taxonID	type	description	language	source
E0B4C89F8DED9194293A3D9F0412A983.taxon	discussion	The genus Bryconops contains 15 species (Chernoff et al., 1994, 2002; Chernoff and Machado-Allison, 1999; Machado-Allison et al. 1993, 1996; Machado-Allison and Chernoff, 1997), including the two species that are described herein. The genus is widely distributed in the cis-Andean lowlands of South America from the Orinoco to the Parana- Paraguay basins including many coastal basins of the Guyanas and Brazil. Although B. alburnoides Kner, 1859, is known to inhabit relatively basic, white-water habitats (e. g., flood plain lakes of the lower Orinoco [Rodriguez and Lewis, 1990]), most species are found in lotic habitats that are typically acidic and transparent, despite the color of the water. Many species inhabit morichal (aguajal, vereda) habitats that are dominated by the moriche palm (Mauritia sp.). The two new species inhabit the Orinoco and Cuyuni watersheds (Fig. 1). The latter occurs on the Guyana Shield above the cataracts in the Essequibo River basin. The two new species belong to the subgenus Bryconops because of the synapomorphies of the jaws and gill rakers that they share (discussed below) with the other members of the subgenus: Bryconops alburnoides, Bryconops caudomaculatus (Guenther, 1864), Bryconops disruptus Machado-Allison and Chernoff, 1997, and Bryconops durbini (Eigenmann 1908). Within this group the new species superficially resemble B. caudomaculatus, an enigmatic taxon, B. disruptus, and B. durbini because of the colorful ocellus on the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. Indeed, the new species have been identified as B. caudomaculatus in collections. In this paper we describe two new species of the genus Bryconops, compare them with other member of the subgenus, and discuss some aspects on the morphometry and shape changes in these species. We comment on the characteristics of B. caudomaculatus in order to clarify its status. Lastly, we provide an artificial key to the species of Bryconops.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
AF81692E27C3D9DED205696EFCBAB77E.taxon	discussion	Bryconops collettei and B. magoi possess the derived characters of the subgenus Bryconops (Chernoff and Machado-Allison, 1999), which include reduction in the ossification and denticulation of the gill rakers, despite being large fishes, and lack of maxillary teeth, with at most (and rarely) only a single, small conical tooth on one side. The subgenus Bryconops contains six species. B. alburnoides differs from the other five species by being much larger, reaching almost 200 mm SL, and by having more lateral scales and branched anal-fin rays (see key). Importantly, B. alburnoides lacks an ocellus or clear areas containing coloration on the caudal fin. B. alburnoides often has pale to bright yellow suffused among the caudal fin rays, but this color is not concentrated within a circumscribed area on either fin lobe. Furthermore, the dorsal and adipose fins of B. alburnoides are dusky to pale yellow, never red. The remaining five species in this subgenus comprise the B. caudomaculatus species complex. We refer the five species to this informal group because of their phenotypic similarity and because they have all been referred to, or synonymized with B. caudomaculatus at some point in their history. The following characteristics are common to the complex: (i) the dorsal fin has a crescent of red (a potential synapomorphy), (ii) the adipose fin is entirely red, and (iii) the caudal fin has at least a clear circumscribed area on the upper lobe that is either entirely, or partially, filled with red color. This ocellus is either well formed or irregular (Fig. 2). B. magoi and B. collettei differ from the other members by having the dorsal-fin ocellus only partially filled with red color (Fig. 3), the overall form of which appears as a streak or narrow ellipse; the color becomes diffuse and extends beyond the ocellus among the upper caudal-fin rays. This condition in the new species is independent of sex or state of maturity, since even specimens as small as 35 mm SL show the diffuse coloration pattern, though the color may be slightly less intense. Both B. disruptus and B. durbini have very few pored lateral scales (<31), whereas B. caudomaculatus, B. collettei, and B. magoi have more numerous pored scales (> 36) that extend nearly to or beyond the end of the hypural plate.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
1CBE072156D9F8FF0540FBCAF0E74459.taxon	discussion	Tetragonopterus caudomaculatus was described by Guenther (1864) from a single specimen (BMNH 1852.9.13.74), which is in very good condition given its age, though the caudal fin is broken. The type locality was given as South America. We believe that the specimen originated from Guyana (formerly British Guiana) for two reasons. First, and most importantly, the holotype corresponds most closely to historic and recent material from the Essequibo River drainage. Second, Guenther described many other species of freshwater fishes from Guyana, including Tetragonopterus affinis (= B. affinis), that live sympatrically with B. caudomaculatus. In the original description, Guenther (1864: 330) wrote that the holotype had “ … caudal fin black, with a pair of large red spots on its basal half. ” This statement raises three important issues: i) that “ spot ” could be consistent with a non-circular color mark; ii) that the term “ spot ” is consistent with the term “ ocellus ” as applied to a clear area on the caudal fin; and iii) that there is a “ spot ” of color on the ventral lobe of the caudal fin. First, while “ spot ” implies circularity, a somewhat round or elliptical mark, as well as any blotch, may have been referred to as a “ spot ” by Guenther (1864), Eigenmann (1912), and other authors. If present, the color “ spot ” found on the caudal fins of species of Bryconops are rarely exact circles. Rather they are quasi-circular, elliptical, or irregular in shape (e. g., Fig. 2). Guenther (1864) did not observe the fishes in the field but depended upon notes from naturalist collectors, in this case those associated with the Zoological Society. We interpret “ spot ” as a general description rather than as a strict indicator of circularity. Second, the caudal fin coloration in Bryconops is most often associated with a relatively clear area over the fin membranes and rays, termed an ocellus, in which the color is displayed prominently. We restrict use of the term “ ocellus ” to a well circumscribed area lacking melanophores. In a number of species of Bryconops, including B. collettei, the postero-dorsal margin of the unpigmented area is fuzzy - lacking a clearly differentiated border with the melanophores. In the case of species with a fuzzy ocellus, the color extends posteriorly beyond the ocellus on the interradial membranes. The surviving portion of the upper caudal lobe of the holotype of B. caudomaculatus shows a clearly circumscribed ocellus (Fig. 2 a). The lower caudal lobe is not present and we cannot ascertain if there was an unpigmented area close to the fin base in which the color was displayed. However, such a condition with red color corresponds to recent and historic material from the Essequibo River drainage of Guyana. Third, in Bryconops a “ spot ” of color on the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin is possessed by most species; a color “ spot ” on the ventral lobe, however, is relatively rare. Other than B. caudomaculatus, only B. melanurus and B. affinis have such markings, but these two taxa belong to the subgenus Creatochanes. Recent material of B. caudomaculatus from the Essequibo River has an irregular clear area across the base of the ventral caudal fin lobe in which the red color is expressed (Fig. 3 a). This color pattern distinguishes the true B. caudomaculatus from all other members of the subgenus. Despite the fact that Eigenmann (1912) had collected many of the true B. caudomaculatus in the Essequibo River basin, he failed to observe the color mark or the clear unpigmented area near the base of the lower caudal lobe, and only mentions the single red mark on the dorsal lobe (Eigenmann, 1912; Eigenmann and Myers, 1929). This has led to much confusion about the identity of B. caudomaculatus. The holotype has 41 lateral scales and 41 pored scales; the pored scales do not extend beyond the hypural plate onto the scales attached to the caudal-fin rays. The type’s pored and lateral scales represent a somewhat ambiguous condition with respect to other individuals. There are two large phenotypic groups comprising individuals formerly referred to B. caudomaculatus. One group has the number of pored scales exceeding 41, usually 42 or more while the other group is usually 41 or less. The type sits on the boundary. Similarly, the former group has the pored scales extending beyond the hypural plate and onto the caudal fin such that the number of pored scales exceeds the number of lateral scales by at least one scale. We refer to this as the complete condition. The latter group usually has one or fewer pored scales than lateral scales, referred to as the incomplete condition. Approximately 10 % of all individuals have equal numbers of lateral and pored scales. Most of the populations with individuals having equal numbers of pored and lateral scales also possess relatively high numbers of scales; thus, they are considered to possess the complete condition. There is one collection from the lower Potaro River, Essequibo drainage, at Tumatumari (FMNH 69672, n = 122) that matches the type almost exactly. This collection has a relatively low number of lateral and pored scales in comparison to other populations with the complete condition: 40 - 42, modally 40, and 41 - 45, modally 42, respectively. There is one individual in this collection with equal numbers of pored and lateral scales. Thus, we consider the type specimen of B. caudomaculatus to possess the complete condition. The type is also slightly unusual with respect to body depth. The type is very deep bodied (28.7 %) relative to all other measured specimens that could be identified as B. caudomaculatus from across the continent (n> 600 examined). The collection from near Tumatumari, Guyana is also relatively deep bodied, 24.5 - 27.9 %, mean = 26.3 %, n = 75. Though apparently shallower than the type, we note that body depth is strongly dependent upon size, and that the type specimen is larger than the specimens in FMNH 69672. Thus, we conclude that the typical Bryconops caudomaculatus possesses the following traits: (i) a caudal fin with a well developed ocellus containing red color in the dorsal lobe and a clear area in the ventral lobe also with red color; (ii) the complete condition with relatively few lateral scales, 40 - 42; and (iv) relatively deep body. This phenotype is best found in the Essequibo River basin and other watersheds draining the Guyana Shield.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 c - 4)	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Bryconops, subgenus Bryconops, that is distinguished from all other congeners except B. collettei by its unique color pattern, in which red coloration occupies the upper half of a diffuse caudal fin ocellus. It is further distinguished from members of the subgenus Bryconops by the following traits: pored lateral scales 43 - 47, modally 44 or 45 (> 57 in B. alburnoides, <31 in B. disruptus and B. durbini, and 44 - 48, modally 47 in B. collettei); pored lateral scales extending 2 - 3 scales beyond end of hypural plate onto caudal fin rays (pored lateral scales reaching end of hypural plate and not onto caudal fin rays in B. caudomaculatus); snout length 5.8 - 8.0 % SL, mean 6.8 % (4.2 - 5.4 %, mean 4.7 % in B. collettei); length of anal fin base 24.8 - 27.9 %, mean 26.6 % (27.3 - 29.8 % SL, mean 28.8 % in B. collettei); and total vertebrae 40 - 42, modally 41 - 42 (42 - 44, modally 42 - 43 in B. collettei).	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 1 and a summary of meristic data appears in Table 2. A moderate to small-sized species of Bryconops, known from specimens less than 70 mm SL. Overall body shape with convex dorsum and slightly rounded belly, tapering to relatively short and deep caudal peduncle 10.5 - 13.9 (12.0 % SL). Dorsal fin origin at level of pelvic origin, almost at center of the body 49.0 - 52.3 (50.5 % SL). Head 23.6 - 27.8 (25.5 % SL); posterior margin of opercle slightly sinusoidal. Border between second and third infraorbitals with naked ventral area; third infraorbital moderatedly developed, not reaching preopercle ventrally or at angle (Fig. 5). Eye large, 8.8 - 11.3 (9.8 % SL). Snout bullet-shaped; mouth terminal, opening just ventral to horizontal diameter through orbit. Maxilla extending posteriorly not reaching posterior margin of the 2 n infraorbital., length 5.8 - 8.0 (6.8 % SL). Ventroanterior margin of maxilla not heavily recurved (Fig. 5). Outer two rows of premaxillary teeth small and not prominent. Premaxilla with 2 - 5 teeth, bearing 3 to 5 cusps. Inner premaxillary teeth uniformly five, with 5 to 7 cusps; teeth basically symmetrical. Maxilla without teeth, rarely a small and single unicuspid tooth. Dentary with 4 - 5 large teeth, bearing 5 - 7 cusps. Smaller dentary teeth few. Dorsal fin with straight to slightly convex distal margin; either the first or second branched ray longest. Posterior base of dorsal fin separated from anterior base of adipose fin by 12 to 13 scales, irregularly arranged. Adipose fin with convex dorsal margin and straight ventral margin. Lobes of caudal unequal, upper with rounded tip, and lower lobe longer and more pointed. Anal fin origin at level of end of dorsal fin base, its base 24.8 - 27.9 (26.6 % SL); distal margin slightly falcate in adults and straight in juveniles. Pelvic fin not reaching origin of anal fin; distal margin of pelvic fin rounded. Distal margin of pectoral fin pointed and slightly falcate, not reaching pelvic insertion. Widths of scales on sides of body above lateral line and below row along dorsal fin greater than, or equal to, length of scale; anterior margins of these scales almost circular, somewhat irregular; circuli present on anterior two-thirds of scale; posterior field lacking circuli, possessing 2 - 3 centrally located, and almost parallel, striae. Dorsal-fin rays: unbranched 2 * (23); branched 9 * (23); total 11 * (23). Anal-fin rays: unbranched 3 (5), 4 * (17); branched 26 (6), 27 (9), 28 * (6), 29 (1); total 29 (1), 30 (7), 31 (9), 32 * (4), 33 (1). Pectoral-fin rays 12 * (11), 13 (10). Scales: predorsal 9 (1), 11 (4), 12 * (16); lateral 41 (6), 42 (10), 43 * (7), 44 (1); pored lateral-line scales 43 (2), 44 (10), 45 * (10), 46 (1), 47 (1); P - L scales 1 (1), 2 * (12), 3 (11); rows above lateral line 7 * (11), 8 (10); rows below lateral line 4 * (11), 5 (10). Gill rakers: upper 5 * (2), 6 (19); lower 8 (1), 9 (16), 10 * (4); total 14 (2), 15 * (16), 16 (3). Vertebrae: precaudal 17 (1), 18 * (26); caudal 23 (14), 24 * (13); total 40 (1), 41 (13), 42 * (13); dorsal-fin origin 11 * (25), 12 (2); anal-fin origin 17 (1), 18 * (26). Pigmentation in alcohol. Overall moderate dusky species in preservation, countershaded above and below lateral stripe. Dorsal profile of head dark, fully covered with fine melanophores homogeneously distributed. Anterior area of mouth dark. Nares not covered with pigment. Orbit with a black dorsal band. Infraorbitals and preopercle sparsely pigmented, more conspicuous at sutures. Opercle with star-like diffused spots, more evident in dorsal region. Lateral stripe originating just behind head, somewhat prominent in preservation; increasing in depth and intensity just posterior to dorsal fin origin, occupying three to four scale rows just behind midbody and ending in darker, oblong-shaped expansion just anterior to caudal fin. Centers of upper lateral scales pigmented densely. First 14 scales of lateral line canal outlined with pigment. Below lateral line, melanophores distributed along myosepta from just anterior to anus to midpoint of anal fin. Anal-fin base with a diffuse basal band formed by series of melanophores along pterygiophores. Dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins with melanophores outlining lower portion of fin rays. Adipose fin lacking melanophores. Both lobes of caudal fin densely covered by melanophores. A clear but diffuse area on anterobasal part of upper caudal lobe, not forming a well-defined ocellus. Distal margin of caudal fin area with a dark, almost black terminal band, especially on upper lobe. Coloration in life (Fig. 3 c). Body usually grayish or metallic dorsolaterally, becoming silvery toward lateral and ventral flanks. A black lateral stripe extends from opercular opening to caudal fin base. Below this stripe there is a wider silvery stripe, limited dorsally by an iridescent metallic-yellow stripe. Head silver laterally. Iris yellow dorsally and silver ventrally. Cheek and opercular regions silvery. Dorsal part of head, snout and lower jaw dark. Dorsal fin slightly orange. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins transparent. Adipose intense red. Caudal fin with dark distal margin, especially on upper lobe. Caudal-fin lobes with transparent areas near fin base diffuse and without well-formed ocelli. Upper lobe with red coloration in upper part of the diffuse area, the red extending posteriorly beyond this area, almost to end of the fin rays.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This new species is only known from the type locality, the Rio Moquete, Anzoategui State, Venezuela. The Rio Moquete is a northern tributary of the Rio Orinoco.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Bryconops magoi is known only from a morichal with fast moving waters over sandy bottoms. This species frequently is found in water from mid-depth to the surface, at the center of the main channel, where it schools with other characid species. Individuals feed at the surface and are attracted to allotochtonus material that falls into the water. Cursory examination shows that they feed on several groups of terrestrial insects.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species-group name, magoi, is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Francisco Mago-Leccia, pioneer of modern ichthyological studies in Venezuela.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B.taxon	discussion	Comparison with B. collettei. Bryconops magoi differs in body shape from B. collettei. The results of sheared principal components analysis and relative warp analysis show that all individuals of both species are discriminated by either the second sheared principal component (Fig. 6) or by the first relative warp. In both analyses all individuals of B. magoi fell at, or inside, the boundary of the 95 % confidence ellipse, whereas three individuals of B. collettei fell just outside the 95 % confidence ellipse, but with a morphology most different from B. magoi (Fig. 6). The first two eigenvectors of the PCA described 99.1 % of the variance. The second sheared PC identified a contrasting suite of traits such that B. magoi has a longer snout and B. collettei has a longer anal fin base, a larger orbit, and a greater distance between the dorsal fins (Fig. 7). RWA produced identical results to the PCA. Even though individuals of B. collettei from the Rio Iguapo have slightly longer snouts relative to other populations, there is no overlap in snout length between the species. For each of the other metric traits the differences between the species are statistically significant, but there is some overlap between the species.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 b, 8)	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Material (non-types). FMNH 109349, 20 (10.6 - 16.0 mm SL); Rio Tawadu, raudal Dimoshi Soodii, tributary of the Rio Caura, 6 º 19 38 N- 65 º 02 52 W; A. Machado-Allison et al., 5 Dec. 2000. ANSP 168006, 18 (33.5 - 71.0 mm SL); MBUCV-V- 21791. 20 (36.0 - 76.0 mm SL); Rio Miamo, on Guasipati-El Miamo road, 20 km S of El Miamo, Rio Yuruari / Cuyuni basin, 7 º 38 N 61 º 50 W; S. Schaefer et al., 24 Jan. 1991. ANSP 161536, 21 (29.0 - 66.0 mm SL); Rio Iguapo, tributary of Rio Orinoco, ca. 1 hr. above its mouth by boat. 03 º 09 N 65 º 28 W; H. Lopez et al., 13 Mar. 1987.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Bryconops, subgenus Bryconops, that is distinguished from all other congeners except B. magoi by its unique color pattern, in which red coloration occupies the upper half of a diffuse caudal-fin ocellus. It is further distinguished from members of the subgenus Bryconops by the following traits: pored lateral scales 44 - 48, modally 47 (> 57 in B. alburnoides, <31 in B. disruptus and B. durbini, and 43 - 47, modally 44 or 45, in B. magoi); pored lateral scales extending 2 - 3 scales beyond end of hypural plate onto caudal fin rays (pored lateral scales reaching end of hypural plate and not onto caudal fin rays in B. caudomaculatus); snout length 4.2 - 5.4 % SL, mean 4.7 % (5.8 - 8.0 %, mean 6.8 % in B. magoi); length of anal fin base 27.3 - 29.8 % SL, mean 28.8 % (24.8 - 27.9 %, mean 26.6 % in B. magoi); and total vertebrae 42 - 44, modally 43 (40 - 42, modally 41 - 42 in B. magoi).	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 3 and a summary of merisitic data appear in Table 2. A moderate to small-sized species of Bryconops, known from specimens less than 70 mm SL. Overall body shape with convex dorsum and slightly rounded belly, tapering to relatively long and slender caudal peduncle. Dorsal fin originating at mid-body and just posterior to insertion of pelvic fin. Head bullet shaped. Posterior margin of opercle slightly sinusoidal. Second and third infraorbitals not joining ventrally, with a naked area. Third infraorbital moderate in size not reaching the ridge of the preopercle or angle. Eye large. Mouth terminal, opening just ventral to horizontal diameter through orbit. Maxilla not reaching the posterior margin of the second infraorbital; ventro-anterior margin of maxilla not heavily recurved. Outer two rows of premaxillary teeth small and not prominent. Premaxilla with 3 - 5 teeth, bearing 3 - 5 cusps, arranged in two loosely defined rows. Inner premaxillary teeth uniformly five, with 5 to 7 cusps; teeth basically symmetrical, exposed portions wider than high with concave outer surface. Maxilla without teeth or rarely with a single small monocuspid tooth. Dentary with 4 - 5 large teeth, bearing 5 to 7 cusps, higher than wide, not symmetrical, posterolateral edge prominent, cusps recurved posterolaterally. Dorsal fin with straight to slightly convex distal margin; either first or second branched ray longest. Posterior base of dorsal fin separated from anterior base of adipose fin by 12 to 14 scales, irregularly arranged. Adipose fin with convex dorsal margin and straight ventral margin. Lobes of caudal fin unequal, upper lobe with rounded tip, lower lobe longer and pointed. Anal-fin origin at level of end of base of the dorsal fin; distal margin of anal fin straight in juveniles and slightly falcate in adults. Pelvic fin not reaching origin of anal fin; distal margin of pelvic fin rounded. Distal margin of pectoral fin pointed and slightly falcate; not reaching pelvic insertion. Widths of scales on sides of body above lateral line and below row along dorsal fin greater than, or equal to, length of scale; anterior margins of scales almost circular to wavy, with a central notch and rounded posterior margin; circuli present in anterior two thirds of scale; posterior field lacking circuli, possessing 2 - 3 centrally located, almost parallel, striae. Dorsal-fin rays: unbranched 2 * (54); branched 9 * (54); total 11 * (54). Anal-fin rays: unbranched 4 * (54); branched 25 (1), 26 (2), 27 (6), 28 (16), 29 (16), 30 * (11), 32 (2); total 29 (1), 30 (2), 31 (7), 32 (16), 33 (15), 34 * (11), 36 (2). Pectoral-fin rays: 11 (1), 12 * (19), 13 (34). Scales: predorsal 10 (2), 11 (8), 12 (28), 13 * (8); lateral 41 (5), 42 (16), 43 (12), 44 (14), 45 * (10); pored lateral 43 (1), 44 (11), 45 (18), 46 (9), 47 (13), 48 * (5); P-L 1 (2), 2 (26), 3 * (27), 4 (2); rows above lateral line 7 * (52), 8 (1); rows below lateral line 4 * (53), 5 (1). Gill rakers: upper 6 (16), 7 (15), 8 * (19), 9 (4); lower 8 (1), 9 (1), 10 (18), 11 * (28), 12 (5), 13 (1); total 14 (1), 15 (1), 16 (7), 17 (11), 18 (15), 19 * (12), 20 (6), 21 (1). Vertebrae: precaudal 16 (1), 18 * (55), 19 (2); caudal 23 (6), 24 (37), 25 (14), 26 * (1); total 40 (1), 41 (6), 42 (34), 43 (16), 44 * (1); dorsal fin origin 10 (3), 11 (42), 12 * (13); anal fin origin 18 * (56), 19 (2). Pigmentation in alcohol. Overall, specimens moderately dusky in preservation, countershaded above and below lateral stripe. Dorsal profile of head dark, fully covered with fine melanophores distributed homogeneously. Anterior area of mouth dark. Orbit with black dorsal and ventral bands. Infraorbitals and preopercle parsely pigmented. Opercle with diffuse spots, almost star-like. Dorsolateral portion of opercle darker. Lateral stripe originating just behind head, somewhat prominent in preservation, increasing in depth and intensity just posterior to dorsal-fin origin, occupying three to four scales rows just behind midbody and ending at caudal peduncle in diffuse, oblong darkened area. Upper lateral scales densely pigmented in central region, tending to form lateral stripes of lightly pigmented spots. Lateral-line canal of the first 14 scales outlined with pigment. Series of melanophores following myosepta below lateral line anterior to vent, extending posteriorly to midpoint of fin base. Anal-fin base with series of melanophores outlining bases of fin rays, forming diffuse band. Dorsal fin partly covered with melanophores, with central area of fin clear. Caudal fin with clear diffuse area in dorsal lobe; remainder of fin covered with melanophores; distal portion of dorsal lobe dark almost black. Coloration in life (Fig. 3 b). Body overall iridescent greenish dorsolaterally turning silver laterally and ventrally. Head usually silver. Iris yellow dorsally and silver ventrally. Cheek and opercular regions silvery. Dorsal area of head, snout, and lower jaw dark. A black stripe extending from opercular opening to caudal peduncle. Below this stripe there is a wider silvery stripe, limited dorsally by an emerald-green metallic stripe. Dorsal fin light red, with a central clear area. Pectoral fins slightly orange. Pelvic and anal fins transparent. Adipose fin intense red. Dorsal lobe of caudal fin with intense red in upper part of diffuse clear area; red color extending posteriorly as streak, almost to end of fin.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This new species is known from the Caura and Miamo rivers, Bolivar State, and Rio Iguapo, Amazonas State, Venezuela.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Bryconops collettei is found in habitats with moderate to fast flowing waters over rocky and sandy bottoms. The species is found in both acidic, black waters as well as in clear, but slightly acid waters. In the Caura, it was found in rapids covered by vascular plants (Podostemonacae), as well as in small springs with sandy bottoms. This species inhabits the upper part of the water column in the main channel, usually in schools with other characid species. Cursory examination shows that food items include several groups of terrestrial insects.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species group-name, collettei, is named in honor of Dr. Bruce B. Collette, who has made important contributions to systematic ichthyology and to our careers.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
64EF5E1CB3A4CD49DE551AED4B87B003.taxon	description	Within species variation. There is important variation in meristic and morphometric traits among populations of B. collettei, such that the populations from the Rio Caura differ from those in the upper Rio Orinoco (Rio Iguapo) and from those in the Rio Cuyuni (Rio Miamo). The scatters of scores from sPCA (Fig. 9) and RW of morphometric traits or landmarks show that the there is overlap among the phenotypes of the populations but that the Rio Caura specimens have longer snouts and anal-fin bases, and shorter orbits (Fig. 7) than do the other B. collettei. The Rio Caura populations also have more numerous lateral and pored scales but fewer total gill rakers, on average, than other populations: 42 - 45, modally 44 (vs. 41 - 44, modally 42) lateral scales; 44 - 48, modally 47 (vs. 43 - 46, modally 45) pored scales; and 14 - 19, modally 16 (vs. 17 - 21, modally 18) gill rakers, respectively. Without other evidence, we do not recognize these populations as separate species due to the large degree of overlap among them. These differences may be due to environmental influences upon the phenotype (see Sidlauskas et al. 2006); for example, the waters of the Rio Caura are much more basic (pH> 6.2) than the waters in the other rivers (pH <5.7). However, this is speculation at present. As a precaution, we have restricted the types to the Rio Caura populations.	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
AC70E7C1F985F2EDE5828024E6F110DB.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: BMNH 1852.9.13.74, South America, Zoological Society of London. Nontype material: All material from Guyana (formerly British Guiana), Essequibo Drainage: ANSP 176611 (11 specimens), ANSP 176617 (11); FMNH 69762 (122); FMNH 52943 (3); FMNH 52944 (2); FMNH 52945 (1); FMNH 52946 (26); FMNH 52947 (2); FMNH 52948 (26); FMNH 52949 (1); FMNH 52950 (6); FMNH 52951 (1); FMNH 52952 (3); FMNH 69624 (23); FMNH 69625 (4); FMNH 69696 (5); FMNH 7443 (2); FMNH 7448 (1); FMNH 7449 (5); FMNH 7450 (1); FMNH 7553 (1); FMNH 81642 (25); INHS 49391 (1); INHS 49509 (8); UMMZ 216145 (5).	en	Barry Chernoff, Antonio Machado-Allison (2005): Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Gunther). Zootaxa 1094: 1-23, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2847B8DC-ED42-4562-9EF6-A4E8DC5F59A0
