taxonID	type	description	language	source
877A7251CC58DE25FE9B26E0D2041A96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MIN, colony on abraded metal plate (NHM 2006.2.27.1), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.2). Additional material: 149 specimens. Also examined for comparison: Electra arctica (Borg, 1931), ZIRAS 36 / 50535, colony on a pebble sorted from a crab trap Middle Fishery Refrigerator Trawler Rodino, 57 ° 36.29 N, 156 ° 09.09 E, Sea of Okhotsk, Western Kamchatka shelf, about 32 km from cape Hayryuzova, depth 78 – 81 m, coll. 12 September 1992 by A. V. Grischenko. Description Colony encrusting, yellowish when alive, forming a thin, irregular network, the largest observed about 2.5 cm across; zooids arranged in anastomosing uniserial branches that expand to lobes two to four zooids across, sometimes more (Figure 3 A – C). Zooids oblong, thin-walled, widest in middle, 0.40 – 0.60 mm long (0.49 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.22 – 0.35 mm wide (0.28 ¡ 0.03 mm), rounded distally, narrower proximally; separated by a deep groove along lateral margins when anastomosed; lateral walls smooth, vertical to sloping when uniserial; transverse boundary between zooids indistinct. Mural rim raised, sharp. Cryptocyst a narrow, granulated sloping shelf below marginal rim (Figure 3 D). Opesia oval to elliptical, 0.25 – 0.35 mm long (0.31 ¡ 0.03 mm), 0.14 – 0.20 mm wide (0.16 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 50 – 70 % of zooidal length. Frontal membrane thin, transparent. Operculum (Figure 3 D) semicircular, calcified, of sharply contrasting white colour. Gymnocyst smooth, narrow distally and laterally, elongate and tapering proximally, semicircular in transverse section, sometimes with weak transverse rugae. Proximal to opesia, gymnocyst often rises into a short, calcified spinous process (Figure 3 D). Zooids interconnect via a few minute pores in the basal half of distal wall. Avicularia, lateral spines, ovicells, and hibernacules absent. Ancestrula not seen. Remarks Nikulina (2006) recently described this species from Akkeshi Bay. Among congeners, Electra korobokkura most closely resembles Electra arctica (Borg, 1931) in growth form, as both can form narrowly multiserial branches in portions of colonies. For comparison with E. korobokkura (Figure 3), we illustrate a subtidal specimen of what we consider to be E. arctica, from the western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk (Figure 4). This specimen illustrates all the characters considered diagnostic by Hansen (1962), who briefly reviewed E. arctica: well-developed gymnocyst (Figure 4 B – D); enlarged base of proximal spine (Figure 4 C, D); well-developed cryptocyst with a crenulated border (Figure 4 D); more heavy calcification than in other Electra species; operculum heavily calcified, with the proximal border straight (in our specimen, there is intra-colony variation, with some opercula having a concave proximal border) (Figure 4 D); the opesial opening restricted or reduced by a closure plate (Figure 4 C) in some zooids; and a tendency to form kenozooids (Figures 4 B – D) of reduced size among autozooids. Compared to E. arctica, E. korobokkura has a greater tendency to form uniserial branches (compare Figure 3 with Figure 4). Compared to Electra arctica, zooids of Electra korobokkura appear less heavily calcified; the proximal gymnocyst has the transverse rugae weaker or lacking; the cryptocyst is narrower and much less heavily granulated, leaving a larger opesial opening in relation to overall zooid size; the operculum is less heavily calcified; and the basal chamber of the proximal spine is smaller. Furthermore, the closure plates of kenozooids have a smooth surface in E. korobokkura (Nikulina 2006, Figures 2, 3 B, 4) whereas in E. arctica the closure plates have a broad, granulated component of cryptocystal calcification surrounding the opening (Figure 4 C, D). Zooids of the E. arctica specimen we illustrate (Figure 4) are 0.42 – 0.73 mm long (0.57 ¡ 0.07 mm) by 0.22 – 0.48 mm wide (0.34 ¡ 0.06 mm), and the opesia is 0.20 – 0.33 mm long (0.26 ¡ 0.03 mm) by 0.12 – 0.21 mm wide (0.18 ¡ 0.02 mm). Thus, while the zooids of E. arctica are larger than those of E. korobokkura, the opesia of the former is roughly the same size or even smaller than that of the latter. Distribution Akkeshi Bay is the only known locality. Some previous records of nominal E. arctica in the northwestern Pacific (e. g. Mawatari 1956, 1974; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b) may have included specimens of this species.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC5DDE20FE3524D9D3C2191B.taxon	description	(Figure 5) Electra crustulenta var. baltica: Kubanin 1976, p 31. Electra baltica: Kubanin 1997, p 121; Grischenko 2002, p 113 (part). Electra arctica: Nikulina 2006, p 28, Figure 5 A – C. Diagnosis Colony coherent; opesia large; gymnocyst well developed; cryptocyst moderately well developed, the entire rim crenulate; chitinous spine well developed; base of spine variable in size; chitinized operculum contrasting sharply in colour with the transparent frontal membrane; colony uniserial only near ancestrula, rapidly giving rise to fan-shaped coherent sheets. Etymology The species name refers to this species’ distribution in the northwestern (Asiatic) Pacific. Material examined Holotype: BAC, colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.19). Paratypes: BAC, colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.20); BAC, colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.21); KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.22); MIN, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.23), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.24). Additional material: 84 specimens from Akkeshi and one colony on a barnacle (Balanus sp.) fragment, Ptichiy Island (57 ° 109 N, 156 ° 359 E), western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk, lower intertidal, collected by A. V. Grischenko, 6 September 1992. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, radiating in coherent, fan-shaped lobes (Figure 5 A, B) from point of origin, forming circular patches up to 2.8 cm across, whitish or light-yellowish when alive. Zooids oblong hexagonal, barrel-shaped, oval, or subrectangular, rounded distally, 0.45 – 0.80 mm long (0.56 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.21 – 0.35 mm wide (0.30 ¡ 0.03 mm), arranged in linear series with almost parallel lateral walls, separated by deep grooves; boundaries between transverse walls indistinct; proximal frontal wall transversely convex. Mural rim raised, sharp. Cryptocyst (Figures 5 E, F, H) narrower and nearly vertical distally and laterally, wider and gradually sloping proximally, granulated just inside mural rim, smooth around opesial margin. Basal wall calcified. Opesia oval, elliptical, or roundedquadrate in outline, 0.25 – 0.48 mm long (0.36 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.16 – 0.25 mm wide (0.20 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 60 – 80 % of zooidal length. Frontal membrane thin, transparent; operculum strongly chitinized, semicircular, a sharply contrasting bright brown in colour. Gymnocyst (Figures 5 C – F) smooth, relatively narrow distally and laterally, usually elongate and tapering proximally, often with minute transverse striations. In most zooids, the gymnocyst proximal to opesia rises to a conspicuous boss bearing a pointed chitinous spine (Figure 5 D). Zooids interconnect by three to five circular multiporous septula in each lateral wall and by numerous small pores in basal half of distal wall. Avicularia, lateral spines, ovicells, and hibernacules absent. Small kenozooids (Figure 5 F) of irregular shape and size occur sparsely among autozooids; these are completely ringed by a granular cryptocyst and have a small, roughly circular opesia. Ancestrula (Figure 5 G) tatiform, small, oval, about 0.40 mm long, 0.28 mm wide; opesia oval, 0.21 mm long, 0.18 mm wide. Ancestrula buds one (Figure 5 B) or two (Figure 5 A, G) small zooids distally and another proximally (Figure 5 A, G) or proximolaterally. Remarks Among congeners, E. asiatica most closely resembles E. baltica (Borg, 1931) in having a similarly coherent colony, a large opesia, and a chitinized operculum contrasting sharply in colour with the transparent frontal membrane. Both species commonly have, proximal to the opesia, a knob terminating in a pointed chitinous spine. However, unlike E. baltica, chains of zooids of E. asiatica radiate and anastomose only close to the ancestrula, and subsequently form only fan-shaped multiserial sheets that do not diverge again into uniserial chains. In E. asiatica, the proximal gymnocyst is more extensive and the opesia is proportionately smaller than in E. baltica. Owing to the general similarity between these two species, previous investigators have likely interpreted the differences in zooid size and colony form as intraspecific variation in a single species, E. baltica. The records of E. baltica by Kubanin (1976, 1997) from numerous localities in the Far Eastern seas appear to be misidentifications of E. asiatica; a specimen from the intertidal zone of Ptichiy Island (Figure 5 H) proved to be this species. At Akkeshi, E. asiatica is often found growing close to E. korobokkura on the same substratum, particularly on dead bivalve shells. Electra asiatica has larger zooids than E. korobokkura (compare Figure 5 C – E, H with Figure 3 D at the same scale), a difference readily apparent in specimens close to one another. Nikulina (2006) illustrated and discussed this size difference, but identified the species with larger zooids as E. arctica. Distribution We consider Kubanin’s (1976, 1997) E. baltica to be synonymous with E. asiatica. To the extent that all of Kubanin’s records represent correct identifications of the latter, E. asiatica is widely distributed in the northwestern Pacific: southeastern Kamchatka (Kamchatsky, Kronotsky, and Avacha Gulfs); northern and northeastern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk (southwestern Kamchatka; Penzhinskaya, Gizhiginskaya, Yamskaya, and Taujskaya Inlets; Okhotsk; Ayan; Zavyalov Island); southern and southeastern coast of Sakhalin Island (Terpeniya and Aniva Gulfs); northern Sea of Japan (southwestern coast of Sakhalin Island and Moneron Island). Akkeshi Bay is the southernmost known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC5FDE2FFE67212CD0CA189C.taxon	description	(Figure 6)? Conopeum reticulum: Mawatari 1956, p 115, Figure 1 e; 1974, p 33, Figure 5. Diagnosis Zooids large; opesia about 70 – 80 % of zooidal length; cryptocyst widest proximally, finely tuberculate; gymnocyst hidden; all zooids with a triangular, cone-shaped kenozooid at each distal corner; kenozooids with small, distally facing opesial opening in central depression, sometimes transformed into an avicularium with triangular, vertically orientated mandible; two to three spines occasionally present around mural rim. Ovicells absent. Multiporous septula in lateral and transverse wall. Etymology The species name refers to Nakanose Bank in Akkeshi Bay, where the holotype specimen was collected subtidally. Material examined Holotype: NB, intact colony (NHM 2006.2.27.25). Paratypes: ANC, young intact colony (NHM 2006.2.27.26); NB, five pieces of a single colony (NHM 2006.2.27.27); NB, five pieces of a single colony (NHM 2006.2.27.28). Additional material: one specimen. Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, sheet-like, up to 3.5 cm across, greyish when alive, with purple to reddish marginal zone one or two developing zooids deep. Zooids (Figure 6 A, B, D) oval, hexagonal, or subquadrangular, widest in middle, 0.67 – 0.95 mm long (0.81 ¡ 0.09 mm), 0.40 – 0.50 mm wide (0.45 ¡ 0.02 mm), separated by fine sutures between raised lateral walls. Opesia oval, elliptical, or rounded-rectangular; 0.55 – 0.73 mm long (0.63 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.30 – 0.43 mm wide (0.36 ¡ 0.03 mm); occupying 70 – 80 % of zooidal length. Cryptocyst (Figure 6 A, F) extending around entire opesia; steep and narrow laterally, flatter and wider proximally, reduced distally, finely tuberculate below mural rim. Lateral and proximal gymnocyst hidden between adjacent zooids. Distal gymnocystal wall raised slightly above level of lateral wall into a smooth, narrow, sharpedged crescentic lip separated from cryptocyst by a transverse, slit-like cavity. At each distal corner is a raised, cone-shaped, subtriangular kenozooid (Figure 6 F, H); sharp or blunt on top, smooth except for depressed, finely granulated cryptocystal area distolaterally, surrounding a small, circular to oval opesial opening. Kenozooids at first have this cryptocystal area covered with transparent membrane, but later often become closed to form a pair of knobs, rarely vestigial or lacking. Sometimes kenozooids are transformed into avicularia (Figure 6 E) with a distolateral rostral face; mandible triangular with sharp, hooked, vertically orientated tip; such avicularia are rare, developing only in mature regions of the colony. Mural rim often with two or three spines (Figure 6 C): a straight, blunt hollow tubular spine on one or both sides of orifice, in line with proximal orificial margin, jointed at base; another finer, curved, acute spine more proximally on one side, slightly arching over opesia. Like the avicularia, the spines tend to appear in mature regions of the colony; many young zooids lack them altogether. Ovicells lacking, but raised mural rim distally with transverse, slit-like cavity below (Figure 6 F) may represent kenozooidal ooecium. Four oval multiporous septula (Figure 6 G) in each lateral wall and two septula in transverse wall. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks In zooidal characters, C. nakanosum is very similar to Conopeum reticulum (L., 1767), the type species of the genus, especially in having triangular kenozooids at the distal angles of autozooids. However, these two species differ in several characters. In C. reticulum, the kenozooids develop predominantly on older zooids, whereas in C. nakanosum they occur on all zooids, at all astogenetic stages. With increasing calcification in C. reticulum, the pair of kenozooids occasionally comes into contact along the entire distal end of the zooid, forming a single, dumbbell-shaped unit. The kenozooids of C. nakanosum are always separated by a raised, crescentic gymnocystal lip. The opesial opening in the central depression of the kenozooids is terminal on the knob and facing upward in C. reticulum, whereas it always faces distally or distolaterally in C. nakanosum. Finally, zooid size in C. nakanosum exceeds that of C. reticulum, and the ranges do not overlap: zooids are 0.67 – 0.95 mm long by 0.40 – 0.50 mm wide in the former, compared to 0.4 – 0.6 mm long by 0.2 – 0.3 mm wide in the latter (Hayward and Ryland 1998). There has been some confusion over the nature of the distal kenozooids in Conopeum, and both Osburn (1950) and Mawatari (1974) were sceptical that these represented vestigial avicularia or ever formed true avicualaria. However, there is no doubt that in C. nakanosum the distolateral kenozooids can be replaced by avicularia. This does not occur on every zooid, but usually only among a few zooids in a mature region of a colony. It remains unclear whether the possible occurrence of avicularia in place of the kenozooids should be incorporated into the generic diagnosis of Conopeum. Another anascan, Crassimarginatella leucocypha Marcus, 1937, described from Brazil and subsequently reported by Mawatari (1952) from the Kii Peninsula, Sea of Japan, is morphologically similar to C. nakanosum in having angular kenozooids that can transform into an avicularium (see Marcus 1937, p 46, Plate 8, Figure 20 A). The apparent lack of ovicells in the former suggests Conopeum rather than the calloporid Crassimarginatella. The kenozooids in this species are more extensive than in C. nakanosum, with a more central opesial opening, and there has been no mention of spines. Distribution Akkeshi Bay is the only known locality for C. nakanosum. Mawatari’s (1956) short description and illustration of C. reticulum from the Kuril Islands (Alaid and Paramushir) and from Hokkaido (Akkeshi Bay and Kushiro) suggest he might have had C. nakanosum instead.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC50DE2DFE562100D4861EDA.taxon	description	Kluge 1962, p 288, Figure 171; 1975, p 344, Figure 171; Gontar 1979, p 235; 1980, p 5; Mawatari and Mawatari 1980, p 40, Figure 8; 1981 b, p 45; Dick and Ross 1988, p 33, Plate 1 C; Kubanin 1997, p 121; Grischenko 1997, p 160; 2002, p 113; Hayward and Ryland 1998, p 164, Figure 42, C; Dick et al. 2005, p 3696, Figure 2 A – D. Material examined ANC, colony encrusting erect bryozoan Phidolopora elongata (NHM 2006.2.27.29); ACT, colony encrusting erect bryozoan Phidolopora elongata (NHM 2006.2.27.30). Additional material: one specimen. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, more or less circular, small, less than 1 cm across, whitish to yellowish in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 7 A – D) elongate-oval, broadest in middle, narrowing proximally, 0.30 – 0.45 mm long (0.35 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.15 – 0.25 mm wide (0.20 ¡ 0.02 mm), separated by deep grooves. Mural rim raised, sharp. Cryptocyst a narrow, smooth, sloping shelf inside marginal rim. Opesia oval, often widest proximally, 0.16 – 0.21 mm long (0.18 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.09 – 0.14 mm wide (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 60 – 70 % of zooidal length. Gymnocyst smooth, laterally narrow and sloping, proximally smooth, extensive, tapering, occupying up to 30 – 40 % of zooid length. Spines 12 – 16 around mural rim; distal three pairs hollow, longer, and vertical; proximal 6 – 10 spines thinner, acuminate, arched over opesia, converging at or near midline, becoming progressively shorter toward proximal end of zooid. Frontal avicularia with raised chamber on proximal gymnocyst, close to opesial margin, often abutting ovicell of preceding zooid; avicularian chamber with nearly vertical sides, crossbar complete, mandible long-triangular, usually pointing distally or distolaterally if preceded by ovicell, laterally or proximally if not. Vicarious avicularia (Figure 7 D) occur sporadically; almost as large as autozooids, with raised, acute, long-triangular mandible pointing distally. Ovicells (Figure 7 A, C) hyperstomial, prominent, globular, imperforate, 0.09 – 0.14 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.12 – 0.16 mm wide (0.14 ¡ 0.01 mm), with a decurved transverse ridge across top marking proximal extent of ectooecium, separated from proximal ooecial margin by a lunate or quadrate area. Four pore chambers in each lateral wall and three or four single pores in distal wall. Ancestrula not observed. Distribution This is a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal species. Gontar and Denisenko (1989) summarized numerous previous records from the Arctic. In the eastern Atlantic, C. craticula extends southward to Scotland and northern England in Britain (Hayward and Ryland 1998), but its occurrence in the western Atlantic is uncertain (Winston et al. 2000). In the eastern Pacific it extends as far south as Ketchikan (Dick et al. 2005). In the western Pacific, it has been recorded from Saint Lawrence Island, Avacha Inlet (Kluge 1961), Commander Islands (Grischenko 1997, 2004), Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Islands (Gontar 1980), northern Sea of Japan along Primorye and western Sakhalin Islands (Androsova 1958), and from Kushiro, Akkeshi, and Hakodate on Hokkaido, northern Japan (Mawatari and Mawatari 1980, 1981 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC52DE2BFE0F2773D25919D6.taxon	description	(Figure 8) Diagnosis Opesia 60 – 85 % of zooidal length; 17 – 25 spines with enlarged, cylindrical bases around mural rim, including three pairs of thick, vertical distal spines (the most proximal pair by far heavier than the rest), 12 – 17 thin proximal spines arched over opesia, and often one or two additional thin spines present on outer distolateral gymnocyst; avicularia small, on lateral or proximal gymnocyst, usually single, rarely paired, associated with distal half of ovicell in mature zooids; ovicell with a wide transverse tabula; transverse ridge often enlarged into a median knob; proximal ovicell margin raised as a wide lip; zooids interconnect by multiporous septula. Etymology The species is named in honour of Sarah Taranto, who collected the holotype specimen. Material examined Holotype: MAC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.4). Paratypes: MAC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.3); MAC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.5). Additional material: four specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, irregular in shape, up to 2.1 cm in maximum dimension, whitish to light yellow in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 8 A – F) elongate-oval, hexagonal, or pyriform, 0.38 – 0.60 mm long (0.50 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.20 – 0.33 mm wide (0.28 ¡ 0.04 mm), demarcated by deep, narrow grooves when young, more closely appressed when mature. Mural rim raised, sharp, smooth. Cryptocyst reduced, narrow, with parallel horizontal folds, non-granulated, sloping abruptly below marginal rim. Distal and lateral gymnocyst smooth, sloping and narrow; proximal gymnocyst variably developed, occasionally tapering, up to 25 % of zooid length, entirely covered by ovicell in mature zooids. Opesia (Figure 8 C, D) oval to pyriform, widest in middle or proximally, 0.27 – 0.38 mm long (0.33 ¡ 0.03 mm), 0.16 – 0.24 mm wide (0.20 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 60 – 85 % of zooidal length. Around mural rim 17 – 25 spines (Figure 8 A, B) with enlarged, cylindrical bases; the three distal pairs thick, hollow, long, vertical, leaning slightly over opesia but curving outwards, their bases heavily calcified and rising above plane of mural rim; proximal 12 – 17 spines thinner, acuminate, arched over opesia, becoming progressively shorter towards proximal end of zooid; in addition, one or two thin, short tubular spines often present on outer distolateral gymnocyst. Small frontal avicularium (Figure 8 C, E, F) with raised chamber occupies outer slope of lateral gymnocyst on one side, usually near middle, sometimes more proximally or on proximal gymnocyst; mandible triangular, with acute, hooked tip, pointing in any direction; rarely avicularia paired, laterally arranged on opposite sides of opesia, or on lateral and proximal gymnocyst; some zooids lack avicularia altogether; ovicellate zooids have a similarly small avicularium on distal half of ovicell, pointing distally or distolaterally. Ovicells (Figure 8 F) hyperstomial, prominent, spherical, imperforate, about as long as broad, 0.18 – 0.23 mm long (0.20 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.16 – 0.28 mm wide (0.21 ¡ 0.03 mm); outer surface smooth; proximal margin of ectooecium enlarged as a thick transverse ridge, often with a blunt, wide median knob; proximal margin of endooecium a wide, raised lip; between entooecial and ectooecial margins is a transverse, dumbbell-shaped tabula covered by ectocyst; ovicell heavily calcified, entirely covering proximal gymnocyst of zooid beneath and reaching lateral walls of neighbouring zooids, extending between spine bases. Four oval to circular multiporous septula in each lateral wall and two septula in transverse wall. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC52DE2BFE0F2773D25919D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution Akkeshi Bay is the only known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC54DE16FEA82276D3D81EBB.taxon	description	(Figure 9)? Cauloramphus spiniferus [sic]: Liu et al. 2001, p 458, Plate 20, Figures 2 – 4. Diagnosis Zooids closely appressed; gymnocyst negligible; cryptocyst strongly developed, widest proximally, entirely and uniformly coarsely granulate; 8 – 10 spines, generally short, not meeting in opesial midline, including two to four straight orificial and four to six thin, curved opesial spines; avicularia commonly paired, originating between orificial and opesial spines, approximately lateral to proximal orificial border, with short, thin pedicel abruptly expanding into curved chamber; non-pedunculate avicularia can arise from pore chambers at colony margin, sometimes in abundance. Etymology The species name is from the Greek kruptos (hidden) and Latin armatus (armed), referring to the occurrence of small marginal avicularia, which are unusual for the genus. Material examined Holotype: ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.14). Paratypes: ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.13); ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.31). Additional material: 80 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, irregularly circular in outline, up to 2.2 cm across; light yellow, greyish, or whitish when alive. Zooids (Figure 9 A – F) very variable in form: oval, irregularly hexagonal, pyriform, tapering, or irregular; 0.52 – 0.73 mm long (0.60 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.30 – 0.40 mm wide (0.35 ¡ 0.03 mm); closely appressed, separated by shallow groove with fine, undulating suture. Mural rim cryptocystal (Figure 9 B, D, E); wide, rounded, tumid, entirely covered with uniform, coarse granules; relatively narrow and steep distally, widening laterally, widest proximally; opesiae well separated. Gymnocyst greatly reduced, negligible. Opesia (Figure 9 B, D, E) irregularly oval, often with straight proximal margin, widest in middle or more proximally, 0.32 – 0.40 mm long (0.37 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.17 – 0.27 mm wide (0.20 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 60 – 75 % of zooidal length. Mural rim with 8 – 10 spines (Figure 9 C, E), including three or four hollow, straight, vertically orientated orificial spines, arranged in a semicircle around distal curvature of orifice, that are slightly longer, thicker, and blunter than the rest; and four to six short, thin, acuminate spines curving over opesia. Pedunculate avicularia (Figure 9 E) originate from distolateral gymnocyst between orificial and opesial spines, approximately in line with proximal edge of orifice; longer than distal spines, with comparatively short, thin peduncle abruptly expanding into curved chamber; orientated vertically or angling over opesia, with rostral side facing proximolaterally; mandible narrow, elongate-triangular; avicularia commonly paired, sometimes single; rarely zooids lack them altogether. Where colonies of C. cryptoarmatus encounter other bryozoan species, zooids at the colony margin can produce numerous (up to nine) small, closely set additional avicularia (Figure 9 B), each developing from a pore chamber along the free distal and distolateral walls; these avicularia non-pedunculate, chamber slightly elevated; mandible triangular, with sharp tip. Embryos brooded endozooidally; fertile zooids have a small kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 9 D) comprising the mural rim distal to the orifice. Six pore chambers in each lateral wall and two or three in distal wall. Ancestrula (Figure 9 F) tatiform, oval, 0.28 mm long, 0.20 mm wide, with large, oval opesia, 0.19 mm long by 0.13 mm wide, with 12 short, hollow spines. Ancestrula (Figure 9 F) buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally; eventually surrounded by seven zooids. Remarks	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC54DE16FEA82276D3D81EBB.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cauloramphus cryptoarmatus is presently known only from Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC69DE14FEAE26ACD19D1E71.taxon	description	(Figure 10)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC69DE14FEAE26ACD19D1E71.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.32), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.54), two extensive colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.33 – 34); DIN, two colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.35). Additional material: 97 specimens; also several colonies on stones from Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Sea of Japan. Description Colony up to 2.8 cm across, light yellow to tan when alive. Zooids (Figure 10 A – F) 0.57 – 0.80 mm long (0.67 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.32 – 0.48 mm wide (0.39 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by a distinct, shallow groove. Cryptocyst (Figure 10 E) narrow, sloping, coarsely granulate. Gymnocyst mostly reduced, smooth; occasionally tapering back between preceding zooids. Opesia 0.37 – 0.53 mm long (0.44 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.20 – 0.30 mm wide (0.26 ¡ 0.03 mm), with crenulate margin, occupying 70 – 90 % of zooidal length. Around mural rim, 11 – 18 spines; five or six distal spines hollow, straight, thicker and blunter than the rest; proximal 6 – 12 spines considerably thinner, sharp, curved, arched over opesia, well separated, occasionally meeting in midline; in some zooids, most proximal spine erect, hollow, thicker and longer than others, similar in length to distal spines. Avicularia (Figure 10 D) generally rare, usually single when present, originating from gymnocyst between proximal and distal spines (Figure 10 C, D); slightly longer than distal spines, with relatively long, thin pedicel gradually expanding into heavy, slightly curved chamber with terminally facing rostrum; mandible triangular, directed laterally. Embryos brooded endozooidally; fertile zooids with a small kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 10 E) occupying distal portion of mural rim. Six pore chambers in each lateral wall and three in distal wall. Ancestrula (Figure 10 F) tatiform, elongate-oval, 0.42 mm long, with about 16 spines along opesial margin. Ancestrula buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally, each with 8 – 12 spines; ancestrula surrounded by six zooids. Remarks Specimens from Hokkaido agree well with the original description (Dick and Ross 1988) of C. magnus from Kodiak Island, Gulf of Alaska. Both zooidal and opesial sizes are similar, but the spine number is greater at Akkeshi (11 – 18 compared to 11 – 14); a population from Ketchikan, Alaska (Dick et al. 2005) also had more spines (12 – 18) than material from the type locality. Distribution This is a Boreal Pacific species, reported in the eastern Pacific from Kodiak Island in the western Gulf of Alaska (Dick and Ross 1988) and Ketchikan in southern southeast Alaska (Dick et al. 2005). In the western Pacific, it has been reported from the Commander Islands (Grischenko 1997, 2004), though this material needs reexamination by SEM. We also collected this species at Oshoro Bay (Hokkaido), which is the southernmost known locality for C. magnus.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC6BDE12FE5926E3D4B31F7B.taxon	description	(Figure 11) Diagnosis Zooids large, oval, demarcated by groove; opesia large, up to 85 % of zooidal length; cryptocyst narrow, granulated; gymnocyst reduced, smooth; 20 – 26 spines around mural rim; distal spines long, heavy, straight or nearly so; proximal spines very thin, sharp, curved and arched over opesia to meet nearly horizontally at midline; avicularia not observed and may be absent in this species; ancestrula tatiform. Etymology The species name refers to the unusually large number of spines. Material examined Holotype: KAI, two colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.36). Paratypes: KAI, four colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.37); KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.38); KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.39); KAI, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.40). Additional material: 221 specimens; also several colonies on stones from Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Sea of Japan. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, forming extensive irregular patches up to 4 cm in maximum dimension, yellow to tan when alive. Zooids (Figure 11 A – F) large, oval or rounded-hexagonal, occasionally tapering or pyriform, 0.55 – 0.98 mm long (0.75 ¡ 0.10 mm), 0.37 – 0.55 mm wide (0.46 ¡ 0.04 mm), demarcated by a deep, narrow groove. Mural rim sharp and comprises the boundary between smooth gymnocyst and granulated cryptocyst. Cryptocyst (Figure 11 D, E) narrow, steep distally and laterally, sloping proximally, coarsely granulated. Gymnocyst reduced, narrow, smooth; sometimes evident laterally or elongated proximally, tapering between adjacent zooids. Opesia (Figure 11 D, E) oval, widest in middle, 0.50 – 0.68 mm long (0.57 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.27 – 0.35 mm wide (0.31 ¡ 0.02 mm), rarely with straight proximal margin, occupying 70 – 85 % of zooidal length. Mural rim with 20 – 26 spines (Figure 11 B, C); three pairs orificial spines straight, very long (up to 0.40 mm), hollow, thick, blunt, with enlarged cylindrical bases, the most proximal pair almost perpendicular or slightly tilted over opesia, the two distal pairs angling slightly forward; 14 – 20 opesial spines very thin, sharp, strongly curved over opesia, meeting almost horizontally in midline. Avicularia not observed. Embryos brooded endozooidally; fertile zooids have a small kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 11 D, E) comprising the sharp mural rim distal to the orifice, usually with a tiny round or slit-like pore in midline. Six pore chambers in each lateral wall and two in distal wall. Ancestrula tatiform, oval, 0.50 mm long by 0.39 mm wide, basal wall with central uncalcified window, opesia large, oval, 0.38 mm long by 0.26 mm wide, surrounded by 16 spines (six hollow distal spines with enlarged bases, 6 – 10 thin proximal spines, curved over opesia). Ancestrula (Figure 11 F) buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally, with 16 – 20 spines each, and is eventually surrounded by six or seven zooids. Remarks	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC6BDE12FE5926E3D4B31F7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cauloramphus multispinosus is at present known from Akkeshi and Oshoro Bays, Hokkaido.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC6DDE10FE1727EDD36219B5.taxon	description	(Figure 12) Diagnosis Zooids closely appressed; mural rim narrow, rounded, largely cryptocystal, covered with conical granules; gymnocyst reduced, evident proximally; 12 – 19 spines, including four to six vertical orificial spines and 8 – 13 curved opesial spines angled over opesia; spines light with dark bases in marginal zooids, dark brown to black in older zooids; avicularia single, numerous near colony periphery, longer than distal spines, with short peduncle rapidly expanding into chamber with terminal rostral face; mandible triangular, the tip rounded; kenozooidal ooecium much larger than in other species, granulated. Etymology The species name is from the Latin niger (dark coloured, black), referring to the colour of the spines. Material examined Holotype: DIN, seven colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.16). Paratypes: KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.41); KAI, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.17). Additional material: 664 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, forming irregularly circular patches up to 3 cm across; brown, dark yellow, or grey when alive, with reddish to pink marginal zone one or two developing zooids deep. Zooids (Figure 12 A – F) oval to rounded-hexagonal, occasionally tapering proximally, 0.47 – 0.65 mm long (0.56 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.30 – 0.45 mm wide (0.35 ¡ 0.03 mm), closely appressed, demarcated by a shallow groove. Mural rim (Figure 12 E) narrow, rounded, largely cryptocystal, covered with conical granules. Gymnocyst reduced, smooth, occasionally elongate proximally between adjacent zooids, distinct from granulated mural rim. Opesia (Figure 12 E) oval, widest in middle or sometimes proximally, 0.27 – 0.40 mm long (0.35 ¡ 0.03 mm), 0.17 – 0.28 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), with crenulate outline due to granulation, occupying 60 – 80 % of zooidal length. Around mural rim, 12 – 19 spines (Figure 12 B – D), light yellowish with dark bases in marginal zooids, rapidly changing to entirely dark brown or black in older zooids, contrasting sharply with yellowish to greyish zooidal walls; two to three pairs of orificial spines long, hollow, thick, blunt, vertically orientated, with enlarged cylindrical bases, occasionally most distal pair reduced in size; 8 – 13 opesial spines thin, sharp, arched over opesia, occasionally meeting in midline; distance between adjacent opesial spines two to three times or more their basal thickness; in some proximally broadened zooids, one to four most proximal spines are vertically orientated and slightly longer and thicker than the others. Avicularia (Figure 12 C, D) single, arising from distolateral gymnocyst between orificial and opesial spines, of same length as or slightly longer than orificial spines; short, thick peduncle rapidly expanding to thick, laterally compressed chamber with terminal rostral face; mandible triangular, the tip rounded, pointing in any direction, but most frequently laterally; avicularia numerous near periphery of colony but may be entirely absent in older areas. Kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 12 E) distal to orifice is prominent, caplike, with granulose surface, occupying entire space between bases of distalmost spines. Six pore chambers in each lateral wall and two in distal wall. Ancestrula (Figure 12 F) tatiform, oval, with entirely calcified basal wall, 0.39 mm long by 0.30 mm wide; large, oval opesia 0.28 mm long by 0.20 mm wide; 10 spines around opesial margin. Ancestrula buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally, each with six or seven spines, including two pairs of hollow distal spines with enlarged bases and two or three thin proximal spines curving over opesia. Remarks Characters that distinguish C. niger from other reported species of this genus are the unusually large kenozooidal ooecium and the dark brown spines. The only other known species of Cauloramphus with similarly dark spines is C. brunnea Canu and Bassler, 1930, originally described from the Galapagos Islands. However, whereas zooids of C. niger are closely appressed, those of C. brunnea are separated by a broad groove, so that the opesiae are about as far apart as their width. In addition, the avicularium of the latter species is long-pedunculate, narrowly fusiform, and attached proximal to the middle of the zooid, lateral to the zone of opesial spines. The light yellowish spines with dark bases on marginal zooids of C. niger are similar to spines of C. variegatus (Hincks, 1881); however, the spines of the latter are never entirely dark brown, and other characters differ as well. Distribution Cauloramphus niger is known at present only from Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC6FDE1EFE4521A7D33D1995.taxon	description	(Figure 13) Flustra spinifera Johnston 1832, p 266, Plate 9, Figure 6. Cauloramphus spinifer: Osburn 1950, p 55, Plate 5, Figure 9; Mawatari 1956, p 118, Figure 4 a; Androsova 1958, p 106, Figure 15; Kluge 1962, p 295, Figure 179; 1975, p 353, Figure 179; Gontar 1980, p 6; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 a, p 43, Figure 10; 1981 b, p 44; Dick and Ross 1986, p 89; Grischenko 1997, p 162; 2004, p 40; Hayward and Ryland 1998, p 172, Figure 48.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC6FDE1EFE4521A7D33D1995.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.13); KAI, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.17), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.38), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.41); BAC, two colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.18). Additional material: 855 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, more or less circular, up to 2.5 cm across, light tan in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 13 A – D) elongate-oval to irregularly hexagonal, 0.47 – 0.68 mm long (0.56 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.30 – 0.40 mm wide (0.33 ¡ 0.03 mm), closely set, separated by a fine groove. Mural rim (Figure 13 C) slightly raised; cryptocyst relatively narrow, sloping, granulated; distal and lateral gymnocyst reduced or lacking; proximal gymnocyst narrow or tapering back between adjacent zooids, smooth, distinct from granulated mural rim. Opesia (Figure 13 C) oval, commonly widest in middle, sometimes proximally, 0.35 – 0.43 mm long (0.40 ¡ 0.03 mm), 0.18 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), with crenulate outline, occupying 80 – 90 % of zooidal length. Around mural rim, 8 – 13 spines; three (rarely two or four) orificial spines orientated vertically, one in midline and one to each side of orifice, slightly blunter, thicker but not longer than opesial spines; 5 – 10 opesial spines slightly thinner, more acuminate, angling over opesia; sometimes most proximal spine vertically orientated, thicker, longer, blunter even than distal spines. Avicularia (Figure 13 A, B) usually paired, sometimes single or lacking on a zooid, arising from distolateral gymnocyst between orificial and opesial spines, in line with proximal edge of orifice; peduncle short, with expanded portion comprising most of the avicularium; about as long as proximal spines, typically turned inward and angled over opesia, with rostral plane facing proximomedially; mandible elongate-triangular, with hooked tip. Embryos brooded endozooidally; fertile zooids have a smooth, moderately well-developed kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 13 C) comprising the sharp mural rim distal to the orifice. Six pore chambers in each lateral wall and two in distal wall. Ancestrula (Figure 13 D) tatiform, oval, with fully calcified basal wall, 0.34 mm long by 0.26 mm wide; oval opesia 0.25 mm long by 0.18 mm wide; 12 spines around opesial margin, three distal pairs straight and vertical, six proximal spines thin, curved over opesia; ancestrula buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally, each with 10 or 11 spines. Remarks Dick and Ross (1988) discussed diagnostic characters and geographic variation in spine number for C. spinifer. Distribution This is a circumboreal species extending into the Arctic. In the eastern Atlantic, it is widely distributed in cool-temperate waters, from the White Sea (Gostilovskaya 1978) and Barents Sea (Kluge 1962) southward to the Shetland Isles and northern coast of France. In the eastern Pacific, C. spinifer is known from Kodiak Island, Gulf of Alaska; previous records from farther south need to be re-examined (Dick and Ross 1988). In the western Pacific it has been reported from the Gulf of Anadyr and the vicinity of St Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea; Commander Islands; Sea of Okhotsk; Kuril Islands; Sakhalin Island; and Primorye and Gulf of Peter the Great in the northern Sea of Japan (Gontar 1980; Kubanin 1997; Grischenko 1997, 2004). From Japan, C. spinifer is known from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, including Akkeshi, Kushiro, Mori, Muroran, and Shirikishinai, southward to middle Honshu (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 a, 1981 b). We have determined material from Oshoro Bay, western coast of Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, identified by Kubota and Mawatari (1985 a) as C. spinifer, actually to be C. magnus.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC61DE1CFEF521A7D2D7192B.taxon	description	(Figure 14) Membranipora aquilirostris O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1923, p 170, Plate 2, Figure 16. Tegella aquilirostris: O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1926, p 83, Plate 3, Figure 29; Osburn 1950, p 83; McCain and Ross 1974, p 13, Figure 26; Mawatari and Mawatari 1980, p 92, Figure 32; 1981 b, p 46; Dick and Ross 1988, p 42, Plate 3 A; Kubanin 1997, p 121; Grischenko 1997, p 159; 2004, p 40; Dick et al. 2005, p 3707, Figure 4 E, F.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC61DE1CFEF521A7D2D7192B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ACT, four intact colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.42). Additional material: 121 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, subcircular, up to 3.5 cm across, reddish brown in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 14 A – D) oval, barrel-shaped, or quadrangular, widest in middle, 0.55 – 0.80 mm long (0.65 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.26 – 0.40 mm wide (0.35 ¡ 0.04 mm), closely appressed even when young (Figure 14 A), with adjoining lateral walls forming a sharp rim. Opesia (Figure 14 B) oval or rounded-rectangular, 0.33 – 0.45 mm long (0.39 ¡ 0.03 mm), 0.21 – 0.30 mm wide (0.25 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 50 – 80 % of zooidal length. Lateral gymnocyst hidden between adjacent zooids; proximal gymnocyst covered by avicularian chamber. Cryptocyst sloping below mural rim, granulated, extending around entire opesia or absent distally. Usually two spines (Figure 14 D) around mural rim comprising a straight, hollow tubular spine on one side, at middle of zooid or near proximolateral flange of ovicell, and another finer, curved, acute spine more proximally, arching over opesia on opposite side; young zooids sometimes with a pair of straight spines on each side. Large frontal avicularium (Figure 14 B), with square or transversely rectangular avicularian chamber, occupies entire proximal gymnocyst, abutting or partly covering ovicell of preceding zooid; rostrum heavily calcified, directed laterally or distolaterally, mandible tilted 45 ° to frontal plane, sometimes extending around proximolateral edge of aperture; mandible triangular, slightly elongate, with acute, hooked tip; rostrum usually hooked upward at tip, in opposite direction to hook of mandible. Ovicell (Figure 14 C, D) hyperstomial, prominent, imperforate, broader than long, 0.20 – 0.26 mm long (0.23 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.21 – 0.31 mm wide (0.26 ¡ 0.03 mm); endooecium spherical, partly overgrown by ectooecium, margin of which comprises a thick, curved transverse ridge that is often thickened into a blunt median knob; proximal margin of endooecium thickened, continuous with lateral walls; between endooecial and ectooecial margins is a large, transversely lunate tabula covered by ectocyst; laterally within tabula on each side is a deep recess between endooecium and ectooecium. Zooids intercommunicate via four circular or oval multiporous septula in each lateral wall and a crescent-shaped or bilobed zone of pores in distal wall. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks Colonies often aggregated, covering considerable areas on benchrock faces and beneath overhangs; those in sheltered microhabitats are often loosely attached, the margin sometimes raised in folds and frills. Distribution This is a Boreal Pacific species. In the eastern Pacific there are records from Kodiak Island (Dick and Ross 1988) southward to Ketchikan (Dick et al. 2005), British Columbia (O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1923, 1926), Puget Sound (McCain and Ross 1974), and Santa Barbara, California (Osburn 1950). In the western Pacific, T. aquilirostris is known from the Commander Islands (Grischenko 1997, 2004); and from the Kuril Islands, Aniva and Terpeniya Gulfs of southeastern Sakhalin Island, the Sea of Okhotsk, and Primorye in the Sea of Japan (Kubanin 1997). In Japan, this species has been found at Akkeshi, Kushiro, and Hakodate on Hokkaido, and also at Kominato and Misaki, Pacific coast of Honshu (Mawatari and Mawatari 1980, 1981 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC63DE1AFE142125D4821F66.taxon	description	(Figure 15)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC63DE1AFE142125D4821F66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.43), colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.44), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.45), colony on erect bryozoan Phidolopora elongata (NHM 2006.2.27.46). Additional material: five specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, irregularly circular, largest about 2 cm across, yellowish when alive. Zooids (Figure 15 A – D) oval or oblong, 0.38 – 0.63 mm long (0.49 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.22 – 0.33 mm wide (0.28 ¡ zz 0.03 mm), separated by a deep, narrow groove. Opesia (Figure 15 B) oval, elliptical, widest in middle, 0.17 – 0.31 mm long (0.25 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.14 – 0.20 mm wide (0.17 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupying 50 – 70 % of zooidal length. Mural rim (Figure 15 B, C) raised, with a sloping, finely granulated cryptocyst. Gymnocyst smooth, sloping and narrow distally and laterally; tapering proximally, occupying up to 20 – 30 % of zooid length. Around mural rim, six to eight spines (Figure 15 A – D); distal pair located just proximal to lateral avicularia and in line with orifice, straighter, thicker and more erect than the rest; proximal four to six spines curved, acuminate, arched over opesia. Proximal gymnocyst covered by relatively large frontal avicularium with raised rostrum; mandible triangular, with complete cross-bar, raised at an angle to frontal plane, directed proximally or proximolaterally, not extending laterally around aperture; abutting and covering distal half of ovicell of preceding zooid, in this case pointing distolaterally. Two small paired avicularia located on mural rim lateral to orifice; mandibles triangular, directed distally and raised 45 ° from frontal plane. Ovicells (Figure 15 D) hyperstomial, hemispherical, imperforate, 0.13 – 0.19 mm long (0.16 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.16 – 0.21 mm wide (0.19 ¡ 0.02 mm), with thick transverse rib across top that may be thickened into a blunt median knob. Proximal margin raised, with lunate tabula between margin and ridge. Four pore chambers in each lateral wall and two in basal half of distal wall. Ancestrula not observed. Distribution	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC65DE18FE1C27A5D3071F9B.taxon	description	(Figure 16 A, B)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC65DE18FE1C27A5D3071F9B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined KAI, seven fragments of same colony (NHM 2006.2.27.15). Additional material: six specimens. Description Colony (Figure 16 A) erect, flexible, dichotomously branched, spiralled around a central axis with basal sides facing outwards. Our specimens small, up to 5.5 cm high, yellow in colour when alive, attached by a stalk composed of rhizoids originating from zooids at base of colony. Branching dichotomous, with axil at bifurcations formed by inner zooid of each of first pair on either side of branch point (branching pattern type 3; Hayward and Ryland 1998 after Harmer 1923). Zooids (Figure 16 B) in biserial series, elongate, narrow, 0.50 – 1.03 mm long (0.67 ¡ 0.13 mm), tapering proximally, truncate distally, with thin, flexible, transparent, weakly calcified walls. Opesia occupies nearly entire frontal surface, leaving only a small zone of proximal gymnocyst. One relatively short, spinous projection located on inner distal zooidal margin; two elongate spinous projections on outer distal margin; distalmost projection strongly thickened, pointing distolaterally, curved away from zooid. Avicularia attached by a flexible joint near base of zooid, on lateral wall close to opesial margin, 0.21 – 0.27 mm long, with hooked rostrum; not occurring on all zooids. Neither ovicells nor ancestrula present in our material. Remarks Androsova (1977) described a new subspecies, Bugula pacifica nana, from Aniva Gulf, southern Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk. In comparison with the nominal subspecies, B. pacifica pacifica, this subspecies forms smaller colonies, zooids, and zooidal structures (see Androsova, 1977, p 795). Kubanin (1984 a, 1984 b, 1997) reported B. pacifica nana from Primorye, Peter the Great Gulf, southern coast of Sakhalin Island, and concluded that it is distributed only in Low Boreal Asiatic waters. He suggested that B. pacifica pacifica is primarily distributed in the Boreal eastern Pacific, extending to the fringes of the western Pacific, including the Commander Islands. The finding of B. pacifica pacifica in Akkeshi Bay shows that this form has a trans-Pacific distribution, although its occurrence in the western Pacific as a relatively recently introduced population cannot be ruled out. Distribution	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC67DE06FE78204CD3E4190B.taxon	description	(Figure 16 C – F)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC67DE06FE78204CD3E4190B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ACW, two intact colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.47); MBS, intact colony (NHM 2006.2.27.48); ANC, two intact colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.49). Additional material: 31 specimens. Description Colony (Figure 16 C) bushy, tightly arborescent, composed of dense branches curved and rolled inward. Colony up to 3 cm high, yellow to tan in colour when alive, attached by a bundle of rhizoids (Figure 16 D) originating from zooids situated low in colony. Branching dichotomous, regular, branching pattern type 9, with proximal extremity of zooid F and G not in contact (Hayward and Ryland 1998 after Harmer 1923). Most internodes have three zooids, but distal ones with ovicells have five to nine zooids. Internodes connected by strong, tubular chitinous joints, brown in colour; flexible nodes crossing well proximal to opesia of both outer and inner zooids. Zooids in biserial series, alternate, elongate, narrowing proximally, 0.45 – 0.78 mm long (0.63 ¡ 0.10 mm), varying significantly in size depending upon their location in internode and in colony. Opesia oval or elliptical, 0.22 – 0.28 mm long (0.25 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.11 – 0.14 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), occupying 30 – 50 % of zooidal length; cryptocyst negligible. Zooids (Figure 16 E) typically have six hollow, tubular jointed spines; most proximal pair straight, located near middle of opesia and tilted slightly inward; next pair straight or turned slightly outward; outer distalmost spine strongly calcified, elongate (up to 0.65 mm long), originating from dorsal side of distal zooidal margin; inner distalmost spine often strongly reduced or lacking. In some zooids the external proximal spine is bifid. Axial zooids at bifurcations have six spines: two pairs along distolateral margins of opesia, straight or tilted slightly outwards, and a medialmost pair of tubular, hollow, elongate spines originating from dorsal side of distal wall from closely set, heavily calcified cylindrical bases; these latter two spines are often asymmetrically placed with respect to the midline, with one occupying the midline position and longer and heavier than the other. Scutum attached to inner border of opesia, proximal to middle of opesia, varing in form from spine-like to a broad flabellate process with two to four or more lobes. Non-axial zooids have large lateral avicularium with hooked rostrum; mandible triangular, with hooked tip. Frontal avicularia absent. Ovicells (Figure 16 F) globular, smooth, wider than long, 0.16 – 0.21 mm long (0.18 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.20 – 0.24 mm wide (0.21 ¡ 0.01 mm), with around 10 small, circular or oval pores. Some zooids situated low in colony have proximally directed kenozooids (rhizoids or radicle fibres) originating from a slight, flattened disc on dorsal or lateral wall, close to nodal joints. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks Many characters of T. occidentalis, such as presence or absence of lateral avicularia, number of zooids per internode, and size and shape of scuta, may vary considerably even within a single colony (Gordon 1986; Gordon and Mawatari 1992). This variation, noted by Robertson (1905), Yanagi and Okada (1918), Okada (1929), and Osburn (1950), and superbly illustrated by Mawatari (1951), has caused taxonomic difficulties and resulted in descriptions of several varieties of this species. In specimens from Akkeshi, the scutum varies in form from spine-like to a broad flabellate process with two to four or more lobes, which is within the range of variation of T. occidentalis (see also Soule el al. 1995). Dyrynda et al. (2000) concluded that Japanese and some other populations previously reported under the name Tricellaria occidentalis Trask are actually T. inopinata d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985, a fouling species recently described from the Lagoon of Venice. According to Dyrynda et al. (2000), T. inopinata is of Pacific origin, is widely distributed along the coasts of western North America and Japan, occurs in Australia and New Zealand, and has been introduced to Britain and the Mediterranean. They note that the original source region of the species in the Pacific, before anthropogenic introductions to other areas, is unknown. Dyrynda et al. (2000) regarded T. inopinata as consistently morphologically distinguishable from T. occidentalis Trask, which they considered to be restricted to the western coast of North America. However, they considered many of the Pacific records of T. occidentalis var. catalinensis Robertson, 1905 to be T. inopinata. Our material has one of the distalmost pair of spines on axial zooids located in the midline and better developed than the other; zooids occasionally with a bifid spine; and a quite variable scutum, sometimes broad with a spiky margin. According to Dyrynda et al. (2000) these are all characters distinguishing T. inopinata from T. occidentalis. Unfortunately, these authors did not provide a detailed description and illustrations of the latter, noting that the type description of T. occidentalis was inadequate, that the type material was lost, and that they had been able to examine only limited quantities of mostly very old material. Here we retain the name T. occidentalis, pending a detailed redescription of T. occidentalis Trask as distinct from T. inopinata d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi and clarification of the range of the former. Distribution Trask (1857) originally listed Tricellaria occidentalis as occurring from Cape Flattery to Santa Barbara, California. It is now a widely distributed, invasive and fouling species occurring in Japan (Mawatari 1951), Australia (Bock 1985), New Zealand (Gordon 1986; Gordon and Mawatari 1992), China (Liu et al. 2001), and Korea (Seo 2005); it has also been reported from the Mediterranean (d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi 1985; Occhipinti Ambrogi 1991) and Britain (Dyrynda et al. 2000). Records from the western coast of North America exist from British Columbia (Hincks 1882, 1884; O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1923) south to Baja California, Mexico (Robertson 1905; Osburn 1950; Soule et al. 1995). In the western Pacific, T. occidentalis has been reported from Peter the Great Gulf, Sea of Japan (Kubanin 1997); the coast of South Korea, including the Yellow Sea (Seo 1996, 2005); China (Liu et al. 2001), the Pacific coast of Honshu, Japan (Mawatari 1951); Akkeshi, Muroran, Mori, and Shirikishinai, Pacific coast of Hokkaido (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b); and Oshoro Bay, Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaido (Kubota and Mawatari 1985 a).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC79DE04FE7121E6D1801974.taxon	description	p 124, Figure 39; Kluge 1962, p 390, Figure 247; 1975, p 470, Figure 247; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b, p 49; Kubota and Mawatari 1985 b, p 195, Figure 1; Dick and Ross 1988, p 51, Plate 4 C; Kubanin 1997, p 123; Grischenko 1997, p 171; 2004, p 40; Hayward and Ryland 1998, p 314, Figure 110; Dick et al. 2005, p 3718, Figure 7 A, B. Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.31); DIN, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.50), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.51); BAC, ancestrular colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.52). Additional material: 436 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, coherent, forming irregularly circular sheets up to 2.7 cm across; lightyellow, red, or pink when alive; unilaminar, but often with scattered frontally budded dwarf zooids. Autozooids (Figure 17 A, B) rounded-hexagonal to oval, 0.51 – 0.65 mm long (0.56 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.30 – 0.43 mm wide (0.36 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by a deep groove. Frontal wall moderately convex, consisting of five to seven pairs of flattened, fused costae, with 6 – 10 intercostal pores in a transverse series between costae. Distalmost pair of costae wider and heavier than the rest, forming thickened proximal border of secondary orifice, often rising medially to a pointed suboral umbo, sometimes incompletely fused. Secondary orifice oval, 0.09 – 0.13 mm long (0.10 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.15 – 0.20 mm wide (0.17 ¡ 0.01 mm), flanked by a pair of hollow, erect spines distolaterally, with a shorter, tapering hollow spine in midline, or sometimes two, occasionally fused. Ovicellate zooids absent in primary layer. Frontally budded dwarf ovicellate zooids (Figure 17 A, C), 0.22 – 0.33 mm long (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.19 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), occupy central region of colony, orientated in any direction; frontal wall reduced, consisting of three or four fused costae, including the pair of heavier subapertural costae comprising proximal lip of longitudinally compressed orifice and an additional one or two others, with a few intercostal pores between them. Ovicell of dwarf zooids derived from two pairs of spines, one pair broadened and thickened to form proximal border of ovicell, the other fused to form cap-like distal wall of ovicell; ovicells of dwarf zooids perforated on top with one to four pores that sometimes merge with one another; pseudopores at tips of thick proximal ovicellar costae appear as additional small perforations. Avicularia lacking. Zooids with two distal and two distolateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 17 D) identical in form to autozooid, 0.35 mm long, 0.23 mm wide, with five orificial spines. Ancestrula buds triplet of zooids distally. Remarks In the material examined, ovicells were found only on dwarf zooids, usually concentrated densely in the centre of the colony. Dick et al. (2005) noted that differences in the fusion of distal orificial spines, form of the ovicell, and ancestrular budding patterns exist in populations across the range of this putatively circumpolar species and that nominal C. annulata may comprise a complex of cryptic species. However, resolution of this issue will require monographic treatment and is beyond the scope of the present study. Distribution This is considered a circumpolar Arctic-Boreal species (Kluge 1962, 1975; Gontar and Denisenko 1989). In the eastern Pacific, it has previously been reported from Kodiak, Cordova, Yakutat, and Ketchikan in Alaska (Robertson 1900; Osburn 1950; Dick and Ross 1988; Dick et al. 2005), and from British Columbia (O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1923, 1926). On the Asian side, it has been reported from the Commander Islands, southeastern Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island, and Primorye on Peter the Great Gulf (Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Grischenko 1997, 2004; Kubanin 1997). In Japan it is known from Akkeshi, Muroran, and Shirikishinai on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido (Mawatari and Matawari 1981 b), and from Oshoro Bay on the Sea of Japan side (Kubota and Mawatari 1985 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC7BDE02FEE32257D2E71F0C.taxon	description	(Figure 18) Integripelta novella Gordon, Mawatari, and Kajihara 2002, p 205, Figure 2 A, B. Material examined DIN, six intact colonies detached from rock (NHM 2006.2.27.53). Additional material: 17 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, forming more or less circular patches with meandering borders, up to 3.5 cm in maximum dimension, dark red or pink when alive. Zooids (Figure 18 A – D) roughly hexagonal or irregular, tapering proximally, rounded distally, widest just proximal to orifice, 0.45 – 0.70 mm long (0.58 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.35 – 0.49 mm wide (0.41 ¡ 0.04 mm), closely appressed, delineated by a shallow groove and suture line. Frontal wall gymnocystal, smooth-surfaced, slightly convex, mostly without fenestrae, but with a flat, strap-like carina running from proximal zooidal margin nearly to orifice, delineated by sharp borders, sometimes with a slit or foramen in proximal midline; some zooids with low, broad umbo proximal to orifice, occasionally occupying most of frontal wall. Autozooidal orifice hat-shaped, wider than long, 0.16 – 0.21 mm long (0.19 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.23 – 0.29 mm wide (0.26 ¡ 0.02 mm), anter semicircular, with sharp indentations in proximolateral corners; proximal rim of poster gently concave, sometimes straight; peristome lacking. Lateral excavations of gymnocyst well developed, extending proximally from orificial indentations on one or both sides for a distance of up to half of zooid length. Zooids dimorphic; orifice of maternal zooids somewhat larger and higherarched than that of autozooids, though overlapping in size, 0.19 – 0.23 mm long (0.21 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.25 – 0.32 mm wide (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm). Kenozooidal ooecium (Figure 18 C, D) caplike, flanked distally by a circular, triangular, or transversely crescentic foramen that varies considerably in size. Interzooidal communications via row of uniporous septula along each lateral wall. Spines and avicularia lacking. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks There are some small differences between our material and that from Kamekawa, Hokkaido, the type locality (Gordon et al. 2002). In specimens from Akkeshi, zooids are slightly larger; the ooecial fenestra tends to be larger and more variably shaped; some zooids have a moderately developed frontal umbo; and the strap-like frontal carina can have a slit or fenestra at the proximal end. Our observations add to the range of variation known for this species. Distribution Hokkaido Island, Japan. This species was originally described from a tidal flat at Kamekawa (43 ° 039 N, 140 ° 359 E) on the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido; the record at Akkeshi extends the known range to the Pacific side.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC7DDE00FE0727E0D3591F2D.taxon	description	(Figure 19) Material examined ANC, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.54); ACT, two intact colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.55); DIN, three intact colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.56); MAC, three colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.57); DIW, colony fragment (NHM 2006.2.27.58). Additional material: 847 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, coherent, unilaminar when young (Figure 19 A), multilaminar, often several layers thick, with age; forming irregularly circular patches up to 2.5 cm across, white to tan in colour when alive. Primary layer consists of autozooids only; male polymorphs, ovicellate female zooids, and autozooids budded frontally in secondary layers. Zooids elongate-elliptical, spindle-shaped, widest in middle, rounded distally, tapering proximally, 0.45 – 0.78 mm long (0.61 ¡ 0.09 mm), 0.20 – 0.30 mm wide (0.25 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by a deep groove, with slit-like lacunae and incipient zooeciules evident between young, marginal zooids. Autozooids distinct only in primary layer (Figure 19 A) in marginal budding zone and in young colonies; proximal ends of zooids submerged under distal parts of preceding zooids. Frontal wall hemicylindrical, smooth, translucent, convex, rising distally into lunate suboral umbo. Autozooidal orifice (Figure 19 B, D, E), including sinus, roughly circular, longer than broad, 0.11 – 0.15 mm long (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.13 mm wide (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), with condylar shelves bearing small condyles pointing distally, distomedially, or medially, often with a notch between condyle and orificial rim; between condylar shelves is a deep, broadly U-shaped proximal sinus. Orifice surrounded laterally and distally by a sharp, thin, raised peristomial rim. Orifice of male zooids (Figure 19 C – E) similar in shape to that of autozooidal orifice, but about one-half to one-third the length and width; proximal sinus sometimes appears proportionately longer and narrower in male zooids. Orifice of female zooids (Figure 19 C, D) semicircular, broad, with a concave proximal margin. Ovicell (Figure 19 C – E) hyperstomial, spherical, smooth, variable in shape, size and orientation, 0.17 – 0.23 mm long (0.20 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.18 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), covered with a variable number of pores, some occluded. Spines and avicularia lacking. Six pore chambers along basal side of lateral wall and two to three in distal vertical wall. Ancestrula (Figure 19 F) similar in form to autozooid, though smaller and shorter. Early astogeny a spiral budding pattern, with first zooid budding distolaterally from ancestrula and each following periancestrular bud arising from angle between ancestrula and preceding zooid. Remarks	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC7FDE0EFE262780D46B19D5.taxon	description	46, Figure 4; Mawatari 1956, p 129, Figure 10 h – k; Androsova 1958, p 163, Figure 93; Kluge 1962, p 453, Figure 300; 1975, p 550, Figure 300; Gontar 1980, p 10; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b, p 55; Dick and Ross 1988, p 63, Plate 8 A; Kubanin 1997, p 123; Grischenko 1997, p 179; 2004, p 41; Dick et al. 2005, p 3738, Figure 14 A – D. Material examined ACW, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.62); BAC, colony fragment detached from bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.63), three colony fragments on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.64); NB, two young colonies on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.65). Additional material: 325 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, more or less circular, up to 3 cm across, bright yellow, orange, or tan when alive. Zooids (Figure 20 A, B) hexagonal, rectangular, or oval, often tapering proximally, 0.47 – 0.77 mm long (0.58 ¡ 0.08 mm), 0.20 – 0.32 mm wide (0.25 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by a groove, with a faint suture line between adjacent vertical walls. Frontal wall convex, coarsely granulated, imperforate centrally, with 5 – 11 conspicuous areolar pores along each lateral margin, separated by short ridges. Primary orifice (Figure 20 C) semicircular, broader than long, 0.09 – 0.12 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.11 – 0.15 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm); proximal margin varying from slightly concave to straight or slightly convex, with an inconspicuous, low, flattened condyle near each proximal corner. Peristome (Figure 20 B, C) cormidial, consisting distally of upturned proximal margin of succeeding zooid; this is confluent with sharp, raised lateral flanges that meet avicularian chamber proximally; in ovicellate zooids lateral flanges are confluent with upturned proximal margin of ovicell. Secondary orifice semicircular, or approaching quadrate in non-ovicellate zooids, often markedly quadrate in ovicellate zooids. A median suboral avicularium (Figure 20 C) lies on internal slope of peristomial rim, orientated almost vertically, mandible triangular with rounded apex or almost semicircular, cross-bar complete; avicularian chamber (Figure 20 D, E) raised from frontal wall, broad, roughly granulated, often umbonate, occupying up to one-half of frontal surface, developing from an areolar pore on each side. Ovicell (Figure 20 D, E) hyperstomial, hemispherical, prominent, 0.19 – 0.24 mm long (0.21 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.20 – 0.29 mm wide (0.24 ¡ 0.02 mm), imperforate, surface coarsely granulated like frontal wall, sometimes bearing a small, salient central umbo. Interzooidal communication via two multiporous septula in basal half of distal wall of zooid and a single multiporous septulum in each distolateral wall. Ancestrula (Figure 20 F) of uncertain shape, obscured by surrounding zooids, with semicircular orifice bearing eight short, hollow spines along lateral margins; surrounded by triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally and two larger zooids proximally; periancestrular zooids similar to later autozooids, but have one to three hollow ephemeral spines along distal margin of orifice. Remarks Dick et al. (2005) discussed the taxonomic status of P. acutirostris in some detail, concluding that what has been considered a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal species may comprise a complex of closely related species in the northern hemisphere, including P. major Hincks, 1884 and P. columbiana O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue, 1923. Until this species complex is better understood, we simply refer the specimens from Akkeshi to P. acutirostris Smitt, 1868. Compared to zooids of specimens at Ketchikan, Alaska, zooids at Akkeshi are somewhat longer; the frontal wall and ovicell more coarsely granulated and appear more heavily calcified; the low but conspicuous lyrula seen in the Ketchikan population is absent; and both the ovicell and frontal wall tend to be umbonate, which is not the case at Ketchikan. However, the differences in morphology between Alaskan populations (Dick and Ross 1988; Dick et al. 2005) might represent geographical variation among conspecific populations. Distribution Smitt (1868) originally described P. acutirostris from Spitzbergen. Subsequently, it has come to be considered a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal species (see Kluge 1962, 1975 and Gontar and Denisenko 1989 for many distributional records), extending as far south as Cape Cod in the northwestern Atlantic (Osburn 1912), the Lofoten Islands in the northeastern Atlantic (Nordgaard 1918), and southern California in the northeastern Pacific (Osburn 1952). In the northwestern Pacific, P. acutirostris has been recorded from the southern Chukchi Peninsula, Commander Islands, eastern Kamchatka, Shantar archipelago, Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, and Primorye (Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Grischenko 1997; Kubanin 1997); in Japan it is previously known from Akkeshi and Hakodate, Hokkaido, southward to middle Honshu (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC71DE0CFE362247D1451A91.taxon	description	(Figure 21)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC71DE0CFE362247D1451A91.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, eight colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.9) and two colonies on rocks (NHM 2006.2. 27.10, NHM 2006.2.27.66). Additional material: 85 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, tightly attached to substratum, irregularly circular, up to 2.5 cm across; yellowish, greyish, or off-white when alive. Zooids (Figure 21 B – E) hexagonal or rectangular, sometimes tapering proximally, 0.35 – 0.60 mm long (0.48 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.23 – 0.38 mm wide (0.31 ¡ 0.04 mm), delineated by a deep groove with a suture line when young, and by deep, undulating lateral groove with age; transverse boundaries indistinct. Frontal wall imperforate centrally, coarsely granulated, with four to seven circular areolar pores along each lateral margin; inflated and convex in young zooids; increasingly thick with age, quite convex, roughly granulose, sometimes with a prominent umbo in suboral or proximolateral region. Primary orifice semicircular, deeply submerged, difficult to measure, but about 0.10 – 0.13 mm long by 0.12 – 0.15 mm wide; lyrula low and broad, occasionally lacking in some zooids, which have a slightly convex proximal border; condyles low, tapering distally, located near proximal corners of orifice. Peristome deep, secondary orifice pyriform in outline, 0.11 – 0.16 mm long (0.14 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.12 – 0.16 mm wide (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm), cormidial, its distal half formed by indented proximal margin of succeeding zooid; this is confluent with thick, rounded lateral flanges that meet proximally with sides of suboral avicularian chamber; in ovicellate zooids lateral flanges connect with proximolateral corners of ovicell; suture lines separate contributions of secondary calcification from a zooid and its neighbour that make up the secondary orifice. A large, oval median suboral avicularium lies within peristome, below secondary orifice, orientated vertically or tilted slightly proximally; mandible semicircular, cross-bar complete; avicularian chamber broader than long, lunate, occupying frontal surface from margin to margin, with two to five small pores around chamber margin or in chamber itself; in young zooids chamber is convex, inflated, finely granulated, but with age it becomes immersed and rugose. Ovicell (Figure 21 C – E) hyperstomial, spherical, 0.16 – 0.21 mm long (0.19 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.20 – 0.25 mm wide (0.23 ¡ 0.02 mm), initially finely granulated, rapidly immersed with thick, roughly granulose calcification from surrounding zooids, becoming flush with colony surface. Oral spines lacking. Two multiporous septula in transverse wall and four circular multiporous septula in each lateral wall. Ancestrular complex (Figure 21 F) comprises five zooids radiating from common centre; in the specimen illustrated, the ancestrula proper is completely obscured by periancestrular zooids. Remarks The structure of the frontal wall varies considerably in P. belli according to substratum. In general, the frontal wall is inflated in young zooids and becomes gradually mucronate with age. Colonies on flat surfaces tend to retain the inflated appearance of the frontal wall, without an umbo, whereas those on irregular substrata may comprise entirely heavily calcified zooids with a strongly mucronate frontal wall. Distribution This is a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal, species. Kluge (1962, 1975) and Gontar and Denisenko (1989) gave many distributional records for the Arctic. In the northern Pacific, P. belli has been reported from the Commander Islands (Grischenko 1997; Kubanin 1997), eastern Kamchatka (Kluge 1961), the Kuril Islands (Gontar 1980), Sakhalin Island, and Primorye (Androsova 1958). Akkeshi Bay is the southernmost known locality of P. belli in the Asian Pacific.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC72DE0AFE592499D1831A90.taxon	description	(Figure 22)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC72DE0AFE592499D1831A90.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ACT, two colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.59); KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.60). Additional material: 147 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, loosely attaching to substrate, irregularly circular, up to 5 cm across, bright orange or reddish when alive. Zooids (Figure 22 B – D) irregularly hexagonal, or tapering proximally and clavate in shape, rounded distally, thinwalled, 0.60 – 0.80 mm long (0.71 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.32 – 0.45 mm wide (0.38 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by raised vertical walls. Frontal shield cryptocystal, ‘‘ incomplete’ ’, occupying 40 – 60 % of zooidal length; relatively smooth in newly formed zooids, sunken below narrow gymnocystal rim and covered by epitheca, with three to five areolar pores along each lateral margin; with age, reinforced by strong buttresses of calcification running between adjacent areolae toward centre of cryptocyst, meeting proximal and lateral margins of avicularian chamber, often confluent with a heavily calcified median buttress. A suboral avicularium with a raised chamber arises from one of distalmost areolae, asymmetrically placed and overhanging the opesia, rostrum facing obliquely laterally, mandible semicircular to subspatulate, cross-bar complete. Secondary orifice oval to nearly circular, 0.28 – 0.35 mm long (0.31 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.27 – 0.33 mm wide (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm), surrounded by thin, raised gymnocystal margin; with age, orifice can become partially concealed by calcification from adjacent zooids. Ovicell (Figure 22 C, D) a small, transversely elongate hood suspended in distal curvature of aperture, with uncalcified central area that is sometimes open at proximal margin. Four small circular multiporous septula in each lateral wall; transverse wall interconnects through numerous pores in basal half, organized into two distinct septular areas. Spines absent. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks Gontar (1982) described a new subspecies, D. sandalia concinna, on the basis of material from Kunahsir among the southern Kuril Islands. Characters distinguishing this subspecies from the nominal subspecies include strongly calcified ridges on the proximal part of the frontal shield; the occasional presence of a small additional avicularium in the same area; and smaller zooidal dimensions. Grischenko (1997) noted a similar condition of the frontal shield in specimens from the Commander Islands, but did not observe the additional frontal avicularia. Colonies of D. sandalia from Akkeshi Bay show considerable variation in the degree of calcification of the frontal shield and avicularian chamber, and in the development of buttresses. Whereas in some colonies zooids have an inflated, relatively smooth frontal shield and reduced, shortened buttresses, in others zooids have a highly mucronate frontal, reinforced by strong buttresses. A parallel variation in characters also occurs during individual zooidal development. Except for the sporadic presence of an additional frontal avicularium, the characters considered diagnostic for D. sandalia concinna appear to comprise astogenetic, ecophenotypic, or intra-population variation. It thus remains unclear whether D. sandalia concinna represents a valid subspecies. Distribution This is a Boreal Pacific species, originally described from Yakutat, Alaska (Robertson 1900) and subsequently reported from the Queen Charlotte archipelago (Osburn 1950), Kodiak Island (Dick and Ross 1988), the Commander Islands (Gordon and Grischenko 1994; Grischenko 1997, 2004; Kubanin 1997), and Kunashir and Shikotan among the southern Kuril Islands (Gontar 1981). Our record from Akkeshi is the first report of D. sandalia from Japan and represents the southernmost limit of its known distribution in the western North Pacific.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC74DE09FE6224BAD44E1FDB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.72), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.73), extensive colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.74). Additional material: 23 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, coherent, unilaminar, but sporadically building up frontally budded layer of irregularly orientated zooids; irregularly circular, largest observed 3.8 cm in maximum dimension; bright yellow when alive, with lemon-yellow membranous growing edge one or two zooids deep. Zooids (Figure 23 B, C, E) oval to irregularly hexagonal, rounded distally, 0.40 – 0.63 mm long (0.49 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.27 – 0.43 mm wide (0.34 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by shallow groove, with appressed adjacent vertical walls forming a thick line of calcification flanked by rows of areolar pores. Frontal wall convex, vitreous; smooth, or rugose with coarse granulation; imperforate centrally, with 7 – 10 conspicuous areolar pores along each lateral margin, separated by short buttresses; with large conical or nodular suboral umbo variable in size, occasionally with one to three additional protuberances scattered elsewhere on frontal surface. Primary orifice (Figure 23 B) subcircular, typically slightly longer than broad, 0.10 – 0.14 mm long (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.13 mm wide (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), with a low, narrow, truncate lyrula and long, pointed condyles directed proximomedially. Young zooids (Figure 23 A) have two short, ephemeral distal spines. Peristome formed by narrow, raised lip proximally and laterally in young zooids, or rarely by two lateral lappets separated by sinus; primary orifice becomes sunken with increased secondary calcification. Zooids with or without a large avicularium (Figure 23 A – C), about 0.12 – 0.15 mm long, lateral to orifice, abutting peristome, the rostrum raised distally, with an acute, slightly long-triangular mandible directed medially, approximately in line with proximal margin of orifice; cross-bar thin, complete; sometimes the lateral-oral avicularium is paired. The lateral-oral avicularium may be replaced by a larger avicularium (Figure 23 D, E) of similar shape occupying central or proximal area of frontal wall and pointing distally, distolaterally, or sometimes proximally. Small avicularia (Figure 23 D, F), about 0.07 – 0.10 mm long, pyriform or oval in shape, with semicircular mandible directed laterally or proximally, can also occur anywhere along the proximal or lateral margins proximal to the orifice, with or without the larger, acute types; sometimes an oval avicularium overlaps the margin of an ovicell. Ovicell (Figure 23 F, G) spherical, broader than long, 0.20 – 0.28 mm long (0.24 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.23 – 0.33 mm wide (0.28 ¡ 0.02 mm), overhanging the orifice; smooth, flattened on top and bearing a single large, circular or transversely elliptical pore; recumbent and sunken in frontal wall of distal zooid, with contributions of ectocystal calcification from that zooid and laterally flanking zooids delineated by raised suture lines; ovicell lacking ornamentation, or with one to three conical, tuberculate processes, one per sector of secondary calcification. Interzooidal communication via uniporous septula. Ancestrula not observed; ancestrular region we observed (Figure 23 H) appears entirely covered by a frontally budded layer of irregularly orientated zooids. Remarks The stable character that distinguishes this species from any other Parasmittina reported from the northwestern Pacific, including P. jeffreysii (Norman, 1903), P. trispinosa (Johnston, 1838), and P. macroavicularia (Androsova, 1958), is the presence of only a single, large pore in the ovicell. Gontar (1982) described and illustrated two types of avicularia in her original description, but only briefly mentioned their arrangement, which we found to be quite variable. Most zooids located marginally or peripherally lack avicularia or have only the lateral-oral avicularium with a triangular mandible pointed medially. In contrast, zooids situated near the colony centre tend to have several different combinations of avicularia, such as: (1) a triangular lateral-oral avicularium on both sides of orifice, mandibles pointing medially; (2) an oval avicularium on each side of the orifice; (3) both triangular and oval avicularia lateral to orifice; (4) a single triangular avicularium located proximally on the frontal wall, with the mandible directed distally, laterally, or proximally; (5) a single oval avicularium lateral to orifice; (6) one or two oval avicularia in the proximal half of the frontal wall; or (7) one oval avicularium lateral to the orifice and another more proximally. Distribution Parasmittina avicularissima was originally described from Crabovaya Bay, Shikotan Island, southern Kuril Islands. Akkeshi Bay is the second and southernmost known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC76DE77FE92200CD2151A90.taxon	description	(Figure 24)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC76DE77FE92200CD2151A90.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.12), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.68), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.69), ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.70); ACW, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.67); NB, five young colonies on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.71). Additional material: 124 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, forming circular patches up to 3 cm across, reddish to orange when alive. Zooids (Figure 24 A, B) hexagonal, oval, or irregularly rectangular, mostly with indistinct meandering boundaries, 0.43 – 0.78 mm long (0.59 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.33 – 0.45 mm wide (0.38 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by shallow undulating groove with suture line at bottom. Frontal wall slightly to moderately convex, finely granulated, covered with numerous large pores; with age, pores became infundibular. Frontal wall rises into a small or prominent conical median umbo (Figure 24 B, D) in suboral or central region. Primary orifice (Figure 24 C) round or slightly longer than broad, with wide, variably tall median lyrula; small, sharp lateral condyles evident in some marginal zooids, but usually appear to be lacking (Figure 24 A, C). Oral spines lacking outside zone of astogenetic change. Secondary orifice irregularly circular, oval, or pyriform in outline, longer than wide, often constricted proximally; surrounded by thin, smooth, angled rim, 0.14 – 0.19 mm long (0.16 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.13 – 0.18 mm wide (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm); cormidial (Figure 24 D), formed distally by proximal margin of succeeding zooid and laterally by extensions of secondary calcification from adjacent zooid on each side. Median suboral avicularium (Figure 24 D, E) oval or pyriform in outline, with short-spatulate mandible and complete cross-bar; rising above proximal orificial denticle and lying mostly within peristome, tilted proximally from perpendicular. Avicularian chamber small, semicircular, completely immersed in suboral umbo, often flanked laterally by a minute pore on each side. Ovicell (Figure 24 C – E) hyperstomial, spherical, imperforate, broader than long, 0.14 – 0.20 mm long (0.17 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.18 – 0.23 mm wide (0.20 ¡ 0.01 mm), rapidly immersed, the top flush with colony surface, finely granulated; outer layer cormidial like secondary orifice, with calcification from the succeeding and lateral zooids, the contributions delineated by sutures on surface. Lateral wall of zooids with two distal and six lateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 24 F) modified tatiform, about 0.42 mm long by 0.33 mm wide; rapidly obscured by periancestrular zooids; opesia a little less than half the length of ancestrula, with an undetermined number of opesial spines. Ancestrula buds a small zooid distally and a pair distolaterally; from the latter arise two proximal periancestral zooids. Zooids in zone of astogenetic change with two to four ephemeral oral spines. Remarks Soule et al. (1995) established the genus Raymondcia for species resembling Smittina, but with the secondary orifice and ovicell cormidial, composed of distal and two lateral segments, characters present in our material. Accordingly, we use the new combination R. rigida (Lorenz, 1886) herein. Raymondcia rigida is similar to R. macginitiei Soule et al., 1995 in having a pyriform secondary orifice and the avicularium orientated nearly vertically within the peristiome; however, in the latter species, the orificial denticle is wider than the width of the suboral avicularium, whereas in R. rigida it is narrow, about the same width as the avicularium. Although the frontal wall is inflated in R. macginitiei, it is distinctly umbonate in R. rigida, which also has considerably larger frontal pores. Finally, the most deeply immersed ovicells of R. rigida are still a little convex and recognizable, whereas those of R. macginitiei became totally immersed. Distribution This has been considered a circumpolar Arctic-Boreal species; Kluge (1962, 1975) and Gontar and Denisenko (1989) provided many distributional records. Most of these records need to be re-examined (see Dick and Ross 1988), due to possible confusion with R. bella (Busk, 1860), originally described from Shetland, Britain (Hayward and Ryland 1999). On the Asiatic side, the nominal species has been recorded from eastern Kamchatka, the Commander Islands, the Shantar Archipelago, the Kuril Islands, southern Sakhalin Island, Primorye, and Peter the Great Gulf (Androsova 1958; Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Grischenko 1997). There is a record of nominal R. rigida from Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0BDE75FE6B24D8D3031A91.taxon	description	(Figure 25)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0BDE75FE6B24D8D3031A91.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, young colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.6), two ancestrular colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.7), extensive colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.8), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.66). Additional material: 88 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, forming circular patches up to 4 cm across; orange, dark red or light violet when alive. Zooids (Figure 25 B) hexagonal, oval, or pyriform, 0.47 – 0.65 mm long (0.57 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.30 – 0.45 mm wide (0.38 ¡ 0.04 mm), usually with very irregular boundaries, separated by undulating suture line. Frontal wall slightly convex to inflated, finely granulated, with five or six areolar pores along each lateral margin and additional large, infundibuliform pores in the central region. With age, outer pore openings became enlarged and frontal wall appears reticulate, with rounded ridges between pores. In some colonies, frontal wall rises to a prominent, conical median suboral umbo (Figure 25 C). Orifice circular to irregularly oval, 0.13 – 0.17 mm long (0.15 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.14 – 0.19 mm wide (0.17 ¡ 0.01 mm), with a thin marginal rim; condyles and lyrula lacking. Secondary orifice cormidial, usually comprising four sectors, including contributions of frontal wall from the distal and lateral zooids, with distinct sutures between sectors. With increasing secondary calcification, the low peristome becomes irregular. A small, oval median suboral avicularium (Figure 25 B, D, E) abuts the primary orifice; with increasing secondary calcification it comes to lie within peristome, orientated perpendicularly, or nearly so, to colony surface, hidden from frontal view; mandible semicircular, with complete cross-bar. Avicularian chamber small, crescentic, completely immersed with age; avicularium occasionally lacking. Spines and ovicells lacking. Zooids with two distal and four lateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula not observed; obscured by ancestrular complex (Figure 25 F) of heavily calcified zooids smaller than astogenetically mature zooids, often overgrown by layer of irregularly orientated, frontally budded zooids. Remarks The taxonomic position of this species is unclear. It does not belong in Porella, as originally placed, because that genus is characterized by having an ovicell and an umbonuloid frontal shield with marginal areolae only, although spines and lyrula may be lacking and the condyles greatly reduced (Hayward and Ryland 1999). The cormidial secondary orifice, with contributions from the lateral and distal zooids, is very similar to that of Raymondcia (Soule et al. 1995); Raymondcia also has a median suboral avicularium. However, characters of Raymondcia as the genus is now defined include lyrula, condyles, and ovicell. Although the definitions of some genera (e. g. Porella) encompass variation in the presence or degree of development of a lyrula and condyles, inferred loss of the ovicell is problematic; we are not aware of any lepraliomorph genus in which some species have ovicells and others brood internally. Nonetheless, the overall resemblance of Raymondcia klugei (Gontar) to Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz) is remarkable. Since we were unable to observe embryos internally in any colonies of R. klugei, it is unknown whether this species really lacks ovicells and broods internally. As an alternative explanation for the absence of ovicells in our specimens, it might be that conditions in the intertidal zone of Akkeshi Bay are suitable for growth, but not for reproduction. Such a situation would occur, for example, if colonies reproduced only in relatively deep water, but recruits could survive intertidally. Distribution This species was originally described from Ivanovskogo Cape, Kunashir Island, southern Kuril Islands. Akkeshi Bay is the second known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0DDE70FF432499D24C1935.taxon	description	(Figure 26) Schizomavella auriculata orientalis Androsova and Gontar in Gontar 1982, p 549, Figure 2 - 2. Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.31), intact colony (NHM 2006.2.27.84); ACW, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.83). Additional material: 38 specimens. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting, coherent, forming circular patches up to 3 cm in diameter, bright beige or light orange in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 26 A, B) irregularly hexagonal, barrel-shaped, or rectangular, 0.35 – 0.53 mm long (0.42 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.28 – 0.45 mm wide (0.36 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by fine suture lines between raised adjacent vertical walls. Frontal wall moderately convex to inflated; vitreous, smooth in young zooids, nodulose in mature zooids; imperforate centrally with five to nine conspicuous areolar pores along each lateral margin, separated by short ridges. Primary orifice (Figure 26 C) subcircular, 0.10 – 0.13 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.14 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm); proximal margin with shallow, U-shaped median sinus flanked by broad condylar shelves bearing blunt condyles. Newly budded zooids (Figure 26 A) have one or two short, hollow ephemeral spines distal to primary orifice. Secondary orifice cormidial, formed proximally by sharp, elevated flanges of peristome extending from sides of suboral avicularian chamber to distal curvature formed by raised, thickened margin of succeeding zooid; circular in outline in immature zooids, transversely oval in ovicellate zooids; in mature zooids, lateral flanges connect with proximolateral corners of ovicell. Immediately proximal to orificial sinus is a small suboral avicularium (Figure 26 B) with complete cross-bar and semicircular mandible directed proximally at an angle to frontal plane; avicularian chamber narrow, crescentic, prominent in immature zooids, becoming immersed and covered by nodules in ovicellate zooids, flanked by a pair of small pores. Ovicellate zooids additionally have paired lateral oral avicularia (Figure 26 D, E) directed proximolaterally at an angle to frontal plane, somewhat larger than median avicularium, with complete cross-bar; mandible subspatulate, slightly elongate; rostral opesia triangular distal to cross-bar; lateral avicularia occasionally single or lacking altogether; rarely only one or two lateral avicularia present, with median suboral avicularium absent. Ovicell (Figure 26 D, E) hemispherical, recumbent on following zooid, broad, 0.18 – 0.25 mm long (0.21 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.22 – 0.27 mm wide (0.25 ¡ 0.01 mm); with concave proximal margin; smooth on top, perforated with 25 – 30 irregular pores; with age, covered around periphery with heavy nodular secondary calcification. Zooids intercommunicate via uniporous septula. Ancestrula (Figure 26 F) similar in form to autozooid, reduced in size, 0.27 mm long, 0.20 mm wide, irregularly hexagonal, with quite convex frontal wall and raised vertical walls; orifice circular, 0.08 mm long, 0.08 mm wide; surrounded by seven zooids. Remarks Gordon and d’Hondt (1997) established the genus Parkermavella for Schizomavella - like species that differ from Schizomavella in having an imperforate frontal shield and only marginal areolae. Characters of Parkermavella include a proximal oral sinus; articulated oral spines distally; one or more adventitious avicularia near the orifice or elsewhere on the frontal surface; and a prominent or subimmersed ovicell with smooth ectooecial calcification, many perforations that may be rimmed, and secondary calcification sometimes encroaching around the distal margin. The species of Androsova and Gontar treated here lacks frontal perforation and has most of the other characters of Parkermavella, and therefore belongs in that genus. Gontar (1982) originally described this species as subspecies orientalis of Schizomavella auriculata (Hassall, 1842). However, the nominal subspecies never has more than a single median avicularium associated with the orifice, and also differs in orifice shape and in having numerous frontal pores; it is distributed in the northeastern Atlantic from Scotland to Gibraltar (Hayward and Ryland 1999). On the basis of these differences in morphology and range, we here elevate Gontar’s subspecies to species rank as P. orientalis (Androsova and Gontar, 1982).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0DDE70FF432499D24C1935.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species was originally described from Crabovaya Bay, Shikotan Island, Kuril Islands, and also recorded from Zelenyy Island, Habomai Islands (Small Kuril Achipelago). Akkeshi Bay is the third known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0FDE7FFE7121B8D4111DDA.taxon	description	(Figure 27) Schizoporella unicornis var. japonica Ortmann 1890, p 49, Plate 3, Figure 35. Schizoporella japonica: Dick et al. 2005, p 3742, Figures 15 A – H, 16 A – D (illustration of holotype).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC0FDE7FFE7121B8D4111DDA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.39), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.85); BAC, ancestrular colony detached from bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.86), extensive colony detached from bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.87), extensive colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.88). Additional material: 80 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, occasionally with bilaminar overgrowth of one portion of colony by another, forming extensive irregularly circular patches up to 5.5 cm across, red to bright orange when alive. Zooids (Figure 27 A, B) rectangular to hexagonal, 0.52 – 0.73 mm long (0.63 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.30 – 0.43 mm wide (0.38 ¡ 0.03 mm), separated by shallow grooves. Frontal wall weakly to moderately convex, uniformly perforated from margin to margin with small circular pores except in suboral area, with seven to nine larger areolar pores along each lateral margin. Frontal pores become infundibular with development of calcification in mature zooids. Usually frontal wall rises into a small conical median umbo proximal to orifice. Orifice (Figure 27 B, E) broader than long, 0.11 – 0.15 mm long (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.15 – 0.17 mm wide (0.16 ¡ 0.01 mm); sinus broadly U-shaped, flattened on bottom; conspicuous condylar shelves bearing blunt condyles. Oral avicularia (Figure 27 B) situated lateral or proximolateral to orifice, close to condylar shelf; mandible elongate-triangular, with acute tip, directed distolaterally to distally, cross-bar complete; chamber comparatively small, narrow, smooth, with one to three minute pores laterally around base. Oral avicularia usually single (Figure 27 B), often absent (Figure 27 C), occasionally paired. Additionally, some colonies have zooids with large frontal avicularia (Figure 27 D, E) similar in form to oral avicularia, but with a highly raised, smooth chamber. Position of frontal avicularia variable; they can lie close to orifice, but a little more proximal than oral avicularium, on opposite side; just proximal to oral avicularium on same side; along zooidal lateral margin; or centrally on frontal surface. Large avicularia close to orifice point distolaterally; those in central or lateral region of frontal wall point distally or laterally. Large frontal avicularia developed predominantly in mature zones of colony, among zooids with complete ovicells. Ovicell (Figure 27 C, D) hemispherical, prominent, 0.30 – 0.35 mm long (0.32 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.29 – 0.36 mm wide (0.33 ¡ 0.02 mm), lying on frontal wall of daughter zooid and partially overhanging zooidal orifice; rugose, with heavily calcified, finely granulated radiating ribs, evenly perforated by numerous small pores, with larger round to slit-like pores around base. Occasionally ovicell has a small, knob-like central umbo. Ovicellate zooids can be sparsely distributed among non-fertile zooids or concentrated as a reproductive band within colony. Zooids intercommunicate via three to five distal and six lateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 27 F) oval, imperforate, 0.33 mm long, 0.28 mm wide, with eight spines around D-shaped orifice (0.13 mm long, 0.15 mm wide) with straight proximal margin. Ancestrula buds three small zooids distally; surrounded by seven zooids. Remarks Ortmann (1890) reported nominal S. unicornis (Johnston, 1844) from Japan, and additionally erected a new variety, S. unicornis var. japonica. Dick et al. (2005) recently examined Ortmann’s type specimens and elevated variety japonica to species rank, as S. japonica. Distribution In the western Pacific, S. japonica (reported as S. unicornis) extends from China (Liu et al. 2001) northward to Hokkaido Island, where it has previously been recorded at Akkeshi, Muroran, and Shirikishinai on the Pacific side (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b) and at Oshoro Bay on the Sea of Japan (Kubota and Mawatari 1985 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC00DE7DFE482656D30A1F82.taxon	description	(Figure 28) Diagnosis Frontal wall moderately convex, finely granulated, with a small central umbo; covered uniformly with small pores when young, with large marginal pores when mature. Primary orifice semicircular, with straight or slightly convex proximal margin. Secondary orifice cormidial, with raised, complete peristome having a short mid-proximal sinus. Ovicell hyperstomial, broad, rapidly submerged with secondary calcification, granulose, without pores, with a small, central nodule. Etymology The species name refers to the frontal wall decorated with nodular umbones in mature zooids. Material examined Holotype: ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.89). Paratypes: ACW, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.90); BAC, young colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.91); ANC, young colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.92). Additional material: 59 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, irregularly circular; maximum dimension observed was 1.7 cm; red when alive. Zooids (Figure 28 A – E) hexagonal, oval, or rectangular, 0.42 – 0.63 mm long (0.53 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.30 – 0.43 mm wide (0.35 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by raised adjacent vertical walls. Frontal wall moderately convex, finely granulated; when young, covered sparsely and uniformly from margin to margin with small pores, with a small, sharp central umbo (Figure 28 B, C) or two or three scattered umbones (Figure 28 E); with age and secondary calcification, central umbo becomes stout and prominent, central pores reduced in number, marginal pores enlarged, infundibular, often occluded along margins. Primary orifice (Figure 28 A) semicircular, broad, about 0.12 – 0.14 mm long, 0.15 – 0.16 mm wide; proximal margin straight to slightly convex, condyles and sinus lacking, deeply submerged, visible only in developing zooids near colony margin. Secondary orifice cormidial (Figure 28 C); irregularly circular, transversely oval, or rounded-triangular, 0.12 – 0.16 mm long (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.14 – 0.19 mm wide (0.16 ¡ 0.01 mm); peristome complete, raised, consisting of sharp, curved lateral flanges meeting distally with raised proximal margin of distal zooid; with a short mid-proximal sinus. Ovicell (Figure 28 B) hyperstomial, broad, rapidly submerged (Figure 28 D) with secondary calcification, 0.15 – 0.20 mm long (0.18 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.19 – 0.26 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), granulose, imperforate, often with a small nodule in central position. Interzooidal communication via pore chambers. Ancestrula proper not observed; obscured by small, possibly frontally budded zooids (Figure 28 F) that are irregular in form. Remarks The genus Stomachetosella has moderately high diversity in the northwestern Pacific. According to previous reports (Androsova 1958; Kluge 1962; Gontar 1980; Grischenko 1997), at least eight species have been recorded in this region, including S. cruenta (Busk, 1854), S. sinuosa (Busk, 1960), S. limbata (Lorenz, 1886), S. magniporata (Nordgaard, 1906), S. incerta (Kluge, 1929), S. pachystega (Kluge, 1929), S. tuberculata Androsova, 1958, and S. sienna Dick and Ross, 1988. Stomachetosella decorata n. sp. can be distinguished from all of these congeners by the frontal umbo in combination with large, occluded pores, and the broad, submerged ovicell with a small, central umbo. In the northern hemisphere, only one species of Stomachetosella, S. distincta Osburn, 1952, described from the Beaufort Sea near Point Barrow, Alaska, has a similarly umbonate ovicell and frontal wall. However, the distribution of frontal pores is different in S. distincta; its primary orifice has a sinus; and zooid size is significantly larger (0.65 – 0.85 mm long, 0.45 – 0.65 mm wide) and not overlapping with Stomachetosella decorata n. sp. The form of the secondary orifice of S. decorata is almost identical to that of S. sinuosa (Busk, 1860), previously reported from Akkeshi Bay (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b). The latter also has a sinuate, peristomial secondary orifice and immersed hyperstomial ovicells; however, the primary orifice is sinuate, rather than straight or slightly convex, and the ovicell has a central pore. Distribution Stomachetosella decorata is known only from Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC02DE7BFE622055D40E1900.taxon	description	(Figure 29)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC02DE7BFE622055D40E1900.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.66), two colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.79), ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.82); DIN, five colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.80), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.81). Additional material: 105 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, coherent, unilaminar at first but bilaminar or multilaminar with age, forming characteristic circular layers of zooids, with each successive layer forming a smaller concentric circle over previous one; up to 5.5 cm across; white, yellowish, or greyish when alive. Zooids (Figure 29 A) oval or hexagonal, 0.42 – 0.60 mm long (0.51 ¡ 0.04 mm), 0.35 – 0.43 mm wide (0.39 ¡ 0.03 mm), with indistinct boundaries even in early stages. Frontal wall well calcified, convex in young zooids, sparsely perforated by tubular alveoli with small pores at the bottom, giving a reticulate appearance; with age, pore openings enlarged, some occluded; frontal surface becomes thick, regular; zooidal boundaries completely obscured (Figure 29 B, C). Some zooids have one or two frontal umbones. Orifice (Figure 29 A – C) semicircular, 0.09 – 0.13 mm long (0.10 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.15 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), with straight proximal margin bisected by deep, narrow median sinus. With developing calcification, orifice becomes submerged and surrounded by shallow, sloping peristome. Operculum a rich brown colour, in sharp contrast to lighter frontal walls of zooid. On each side of orifice is a slightly raised chamber bearing an avicularium (Figure 29 B) on distal side; semicircular mandible orientated at angle to colony surface and pointing proximally or laterally. Vicarious avicularia (Figure 29 D) scattered throughout colony; mandible semicircular to subspatulate, larger than operculum of autozooids and orientated in any direction. Ovicell (Figure 29 C, E) hyperstomial, 0.22 – 0.30 mm long (0.27 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.25 – 0.32 mm wide (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm), convex, imperforate, deeply immersed, covered with thick radial to reticulate calcification from surrounding zooids. Zooids communicate via numerous uniporous septula along basal wall. Ancestrula tatiform, nearly circular, 0.35 mm long, 0.33 mm wide, with uncalcified basal wall; opesia oval, 0.18 mm long, 0.14 mm wide, with nine spines around margin. Ancestrula (Figure 29 F) buds triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally. Remarks This species has appeared in the northern literature under the names M. plana and M. crustacea. Osburn (1952) discussed the controversy surrounding the names, noting that some authors had preferred M. crustacea Smitt, 1868 because of the inadequacy of Dawson’s (1859) original description of M. plana. Osburn argued convincingly that there is little doubt that M. plana represents the same species as M. crustacea, and that the former thus has priority. Distribution This is a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal species widely distributed in the northern Pacific; Kluge (1962, 1975) and Gontar and Denisenko (1989) gave many distributional records. It has been reported from Alaska from the Pribilof Islands (Osburn 1952), Unalaska Island (Kluge 1961), Kodiak Island (Dick and Ross 1988), Orca, Yakutat, and Juneau (Robertson 1900). On the Asian side, records exist from the Commander Islands, eastern Kamchatka, Shantar Archipelago, Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, and Primorye (Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Grischenko 1997; Kubanin 1997). In Japan, it has previously been reported only from Shirikishinai, Pacific coast of Hokkaido (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC04DE66FE9721C9D44A1D16.taxon	description	(Figure 30) Mucronella perforata Okada and Mawatari 1937, p 442, Plate 1, Figure 8, Text figure 4 A – C. Hippoporina perforata: Huang et al. 1990, p 744, Figure 8, c. Pacificincola perforata: Liu and Liu 1999, p 340, Text figure 1 a – c, Plate 1, Figures 1 – 5; Liu et al. 2001, p 572, Plate 44, Figures 1, 2. Hippodiplosia insculpta: Kubanin 1975, p 123, Figure 3 b, c (not Schizoporella insculpta Hincks, 1882). Material examined KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.60), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.75), young colony detached from bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.76). Additional material: 201 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, forming delicate crusts of very irregular form with meandering margins, up to about 3 cm in maximum dimension, light yellow when alive. Zooids (Figure 30 A, B, E) hexagonal, ovoid, or irregularly rectangular, widest in middle, 0.40 – 0.60 mm long (0.53 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.25 – 0.43 mm wide (0.33 ¡ 0.05 mm), rounded distally, demarcated by a groove and fine suture line. All zooids of one type; non-fertile and fertile zooids similar in size and in size and form of orifice. Frontal wall convex, vitreous, texture smooth or granulated, uniformly perforated with circular pores, except for suboral area; with age, pores become infundibular and the frontal wall appears reticulate; proximal to orifice is a heterozooidal chamber (Figure 30 C) appearing as a raised, crescentic arch or umbo, with a median distal cavity covered by membrane. Primary orifice (Figure 30 C) roughly circular or broader than long, 0.10 – 0.14 mm long (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.15 mm wide (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm); with a high, semicircular anter separated from narrower, shorter poster by a pair of small condyles pointing proximomedially; proximal orificial margin straight. Peristome low; orifice flanked laterally by low, sharp, curved peristomial flanges extending distally from umbo, connecting with proximal corners of ovicell or raised proximal margin of distal zooid, sometimes present as distinct lateral lappets. Ovicell (Figure 30 D, E) globose, prominent, 0.19 – 0.25 mm long (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.20 – 0.27 mm wide (0.23 ¡ 0.02 mm), recumbent on frontal wall of distal zooid and partially overhanging orifice; imperforate, with smooth or slightly nodular central area and short, finely tuberculate radiating ribs around periphery, with series of slit-like pores around distal margin. Spines and avicularia lacking. Zooids intercommunicate via multiporous septula. Ancestrula (Figure 30 F) similar to later zooids but elongate-oval, 0.45 mm long, 0.23 mm wide, inflated frontal wall finely granulated and perforated with numerous pores; ancestrular orifice roughly circular, 0.10 mm long, 0.09 mm wide, with reduced peristomial rim and small suboral opening; ancestrula buds quartet of smaller zooids, two distolaterally and two laterally; surrounded by seven zooids. Remarks	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC04DE66FE9721C9D44A1D16.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species ranges from Akkeshi Bay on the Pacific side of Hokkaido and Peter the Great Gulf, Sea of Japan (Kubanin 1975) southward to Onagawa Bay, Honshu (Okada and Mawatari 1937), Hong Kong (Huang et al. 1990), and China (Liu and Liu 1999).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC19DE64FE1425F9D2B61F6E.taxon	description	(Figure 31)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC19DE64FE1425F9D2B61F6E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ACT, colony on the erect bryozoan Phidolopora elongata (NHM 2006.2.27.77); NB, colony fragment (NHM 2006.2.27.78). Description Colony initially encrusting, unilaminar, sheet-like, later rising in erect, meandering expansions, reaching 2 cm in maximum dimension, bright yellow in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 31 A, B) hexagonal, barrel-shaped, or rectangular, rounded distally, 0.53 – 0.93 mm long (0.73 ¡ 0.10 mm), 0.33 – 0.48 mm wide (0.39 ¡ 0.04 mm), delineated by narrow incision between adjacent vertical walls. Frontal wall moderately to markedly convex, smooth, uniformly perforated with small pores over entire surface, except for peristome; marginal zooids with an imperforate zone along each lateral margin. Orifice (Figure 31 A) semicircular or rounded-quadrate in immature zooids, irregularly semicircular to rounded-quadrate in ovicellate zooids, 0.18 – 0.25 mm long (0.21 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.19 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm), without oral spines, lyrula, or condyles. Peristome raised, continuous; cormidial, formed distally by raised, proximal wall of distal zooid, proximally by thick, raised, arcuate rim with a sharp median tooth (Figure 31 B, C) and distolateral prominences. Avicularia and ovicells not seen in immature intertidal material. Interzooidal communications via multiporous septula. Ancestrula not observed. In an ovicellate colony collected subtidally, zooids 0.67 – 1.10 mm long (0.87 ¡ 0.13 mm), 0.45 – 0.63 mm wide (0.52 ¡ 0.06 mm); orifice 0.21 – 0.27 mm long (0.23 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.22 – 0.31 mm wide (0.27 ¡ 0.03 mm); in ovicellate zooids, proximal peristomial rim overlaps proximolateral lappets of ovicell; sides of peristome finely granulated externally; median suboral tooth prominent, thin and hollow, or stout and blunt. Ovicells (Figure 31 C, D) hyperstomial, globose, overlying frontal wall of distal zooid; broad, 0.27 – 0.35 mm long (0.32 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.40 – 0.45 mm wide (0.43 ¡ 0.02 mm); granulated, uniformly perforated with many small pores; with large, oblong or slit-like basal openings in frontal wall of distal zooid, flanking ovicell on each side proximolaterally. Similar openings often occur at proximolateral edge of peristome of maternal zooid. Remarks Despite the apparent absence of lateral oral avicularia in our material, other characters confirm the identification of Cheilopora sincera. These characters include the convex, uniformly perforated frontal wall; cormidial secondary orifice with a well-developed median suboral tooth; and narrow slits at the base of the ovicell proximolaterally. In the absence of avicularia and the rounded-quadrangular outline of the secondary orifice, especially in mature zooids, Akkeshi specimens resemble Cheilopora inermis (Busk, 1880), previously recorded on the Pacific side of Hokkaido near Shirikishinai (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b). However, the frontal shield of C. inermis is always flat (see Kluge 1962, p 563, Figure 398), whereas that of C. sincera is convex, especially in ovicellate zooids; the proximal margin of the peristome is only gently convex in C. inermis, whereas in C. sincera the median suboral tooth is usually prominent. Kluge (1952) described a new variety, C. sincera orientalis, based on material collected from the Chukchi Sea near Bering Strait. Subsequently, he reported the same form from Avacha Inlet, eastern Kamchatka, elevated to the rank of species as C. orientalis (Kluge 1961). Kluge’s primary justifications for elevating that taxon to species rank were the form of the suboral tooth (a wide, inflated process instead of a sharp tooth) and the occurrence of bilaminar colony form. However, Androsova (1958) described and illustrated the form and size of the suboral process in C. sincera as a significantly variable character that can be sharp, blunt, straight, cone-like, long or short, wide or narrow, or sometimes forked or entirely absent. Furthermore, colonies of C. sincera from the Ust’ Khayryuzovo area, western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk, can be quite variable in form (A. V. Grischenko, unpublished data). Some colonies encrusting the internal concave surface of dead shells of Chlamys sp. bivalves can be loosely attached with elevated margins, or even produce small, bilamellar frills and folds. Hence, C. orientalis falls within the range of variation of C. sincera, and we here consider it as a junior synonym of C. sincera. Distribution This is a circumpolar, Arctic-Boreal species; Kluge (1962, 1975) and Gontar and Denisenko (1989) provide detailed records for the Arctic. In the northwestern Pacific, C. sincera has been reported from eastern Kamchatka, the southern Kuril Islands, western and southern Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Archipelago (Kluge 1961), and Primorye (Androsova 1958); Akkeshi Bay is the southernmost known locality on the Asian side. Osburn (1952) expressed the opinion that C. praelucida (Hincks), described from British Columbia, is likely synonymous with C. sincera (Smitt), but he hesitated to make a formal synonymy without examining type material. O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue (1926) also reported C. praelucida from British Columbia.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1BDE62FE442050D3271F96.taxon	description	(Figure 32)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1BDE62FE442050D3271F96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined KAI, ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.60); MBS, five colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.61). Additional material: 240 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, irregularly circular, up to 4 cm across. Living colonies bright yellow, tan, or brownish in colour and exude a foul, pungent odour. Zooids (Figure 32 A – C) subrectangular to roughly hexagonal, rounded distally, 0.67 – 0.95 mm long (0.80 ¡ 0.08 mm), 0.28 – 0.45 mm wide (0.37 ¡ 0.05 mm), delineated by a fine suture formed by raised adjacent vertical walls. Frontal wall cryptocystidean, convex, perforated with large, uniform pores covering entire surface; with age pores become infundibular and the frontal wall reticulate, with rounded ridges between pores; frontal wall rises to suboral umbo (Figure 32 B, C) varying from low, conical bulge to tall, costate process. Orifice (Figure 32 C) hat-shaped in outline, 0.16 – 0.21 mm long (0.19 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.17 – 0.26 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.02 mm); large, semicircular anter delineated from short, broad poster by long, low, wedge-shaped condyles. Peristome lacking. Area of smooth frontal wall lacking pores borders orifice proximally and laterally. Spines, avicularia, and ovicells lacking. Zooidal communication via multiporous septula. Occasionally scattered kenozooids present, similar to autozooids but lacking orifice. Ancestrula (Figure 32 D) tatiform, oval, 0.53 mm long by 0.44 mm wide, with large opesia occupying almost entire frontal surface, 0.49 mm long by 0.38 mm wide, without spines; basal wall contains uncalcified window. Ancestrula buds triplet of smaller zooids distally; surrounded by eight zooids. Remarks This species and its convoluted synonymy were discussed by Dick and Ross (1988) and Dick et al. (2005). Cryptosula zavjalovensis is patchily abundant in Akkeshi Bay. It is one of the main components of the fouling community on the vertical cement surfaces of the pier of the Akkeshi MBS, where layers of zooids form a thick crust, with free spaces or slits between layers. These spaces provide a habitat for other benthic invertebrates, mainly spirorbid worms, but also small isopod and amphipod crustaceans and errant polychaetes. The external surface of living colonies of C. zavjalovensis remains largely free from encrusting epizoonts, perhaps due to allelopathic activity of the substance responsible for the unpleasant, pungent odour. Distribution A Boreal Pacific species, this is one of the most common and widespread bryozoans found intertidally around the north Pacific Rim, extending from the mid-intertidal zone to a depth about 40 m (Androsova 1958). On the North American side it has been reported from the eastern Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, northern Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Island, and Ketchikan, Alaska (O’Donoghue 1925; Dick and Ross 1988; Dick et al. 2005). On the Asian side there are records from numerous localities, including the Gulf of Anadyr, Kamchatka, Commander Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island, Primorye, and northern sector of the Sea of Japan (Androsova 1958; Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Kubanin 1997; Grischenko 1997, 2004). In Japan, C. zavjalovensis has been previously reported from Shirikishinai, southern Hokkaido (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b), and Mutsu Bay, northern Honshu (Okada 1929).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1DDE60FEBF2046D3131A90.taxon	description	(Figure 33)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1DDE60FEBF2046D3131A90.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, young colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.11), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.12). Additional material: 181 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, more or less circular, up to 2 cm in diameter, pale yellow to whitish when alive. Zooids (Figure 33 A, B) rounded-hexagonal to oval, 0.50 – 0.73 mm long (0.58 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.35 – 0.53 mm wide (0.40 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by a deep groove between smooth, inward-sloping, lateral walls. Frontal wall moderately convex, thin, translucent, smooth and imperforate in central area proximal to ascopore; stellate pores in a single marginal row in proximal half of zooid, two or three marginal rows in distal half, and two rows between ascopore and orifice. Orifice (Figure 33 C) semicircular, curving slightly inward at proximolateral corners; broader than long, 0.10 – 0.12 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.12 – 0.16 mm wide (0.14 ¡ 0.01 mm), with straight proximal margin. Non-ovicellate marginal zooids have three short, hollow spines (Figure 33 A – C) closely set around distal curvature of orifice; ovicellate zooids also have three spines, the lateral two are more widely separated than in zooids that will not produce an ovicell and remain close to proximal corners of ovicell. Ascopore separated from proximal border of orifice by a distance about equivalent to length of zooidal orifice; crescentic, with a denticulate edge, located on a small, oval, elevated prominence which sometimes coincides with highest point of frontal wall, but more often lies on its distal slope. Ovicell (Figure 33 D) hemispherical, prominent, conspicuous, 0.22 – 0.28 mm long (0.25 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.24 – 0.30 mm wide (0.27 ¡ 0.02 mm), smooth, without ribs, imperforate except for large marginal pores inside raised border. No avicularia. Zooids communicate via two distal and two distolateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 33 E) tatiform, oval, 0.33 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, with smooth, narrow gymnocyst and large, oval opesia, 0.22 mm long, 0.16 mm wide, surrounded by 10 short, jointed hollow spines. The ancestrula becomes modified (Figure 33 F) by formation of a frontal shield and loss of spines proximal to level of orifice, thereby coming to resemble periancestrular zooids. Ancestrular orifice irregularly oval, 0.09 mm long, 0.11 mm wide, with slightly concave proximal margin. Frontal wall convex, smooth, with only one row of stellate pores along periphery; slit-like ascopore on small oval prominence at highest point of frontal wall. Ancestrula buds triplet of zooids distally, eventually surrounded by six zooids; periancestrular zooids with three to five oral spines. Remarks Specimens from Akkeshi Bay agree well with the original description and illustrations of F. orientalis (Liu et al. 2003). Many previous records of Fenestrulina from the northwestern Pacific (e. g. Androsova 1959; Kluge 1961; Gontar 1980; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b; Kubanin 1997; Grischenko 1997) were nominal F. malusii (Audouin, 1826), which has been long considered a widely distributed, cosmopolitan species. However, Soule et al. (1995) determined that F. malusii does not occur in the eastern Pacific, at least, and that previous records of that species there actually comprised a complex of two genera and several species. According to Hayward and McKinney (2002), F. malusii occurs throughout the Mediterranean and northwards to the British Isles and western Norway. The date of original description of this species is ambiguous, and we were not able to resolve this ambiguity. In their monograph, Liu et al. (2001) included ‘‘ Fenestrulina orientalis Liu et Liu, 2001 ’’ and listed ‘‘ Liu & Liu, 2001: 13, pl. 5, figs. 3 – 5 ’’ as the citation in the synonymy. However, Liu et al. (2001) did not list Liu and Liu (2001) among the monograph’s references. Furthermore, in a separate paper whose title indicated ‘‘ seven new species’ ’ of microporellids, Liu et al. (2003) reported ‘‘ Fenestrulina orientalis Liu sp. nov. ’’ in the portion of the paper written in Chinese, and ‘‘ Fenestrulina orientalis sp. nov. ’’ in the portion of the paper containing an English translation; this paper contained no reference to Liu and Liu (2001), which indeed we have not been able to locate. We thus consider the authorship and date of Fenestrulina orientalis to be Liu, Liu, and Sun, 2003. Distribution Liu et al. (2003) originally described Fenestrulina orientalis from China, but other authors had previously reported it from the Yellow Sea (as Microporella malusii or Fenestrulina malusii) (Androsova 1959). Some records of F. malusii from Japan, e. g. from Akkeshi, Muroran, Shirikishinai, northern to middle Honshu (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b) and Mutsu Bay (Okada 1929), may represent F. orientalis.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1EDE6FFE6D24F9D3421F04.taxon	description	(Figure 34) Diagnosis Frontal wall inflated, uniformly perforated with numerous small pores. Primary orifice rounded-semicircular, with straight proximal margin. Two widely separated oral spines. Single avicularium situated anywhere along lateral margin, mandible triangular, pointed distolaterally or laterally, cross-bar complete. Ascopore crescentic, with denticulate edge, located on elevated oval prominence, just distal to prominent conical umbo. Ovicell raised, hemispherical, imperforate centrally, often umbonate, with radial ribs and pores around base. Ancestrula tatiform with 12 spines, budding a pair of zooids distolaterally. Etymology Named in honour of Luella Taranto, who greatly helped with collecting during July 2004. Material examined Holotype: DIN, four colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.93). Paratypes: DIW, two colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.94); BAC, ancestrular colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.52). Additional material: 1065 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, irregularly circular, up to 4 cm across; bright orange, pink, or beige in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 34 A, B, D) hexagonal, oval, or somewhat irregular in shape, 0.50 – 0.73 mm long (0.57 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.27 – 0.43 mm wide (0.36 ¡ 0.04 mm), separated by deep groove and fine, meandering suture line. Frontal wall moderately to markedly convex, finely granulated, uniformly perforated from margin to margin with small, round pores, except in suboral area. Orifice (Figure 34 C) broadly semicircular, with rounded proximolateral corners, 0.09 – 0.11 mm long (0.10 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.12 – 0.16 mm wide (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm), proximal margin straight. No condyles. Two widely separated, short, hollow oral spines along distolateral corners of orifice in immature zooids; some zooids have only one spine or lack them altogether. Ascopore (Figure 34 C) crescentic, with a finely denticulate edge, not closed by connecting rays; close to proximal border of orifice, separated from it by a distance about equivalent to distance across short axis of ascopore; located on elevated oval prominence; proximal side of prominence developed into small, smooth, conical umbo. Zooids have a single avicularium (Figure 34 A – E), rarely a pair of them, and many zooids lack them altogether; avicularium lateral or proximolateral to ascopore, raised from frontal wall, directed laterally or distolaterally, end of rostrum with narrow channel, cross-bar complete; mandible sharp, elongate-triangular with setiform tip; avicularian chamber with smooth surface. Ovicell (Figure 34 D, E) hemispherical, prominent, 0.21 – 0.26 mm long (0.23 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.25 – 0.32 mm wide (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm), radially ribbed, finely granulated, often umbonate, imperforate except for outer margin; proximal margin with a smooth rim or upturned lip. Lateral wall of zooids with two or three distal and two distolateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 34 F) tatiform, elongate-oval, 0.35 mm long, 0.23 mm wide, with large, elliptical opesia, 0.18 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, surrounded by 12 spines; ancestrula buds two zooids distolaterally. Periancestrular zooids with six or seven long, tubular oral spines. Remarks The genus Microporella has been well studied around Hokkaido (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b; Mawatari et al. 1991), including a recent revision incorporating new taxonomic characters (Suwa and Mawatari 1998). Eight species have previously been reported from Hokkaido: M. orientalis Harmer, 1957; M. echinata Androsova, 1958; M. neocribroides Dick and Ross, 1988; M. borealis Suwa and Mawatari, 1998; M. elegans Suwa and Mawatari, 1998; M. formosa Suwa and Mawatari, 1998; M. pulchra Suwa and Mawatari, 1998; and M. trigonellata Suwa and Mawatari, 1998. It is surprising that previous investigators did not detect M. luellae, which we found to be exceptionally abundant in Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC1EDE6FFE6D24F9D3421F04.taxon	distribution	Distribution Microporella luellae is presently known only from Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC10DE6DFE95276DD3AE1E20.taxon	description	(Figure 35)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC10DE6DFE95276DD3AE1E20.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined KAI, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.41); BAC, ancestrular colony on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.52), two colonies on bivalve shell (NHM 2006.2.27.95), intact colony (NHM 2006.2.27.96). Additional material: 262 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, irregularly circular, up to 2.5 cm across, light beige when alive. Zooids (Figure 35 A, B) hexagonal to oval, 0.48 – 0.75 mm long (0.62 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.33 – 0.47 mm wide (0.39 ¡ 0.04 mm), delineated by a deep groove and fine suture. Frontal wall markedly convex when young, slightly convex with age, finely granulated, evenly perforated with small, round pores over entire surface, except for suboral area. Orifice (Figure 35 C) semicircular, broader than long, 0.09 – 0.12 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.12 – 0.15 mm wide (0.14 ¡ 0.01 mm), with straight proximal margin and rounded proximolateral corners; condyles lacking. Four (rarely, three) to six hollow oral spines (Figure 35 A – C) located along curvature of orifice in immature zooids; most proximal pair, with enlarged, cylindrical bases, is retained close to proximolateral corners of ovicell in reproductive zooids. Ascopore (Figure 35 C) separated from proximal border of orifice by a distance slightly greater than ascopore width; crescentic, with a crisply denticulate margin, raised on an oval or circular prominence; proximal to ascopore is a sharp, smooth, conical umbo. Avicularium (Figure 35 B, C) single, located lateral or proximolateral to ascopore, the chamber with smooth surface; rostrum raised from frontal wall, directed distally or distolaterally, with a narrow channel at the tip; cross-bar complete; mandible elongate-triangular, acute, with setiform tip. Zooids occasionally have two avicularia, or lack them altogether. Ovicell (Figure 35 D, E) hemispherical, prominent, broad, 0.20 – 0.27 mm long (0.24 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.25 – 0.34 mm wide (0.30 ¡ 0.03 mm), finely granulated, often umbonate, radially ribbed, with pores of varying size around margin, some occluded; indented proximal margin with a smooth rim. Zooids interconnect by three distal and two distolateral basal pore chambers. Ancestrula (Figure 35 F) tatiform, oval, 0.37 mm long, 0.28 mm wide, with large oval opesia 0.25 mm long, 0.16 mm wide, surrounded by nine spines. Ancestrula buds two daughter zooids distolaterally, each with five or six tubular oral spines. Remarks Our material generally agrees with the original description, except that in contrast to Suwa and Mawatari (1998), we did not observe blunt condyles occasionally present at the proximolateral corners of the orifice. Also, ancestrulae of M. trigonellata from Akkeshi Bay are larger than indicated for the type material. Distribution Suwa and Mawatari (1998) recently described this species from Deshin-Hama, Muroran, on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido; Akkeshi Bay is the second known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC12DE6BFE6F263CD2591FAE.taxon	description	(Figure 36) Diagnosis Colony small, pisiform, up to 6 mm in diameter. Colony surface very irregular, with numerous knob-like lobes. Zooids erect, cylindrical, haphazardly orientated. Distal pores encircle an oval orifice with a V-shaped sinus. Orifice flanked by paired lateral avicularia on columnar chambers that are straight or curved inward, narrowing terminally, with a small, oval rostrum angled to plane of orifice, the semicircular mandible pointing laterally. Zooids with completed avicularia have a narrow, transverse, slit-like fold in proximal peristomial lip. Vicarious avicularia rare; with broadly spatulate mandible. Ovicell hyperstomial, globose, recumbent on neighbouring zooids; tabula small; circular, semicircular, or roughly triangular, with slit-like, radially arranged pores. Etymology The species name refers to the small size of colonies, which can be mature at a few millimetres in diameter. Material examined Holotype: ACT, five colonies detached from hydroid stolon (NHM 2006.2.27.97). Paratype: ANC, eight colonies detached from hydroid stolon (NHM 2006.2.27.98). Additional material: eight specimens. Description Colony (Figure 36 A) pisiform, small, up to 6 mm in diameter, with multilayered arrangement of zooids, one over other, light pink when alive. Surface of colony very irregular with knob-like lobes. Zooids (Figure 36 B) erect, cylindrical, 0.23 – 0.30 mm across (0.26 ¡ 0.02 mm), haphazardly orientated. Frontal wall convex, smooth, with a row of areolar pores; pore openings carried around orifice and encircling it. In some zooids, frontal wall rises to a small, wide umbo proximal to orifice. Primary orifice (Figure 36 D) oval, 0.11 – 0.15 mm long (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.14 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), with small, flattened condyles and deep, V-shaped proximal sinus. Secondary orifice (Figure 36 C – E) formed by peristomial lip proximally and by lateral columnar avicularia laterally. Avicularian columns (Figure 36 C) on each side lateral to orifice long, stout, wide at base, tapering distally, with a small, round or oval, terminal rostrum tilted at an angle to the orificial plane and with a complete cross-bar, the semicircular mandible directed laterally; columns straight or curved inward, often submerged in sub-surface zooids. Development of avicularia accompanied by formation of narrow, transverse slit-like fold (Figure 36 C) in proximal peristomial lip. Vicarious avicularia rare, scattered over colony surface, about 0.13 – 0.25 mm long, with complete cross-bar and semicircular (Figure 36 E) to broadly spatulate (Figure 36 F) mandible; rostral opesia large. Ovicell (Figure 36 B, D – F) hyperstomial, globose, 0.18 – 0.23 mm long (0.20 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.24 – 0.30 mm wide (0.26 ¡ 0.02 mm), recumbent on neighbouring zooids, initially prominent, subimmersed with age; tabula small; circular, semicircular, or roughly triangular, with slit-like, radially arranged pores. Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Remarks Celleporina minima n. sp. is similar to the Arctic-Boreal species C. nordenskjoldi in having a pisiform colony, columnar lateral avicularia, and globular, recumbent ovicells. However, colonies of C. minima are always smaller and can have ovicellate zooids at a diameter of just a few millimetres. Avicularian columns of C. minima tend to be curved inward, narrow terminally, with the rostrum angled to the orificial plane and the mandible directed laterally. The avicularian columns of C. nordenskjoldi are long and stout, do not narrow terminally, and are usually straight or only slightly curved inward; the mandible is directed distolaterally. Though the ovicells are quite similar in form in these two species, the tabula is much smaller in C. minima, its diameter one-third to one-half the width of the proximal orifical margin; the tabula in C. nordenskjoldi is usually nearly as wide as the proximal margin of the ovicell. Distribution Akkeshi Bay is the only known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC14DE69FE5B27A0D4611D67.taxon	description	(Figure 37)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC14DE69FE5B27A0D4611D67.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined DIN, four colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.99) and another four colonies (NHM 2006.2.27.101), all detached from ctenostome bryozoan Flustrellidra filispina, six colonies detached from hydroid stolon (NHM 2006.2.27.100). Additional material: 41 specimens. Description Colony pisiform or ovoid in shape, with multilayered arrangement of zooids, one over the other; up to 9 mm in diameter, orange when alive. Colony surface irregular, undulating, with numerous knob-like lobes. Zooids (Figure 37 A, B) cylindrical, erect, 0.29 – 0.36 mm across (0.32 ¡ 0.02 mm), with haphazard orientation. Frontal wall arched, smooth, with marginal areolar pores; pore openings carried around orifice and encircling it. Primary orifice (Figure 37 A) irregularly oval, 0.12 – 0.18 mm long (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.12 – 0.15 mm wide (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm), with flattened condyles and rather shallow, broadly V-shaped proximal sinus; located deep within peristome. Peristome (Figure 37 B, C) consists of peristomial lip proximally and paired avicularian columns laterally that are long, stout, straight or only slightly curved inward, often becoming submerged with age; rostrum terminal, oval, slightly angled to plane of orifice, cross-bar complete, semicircular mandible directed distolaterally. Vicarious avicularia (Figure 37 C, D) rare, scattered over colony surface, up to about 0.5 mm long, with complete cross-bar, mandible broadly spatulate, rostral opesia large. Ovicell (Figure 37 B, C) globose, broader than long, 0.22 – 0.25 mm long (0.24 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.25 – 0.30 mm wide (0.28 ¡ 0.02 mm), initially prominent, subimmersed with age. Tabula relatively large, semicircular to transversely oval, bordered with radially arranged slit-like pores, its diameter nearly as wide as proximal margin of ovicell. Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Distribution	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC16DE57FE4125F1D2A51CC5.taxon	description	(Figure 38)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC16DE57FE4125F1D2A51CC5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ACT, four colonies detached from undetermined red algal rhizoid (NHM 2006.2.27.102). Description Colony encrusting, discoid, domed; a typical colony measured 1.5 by 1.2 by 0.2 cm; with multilayered arrangement of zooids, one over the other; light orange when alive. Colony surface undulating, with many knob-like lobes. Zooids at colony margin (Figure 38 A) decumbent. As colony rises from substrate, zooids (Figure 38 B) become erect, cylindrical, 0.28 – 0.38 mm across (0.33 ¡ 0.03 mm), haphazardly orientated. All zooids have numerous spinous processes within the zooidal cavity (Figure 38 A, B). Frontal wall of decumbent zooids smooth, convex, with a few marginal pores and imperforate central area; in erect zooids, pores carried towards orifice by tubular extensions and form ring around peristome. Primary orifice (Figure 38 B) oval, 0.12 – 0.18 mm long (0.15 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.11 – 0.16 mm wide (0.14 ¡ 0.01 mm), submerged with age by peristome, with flattened condyles on condylar shelves and deep, U-shaped proximal sinus. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooids encircled by narrow peristomial lip; peristome enclosed by thickened proximal orificial lip and columnar lateral orificial avicularia, one on each side lateral to orifice, rarely single or absent; avicularian column stout, curved inward, often submerged with age; rostrum circular, terminal, angled almost perpendicular to orificial plane, with a complete cross-bar; semicircular mandible directed in a lateral direction. Vicarious avicularia (Figure 38 D) scattered over colony surface, numerous in central colony region, 0.13 – 0.29 mm long, with spatulate mandible; cross-bar complete, rostral opesia large, sometimes with extensive palatal shelf and high rostral rim. Ovicell (Figure 38 C, D) globose, 0.24 – 0.33 mm long (0.29 ¡ 0.02 mm), 0.29 – 0.39 mm wide (0.34 ¡ 0.03 mm), initially prominent, subimmersed with age; tabula semicircular, crescentic, or triangular, extensive, occupying nearly entire frontal surface of ovicell, bordered with radially arranged slit-like pores; secondary calcification results in a distinct border surrounding tabula. Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Remarks Okada (1923) was apparently the first person to collect this species, but described his material from the Korea Strait as a new variety, irregulatum, of Myriozoum marionense Busk, 1884. Harmer (1957) recognized Okada’s form as different from M. marionense, and on the basis of specimens from Japan described it as a new Celleporina. A key diagnostic character is the common occurrence in young zooids of several rows of pores distal to the orifice, which was well illustrated by Ikezawa and Mawatari (1993, Figure 2 A, C) in their redescription of C. porosissima; these authors also described the early astogeny. The deepwater specimens described by Okada (1923) formed colonies with erect, cylindrical, anastomosing branches, whereas Harmer (1957) described colonies as ‘‘ small pleurilaminar crusts’ ’, and Ikezawa and Mawatari (1993) described them as ‘‘ encrusting, discoidal, domed’ ’. Although Harmer (1957) attributed this difference in growth form to his specimens possibly having been in an initial stage of growth, the difference raises the question whether Celleporinna porosissima is indeed synonymous with Okada’s (1923) Myriozoum marionense var. irregulatum. Distribution Originally collected from depths of 90 – 200 m in the Korea Strait (if Harmer’s 1957 synonymy is valid), this species has been reported from the vicinity of Shimoda, Shizuoka Prefecture as colonies attached to seaweeds (Okada 1934), and from Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, as colonies on fronds of Laminaria religiosa (Ikezawa and Mawatari 1993). Akkeshi Bay is the northernmost known locality.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC28DE55FE432518D48719BA.taxon	description	(Figure 39)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC28DE55FE432518D48719BA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined DIN, six colonies detached from erect ctenostome bryozoan Flustrellidra filispina (NHM 2006.2.27.103); additional material, four specimens; paratype examined, ZIRAS 2 / 43720, colony encrusting erect bryozoan Microporina articulata, Simushir Island, Polanskogo Cape, depth 20 m, rocky bottom, collected by V. I. Lukin, 10 September 1970. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, more or less circular, largest observed 1.2 cm across, beige to orange in colour when alive. Zooids (Figure 39 A, B) hexagonal to oval, rounded distally, 0.35 – 0.55 mm long (0.45 ¡ 0.05 mm), 0.27 – 0.38 mm wide (0.33 ¡ 0.03 mm); newly budded zooids (Figure 39 A) demarcated by groove and fine suture line; boundaries indistinct between heavily calcified zooids. Frontal wall moderately to markedly convex, tessellate, dimpled, imperforate except for two or three areolar pores along each lateral margin. Primary orifice (Figure 39 A, C) elongate-semicircular, occupying about one-third length of frontal wall, 0.12 – 0.15 mm long (0.13 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.14 mm wide (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), with straight to slightly concave proximal margin; condyles well developed as rounded-triangular projections located about one-third of distance from proximal to distal margin, separating semicircular anter from shorter, broader poster. Five or six long, hollow oral spines (Figure 39 A) with enlarged bases occupy distal curvature of primary orifice of marginal zooids; with age, three or four distal spines become covered by secondary calcification and only most proximal pair remains lateral to orifice, in mature zooids lying close to proximolateral corners of ovicell. Primary orifice evident only in newly budded zooids, becoming rapidly submerged and surrounded by shallow, sloping peristome. Secondary orifice oval to irregularly circular; cormidial, bounded proximally by avicularian chamber, laterally and distally by contributions of calcification from lateral and distal zooids. A relatively large median suboral avicularium (Figure 39 B, D) lies within peristome, just below secondary orifice, often orientated slightly obliquely to longitudinal axis and usually tilted proximally; rostrum oval, cross-bar complete, mandible semicircular, rostral margin proximal to hinge bar even or with small prominences. Avicularian chamber fusiform along long axis, evident in young zooids, completely submersed with increased calcification. Some zooids have hypertrophied suboral avicularium (Figure 39 C), about 0.19 mm long, comparable to orifice in size, with short-spatulate mandible tilted proximally, almost parallel with frontal plane. Oval frontal avicularia (Figure 39 F) with semicircular mandible sometimes occur in proximal half of strongly calcified zooids; oval adventitious avicularia 0.17 – 0.21 mm long, with semispatulate mandible (Figure 39 F), occupy older regions of colony. Ovicell (Figure 39 D, E) hyperstomial, globose, 0.17 – 0.21 mm long (0.19 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.20 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.01 mm), proximal margin straight or nearly so; rapidly submerged and often covered with contributions of secondary calcification from distal and lateral zooids, indicated by fine suture lines; with a smooth proximal tabula having a minute median pore near top. Zooids interconnect by multiporous septula. Ancestrula not observed; Ancestrular region with numerous large adventitious avicularia. Remarks Gontar (1979) originally described H. kurilensis from subtidal material collected near Cape Polyanskogo, Simushir Island, Kuril Islands, and later reported the species from near Makanrushi, Onekotan, Harimkotan, Ekarma, Raschua, Ketoy, Chiproy, Broutona, Urup, and Shikotan Islands of the Kuril Ridge (Gontar 1980). Material from Akkeshi Bay is quite similar to the paratype specimen (ZIRAS 2 / 43720).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC28DE55FE432518D48719BA.taxon	description	Although Gontar (1979) did not clarify the differences between her new species and H. parva, they evidently include the presence of small adventitious avicularia on the frontal wall of heavily calcified zooids of H. kurilensis; an often enlarged suboral avicularium tilted proximally to colony plane and variable in size in H. kurilensis; and five or six oral spines in marginal zooids of H. kurilensis, compared to four to eight in H. parva. Examination of material of H. parva from the Commander Islands has demonstrated that the size of suboral avicularium may vary significantly in some colonies. Furthermore, the number of oral spines known for H. kurilensis falls within the range for H. parva. The status of H. kurilensis as a species distinct from H. parva is thus unclear, especially considering their overlapping distribution along most of the Kuril Islands. Since we have not been able to examine the type material of H. parva for comparison and thus cannot adequately address this taxonomic problem here, we retain the name H. kurilensis for the Akkeshi specimens, pending further study. Distribution Hippoporella kurilensis is known from the majority of the Kuril Islands, and from Akkeshi Bay.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC2ADE50FE8D21BED0DC1E9B.taxon	description	(Figure 40)	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC2ADE50FE8D21BED0DC1E9B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.104), colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.105), ancestrular colony on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.106). Additional material: 118 specimens. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, coherent, more or less circular; largest observed 1.4 cm in maximum dimension; bright orange to pink when alive. Zooids (Figure 40 A, B) hexagonal, rhombic, or irregularly oval, rounded distally, 0.32 – 0.53 mm long (0.45 ¡ 0.06 mm), 0.27 – 0.45 mm wide (0.36 ¡ 0.04 mm), demarcated by shallow groove with fine suture line. Frontal wall moderately to markedly convex, translucent, smooth, imperforate except for three or four areolar pores along each lateral margin, rising distally to suboral umbo that varies from a small, low nodule to a tall, conical projection, sometimes rounded in mature zooids. Primary orifice (Figure 40 A) hat-shaped, slightly longer than broad, 0.10 – 0.14 mm long (0.12 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.10 – 0.13 mm wide (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), with straight to slightly concave proximal margin; blunt condyles are swellings in internal rim around anter, separating long-semicircular anter from short, broad poster. Four hollow ephemeral oral spines (Figure 40 A), more proximal pair with enlarged bases, located along distal margin of orifice of marginal zooids. Primary orifice evident only in developing zooids near colony margin; with development of secondary calcification, it becomes submerged and surrounded by shallow, sloping peristome. Secondary orifice (Figure 40 B) similar in shape to primary orifice, long-semicircular in outline; cormidial, bounded proximally by avicularian chamber, distally and laterally with contributions of calcification from distal and lateral zooids. A circular suboral avicularium (Figure 40 B, C) lies within peristome, below secondary orifice, orientated perpendicularly to colony surface or tilted slightly proximally; mandible semicircular, cross-bar complete; avicularian chamber small, broader than long, smooth, inflated in young zooids and submersed by umbo in older zooids. One to five small, circular adventitious avicularia (Figure 40 E) with semicircular mandible occupy frontal surface of many zooids; these tend to occur on proximal half of frontal wall in immature zooids and lateral slopes of suboral umbo in ovicellate zooids; often interzooidal in position, surrounding secondary orifices. Ovicell (Figure 40 C – E) hyperstomial, globose, broad, smooth, 0.15 – 0.20 mm long (0.17 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.16 – 0.23 mm wide (0.19 ¡ 0.01 mm), with a large, circular pore close to slightly concave proximal margin of ectooecium; rapidly submerged (Figure 40 D, E), with contributions of secondary calcification from frontal walls of distal and lateral zooids delineated by fine sutures. Zooids interconnect by multiporous septula. Ancestrula (Figure 40 F) 0.07 mm long, 0.10 mm wide, orifice semicircular with straight proximal margin, surrounded by 10 spines; ancestrula buds three zooids distally and distolaterally, with another three larger zooids proximolaterally and proximally; periancestrular zooids with suboral avicularia only, and with five or six spines around distal curvature of orifice. Remarks The hat-shaped primary orifice surrounded by four spines with strong bases, the vertically orientated suboral avicularium, and the presence of numerous adventitious avicularia characterize this species. Specimens from Akkeshi Bay agree well with the original description of H. multiavicularia, except for fewer and differently arranged adventitious avicularia, which occasionally cover the entire frontal surface and number up to 10 per zooid in the type material. Androsova (1958) also did not mention a pore near the proximal margin of the ovicell; however, this is difficult to observe without SEM. This species is close to H. fastigatoavicularis (Kluge, 1955), which is common subtidally in Akkeshi Bay (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981 b) in having a similarly shaped secondary orifice, and in the presence of suboral and numerous adventitious avicularia. However, all avicularia, including the suboral avicularium, of H. fastigatoavicularis are very small and lie in the plane of the frontal wall. Hippoporella fastigatoavicularis also has more regularly hexagonal zooids, with small umbones flanking the orifice laterally, in addition to the conical suboral umbo. Another congener, H. kurilensis (Gontar, 1979), has marginal zooids with very similar morphology. In contrast to four spines in H. multiavicularia, H. kurilensis has five or six oral spines, with a pair of them remaining in ovicellate zooids. The frontal wall in H. kurilensis is convex and tessellated; adventitious avicularia are normally lacking, only occasionally present in heavily calcified zooids from the central region of the colony; and the relatively large suboral avicularium is orientated slightly obliquely to the longitudinal axis and usually tilted proximally. Complete ovicells of H. kurilensis are often not entirely covered by secondary calcification. Distribution This species was originally described from coastal waters off southern Sakhalin Island in the northern part of the Sea of Japan; it has also been recorded from Primorye (Androsova 1958; Kluge et al. 1959; Kluge 1961). Gontar (1980, 1992) reported it from Paramushir, Shikotan, and Zelenyy among the Kuril Islands. Hippoporella multiavicularia also occurs in the shelf zone of the Commander Islands (A. V. Grischenko, unpublished data).	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC2FDE5FFE61274CD3D51808.taxon	description	(Figure 41) Retepora cellulosa forma notopachys var. elongata Smitt 1868, p 36, Plate 28, Figures 226 – 332. Retepora wallichiana: Hincks 1877, p 107, Plate 11, Figures 9 – 13; 1884, p 55.	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
877A7251CC2FDE5FFE61274CD3D51808.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANC, 10 colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.107), three colony fragments (NHM 2006.2.27.108), two young colonies on rock (NHM 2006.2.27.109) Additional material: three specimens; holotype, SMNH- 1316, Svalbard, Hinlopen Strait, Waigatsöarna. Description Colony (Figure 41 A) erect, orange in colour when alive, consisting of fenestrate bilaminar sheets, complexly folded and fused into rigid three-dimensional meshwork, largest observed 11 × 8 × 4.5 cm in dimensions, rising from rounded base attached to substratum by kenozooids. Branches range from three to 11 zooids wide between fenestrulae. All feeding zooids open on one surface of a sheet; opposite surface consists of kenozooids. Fenestrulae elongate-oval or irregularly rhombic in shape, 0.7 – 1.9 long by 0.3 – 0.9 mm wide. Zooids (Figure 41 C) hexagonal, rhombic, or oval, 0.48 – 0.70 mm long (0.59 ¡ 0.07 mm), 0.24 – 0.38 mm wide (0.31 ¡ 0.04 mm). Newly budded zooids delineated by raised vertical walls; in older regions of colony, boundaries between zooids occluded by secondary calcification or represented by fine sutures. Frontal wall slightly convex to inflated in young zooids, markedly convex in mature zooids, finely granulated, imperforate except for two or three pores along each proximolateral margin. Primary orifice (Figure 41 D) long-semicircular, with beaded rim, 0.10 – 0.13 mm long (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.09 – 0.13 mm wide (0.11 ¡ 0.01 mm); proximal margin straight, with shallow but distinct U-shaped sinus flanked by condylar shelves bearing low, blunt condyles. With age, primary orifice submerged in peristome; secondary orifice with median pseudosinus. Two short, hollow, ephemeral oral spines with enlarged bases frequently present at distolateral edges of primary orifice in marginal zooids. Large frontal avicularium (Figure 41 C – E), 0.14 – 0.20 mm long, with raised, beak-shaped rostrum, occupies central part of frontal wall in many zooids; cross-bar complete, rostral opesia triangular to oval in shape; mandible longtriangular, with acute tip, directed proximally or proximolaterally; avicularian chamber broad, conical, very prominent in immature zooids, inflated in ovicellate zooids (Figure 41 D) by general thickening of frontal wall owing to secondary calcification, coarsely granulated, with two or three small pores flanking its base. Single transversely orientated avicularium occupies proximal abfrontal axils of fenestrulae (Figure 41 B), 0.15 – 0.18 mm long, with short, equilaterally triangular mandible; one or two pairs of circular pores flank rostrum. Ovicell (Figure 41 F) hyperstomial, spherical, smooth, often forming a hood overhanging orifice, 0.18 – 0.23 mm long (0.20 ¡ 0.01 mm), 0.20 – 0.25 mm wide (0.22 ¡ 0.01 mm), with incompletely calcified ectooecium having fine concentric striae; proximal edge of ovicell often with slight median denticle. Ovicell rapidly immersed (Figure 41 E) by secondary calcification from distal and lateral zooids covering most of its surface, with fine sutures delineating calcification from different zooids. Dorsal surface of colony (Figure 41 B) shows outlines of kenozooids of irregular form and size, recognizable by sutures indicating raised vertical walls; kenozooids inflated, roughly granulated, with a few sparse circular pores on the surface; avicularia lacking dorsally except for those in axils of fenestrulae. Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Remarks Specimens from Akkeshi Bay are similar in many characters to the type specimen of P. elongata (SMNH- 1316, many fragments) (Figure 41 G, H). Both have rhombic zooids with a submerged, rounded primary orifice having a shallow median sinus and encircled by peristome bearing a proximal pseudosinus. Large frontal avicularia are similar in form and position; the ovicells have, on the proximal margin, a median denticle that is often incompletely closed. There are some differences; specimens from Akkeshi Bay have 3 – 11 zooids comprising branches between fenestrulae, the type of P. elongata three to seven. This may be ecophenotypic variation, as depth-dependent variation in branch width occurs in P. elongata from the Commander Islands region; colonies from depths of 1 – 25 m have twice the number of zooids per branch than those from depths of 65 – 165 m (A. V. Grischenko, unpublished data). Another is that the abfrontal avicularian mandibles are larger with a long-triangular mandible in the type of P. elongata, versus smaller, with an equilateral mandible in specimens from Akkeshi. A congener, P. pacifica (Robertson, 1908), is known from the eastern Pacific, reported from Alaska, Puget Sound, and the coast of California (Robertson 1908); British Columbia (O’Donoghue and O’Donoghue 1923, 1925, 1926); and from the Santa Barbara Channel to Mexico and the Galapagos Islands (Soule et al. 1995). Soule et al. (1995) illustrated this species for the first time using SEM. Phidolopora pacifica appears to be similar to P. elongata in the shape of the orifice and the ovicell with a median denticle, which was also illustrated in line drawings by Robertson (1908) and Osburn (1952). However, P. pacifica seems to form more pronounced lappets flanking the peristomial pseudosinus, and the abfrontal avicularium appears to differ somewhat in shape and orientation. Unfortunately, Robertson’s types of P. pacifica were mixed with other specimens, and neotypes will eventually have to be selected; in any case, we here consider this species as valid. Records of P. pacifica from Mexico and the Galapagos Islands (Osburn 1952; Soule et al. 1995) need re-examination. Many large, erect colonies of P. elongata were found growing in horizontal crevices in solid rock at the base of a cliff overhang at Aininkappu Cape; these were inhabited by a number of benthic organisms, including ascidians, sabellid and spirorbid polychaetes, sponges, crustaceans, sipunculids, holothurians, nemerteans, and ophiuroids. A similar hermatypic growth form of this species, supporting a rich associated fauna, occurs below cliffs in the Commander Islands (Grischenko and Ivanyushina 2002). Distribution	en	Grischenko, Andrei V., Dick, Matthew H., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History 41 (17 - 20): 1047-1161, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701391773, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701391773
