identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8569BD6CFF96126031A91C47FDC2F972.text	8569BD6CFF96126031A91C47FDC2F972.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth pivari Phillips & Moulton & Bernard 2020	<div><p>Heth pivari n. sp.</p><p>(Tables 2–4; Figs. 2–7)</p><p>Type locality and habitat. Florida: Marion County, Silver Springs, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.7787&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.257727" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.7787/lat 29.257727)">Ocala National Forest</a> (29.257726 N, – 81.778702 W), xeric scrub located near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.7787&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.257727" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.7787/lat 29.257727)">Mount Dora Sand Ridge</a>, in intestine of Narceus gordanus . Other specimens collected: Ridge Manor, Hernando County (28.509794 N, – 82.186692 W); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.707008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39525/lat 28.707008)">Citrus Springs</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.707008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39525/lat 28.707008)">Citrus County</a> (29.9786111 N, – 82.4327777 W); and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.707008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39525/lat 28.707008)">Gainesville</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.707008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39525/lat 28.707008)">Alachua County</a> (28.707009 N, – 89.395251 W), all in N. gordanus .</p><p>Type designation and deposition. Holotype female (T- 708t) and male paratype (T-6937p), deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland . Additional specimens deposited in the nematode collection in the Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (University of Tennessee Control Numbers B 1–B24) .</p><p>Etymology. We are pleased to dedicate this new species to Dr. Robert J. Pivar, outstanding former graduate student in the Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.</p><p>Females. Measurements and ratios given in Table 2. Body cylindrical, white in life, robust, anterior head region broad; maximum diameter near mid-body, then tapering posteriorly and terminating in filiform tail (Figs. 2A, 7A). Differentiated lateral field absent. Annules 1–1.5 µm wide posterior to cervical collar, each annule from neck to anal region with numerous minute longitudinal striae (Fig. 3D); neck region finely annulated but with weak or no transverse striations (Figs. 3 A–C). Buccal cavity tubular, expanded anteriorly, much detail obscured by other head structures; anterior and posterior parts divided by circular ring of short, longitudinal striae; posterior part with extremely fine transverse striae about 0.5 µm apart (Figs. 2B, C). Amphid apertures circular, 2–4 µm in diameter, located on convex lateral aspect of each pseudolabium (Figs. 3 A–C). Pseudolabia rectangular in dorso-lateral view (Fig. 3A), rounded on outer margin in dorsal view (Figs. 3 A-C), ornamented with combs and spines; small pectinate combs with 2–3 µm-long bristles on interior lateral, median and cleft margins, and larger combs with 5–7 µm-long bristles continuing along dorsoventral aspect of each pseudolabium; dorsal and ventral bristles rounded distally; length of bristles on each margin approximately equal (Fig. 3C). Anterior stomal region often filled with amorphous material (Fig. 3B).</p><p>Neck region with four folds anterior to cervical collar, with second, third and fourth folds each containing one smooth, knob-like cervical sensory papilla per quadrant (Figs. 3B, C); papillae about 1–2 µm in diameter. Cervical collar with about 72 spines, 5–6 µm long; collar interrupted laterally on each side by shield, edge spines often bi- or trifurcate (Figs. 3A, D); shield wider than long (Figs. 2D, 3A, 6A). Two lateral pairs of large, acute spines in tandem, 10–13 µm long; anterior pair sometimes connected by a shallow ridge, posterior pair less frequently so (Figs. 3A, B). Annulation between each pair of spines irregular and areolated. Knob-like somatic papillae scattered along length of body, denser anterior to vulva (Figs. 3D, 6D).</p><p>Neck region dorsally and ventrally with retractor muscles attached to body wall at each major fold, integrated with strong longitudinal muscle associated with large nucleus (Figs. 3B, C).</p><p>Two-part esophagus consisting of procorpus and basal bulb with grinding valve, surrounded anteriorly by six prominent, uninucleate, amber-colored glands (Fig. 2A) identical in number and arrangement to those of male (Figs. 4A, B, 6B) and one or more small colorless glands (Fig. 2B). Secretory-excretory (SE) pore minute, inconspicuous, 167–234 µm from anterior head (Figs. 2A, 6C); SE complex fused with nerve ring and anchored dorsally to body wall, identical to that of male (Fig. 4B). Four coelomocytes: one in esophageal region, two next to anterior region of intestine or near anterior regions of ovaries, one near spermathecae (Fig. 2A). Lateral nerve chord clearly visible, identical to that of male (Fig. 7H).</p><p>Two gonads, pro-didelphic, reflexed; spermathecae present, filled with large, fusiform or comet-shaped motile sperm (Figs.2A, E, 6E). Muscular, spherical sphincter at junction of gonads with oviduct. Uterus prominent, distinctly muscled (Figs. 2E, 7C, E). Eggs large, few to moderate in number, eggshells thin, without ornamentation (Figs. 7 A–E). Vulva near anus. Phasmid apertures minute, pores located just posterior to anus. Tail filiform, attenuated to a fine point.</p><p>Males. Measurements given in Table 3. Body robust, smaller than females, white, head and neck without ornamentation (Figs. 4A, 5A, B, C); lateral field absent; cuticle finely annulated, each annule 1–1.5 µm wide, with scattered, smooth papillae (Figs. 5B, E). Stomatal opening longer than wide to slit-like (Figs. 4B, C, 5 A–C). Stoma tubular, with three feather-like appendages (Fig. 5B); stomatal structure partially obscured by tapering, partially striated esophageal collar. Lips finely striated, slightly elevated with four inconspicuous cephalic papillae (Figs. 5B, C). Amphid apertures inconspicuous, circular, on inner slope of raised lip region, approximately 3 µm in diameter (Fig. 5C). Head region with pairs of subdorsal and subventral muscles attached to stoma and extending obliquely to body wall (Figs. 4B, C).</p><p>Six prominent amber-brown, uninucleate gland-like somatic extensions of posterior arcade syncytium surrounding anterior part of esophagus and extending to nerve ring (Figs. 4B, 6B); at least two much smaller, colorless extensions of the anterior arcade syncytium located near base of stoma (Fig. 4B). Esophagus approximately onethird of body length, procorpus muscled; broadly pyriform basal bulb containing grinding valve. Intestine dilated at anterior end, then attenuating to a uniform diameter and in ventral position, crossing testis near ventral sucker and becoming dorsal, then narrowing at cloaca (Figs. 4A, D). Secretory-excretory (SE) complex and nerve ring forming a single arching structure (Fig. 4B); SE pore inconspicuous, connected to sinuous tube in the SE complex; nerve ring thin, with many associated nuclei, fused with connective tissue extending to dorsal cuticular wall (Fig. 4B). Four coelomocytes, one each in esophageal region, in anterior area of intestine, near flexure of testis and near junction of seminal vesicle and vas deferens. Lateral nerve chords clearly visible (Fig. 7H).</p><p>Reproductive system monorchic, with short flexure in germinal zone. Sperm comet to fusiform-shaped, about 88 µm long × 15 µm at widest point (Fig. 6E). Ventral sucker present, 202–330 µm anterior to cloacal opening, flanked by first pair of large pre-cloacal papillae (Figs. 4D, 5D). Region between sucker and cloaca with scattered somatic papillae of 1–2 µm diameter. Spicules equal, fused for distal three-fourths; each spicule with distinct capitulum, apical fused portion arcuate ventrad, tapering to a point; gubernaculum with pointed proximal end, distal end broad and bilobed (Figs. 4D, E). Cloacal lips smooth. Seven pairs of genital papillae, each with several conspicuous internal striae or minute tubes; one median ventral papilla. Caudal papilla pattern as follows: first pair slightly posterior to ventral sucker; second pair about 30 µm anterior to cloaca, distant from third pair; pairs 3 and 4 slightly anterior to cloaca, pair 3 ventral, pair 4 lateral; single medial papilla (5) on anterior cloacal lip; posterior to cloaca, two ventral pairs (6, 7) and one subdorsal pair (8) (Figs. 4D, 5 D–F).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Females of Heth pivari n. sp. are characterized by smooth, knob-like cervical and somatic papillae, shallow cuticular shields, continuous cuticular collars with approximately 72 subequal spines, and two pairs of paired anterior and posterior lateral spines. Males lack ornate cuticular ornamentation, have a narrowed stomal opening and smooth somatic papillae, but otherwise are similar to other described males.</p><p>The morphology of females of H. pivari n. sp. is most similar to those Heth spp. having a continuous collar of cervical spines with a spiny lateral shield. Heth pivari n. sp. is distinct from H. mauriesi Adamson, 1982, its closest geographic neighbor, in female length (2,190 –4,483 µm vs. 1,575 –2,000 µm in H. mauriesi), smooth cervical and somatic papillae (multi-cusped in H. mauriesi), and a trapezoidal shield interrupting the cervical collar (shield replaced by two stout spines in line with the smaller collar spines in H. mauriesi) (Figs. 1A, B). Among the other subtropical and tropical North American species, H. tuxtlensis (Fig. 12B) is most similar to H. pivari n. sp. in having a continuous cervical collar, the presence of lappets that usually do not overlap the anterior lateral spines, absence of lateral alae, and a finely striated body. Heth pivari n. sp. and H. tuxtlensis are easily differentiated by the number of cervical spines (ca. 72 for H. pivari n. sp., ca. 100 for H. tuxtlensis), a shallow cervical shield in H. pivari n. sp., (more pronounced in H. tuxtlensis), more bifurcated lappet spines in H. tuxtlensis as compared to fewer cervical spine bifurcations in H. pivari n. sp. and smaller anterior and posterior lateral spines (10–13 µm long) compared to the larger and more robust spines of H. tuxtlensis (anterior spine length 58–67 µm, posterior spine length 82–94 µm posterior spines).</p><p>Females of H. pivari n. sp. resemble those of H. taybaci (Vietnam) in that the shields have similar shapes. The posteriormost spines of the cuticular collar nearly reach the base of the anterior lateral spines, and both have smooth somatic papillae. Heth pivari n. sp. has fewer collar spines (approximately 72) compared to about 88 around the circumference of H. taybaci . Heth pivari n. sp. also differs in that the anterior and posterior lateral spine pairs are smaller than those of H. taybaci . Males of H. pivari n. sp. have smaller spicule arcs (mean 109 µm) than H. taybaci (136 µm) but have longer bodies ( Heth pivari n. sp. males 1,897 –2,609 µm, H. taybaci 1,520 µm).</p><p>Two additional Heth species with a continuous shield-like collar occur in the western hemisphere: H. insularis (Brazil) and H. orthopori (Paraguay) . In both of those species the lateral spine pairs are broadly joined at their bases. All other Heth species in this group are located in Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. Heth pivari n. sp. has short lappets whose posteriormost spines do not reach the anterior lateral spines, whereas in H. costata, H. impalutiensis, H. sutherlandi, H. taynguyeni, and H. vietnamensis the spines of the much longer lappets overlap the anterior lateral spines. Heth baudini and H. dimorphum have shields in which length and width are about equal, whereas in H. pivari n. sp. the shallow shield width is about twice its length. The type species, H. juli, has a “W” shape as opposed to a trapezoidal shape in H. pivari n. sp. Finally, H. xaniophora has prominent lateral alae and robust anterior and posterior lateral spines, whereas H. pivari n. sp. lacks lateral alae and has small anterior and posterior lateral spines.</p><p>Molecular analysis. With the addition of H. pivari n. sp. and H. mauriesi, nine Heth species were included in a 28S rDNA tree (Fig. 8). Heth pivari n. sp. and two Mexican species, H. gordae and H. xarochae, grouped together with high support. The other six, including H. mauriesi, had no support except for H. initiaensis - H. konoplevi . The molecular relationship of H. pivari n. sp. to H. gordae and H. xarochae is supported by geographical location but not by morphological similarity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF96126031A91C47FDC2F972	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
8569BD6CFF84127831A91E78FA5EF95A.text	8569BD6CFF84127831A91E78FA5EF95A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth Cobb 1898	<div><p>Key to Heth species groups</p><p>1. With continuous collar of cervical spines, having only a minor interruption of larger lateral spines; lappets present or absent (Figs. 9, 10).......................................................................................... 2</p><p>- Cervical collar of spines discontinuous or absent; lappets absent................................................ 3</p><p>2. Lappets absent (Figs. 9, 10, 11D)........................................................... Group 1 Heth spp.</p><p>- Lappets present (Figs. 11, excluding 11D, 12)............................................... Group 2 Heth spp.</p><p>3. With discontinuous cervical collar (Figs. 13, 14)............................................... Group 3 Heth spp.</p><p>- Without clear cervical collar; lappets absent: not conforming to any other group description (Fig. 15)..... Group 4 Heth spp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF84127831A91E78FA5EF95A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
8569BD6CFF84127931A91DDAFA5EFB35.text	8569BD6CFF84127931A91DDAFA5EFB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth Cobb 1898	<div><p>Key to group 1 Heth spp.</p><p>1. With one continuous cervical collar of spines around circumference of neck, usually with interruption by lateral cervical spines.............................................................................................. 2</p><p>- With two continuous cervical collars around circumference of neck; rows of eight similar-sized spines extending from cervical collar to level of esophageal isthmus (Fig. 9E); lateral alae originating from posteriormost cervical spines and ending at base of tail; female length 1,326 –1,440 µm .................................................................. H. coyi</p><p>2. Lateral spines absent; cervical collar spines continuous, not interrupted laterally; numerous multi-cusped sensory papillae anterior and posterior to cervical collar (Fig. 9A); length of female 1,070 –1,210 µm .......................... H. albertoi</p><p>- Lateral spines present; cervical collar interrupted or deeply notched laterally, often by prominent cervical spines.......... 3</p><p>3. One or two pairs of lateral spines present, posterior lateral spines sometimes single................................. 4</p><p>- Numerous lateral spines (&gt;8 pairs) extending half the length of the esophagus; lateral alae wing-like.................. 15</p><p>4. Single posterior lateral spine............................................................................ 5</p><p>- Posterior lateral spines paired or absent.................................................................... 7</p><p>5. Cervical collar interrupted laterally (Fig. 10G); length of female 1,550 –1,920 µm ...................... H. zeuglocantha</p><p>- Cervical collar notched or slightly produced laterally as two small, pointed lobes................................... 6</p><p>6. Cervical collar notched (Fig. 9I); female length 1,730 -2,240 µm ....................................... H. konoplevi</p><p>- Cervical collar slightly prolonged as two small, pointed lobes (Fig. 11D); females 1,420 –2,500 μm long....... H. hamatus</p><p>7. Lateral spine pairs broad, outer edges coarsely toothed....................................................... 8</p><p>- Lateral spine pairs slender, outer edges smooth............................................................. 9</p><p>8. Cervical collar with about 92 spines; two broad, strongly serrated pairs of lateral spines, their length and width about equal; length of female 2,600 –3,200 µm (Fig. 9F)......................................................... H. gordae</p><p>- Cervical collar with about 60 spines; anterior and posterior lateral spines much wider than long, posterior spines nearly encircling the body; female length 1,400 –1,700 µm (Fig. 10F)............................................. H. xarochae</p><p>9. With continuous anterior and posterior series of discontinuous spines around the circumference of the esophageal region (Fig. 9J); length of female 1,731 –2,482 µm ........................................................... H. maicuru</p><p>- Post-collar spines confined to lateral region............................................................... 10</p><p>10. Cervical collar densely serrated and expanded away from body; posterior spines apparently absent; length of female 1,820 – 2,070 µm (Fig. 9G)....................................................................... H. hexaspinosum</p><p>- Cervical collar not expanded away from body; posterior lateral spines present.................................... 11</p><p>11. Large multi-cusped papillae (2–4 per side) only present anterior to cervical collar................................. 12</p><p>- Papillae present both anteriorly and posteriorly to cervical collar; with transverse rows of small spines in cervical folds... 13</p><p>12. Cervical, anterior and posterior lateral spines narrow, about equal in size (Fig. 10B); length of holotype 2,800 µm ................................................................................................ H. perarmatum</p><p>- Cervical, anterior and posterior lateral spines progressively larger, broader and overlapping one another (Fig. 9B); lateral winglike alae extending from posterior region of esophagus to anus; female length 1,753 –1,973 µm .......... H. amazonensis</p><p>13. Collar interrupted by long, slender cervical spines nearly reaching base of anterior lateral spines; anterior and posterior lateral spines long and slender (Fig. 10E); female length 1,610 –1,990 µm .................................... H. spinosum</p><p>- Cervical collar interrupted by larger lateral spines not reaching base of anterior lateral spines........................ 14</p><p>14. Anterior and posterior spine pairs not sharing common bases (Figs. 1, 10A); female length 1,750 –1,830 µm .... H. mauriesi</p><p>- Anterior and posterior spine pairs with common bases....................................................... 15</p><p>15. Anterior lateral spines not reaching base of posterior spines (Fig. 9D); female length 2,960 –3,090 µm ........... H. clunyi</p><p>- Anterior pair of lateral spines overlapping base of posterior pair; (Fig. 9C); female length 1,880 –2,080 µm H. bifidispiculum</p><p>16. Prominent spines extending from posterior cervical collar to beginning of lateral alae (Fig. 10C, D); lateral alae extending from posterior esophagus to tail; length of female 1,155 –1,165 µm ........................................ H. pinnatum</p><p>- Somatic spines extending from cephalic extremity to isthmus with first three spines small and remaining spines long and curved (Fig. 9H); female length 1,740 –2,000 µm ...................................................... H. hispaniolae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF84127931A91DDAFA5EFB35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
8569BD6CFF85127A31A91E3FFA5EFD5D.text	8569BD6CFF85127A31A91E3FFA5EFD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth Cobb 1898	<div><p>Key to group 2 Heth spp.</p><p>1. Multiple cuticular knob–like papillae in anterior esophageal region............................................. 2</p><p>- Knob-like papillae absent near head region, rarely one or two close to the cervical collar............................ 9</p><p>2. Lateral cervical collar spines reaching or overlapping proximal base of anterior lateral spines........................ 3</p><p>- Lateral cervical collar spines not reaching anterior lateral spines................................................ 6</p><p>3. Anterior and posterior lateral spines about equal in length..................................................... 4</p><p>- Posterior lateral spines much longer than anterior spines (Fig. 11G); anterior anal lip normal, without large lobe; female 2,340 – 3,230 μm long............................................................................... H. initiensis</p><p>4. Anterior anal lip with large lobe extending over anus; female 2,610 –4,225 μm long (Fig. 11E)............ H. impalutiensis</p><p>- Anterior anal lip not swollen into large lobe................................................................ 5</p><p>5. Shield length and width about equal (Fig. 11M); female 1,365 –2,075 μm long.......................... H. taynguyeni</p><p>- Shield longer than wide (Fig. 12C); females 2,550 –2,640 μm long................................. H. vietnamensis</p><p>6. Shield width twice that of its length; female 2,190 –4,483 µm long (Figs. 2A, B, D, 6A)................. H. pivari n. sp.</p><p>- Shield length and width about equal, or length much longer than width.......................................... 7</p><p>7. Shield tapering, up to 3 times longer than wide (Fig. 12A); females 2,180 –2,370 μm long................ H. tonkinensis</p><p>- Shield width and length similar, rounded or trapezoidal in shape................................................ 8</p><p>8. Shield rounded or ovoid; lateral spines less than 20 µm long (Fig. 11A); female 1,105 –1,440 μm long.......... H. baudini</p><p>- Shield trapezoidal; lateral spines 28–30 μm long (Fig. 11L); female 1,905 –2,575 μm long.................... H. taybaci</p><p>9. Cervical collar overlapping proximal base of anterior lateral spines............................................ 10</p><p>- Lateral cervical spines not overlapping anterior lateral spines................................................. 12</p><p>10. Eight longitudinal ridges extending from base of posterior lateral spines to vulva (Fig. 11B); female 2,160 –2,600 μm long.............................................................................................. H. costata</p><p>- Longitudinal ridges absent............................................................................ 11</p><p>11. Anterior and posterior lateral spine pairs fused, 26–33 μm long; shield a semicircle, about twice as wide as long (Fig. 11I); females 2,700 –3,024 μm long................................................................. H. orthopori</p><p>- Anterior lateral spines widely separated, 50 μm long; posterior lateral spines 55 μm long, bases closer but not touching (Fig. 11K); females 2,010 –2,360 μm long........................................................... H. sutherlandi</p><p>12. Lappets continuous, not separated laterally................................................................ 13</p><p>- Lappets separated................................................................................... 15</p><p>13 Length of cervical spines along lappet edges irregular, some spines forked; anterior and posterior lateral spines with fused bases (Fig. 12B); females 1,700 –2,800 μm long........................................................ H. tuxtlensis</p><p>- Cervical spines along lappet edges about the same size...................................................... 14</p><p>14. Shield forming a W-shape, length and width equal (Fig. 11H)............................................. H. juli</p><p>- Shield entire, not bilobed, well anterior to base of anterior lateral spines (Fig. 11C)..................... H. dimorphum</p><p>15. Wing-like lateral alae present; each pseudolabial plate with three conspicuous spines; cuticular collar with more than 100 spines; shield tapering, (Figs. 12D); female length 2,400 –2,960 μm................................. H. xaniophora</p><p>- Lateral alae absent................................................................................... 16</p><p>16. Anterior lateral spines widely separated; shield of typical size (Fig. 11J); females 1,970 –2,630 μm long.. H. ortonwilliamsi</p><p>- Anterior lateral spines fused basally; shield trapezoidal, small (Fig. 11F); females 1,764 –1,962 μm long....... H. insularis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF85127A31A91E3FFA5EFD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
8569BD6CFF87127431A91F37FA5FFEA5.text	8569BD6CFF87127431A91F37FA5FFEA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth Cobb 1898	<div><p>Key to group 3 female Heth spp.</p><p>1. Cervical collar with discontinuous spines; lateral spines present................................................ 2</p><p>- Cervical collar spines absent; base of most posterior fold in neck with small, single posteriorly curved spine (Fig. 14C); females 1,140 –1,189 µm long......................................................................... H. spoliatus</p><p>2. Multiple somatic papillae present in anterior region; three pairs of lateral spines (cervical, anterior, posterior)............ 3</p><p>- Somatic papillae usually absent, rarely one or two in anterior region............................................ 5</p><p>3. Head about same width as anterior portion of body; each side of body with approximately 12 multi-cusped papillae flanking the cervical and lateral spines; cervical spines joined, with long, smooth sublateral extensions; lateral alae present (Fig. 13E); females 1,800 –2,500 µm long..................................................................... H. imias</p><p>- Head narrower than anterior portion of body............................................................... 4</p><p>4. Sublateral cervical spine extensions short, smooth; anterior and posterior lateral spines fused at their bases; (Fig 13C); females 1,640 –2,720 µm long......................................................................... H. baracoa</p><p>- Sublateral cervical spine extensions long, serrated; anterior and posterior spines slender, not fused at their bases (Fig. 13D).......................................................................................... H. duvidosum</p><p>5. Head wide, about 1.5× width of anterior portion of body; cervical collar with about 12 small, well-separated spines of various sizes; one pair of lateral spines (Fig. 13F); females 1,312 –1,600 µm long........................... H. macrocephala</p><p>- Head not enlarged, about same width as anterior portion of body............................................... 6</p><p>6. With cervical collar.................................................................................... 7</p><p>- With cervical collar of separate spines and a similar ring of spines posterior to collar (Fig. 14A); females 2,142 –3,004 µm long..................................................................................... H. sinediscus</p><p>7. Four pairs of fused lateral spines on each side of body, increasing in length from anterior to posterior, approximately 10, 16, 23 and 32 µm long, respectively (Fig. 14D); females 1,685 –1,890 µm .................................... H. travassosi</p><p>- Fewer than four pairs of lateral spines on each side.......................................................... 8</p><p>8. Cervical collar with more than 40 non-contiguous spines of similar length around circumference of neck; posterior to cervical collar (Fig. 14F); females 2,400 –3,090 µm long..................................................... H. tuzetae</p><p>- Cervical collar with fewer than 40 discontinuous spines....................................................... 9</p><p>9. Transverse rows of minute cuticular spines encompassing anterior esophageal region; two pairs of lateral spines, their bases separate, 11-12 µm long (Fig. 14B); females 1,831 –2,126 µm long................................... H. spinalatum</p><p>- Esophageal region minute cuticular spines................................................................ 10</p><p>10. Lateral spines separate; cervical collar with 8 spines around circumference of neck, interrupted by two lateral spines in the same plane as cervical spines; (Fig. 14E); females 1,550 –1,830 µm long................................... H. travofilhoi</p><p>- Lateral spine bases touching or clearly fused............................................................... 11</p><p>11. Cervical collar formed by 10 large spines around circumference of neck; one pair of lateral spines (Fig. 13G); female length 2,062 –2,186 µm ............................................................................ H. multiplus</p><p>- Lateral collar region plate-like with strong spine at each end.................................................. 12</p><p>12. One pair of lateral spines posterior to collar, broadly fused at base (Figs. 13A, B); females 1,550 –1,830 µm long. H. artigasi</p><p>- Posterior lateral spines not broadly fused, bases meeting at a point............................................. 13</p><p>13. Vulva with overlapping anterior flap; area rugosa absent....................................... H. magnavulvaris</p><p>- Vulva without an anterior vulval flap; area rugosa present anterior to vulva (Fig. 13H)................... H. parartigasi</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF87127431A91F37FA5FFEA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
8569BD6CFF88127431A91EDBFA5EF8E4.text	8569BD6CFF88127431A91EDBFA5EF8E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heth Cobb 1898	<div><p>Key to group 4 female Heth spp.</p><p>1. Body with numerous somatic spines from cervical collar to at least the isthmus.................................... 2</p><p>- Body without prominent somatic spines except for four pairs of lateral spines; posterior three pairs with broad bases; lateral alae present from posterior esophagus to anus (Fig. 15C); females 1,332 –1,731 µm long....................... H. lamothei</p><p>2. Body with 5–7 lateral spines from cervical collar to isthmus; with multi-cusped sensory papillae posterior to cervical collar (Fig. 15D).................................................................................... H. poeyi</p><p>- Body with six lateral-sublateral rows of spines from cervical collar to anus........................................ 3</p><p>3. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-1.702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.562" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -1.702/lat 1.562)">Anterior region</a> laterally with a long row of large, multicusped papillae, the first two of which are doubled; somatic spines smooth or lightly serrated (Fig. 15A); female length 1,562 –1,702 µm .................................... H. adolphi</p><p>- With four pairs of bifurcated lateral spines; spines of sublateral rows heavily serrated in esophageal region (Fig. 15B); female length 1,983 –2,308 µm ..................................................................... H. josephinae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8569BD6CFF88127431A91EDBFA5EF8E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Phillips, Gary;Moulton, John K.;Bernard, Ernest C.	Phillips, Gary, Moulton, John K., Bernard, Ernest C. (2020): Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp. Zootaxa 4861 (4): 486-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2
