identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8B2F87A12C15DF7EFF42D073FD8BFDEA.text	8B2F87A12C15DF7EFF42D073FD8BFDEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nexosa Diakonoff 1977	<div><p>Nexosa Diakonoff, 1977</p><p>Figs. 1–9</p><p>Type-species: Mictopsichia marmarastra Meyrick, 1932, designated by Diakonoff, 1977.</p><p>Diagnosis. Adults have three silvery lines (except for Nexosa picturata (Meyrick)) near the forewing apex (two in Mictocommosis). The wing venation (Fig. 9) is very similar to that of Mictocommosis, but the hindwing discal cell is shorter in Nexosa and veins R and M1 are more approximate at the discal cell, and M2 is closer to M3 than in Mictocommosis . Also, the dorsal margin of the hindwing is very convex. Genital characters differ from those of Mictocommosis, with the male having compact projecting apical spines on the uncus (a broadened anteroventral spine field in Mictocommosis), the socius with few setae (extensive setae in Mictocommosis); and the female with a large accessory bursa divergent near the ostium (or lacking in some species, but N. picturata probably belongs to another genus), and no signum in the bursa (more normal archipine-type signum in Mictocommosis, but without a capitulum).</p><p>Discussion. This genus appears most related to the Asian and African genus Mictocommosis Diakonoff (1979, 1986), although wing maculation differs considerably between the two. Besides describing the new species N. aureola, from Papua New Guinea, Diakonoff (1977) transferred to his new genus Nexosa three other species: N. marmarastra (Meyrick, 1932) from Java (Indonesia), N. picturata (Meyrick 1912) from Assam (India), and N. hexaphala (Meyrick 1912) from Sri Lanka. Nexosa picturata likely belongs in a different genus, as the genitalia differ markedly from other Nexosa and Mictocommosis species in both the male and female. Nexosa was first reported from northern Vietnam by Razowski (2008), based on a single male of N. hexaphala captured at Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc Province; but we herein treat that specimen as a new subspecies. The related genus Mictocommosis includes four species: two Asian species (one in Indonesia and one from Japan to Vietnam) and two African species (Heppner 1977), although the African species need more study.</p><p>Whereas Mictocommosis species have a more typical archipine female signum, Nexosa species lack this, yet have virtually the same wing venation and similar male genitalia as Mictocommosis, as well as similar wing maculation and head morphology. Nexosa appears to be a primitive relative of Mictocommosis, and best conforms to characters for the tribe Archipini rather than Hilarographini, based on the tribal characteristics (Diakonoff 1977, 1986; Horak 1984, 1998). Archipine features of Nexosa and Mictocommosis include the toothed knob at the valval costal base, which is a putative pulvinus that lacks setae (a pulvinus is absent in a few other Archipini), but the genera also have a complete and flattened or slender transtilla (split in some Archipini); and the socius is welldeveloped although elongated and with only a few setae in Nexosa . The socius in Nexosa was erroneously labeled as hami by Diakonoff (1977), thereby a further reason the genus may have been described in the Hilarographini .</p><p>Razowski (1987) corrected the matter of the socius in Nexosa, but retained the genus in Hilarographini . The male valva is strongly sclerotized both on the dorsal and ventral margins in Nexosa, but mostly membranous on the margins in Mictocommosis (usually sclerotized only on the ventral margin in most Archipini). The female genitalia in Nexosa have a large accessory bursa in some species and lacking in others, but which varies in presence or absence in many groups; and lacking in Mictocommosis . No signum is present in Nexosa (Fig. 8) (archipine signum in Mictocommosis, but lacking the capitulum).</p><p>The correct placement within the Archipini of both Nexosa and Mictocommosis, and possibly related genera, requires further study. Unfortunately, even recent studies, including those using new DNA techniques (Dombroskie &amp; Sperling 2013, Regier et al. 2012), have not included these genera because they have remained misplaced in Hilarographini (Chlidaontinae) and not specifically studied even as hilarographine genera, or among various exotic genera not included in such studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87A12C15DF7EFF42D073FD8BFDEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Heppner, John B.;Bae, Yang-Seop	Heppner, John B., Bae, Yang-Seop (2015): Review of Nexosa Diakonoff in Vietnam, with a new species and a new subspecies, and transfer to the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini). Zootaxa 3999 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.2
8B2F87A12C16DF7FFF42D7D7FC9CFB82.text	8B2F87A12C16DF7FFF42D7D7FC9CFB82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nexosa hexaphala (Meyrick 1912) Meyrick 1912	<div><p>Nexosa hexaphala (Meyrick, 1912)</p><p>(Figs. 1, 2–3, 7)</p><p>Mictopsichia hexaphala Meyrick, 1912, Exot. Microlepidoptera, 1: 36. Type locality: Maskeliya, Sri Lanka.</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing expanse: 14 mm (n = 1). This species is notable for the extensive white on the hindwings in both males and females, whereas the new species from Vietnam has darker hindwings in the female, with less white evident. The white hindwing of the female N. hexaphala can be noted in the figure of the holotype shown by Clarke (1969).</p><p>Diakonoff (1977) erroneously stated that Clarke (1969) had illustrated the female genitalia of N. hexaphala, but Diakonoff mistook a figure of the genitalia of a Neotropical species of Mictopsichia illustrated above that for N. hexaphala: the holotype female lacks an abdomen as Clarke noted. Because the species has not had a modern description, and none for the genitalia, a redescription is given in more detail herein based on the new Vietnam subspecies which can be compared to the Sri Lanka population of the nominate subspecies, which otherwise is known from only a single specimen.</p><p>Specimens recorded. Holotype female: Maskeliya, [Ratnapura Dist.], Ceylon [Sri Lanka], May 1906, de Mowbray (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. The nominate subspecies, N. hexaphala hexaphala, is known only from Sri Lanka.</p><p>Discussion. The description below for the Vietnam subspecies is essentially the same as for the Sri Lanka nominate subspecies, as far as can be determined at this time, except for the following points: forewing with fewer black-brown spots near base at 1/3 and the hindwing with much larger black patch on the termen and tornus and with two brown patches near the wing base (only one in the Vietnam specimens). The female holotype from Sri Lanka remains the single known female of this species and lacks an abdomen, thus the genitalia are not known and cannot be compared with the Vietnam congeners. Although the female would be expected to differ somewhat in maculation from the male, some aspects of the hindwing, as well as the great distance from Sri Lanka to northern Vietnam and no intervening records in India, Burma, Thailand, or Laos, suggest that the Vietnam population should be treated as a separate subspecies from those in Sri Lanka.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87A12C16DF7FFF42D7D7FC9CFB82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Heppner, John B.;Bae, Yang-Seop	Heppner, John B., Bae, Yang-Seop (2015): Review of Nexosa Diakonoff in Vietnam, with a new species and a new subspecies, and transfer to the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini). Zootaxa 3999 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.2
8B2F87A12C11DF79FF42D7D7FD62FEEE.text	8B2F87A12C11DF79FF42D7D7FD62FEEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nexosa hexaphala subsp. tamdaoana Heppner & Bae	<div><p>Nexosa hexaphala tamdaoana Heppner &amp; Bae, new subspecies</p><p>(Figs. 1, 2–3, 7)</p><p>Type locality. Tam Dao (930 m), Vinh Phuc Prov., Vietnam.</p><p>Description. Wing expanse: 13.5– 14 mm (n = 11). Male (Fig. 1). Head (Figs. 3–4): Vertex brown-fuscous; frons brown-fuscous, tan at base; neck tan, white ventrally; antenna black-brown alternating with yellow-tan, ventrally setous but unscaled, and scape dark brown-fuscous; labial palpus cream-white, with some brown-fuscous on apical segment, and mesally the same but less fuscous near apex. Thorax: Brown-fuscous, lighter brown centrally as horizontal border to anterior darker area, with line of yellow-tan horizontal line between tegulae anteriorly, and dark brown on posterior of thorax dorsum and white scale patch posterolaterally; tegulae brownfuscous, lighter posteriorly; venter white; legs white but dorsally yellow-tan on mid- and hind tibia and tarsal segments, with hind tibia having 3 dorsal bars of dark brown and dorsally as alternating bands on tarsal segments. Forewing (Fig. 1) brown, with irrorated white area on dorsal middle, angled to tornus, with basal area brown and with 3 vertically arranged small dark brown spots; costal margin with brown alternating with 6–7 silver or orangeyellow; orange-yellow line at apical 1/4 curved to tornus (less yellow near tornus), margined by iridescent silverfuscous, and orange-yellow also around apical silver fascia; silver subterminal line; black patch near tornus with small white spots; fringe dark fuscous, with white near apex and near tornus; venter of wing like dorsum but duller and more yellow marks on costa and apex. Hindwing white in basal half, brown-fuscous at base and some brownfuscous irrorations near anal margin and angled beyond base; apical 1/3 brown and a large black patch along termen and tornus, with several small yellow and silver spots towards tornus mixed into black areas, and subterminal silver line; fringe white except fuscous near apex and several small fuscous spots along termen to tornus; venter of wing like dorsum but duller. Abdomen: Brown-fuscous with pale white scale row on posterior margin of each tergite; venter cream-white; anal tuft fuscous. Male genitalia (Fig. 7) with uncus elongated, with bulbous emarginated apex and with several very strong somewhat recurved bristle-like setae; uncus on strongly slerotized quadratic base. Tegumen strongly sclerotized and somewhat bulbous, with acutely indented anterior margins, and with quadratic dorsal corners, below which is the elongate, somewhat setose and acutely pointed paired socius extended out posteriorly. Gnathos extended posteroventrally as two convergent abruptly recurved arms without setae. Transtilla a flattened band, emergent from strongly sclerotized spine-like knob at each valval base. Valva triangular but slightly upcurved, setose, with very strongly sclerotized dorsal and saccular margins, apically truncate and angled ventrally to slightly extended ventral apex. Vinculum strong, with small rounded saccus. Anellus a small semicircular plate of concentric margins ventrally and dorsally, slightly emarginate dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 7 a) slender, elongate, with middle convexity; a single large spine-like cornutus. Pregenital plate on abdomen rounded (Fig. 7 b). Female unknown. The single known female specimen of the nominate subspecies has the abdomen missing (Clarke 1969).</p><p>Specimens recorded. Holotype male: Tam Dao (930 m), Vinh Phuc Prov., Vietnam, 13–15 Oct 2014, J. B. Heppner. Deposited with FSCA/McGuire Center, on indefinite loan from PPRI (Hanoi, Vietnam). Paratypes (9♂): VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc Prov.: Tam Dao [Natl. Pk.] (985 m), 5 May 2005 (1♂), Y.-S. Bae &amp; J.-M. Kim (INUC); Tam Dao (930 m) 25–31 Jul 2010 (3♂), J. B. Heppner (FSCA/McG); 1 Aug 2000 (1♂), Y. S. Bae (INUC); 6–9 Oct 2014 (3♂), 13–15 Oct (1♂), J. B. Heppner (FSCA/McG).</p><p>Other specimens (1♂): Tam Dao (930 m), 17 Oct 1995 (1♂), V. Sinaev (MNHU).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, Tam Dao.</p><p>Biology. These moths are likely diurnal, as far as is known, as are the true Hilarographini (Heppner 1982) and some other colorful tortricids (viz. Ceracini), but most specimens are taken at lights. Otherwise, nothing is known of the life history and biology of the species.</p><p>Distribution. This subspecies is known only from northern Vietnam.</p><p>Discussion. This subspecies has been found fairly common at Tam Dao, in northern Vietnam, but unfortunately, only males have been taken thus far. The subspecies was first reported for Vietnam (as N. hexaphala) by Razowski (2008), for a single male from Tam Dao. Nedoshivina (2013) also illustrated the species (as N. hexaphala) in her Vietnam Tortricidae compendium.</p><p>The new species described below cannot be the female of N. hexaphala as it is much darker and differs in maculation, as can easily be seen by comparing the figure shown here for N. tonkinensis with that illustrated by Clarke (1969) of the holotype female of N. hexaphala from Sri Lanka. With the distance from Sri Lanka to Vietnam being significant, it is likely the Vietnam population is a distinct species, particularly given the evident differences and becuase the other Nexosa species all are very similar (except N. picturata). However, until more Sri Lankan specimens of N. hexaphala are available so that the genitalia can be compared with the Vietnamese specimens, we have named them as a subspecies of N. hexaphala .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87A12C11DF79FF42D7D7FD62FEEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Heppner, John B.;Bae, Yang-Seop	Heppner, John B., Bae, Yang-Seop (2015): Review of Nexosa Diakonoff in Vietnam, with a new species and a new subspecies, and transfer to the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini). Zootaxa 3999 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.2
8B2F87A12C10DF79FF42D625FB35F807.text	8B2F87A12C10DF79FF42D625FB35F807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nexosa tonkinensis Heppner & Bae	<div><p>Nexosa tonkinensis Heppner &amp; Bae, new species</p><p>(Figs. 2, 5–6, 8)</p><p>Type locality. Cuc Phuong Natl. Park, Mac Lake (155m), Ninh Binh Prov., Vietnam.</p><p>Description. Wing expanse: 12.3 mm (n = 1). Male. Unknown. Female (Fig. 2). Head (Figs. 5–6): Vertex white and tan-fuscous, and neck white; frons white, with tan eye margins; antenna light tan alternating with dark brown, ventrally setous but unscaled; labial palpus white on both basal segments, with apical segment brownfuscous at middle, and mesally the same but less fuscous near apex. Thorax: Brown-fuscous; tegulae same; venter white, with white-tan at neck; legs white, with brown-fuscous on femurs and tibiae dorsally, with some brownfuscous on tarsal segments. Forewing brown-fuscous, with irrorated white area on dorsal middle, narrowing to tornus and half of basal area; costal margin with brown alternating with 6–7 tan strigulae, more whitish nearer apical quarter, with yellow line at apical 1/4 curved to tornus, margined by iridescent silver but becoming dull brown halfway to tornus; silver subterminal line; black spot near tornus with small light yellow spots; fringe dark fuscous, with white near apex and near tornus; venter of wing like dorsum but duller and more yellow marks on costa and apex. Hindwing white in basal half, brown-fuscous at base and some brown-fuscous irrorations near anal margin and angled beyond base; dark brown line at 1/3, angled midway to base; a large black patch along termen and tornus, with several small yellow and silver spots towards tornus and subterminal silver line; fringe white except brown-fuscous near apex and along tornal and anal margins; venter of wing like dorsum but duller. Abdomen: Brown-fuscous with pale white scale row on posterior margin of each tergite; venter cream-white; anal tuft fuscous. Female genitalia (Fig. 8) elongated, with short ovipositor, papilla anales setous and flattened; sterigma 2-stepped quadratic and dorso-ventrally somewhat flattened, smaller at ductus entrance, more widened horizontally posteriorly, and with lateral extension and large setose lobe posterolateral to sterigma; ostium bursae ovate, simple, wider than deep; ductus bursae simple, of subequal width to bursa opening but somewhat sclerotized, with colliculum-like short collar anterior to ostium and by ductus seminalis-accessory bursa attachment; ductus seminalis emergent laterally from entrance duct of very large ovoid accessory bursa (nearly twice size of bursa), which is emergent from ductus bursae at posterior end of subostium (or colliculum); bursa copulatrix simple, oval, and with smooth walls; signum absent.</p><p>Specimens studied. Holotype female: Cuc Phuong Natl. Pk., Mac Lake (155 m), Vietnam, 4–7 May 2009, J. B. Heppner (genitalia slide JBH 3126). Deposited with FSCA/McGuire Center, on indefinite loan from PPRI (Hanoi, Vietnam).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Vietnam.</p><p>Biology. Like N. hexaphala, these moths are likely diurnal. Nothing is known of the life history and biology of the species.</p><p>Distribution. This species is known only from northern Vietnam.</p><p>Discussion. The new species superficially looks like the new genus related to Mictocommosis (Heppner &amp; Bae 2015), but can be easily distinguished by its three silvery forewing apical lines, as in all Nexosa species (except N. picturata), whereas the Mictocommosis relative has only two silvery apical lines. Also, N. tonkinensis has a prominent orange mark between the silvery lines, whereas in the Mictocommosis relative this area is dark brown. Likewise, the female genitalia are very different, with N. tonkinensis lacking the signum and ductus sclerotizations so prominent in Archipini . Unfortunately, the female genitalia of N. hexaphala remain unknown, but the congeneric species have female genitalia with many similarities to N. tonkinensis, as can be seen in the figures in Diakonoff (1977). The other two Asian Nexosa species, N. marmarastra and N. picturata, are very similar to N. tonkinensis, but differ in the longer orange mark of the forewing apical region, which is only half as long in N. tonkinensis, whereas the markings also differ in the lines of the basal half of the hindwing.</p><p>It is noteworthy that the single specimen of N. tonkinensis was captured at the same locality in Cuc Phuong National Park on the same date as the two known females of another new species very similar in appearance but with drastically different genitalia and named in another new genus (Heppner &amp; Bae 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87A12C10DF79FF42D625FB35F807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Heppner, John B.;Bae, Yang-Seop	Heppner, John B., Bae, Yang-Seop (2015): Review of Nexosa Diakonoff in Vietnam, with a new species and a new subspecies, and transfer to the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini). Zootaxa 3999 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.2
