taxonID	type	description	language	source
CB90ECD1F3645B15B618860ADF80AD65.taxon	description	Figs 1 A, B, 2, 3, 4, 7	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
CB90ECD1F3645B15B618860ADF80AD65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species resembles Q. turbinata (Figs 5, 6) in having a bifurcated retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA), a crescent-shaped and grooved conductor (C), a long and slender embolus (E) originated at approximately 6 - o’clock position, spine-like embolic process (EBP) pointing anteriorly and a slit-like copulatory openings (CO) of epigyne, but differs by smaller body size (16.23 – 18.14) (Fig. 6 B, D, vs 27.45 – 34.33); relatively thick anterior branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 2 E – H, vs with lamellar and pleated in Q. turbinata, Fig. 5 E – H); relatively pointed tip of conductor in ventral view (Fig. 2 B, vs blunt, Fig. 5 B). Posterior part of epigynal median plate wider than half of anterior part (Fig. 3 A, B, vs narrower than half of the anterior part, Fig. 6 A, B).	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
CB90ECD1F3645B15B618860ADF80AD65.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 1 A, 4 A). Total length 16.23. Carapace 7.62 long, 6.47 wide; abdomen 9.16 long, 5.33 wide. Carapace yellow-brown, margin dark brown, with red brown radial furrow. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown, cardiac pattern rhomboid yellow-brown, with two pairs of brown muscular mark. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.43, ALE 0.34, PME 0.41, PLE 0.43; AME – AME 0.26, AME – ALE 0.15, PME – PME 0.22, PME – PLE 0.53. Clypeus height 0.55. Spination of left leg I: Fe 3 d 5 p 5 r; Pa 1 d 1 p 1 r; Ti 2 d 2 p 2 r 4 - 4 v; Mt 3 d 3 p 3 r 3 - 0 v. Leg measurements: I 42.75 (10.80, 15.56, 11.98, 4.41); II 45.58 (11.65, 16.83, 12.75, 4.35); III 36.49 (9.88, 12.94, 10.05, 3.62); IV 40.67 (10.15, 14.00, 12.20, 4.32). Palp (Fig. 2). Tibia ca 2 times longer than wide in retrolateral view, ca 0.4 of femur length, as long as patella, proximal part wider than distal RTA length in ventral view, with two strong prolateral spines; tibial apophysis bifurcated, anterior branch thick, with lamellar margin, posterior branch hook-like, curved, extending dorso-anteriorly, with pointed tip. Cymbium droplet-shaped, 2 times longer than wide, ca 1.7 times of tibia length and width; cymbial furrow (CF), ca 0.6 times of cymbium length; tip 0.4 times of cymbial length; dorso-posterior part extended posteriorly (Fig. 2 F). Bulb slightly elliptical, as long as wide; proximal terminal part of tegulum (T) funnel-shaped and curved; subtegulum (St) triangular in retrolateral view; median apophysis (MA) located centrally, hook-like. Conductor crescent-shaped in ventral view, with groove in retrolateral view (holding fulcrum (Ful) and embolus), with pointed tip. Embolus complex: with fulcrum (Ful) and basal process (EBP); fulcrum long, curved clockwise as long as embolus; basal process spine-like. Embolus proper originating at approximately 6 - o’clock position, long, running clockwise surrounded tegulum, distal part resting in long groove of fulcrum and terminating at ca 3 - o’clock position. Female (Figs 1 B, 4 B). Total length 18.14. Carapace 6.72 long, 6.33 wide; abdomen 11.62 long, 7.71 wide. Carapace yellow-brown, margin gray-brown, with radiating dark-brown radial furrow. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown, with sagittal cardiac pattern and four symmetrical muscular impressions on either side. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.35, ALE 0.31, PME 0.35, PLE 0.40; AME – AME 0.28, AME – ALE 0.16, PME – PME 0.24, PME – PLE 0.47. Clypeus height 0.44. Chelicerae brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Spination of left leg I: Fe 3 d 5 p 5 r; Pa 1 d 1 p 1 r; Ti 2 d 2 p 2 r 4 - 4 v; Mt 3 d 3 p 3 r 3 - 0 v. Leg measurements: I 32.95 (8.72, 12.14, 8.87, 3.22); II 35.91 (9.62, 13.28, 9.73, 3.28); III 28.55 (7.93, 9.69, 8.10, 2.83); IV 32.08 (8.64, 11.01, 9.26, 3.17). Epigyne (Fig. 3). Epigynal plate ca 1.3 times wider than long (as long as wide in holotype). Anterior part of median plate (MP) 1.5 times wider than posterior part (equal in holotype). Copulatory openings (CO) slit-like, located mid ventrally on between lateral walls (LW) and median plate. Copulatory ducts (CD) wrapped 3 times around base of spermatheca (BS); spermatheca head (SH) almost spherical (elongated oval in holotype). Fertilization ducts (FD) crescent-shaped.	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
CB90ECD1F3645B15B618860ADF80AD65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan, Guangxi) (Yin et al. 2012) (Fig. 7).	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
7977990D361A565DB04C9A68B40B034C.taxon	description	Figs 1 C – D, 5, 6, 7	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
7977990D361A565DB04C9A68B40B034C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species resembles Q. jiafu (Figs 2 – 4) in having bifurcated retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA), long and slender embolus (E), spine-like embolic process of male palp (EBP), slit-like copulatory openings (CO) of epigyne, but differs by larger body size (27.45 – 34.33) (Fig. 1 C, D, vs 16.23 – 18.14); margin of anterior branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis more curled (Fig. 5 E – H, vs thick, Fig. 2 E – H); cymbial furrow (CF) 2 times shorter than cymbium (Fig. 5 E, vs 0.6 times of cymbium length, Fig. 2 E); tip of cymbium longer than bulb (Fig. 5 E, vs shorter, Fig. 2 E); tip of conductor (C) blunt in ventral view (Fig. 5 B, vs pointed, Fig. 2 B). Posterior part of median plate of epigyne narrower than half width of anterior part (Fig. 6 A, B, vs wider, Fig. 3 A, B).	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
7977990D361A565DB04C9A68B40B034C.taxon	description	Description. Male (Fig. 1 C). Total length 27.45. Carapace 13.91 long, 11.94 wide; abdomen 13.54 long, 8.89 wide. Carapace yellow-brown, margin dark brown, with eight red-brown radiating furrows. Dorsum of abdomen brown, cardiac pattern rhomboid yellow-brown with pair dark-brown muscular impression, with heart-shaped depression, two white spots at heart angles. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.65, ALE 0.51, PME 0.62, PLE 0.69; AME – AME 0.31, AME – ALE 0.26, PME – PME 0.43, PME – PLE 0.77. Clypeus height 1.33. Spination of left leg I: Fe 3 d 5 p 5 r; Pa 1 d 1 p 1 r; Ti 2 d 2 p 2 r 4 - 4 v; Mt 3 d 3 p 3 r 3 - 0 v. Leg measurements: I 76.04 (21.00, 27.95, 20.67, 6.42); II 84.46 (23.03, 31.05, 23.45, 6.93); III 76.65 (21.05, 27.51, 21.58, 6.51); IV 85.64 (22.16, 29.95, 25.77, 7.76). Palp (Fig. 5). Tibia ca 2 times longer than wide in retrolateral view, ca 0.4 of femur length, as long as patella, with two strong prolateral spines; tibial apophysis bifurcated, anterior branch with lamellar and curled margin, posterior branch claw-like. Cymbium droplet-shaped, 2.8 time longer than wide; cymbial furrow (CF) as long as half of cymbium; tip longer than bulb. Bulb elliptical; proximal terminal part of tegulum (T) curved; subtegulum (St) triangular in retrolateral view; median apophysis (MA) located centrally, hook-like, curved ventrally. Conductor (C) crescent-shaped in ventral view, with groove (holding fulcrum (Ful) and embolus (E )), with pointed tip. Embolus complex: with fulcrum (Ful) and basal process (EBP); fulcrum curved clockwise as long as embolus, with groove anteriorly; basal process spine-like, slightly curved at posterior end. Embolus proper originating at approximately 6 - o’clock position, long, running clockwise surrounded tegulum, distal part resting in long groove of fulcrum. Female (Fig. 1 D). Total length 34.33. Carapace 15.08 long, 12.75 wide; abdomen 19.0 long, 12.56 wide. Carapace yellow-brown, margin dark brown, with red-brown radiating furrows. Fovea longitudinal, dark brown. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown, cardiac pattern rhomboid yellow-brown with pair of brown muscular impressions, with heart-shaped depression, two white spots at heart angles. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.70, ALE 0.59, PME 0.70, PLE 0.85; AME – AME 0.32, AME – ALE 0.34, PME – PME 0.37, PME – PLE 0.78. Clypeus height 1.56. Chelicerae brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Spination of left leg I: Fe 3 d 5 p 5 r; Pa 1 d 1 p 1 r; Ti 2 d 2 p 2 r 4 - 4 v; Mt 3 d 3 p 3 r 3 - 0 v. Leg measurements: I 74.91 (20.17, 27.85, 20.35, 6.54); II 83.29 (23.29, 30.25, 22.56, 7.19); III 75.09 (21.30, 25.82, 21.06, 6.91); IV 86.10 (23.52, 29.15, 25.60, 7.83). Epigyne (Fig. 6). Epigynal plate pentagonal, almost as wide as long. Anterior part of median plate 2 times wider than posterior part, almost Y-shaped. Copulatory openings (CO) slit-like, located mid ventrally on between lateral walls (LW) and median plate (MP). Copulatory ducts (CD) wrapped 3 times around base of spermatheca (BS), forming round figure; first loop of CD touching each other, and other loops slightly spaced; spermatheca head (SH) almost heart-shaped. Fertilization ducts (FD) crescent-shaped.	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
7977990D361A565DB04C9A68B40B034C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan, Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong and Hainan) (Yin et al. 2012; Zhang and Wang 2017) (Fig. 7).	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
ADD0003CAA0B5BEF9D2B147EBEAC159C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Qianlingula bilamellata Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2004 from China.	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
ADD0003CAA0B5BEF9D2B147EBEAC159C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus is similar to Thalassius Simon 1885 in body shape and eye pattern, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by: median plate (MP) of epigyne strongly sclerotized, vs weakly sclerotized, posterior margin of lateral wall (LW) distant from each other, vs near each other; male palp with distinct lamellar retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) divided into 2 branches, vs RTA absent; bulb elliptical, with spine-like embolic basic process (EBP), vs EBP absent; embolus (E) running clockwise, entirely filamentous vs short and hooked; tip of fulcrum (Ful) ﬁne, vs thick; conductor (C) crescent-shaped, with two guiding lamellae vs small and lacking guiding lamellae.	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
ADD0003CAA0B5BEF9D2B147EBEAC159C.taxon	description	Description. See Zhang et al. (2004). Chelicerae brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Embolus complex: with fulcrum (Ful) and basal process (EBP); fulcrum long, curved clockwise as long as embolus; basal process spine-like.	en	Ren, Tian-Yu, Lu, Qian-Le, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng (2025): On males of two poorly known Qianlingula species from China (Araneae, Pisauridae). ZooKeys 1255: 303-312, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.144956
