2+2:1. We cannot exclude that our specimens lost the very short third row, likewise it is possible that populations vary in this character. Channing et al. (2012) describe coloration to be partly yellowish or reddish on back and flanks, ventrally bluish to violet, dark spots on all surfaces, lessso on the venter. Angel (1930) described a tadpole as Gampsosteonyx batesi . As this tadpole originated from an area that is outside the present day range of A. batesi, the description might have be based on another Astylosternus species (Channing et al. 2012).</p><p>Taxonomic remark.</p><p>Whereas all genotyped tadpoles were genetically almost identical amongst each other and an adult from Mount Kala, Cameroon, further genetic comparisons with specimens from across the range of the species revealed three distinct genetic lineages (results not shown). Our tadpoles originated from Cameroon. All genetic samples from Gabon and the Republic of Congo, fell into a different clade. As the type locality of A. batesi however, is " Benito River, Gaboon" (Boulenger 1900), the tadpoles on which our descriptions is based may thus actually belong to an undescribed species within the A. batesi -complex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC2958B73038E016107096155B262D5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
4B080E6F322DA17E2DA0E9567E6E92EA.text	4B080E6F322DA17E2DA0E9567E6E92EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus diadematus Werner 1898	<div><p>Astylosternus diadematus Werner, 1898</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82799 (GenBank MK318845), 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Nkikok, 1328 m, 5°5'34.5"N, 9°49'3.8"E, 8 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82870 (GenBank MK318846), 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, M’Bourouko, 1459 m, 5°4'3.48"N, 9°51'56.22"E, 1 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 88345, 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Mokango, 621 m, 5°8'11.29"N, 9°4'37.43"E, 9 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88346, 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 36, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Mokango, 502 m, 5°7'36.51"N, 9°4'9.49"E, 10 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger .</p><p>The two specimens from Mount Manengouba were caught in medium-sized streams in gallery forest; the Korup specimens were from small creeks in rainforest. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82799 and ZMB 88346. Genotyped tadpoles have been compared with two adults from Mount Nlonako, Cameroon (ZFMK 81585 and ZFMK 81702; GenBank MK318847, MK318848). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between the tadpoles and between the tadpoles and the adults ranged from 0.2-0.7% (1-3 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long robust tadpole with muscular tail (Fig. 3); body oval in dorsal and lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view, slightly more pointed in lateral view; body length approximately 0.3 (32.8-32.9%, N = 2) of total length; body height 46.7 ± 4.5% of body length; body width 60.7 ± 7.8% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.5 ± 1.0% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 70.9 ± 3.5% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base, ventral fin height 67.7 ± 3.2% smaller than dorsal fin height; highest part of tail axis approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 82.2-85.7% (N = 2) of maximum tail height; tail axis width 47.4 ± 4.8% of body width; tail axis height 69.8 ± 5.4% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, very close to snout, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip only with lateral papillae and large rostral gap; posterior lip with two rows of around 20 papillae, central papillae long and narrow, papillae becoming smaller towards angles of the mouth (Fig. 3c); black jaw sheaths massive and serrated; upper jaw with a medial fang, lower jaw U-shaped with medial notch.</p><p>The largest tadpole (ZMB 88346, Gosner stage 36) had 72 mm total length (body length: 23 mm).</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Brown to dark brown, dorsal surfaces darker, venter lighter and more grayish; flanks densely beset with diffuse and small brown spots; intensity of patterning deceases from back to vent; tail fins slightly transparent, dorsal fin with dark patterning, ventral fin with fewer dark spots.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>ZMB 88346 had a particularly high body (95.4% of maximum tail height) and a keratodont formula of 1:2+2/1+1:2. Channing et al. (2012) report the keratodont formulae 3+3/2+2:1 and 3+3/1+1:2, as well as lighter coloration and less dark spots. The latter differences possibly are due to preservation differences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B080E6F322DA17E2DA0E9567E6E92EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
5641EF64543800F69F025F25EDE709E4.text	5641EF64543800F69F025F25EDE709E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus fallax Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus fallax Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82868 (GenBank MK318849), 3 tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Njuma, 373 m, 4°20'54.66"N, 10°14'24.3"E, 16 July 2011, leg. M. Dahmen &amp; M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82869 (GenBank MK318850), 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Njuma, 306 m, 4°20'35.64"N, 10°14'0.54"E, 29 September 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; M.-O. Rödel .</p><p>All tadpoles were caught in forest streams. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82868. Genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from Bekop, Ebo forest, Cameroon (ZMB 82787; GenBank MK318851). The two tadpoles and the adult were genetically identical.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with long, muscular tail (Fig. 4); body oval in dorsal and lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; body length 36.3 ± 2.6% of total length; body height 40.3 ± 3.3% of body length; body width 56.2 ± 4.4% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.4 ± 0.5% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 74.1 ± 7.0% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height narrower, 68.9 ± 11.5%, than dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 96.6 ± 14.8% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 45.6% ± 10.0% of body width; tail axis height 69.3 ± 4.7% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth positioned rostroventral, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with lateral papillae and big rostral gap; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of app. 20 triangular papillae (Fig. 4c), papillae of inner row (or rows) shorter than in the marginal row; black jaw sheaths massive and serrated; upper jaw sheath with a small medial fang, lower jaw U-shaped with a broad medial notch.</p><p>The tadpoles (all Gosner stage 25) ranged from 45 mm to 74 mm total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Basic color light brown, the dorsal surfaces darker; back and tail with irregular, big, dark brown spots or blotches; venter light with few or no dark speckling; tail fins beige, semitransparent with dark brown spots.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks.</p><p>Morphologically and genetically tadpoles of this species were very similar to A. laurenti and a taxon (here termed A. cf. fallax) which genetically was intermediate between A. fallax and A. laurenti (for respective tadpole descriptions see below). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between A. fallax and A. laurenti was 2.55%, between A. fallax and A. cf. fallax it was 1.85%, and between A. laurenti and A. cf. fallax the distance was 1.99%. Further morphological and genetically research is necessary to conform if these three lineages represent distinct species or merely are representatives of one, genetically variable species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5641EF64543800F69F025F25EDE709E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
961823580DB22D9D32D830E6C8FD981D.text	961823580DB22D9D32D830E6C8FD981D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus fallax Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus cf. fallax Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82867 (GenBank MK318852), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, foot of Mt Nlonako, Ekomtolo, 477 m, 4°49'58.46"N, 9°55'33.42"E, 24 November 2011, leg. M.F. Barej, H.C. Liedtke, N.L. Gonwouo &amp; M. Hirschfeld.</p><p>The tadpole was caught in a forest stream. The genotyped tadpole has been compared with the two adults from Mount Nlonako, Cameroon (ZFMK 81164 and ZFMK 81608; GenBank MK318853, MK318854). The tadpole was genetically identical to these adults (compare Taxonomic remarks in the description of the A. fallax tadpole).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with long, muscular tail (Fig. 5); body oval in dorsal view, bullet-shaped in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; body length 31.7% of total length; body height 34.9% of body length; body width 48.4% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 10.7% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 86.7% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height narrower, 73.2% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately at two-thirds of the tail; body height 72.3% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 52.6% of body width; tail axis height 65.3% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth positioned rostroventral, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with lateral papillae and big rostral gap; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of ca 20 massive papillae, papillae of marginal row are distinctly longer than of inner rows (Fig. 5c); black jaw sheaths massive and serrated; upper jaw sheath with a small medial fang, lower jaw U-shaped with a broad medial notch.</p><p>The tadpole (Gosner stage 25) measures 97.4 mm in total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Basic color light brown with darker and speckled dorsal surface; venter light and grayish with few or no dark speckling; tail fins beige, semitransparent with irregular tiny dark brown spots. In life the color was of a duller, darker brown (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/961823580DB22D9D32D830E6C8FD981D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
492BA4D669F8D0C2CC8E78D638919939.text	492BA4D669F8D0C2CC8E78D638919939.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus laurenti Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus laurenti Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 88353 (GenBank MK318855), 1 tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Bera, 564 m, 5°21'59.57"N, 8°59'45.6"E, 22 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger .</p><p>The tadpole was caught in a forest stream. It was genotyped and compared with an adult from east of Ntale village, Banyang-Mbo, Cameroon (MCZ A-136785; GenBank MK318856); the uncorrected p-difference was 0.2% (1 bp) (compare Taxonomic remarks in the description of the A. fallax tadpole).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with long, muscular tail (Fig. 7); body oval in dorsal view, bullet-shaped in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 34.2% of total length; body height 41.8% of body length; body width 54.8% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 13.0% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 77.1% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height narrower, measuring 72.2% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail slightly behind the middle of the tail; body height 77.1% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 47.4% of body width; tail axis height 61.5% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth positioned rostroventral, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with lateral papillae and big rostral gap; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of ca 20 triangular papillae (Fig. 7c), papillae of inner row (or rows) shorter than in the marginal row; black jaw sheaths massive and serrated; upper jaw sheath with a small medial fang, lower jaw U-shaped with a broad medial notch.</p><p>The tadpole (Gosner stage 25) measures 51.7 mm in total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Basic color light brown, the dorsal surfaces darker; back and tail axis with irregular, dark brown spotted patterns; ventral surfaces light with few or no dark speckling; tail fins beige, semitransparent with tiny dark brown spots on dorsal fin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/492BA4D669F8D0C2CC8E78D638919939	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
EC291CAF412F9F6CD83ED2EDB1FDFC92.text	EC291CAF412F9F6CD83ED2EDB1FDFC92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus laticephalus Roedel, Hillers, Leache, Kouame, Ofori-Boateng, Diaz & Sandberger 2012	<div><p>Astylosternus laticephalus Roedel, Hillers, Leache, Kouame, Ofori-Boateng, Diaz &amp; Sandberger, 2012</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 75460 (Gosner stage 39, Ghana, Afao Hills, 531 m, 6°15'19.36"N, 2°17'37.14"W, 28 March 2007, leg. C.O. Boateng &amp; A. Hillers). This tadpole was already assigned to A. laticephalus and described in Rödel et al. (2012) and in Channing et al. (2012). The tail tip is lost, so total length was taken from Rödel et al. (2012). This specimen has various preservation artifacts.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long tadpole with muscular tail; body oval in dorsal and lateral view (Fig. 8); snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, almost truncated in lateral view; body length 36.4% of total length; body height 29.5% of body length; body width 69.6% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.0% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 34.4% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base, ventral fin narrower, 82.6% of dorsal fin height; body height around 130% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 35.4% of body width; tail axis height 65.1% of maximum tail height; vent tube dextral, body with huge lateral sacs, extending from halfway in between eye level and spiracle to end of body; short spiracle (almost impossible to see), sinistral; mouth ventral and close to snout, mouth smaller than interorbital distance; labial tooth formula 1:1+1/1+1:2, the first pair rows in the lower lip are very close to each other ( Rödel et al. 2012 interpreted this as being 1:1+1/3); anterior lip with lateral papillae and large rostral gap; posterior lip with 1 or 2 rows of small, uniformly rounded papillae (Fig. 8c), which are as long as they are wide; black, massive, serrated jaws; upper jaw broadly arched with a small medial fang, lower jaw broadly V-shaped.</p><p>The maximum size of A. laticephalus tadpoles is estimated to be around 60-70 mm. The total length of ZMB 75460 is 62.1 mm.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>General color light brown or beige, with irregular small brown spots covering body and tail; ventral surfaces of body more grayish, dark speckling almost absent; tail tip darker.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC291CAF412F9F6CD83ED2EDB1FDFC92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
A5467A56F75F9A6D716601BB6A70E9B1.text	A5467A56F75F9A6D716601BB6A70E9B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus montanus Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus montanus Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82871 (GenBank MK318857), 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 28 (A) and stage 25 (B), Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, 1290 m, 4°58'23.76"N, 9°52'31.8"E, 21 November 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82872, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1365 m, 5°0'33"N, 9°46'30"E, 14 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82873, 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1372 m, 5°0'46.5"N, 9°46'5.82"E, 16 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82874 (GenBank MK318860), 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 35, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1417 m, 5°1'27.6"N, 9°45'53.2"E, 15 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82875 (GenBank MK318861), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1356 m, 5°1'33.4"N, 9°45'46.7"E, 16 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82876 (GenBank MK318862), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1372 m, 5°0'46.5"N, 9°46'5.8"E, 7 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld.</p><p>All tadpoles were caught in small to medium-sized streams. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82875. The genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from Mount Rata, Rumpi Hills, Cameroon (MHNG 2715.35; GenBank MK318863). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between tadpoles and between tadpoles and the adult ranged from 0.20-0.71% (1-4 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Robust tadpole with long muscular tail (Fig. 9); body bullet-shaped in dorsal view, more oval in lateral view; back with a longitudinal medial depression; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 33.3 ± 1.0% of total length; body height 43.8 ± 4.5% of body length; body width 55.8 ± 5.0% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 10.5 ± 0.8% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 81.8 ± 11.5% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow; ventral fin originating from tail base, dorsal fin slightly behind, ventral fin height 70.7 ± 6.8% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail at about middle of tail length; body height 104.6 ± 12.2% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 47.9 ± 9.3% of body width; tail axis height 70.2 ± 10.2% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, close to snout, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with large rostral gap, only few small papillae anterior to angles of mouth; posterior lip with two rows of around 30 triangular papillae, slightly longer than wide with rounded tips (Fig. 9c); black, massive, serrated jaw sheaths; upper jaw arched with a small medial projection (fang), lower jaw V-shaped.</p><p>The largest tadpole in Gosner stage 25 has a body length of 22.5 mm; the longest one (Gosner stage 28) had a total length of 73.2 mm.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Basic color brownish, dorsal surfaces darker than ventral ones, turning into yellow, tail lighter brown; tail axis with few dark speckles; tail fins very light brown, semitransparent and with a longitudinal row of small spots on the margin of dorsal fin.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks.</p><p>As in A. batesi and A. fallax, we have molecular evidence for cryptic diversity in A. montanus . Apart from the above listed material, we had access to further samples which represented an additional genetic lineage. The distances between the two clades reached an uncorrected pairwise distance of 2.5%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5467A56F75F9A6D716601BB6A70E9B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
6953900F8B49B4DC633A8EAEC2DBF584.text	6953900F8B49B4DC633A8EAEC2DBF584.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus occidentalis Parker 1931	<div><p>Astylosternus occidentalis Parker, 1931</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 77317, 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Guinea, Déré, 419 m, 7°36'20.0"N, 8°15'36.5"W, 7 August 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 77440, Gosner stage 25, Guinea, Ziama, 664 m, 8°23'99.3"N, 9°17'13.7"W, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 77438, Gosner stage 26, Guinea, Fouta Djallon, Chûte Saala, 939 m, 11°17'26.2"N, 12°29'58.0"W, July 2010, leg. C. Brede &amp; J. Doumbia; ZMB 77439, Gosner stage 25, Guinea, Fouta Djallon, Chûte Dintin, 760 m, 10°49'13.1"N, 12°11'30.7"W, 24 July 2010, leg. C. Brede &amp; J. Doumbia; ZMB 75368 2 tadpoles, Gosner stage 41 (A) and 37 (B), Sierra Leone, Gola North, leg. J. van der Winden; ZMB 37564, Gosner stage 26, Guinea, Mt Nimba, leg. M. Lamotte.</p><p>The description is mainly based on the two tadpoles accessioned as ZMB 77317. These and ZMB 77440 have been already described by Rödel et al. (2012), who also provide genetic sequences for specimens across the entire range of the species.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with strong, muscular tail (Fig. 10); body oval in dorsal and lateral view; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 31.1 ± 2.8% of total length; body height 40.2 ± 2.2% of body length; body width 56.1 ± 4.9% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.5 ± 2.3% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 62.2 ± 2.7% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow; ventral fin originating from tail base, dorsal fin insertion a bit posterior to tail base; ventral fin height 71.6 ± 13.7% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 84.8 ± 9.4% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 53.1 ± 8.6% of body width; tail axis height 71.9 ± 14.2% of maximum tail height; tail tip broadly pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, very close to snout, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with a few lateral papillae and large rostral gap; posterior lip with 2-3 rows of about 30 short and triangular papillae (Fig. 10c); papillae of inner row smaller than those of marginal row; black, massive, serrated jaw sheaths; upper jaw broadly arched with a small medial projection (fang), lower jaw narrowly U-shaped.</p><p>The largest tadpole in Gosner stage 25 measured 95.9 mm total length. Gosner stage 41 tadpole measured 77.5 mm. Tadpoles with more than 10 cm total length have been caught ( Guibé and Lamotte 1958b; MOR unpubl. data).</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body more or less uniform dark brown; ventral lighter, slightly grayish; tail fin margins are missing dark pigmentation; last third of tail darker to almost black (Fig. 10). In life, ventral surfaces grayish; lateral and dorsal parts, as well as tail, with a small but very dense yellow and brown speckling (Fig. 11). This pattern progressively becomes denser and darker towards tail tip.</p><p>Variation .</p><p>ZMB 75368 (Gosner stage 41) is very light brown in comparison to other specimens. According to Lamotte (1985), tooth row P2 is continuous and not divided, thus tooth row formula would be 1:2+2/1+1:2. According to Lamotte, the body is almost evenly pigmented, with lighter lateral sacs and lightly speckled tail. The tadpole of this species was first described by Lamotte and Zuber-Vogeli (1954) as A. diadematus. Parker (1936) mentioned A. occidentalis tadpoles from Liberia. More recent descriptions have been published by Channing et al. (2012) and Rödel et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6953900F8B49B4DC633A8EAEC2DBF584	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
F8590D271617DBFFF1F1708618134586.text	F8590D271617DBFFF1F1708618134586.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus perreti Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus perreti Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82877 (GenBank MK318864), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1365 m, 5°0'33"N, 9°46'30"E, 14 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82879 (GenBank MK318865), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1372 m, 5°0'46.5"N, 9°46'5.82"E, 16 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82880 (GenBank MK318866), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Pastoral Nkongsamba, 1457 m, 4°59'13.26"N, 9°52'45.9"E, 18 January 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; F. Grözinger; ZMB 82881 (GenBank MK318867), 2 tadpoles, 1 genotyped, both Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1356 m, 5°1'33.4"N, 9°45'46.7"E, 16 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82882 (GenBank MK318868), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1372 m, 5°0'46.45"N, 9°46'5.82"E, 7 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82883 (GenBank MK318869), 2 tadpoles, 1 genotyped, both Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1372 m, 5°0'46.5"N, 9°46'5.8"E, 7 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82884A, Gosner stage 28, ZMB 82884B (GenBank MK318870), Gosner stage 27, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1342 m, 5°0'46.5"N, 9°46'30.9"E, 8 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82816 (GenBank MK318871), Gosner stage 26, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Ebonemin, 1356 m, 5°1'33.42"N, 9°45'46.74"E, 13 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld.</p><p>All tadpoles were caught in small to medium-sized streams and rivers in secondary and very degraded forests. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82881B and ZMB 82884B. Genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from Mount Kupe, Cameroon (MHNG 2715.38; GenBank MK318872). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between tadpoles and between tadpoles and the adult ranged from 0-0.4% (0-2 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with strong and muscular tail (Fig. 12); longish oval in dorsal view, slightly flatter in lateral view; back with medial, longitudinal depression; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 31.2 ± 2.2% of total length; body height 43.4 ± 4.5% of body length; body width 54.7 ± 5.9% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 12.0 ± 1.5% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 87.7 ± 5.1% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height 79.9 ± 6.8% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 98.8 ± 11.2% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 48.5 ± 10.3% of body width; tail axis height 72.3 ± 7.3% of maximum tail height; tail tip very narrow, filamentous; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout and narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with only a few lateral papillae and large rostral gap; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of ca 20-30 small, broadly triangular (shark tooth-shaped) papillae (Fig. 12c), medial papillae bigger than lateral ones; black, massive, serrated jaw sheaths; upper jaw broadly arched with a small medial projection (fang), lower jaw narrow U- to V-shaped.</p><p>The largest tadpole in Gosner stage 25 measured 26.2 mm body length and had an approximate total length of 78 mm. The most advanced specimen at Gosner stage 28 had a total length of 108.1 mm.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body dark brown; tail very light brown to beige; lateral sacs and ventrum lighter brown or dark gray; a broad dark brown longitudinal band on tail axis reaching about middle to two-thirds of tail length, proximate end of tail with smaller dark speckles; fins light yellowish beige (Fig. 12). In life body and tail light brown with black blotches on back and broad black bands and spots on tail axis; lateral sacks light grayish brown; tail fins transparent greyish brown (Fig. 13).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>In larger specimens (Fig. 12b, c) the dark pattern on body and tail axis seems to fade, base color becomes darker. Size and arrangement of dark marks differ between specimens (Figs 12b, c, 13).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks.</p><p>Whereas all genotyped tadpoles and the comparative adult were genetically almost identical, a single specimen (MHNG 2715.40 from Mofako Balue, Rumpi Hills) differed genetically by about 2%, indicating intraspecific genetic variability or cryptic diversity. The tadpoles used for the description are from the area of the type locality (Mouandong) of A. perreti .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8590D271617DBFFF1F1708618134586	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
CA26AD6EE13DB0DB461EA966800D3FB8.text	CA26AD6EE13DB0DB461EA966800D3FB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus ranoides Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus ranoides Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82823 (GenBank MK318873), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2135 m, 5°0'35.4"N, 9°51'24.8"E, 7 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld.</p><p>The tadpole was caught in a medium-sized river within a heavily degraded forest fragment. The tail tip had been taken as tissue sample; the continuation of the tail tip was thus reconstructed based on the generalized tail shape of the genus, and total length estimated (compare Fig. 14a).</p><p>The tadpole’s sequence has been compared with an adult from Kodmin, Cameroon (ZFMK 67364; GenBank MK318874). The two sequences were identical.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with narrow, muscular tail (Fig. 14); body longish oval in dorsal view, more flattened in lateral view; snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, almost truncate in lateral view; body length 34.1% of total length; body height 45.2% of body length; body width 58.1% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 9.6% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 83.3% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal and ventral fin originating at tail base; ventral fin height 81.8% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the last third of the tail; body height 82.4% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 33.3% of body width; tail axis height 61.8% of maximum tail height; exact form of tail tip unknown; vent tube dextral; body with lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout tip, narrower than interorbital distance; no keratodonts; anterior lip with large rostral gap, only two papillae on each side, close to angles of jaw; posterior lip with about 15 short roundish papillae (Fig. 14c); massive black, serrated jaws, both more or less U-shaped.</p><p>Total length of this tadpole was estimated to be about 18 mm (Fig. 14a). The absence of keratodonts implies that the tadpole is in a very early stage of development.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body light brown to beige, slightly speckled; tail axis yellowish with large dark brown blotches; tail fins with dark patterning, but predominately transparent (in Fig. 14a the background was black).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA26AD6EE13DB0DB461EA966800D3FB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204.text	F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astylosternus rheophilus Amiet 1978	<div><p>Astylosternus rheophilus Amiet, 1978</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82885 (GenBank MK318875), Gosner stage 25, ZMB 82886 (GenBank MK318876), Gosner stage 39 and ZMB 82886A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2114 m, 5°0'51.78"N, 9°49'24.24"E, 8 November 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82887 (GenBank MK318877) and ZMB 82887A, Gosner stage 36, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1719 m, 5°3'27.96"N, 9°49'39"E, 2 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82888 (GenBank MK318878), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2088 m, 5°2'7.6"N, 9°50'46.8"E, 3 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82889 (GenBank MK318879) and ZMB 82889A, Gosner stage 26, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 5°2'13"N, 9°51'24.5"E, 4 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82890 (GenBank MK318880), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2100 m, 5°1'4.6"N, 9°51'54.9"E, 5 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82891 (GenBank MK318881), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Caldera, 1889 m, 5°2'26.2"N, 9°48'30"E, 6 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82892 (GenBank MK318882), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1788 m, 5°3'26.6"N, 9°50'10.2"E, 2 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82893 (GenBank MK318883), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1719 m, 5°3'27.9"N, 9°49'39"E, 6 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82894 (GenBank MK318884), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Nkikok, 1328 m, 5°5'34.5"N, 9°49'3.8"E, 8 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82895 (GenBank MK318885) and ZMB 82895A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, M’Bouroukou, 1518 m, 5°3'48.2"N, 9°52'0.1"E, 22 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82896 (GenBank MK318886), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2042 m, 5°2'26.3"N, 9°51'18.9"E, 23 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82897 (GenBank MK318887) and ZMB 82897A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 1992 m, 5°2'13"N, 9°51'24.5"E, 24 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82898 (GenBank MK318888), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2088 m, 5°2'7.6"N, 9°50'46.8"E, 25 September 20011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82899 (GenBank MK318889), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2135 m, 5°0'35.4"N, 9°51'24.8"E, 28 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82900 (GenBank MK318890), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Nkack, 1466 m, 5°2'17.4"N, 9°46'27.3"E, 13 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82901 (GenBank MK318891), Gosner stage 27, ZMB 82901A, Gosner stage 26, ZMB 82901B, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Caldera, 1889 m, 5°2'26.2"N, 9°48'30"E, 17 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82902 (GenBank MK318892), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1788 m, 5°3'26.6"N, 9°50'10.2"E, 20 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82828 (GenBank MK318893), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2012 m, 5°2'24"N, 9°51'39.3"E, 26 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 79241, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2042 m, 5°2'26.3"N, 9°51'18.9"E, 4 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld.</p><p>All tadpoles were collected from streams in gallery forest and very degraded forest fragments. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82892 and ZMB 82901. The genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from the Tchabal Mbabo, Cameroon (ZFMK 75632; GenBank MK318894). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between tadpoles and between tadpoles and the adult ranged from 0-0.2% (0-1 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long robust tadpole with almost parallel flanks and long, muscular tail (Fig. 15); body bullet-shaped in dorsal view, oval but slightly flattened in lateral view; back with a longitudinal medial depression; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 32.8 ± 1.7% of total length; body height 42.2 ± 4.5% of body length; body width 55.3 ± 5.5% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 10.8 ± 1.0% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 82.8 ± 5.5% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height 79.9 ± 6.8% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 98.4 ± 9.6% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 46.5 ± 6.9% of body width; tail axis height 71.2 ± 9.9% of maximum tail height; tail tip narrow and pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout, in almost terminal position, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with large rostral gap, short, round papillae restricted to corner of mouth; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of about 20-30 uniform, slender, triangular papillae; massive, black and serrated jaws, upper jaw arched with a big medial fang, lower jaw narrowly V-shaped, without visible notch.</p><p>The largest specimen at Gosner stage 25, as well as the largest specimen at Gosner stage 36, were the two largest tadpoles in our samples, both reaching about 80 mm total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body light to dark brown, lateral sacs and ventral surfaces lighter, more grayish; fine brown speckling on tail axis, fading from dorsal to ventral parts; fins largely beige transparent, with tiny brown dots along the margin of the last third of dorsal and ventral fin.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Except the large size range of tadpoles all in Gosner stage 25, tadpoles were very uniform in color ation, body and mouth part proportions and characteristics. The tadpole of A. rheophilus was already described by Channing et al. (2012). These authors give an additional keratodont formula as 1:2+2/1:1+1:1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
22A221782460186D604340A65E8AC287.text	22A221782460186D604340A65E8AC287.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nyctibates corrugatus Boulenger 1904	<div><p>Nyctibates corrugatus Boulenger, 1904</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82109, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Kala, near Kala village, 848 m, 3°50'31.86"N, 11°21'4.32"E, 9 November 2015, leg. M.F. Barej, H.C. Liedtke &amp; L.N Gonwouo; ZMB 82112, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Njuma, 311 m, 4°21'55.68"N, 10°25'18.48"E, 6 October 2011, leg. M. Dahmen; ZMB 82115, Gosner stage 26, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Njuma, 255 m, 4°20'51.06"N, 10°13'35.04"E, 27 September 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; M.-O. Rödel; ZMB 82116, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Bekop, 825 m, 4°21'55.68"N, 10°25'18.48"E, 10 January 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld &amp; F. Grözinger; ZMB 88351 (GenBank MK318904), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Esukutan, 422 m, 5°22'24.81"N, 8°59'51.35"E, 20 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger).</p><p>All tadpoles were collected from small to medium-sized forest streams. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82112 and ZMB 82115. The latter specimen was the bases of the description by Channing et al. (2012). The N. corrugatus tadpole was first described by Amiet (1971). The genotyped tadpole has been compared with an adult from the vicinity of Ediensoa, Cameroon (GenBank DQ283361). The two sequences were identical.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Very long and robust, but still slender tadpole with strong, muscular tail (Fig. 16); body oblong oval to almost rectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 16b shows some artificial shrinking), flattened and elongated in lateral view, belly region fatter than head; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 38.0 ± 1.3% of total length; body height 29.0 ± 3.5% of body length; body width 39.5 ± 0.7% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 6.4 ± 0.9% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 83.4 ± 4.9% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, ventral fin originating from tail base, dorsal fin originates at about first third of the tail; ventral fin height 76.5 ± 3.3%, than dorsal fin height; highest part of tail in the last third; body height 81.8 ± 8.3% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 53.4 ± 2.9% of body width; tail axis height 62.3 ± 6.8% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral air sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout and narrower than interorbital distance; labial tooth formula 1/1; anterior labium consists of two semicircular lobes, the edges carrying a row of short round marginal papillae, the gap between the two lobes very small; posterior labium a wide, flat lobe, carrying one row of about 20-30 uniform, short round marginal papillae, a few further, widely spaced small, wart-like papillae are arranged in one transversal row across the labium; heavily serrated, black jaws; upper jaw broadly arched with a medial fang, lower jaw broadly V-shaped without a notch.</p><p>The largest specimen (Gosner stage 25) measured 81 mm total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body and tail including fins plain brown in preservation; ventrum brighter and more grayish; ventral fin brighter and more transparent than dorsal fin (Fig. 16). In life the tadpoles are dark brown to almost black with a blue tinge along the lower parts of flanks, belly and tail axis (Fig. 17). ZMB 82109 shows large areas of little or absent pigmentation, what might be a preservation artifact.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/22A221782460186D604340A65E8AC287	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
8EE4281D1E8ABB99DF73FE9B4C48A387.text	8EE4281D1E8ABB99DF73FE9B4C48A387.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scotobleps gabonicus Boulenger 1900	<div><p>Scotobleps gabonicus Boulenger, 1900</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>ZMB 82118 and ZMB 82118A, both tadpoles Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Ebo Forest, Ndogbanguengue, 113 m, 4°24'36.54"N, 10°10'10.19"E, 22 September 2012, leg. M. Dahmen; ZMB 88347 (GenBank MK318895), Gosner stage 41, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Mokango, 5°8'2.26"N, 9°5'17.02"E, 8 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88348 (GenBank MK318896), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Mokango, 758 m, 5°8'40.46"N, 9°5'6.70"E, 9 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88349 (GenBank MK318897), Gosner stage 39, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Mokango, 533 m, 5°7'50.1"N, 9°3'46.4"E, 10 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88350 (GenBank MK318898), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Esukatan, 189 m, 5°23'8.54"N, 9°0'36.72"E, 19 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88354 (GenBank MK318899), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Bera, 298 m, 5°21'5.47"N, 8°59'12.27"E, 23 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88355 (GenBank MK318900), Gosner stage 35, ZMB 88356 (GenBank MK318901), Gosner stage 38, Cameroon, near Korup National Park, Ikundukundu, 147 m, 5°2'25.1"N, 8°55'3"E, 1 June 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger; ZMB 88357 (GenBank MK318902), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Ikenge, 292 m, 5°16'30.86"N, 9°6'47.28"E, 13 May 2014, leg. F. Mühlberger .</p><p>All tadpoles were caught in small to medium-sized streams and rivers in low- to middle-altitude forests. The description is mainly based on ZMB 88355. The genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from Big Massaka, Cameroon (MHNG 2716.24; GenBank MK318903). The uncorrected pairwise p difference between tadpoles and between tadpoles and the adult ranged from 0-0.4% (0-2 bp).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Long slender tadpole with slim, muscular tail (Fig. 18); body egg-shaped in dorsal view, slightly flattened in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrow-rounded and sloping in lateral view; body length 32.6 ± 1.0% of total length; body height 40.0 ± 5.9% of body length; body width 56.1 ± 3.4% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 11.7 ± 1.2% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 59.5 ± 10.2% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ven tral fin originating from tail base, ventral fin height 64.5 ± 5.9%, of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 87.9 ± 11.2% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 41.5 ± 7.2% of body width; tail axis height 68.5 ± 10.1% of maximum tail height; tail tip pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, reaching from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout and smaller than interorbital distance; labial tooth formula 1:2/2:2; anterior lip carries no marginal papillae, posterior lip carries 2 or 3 rows of around 20-30 variable papillae, small lobe on each corner of the mouth (Fig. 18c), large rostral gap, papillae short and triangular (with rounded tip), marginal papillae bigger than those of inner row; jaws massive, black and fully keratinized; both jaws sharply serrated, upper jaw almost rectangular with 2 or 3 enlarged fangs on each side, lower jaw V-shaped without a notch.</p><p>The largest tadpole (ZMB 88347, Gosner stage 41) measured 62.2 mm. The tadpoles of Gosner stages 38 and 39 all measured about 60 mm total length.</p><p>Coloration in preservation.</p><p>Body brown, lateral sacs slightly more grayish; tail uniform dark brown at tail base, slightly fading to a fine but dense pattern of lighter brown speckles towards tail tip; fins yellowish brown with a dark reddish brown pattern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8EE4281D1E8ABB99DF73FE9B4C48A387	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Griesbaum, Frederic;Hirschfeld, Mareike;F. Barej, Michael;Schmitz, Andreas;Rohrmoser, Mariam;Dahmen, Matthias;Muehlberger, Fabian;Christoph Liedtke, H.;L. Gonwouo, Nono;Doumbia, Joseph;Roedel, Mark-Oliver	Griesbaum, Frederic, Hirschfeld, Mareike, F. Barej, Michael, Schmitz, Andreas, Rohrmoser, Mariam, Dahmen, Matthias, Muehlberger, Fabian, Christoph Liedtke, H., L. Gonwouo, Nono, Doumbia, Joseph, Roedel, Mark-Oliver (2019): Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 133-160, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793
