identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8B2F87B1FFAEFF87FF6C1CA2FD0FFC0F.text	8B2F87B1FFAEFF87FF6C1CA2FD0FFC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kolowratia eruciformis Ridl.	<div><p>Kolowratia eruciformis Ridl. in Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 182. 1909 (‘ erucaeformis ’). – Lectotype (designated here): Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao del Norte, Bucas Grande Island, 4 Oct 1906, E. D. Merrill 5258 (US [barcode 00092931]; isolectotype: E [barcode E00119608]). – Fig. 1, 4.</p><p>Description — Terrestrial herb forming a loose clump. Rhizome c. 5 cm in diam., scales thin, 26–32 × 30– 40 mm, glabrous, brown, margin pubescent, apex acute. Pseudostem 1–2 m long, mostly erect, distance between two leafy shoots c. 8 cm, base 8–9 cm in diam., with 40– 60 laminae per shoot; sheaths glabrous, mid-green; ligule shallowly bilobed, 1–3 mm long, with a few scattered hairs, light green, base reddish; lamina sessile, linear, 22– 43 × 2–3 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, light green abaxially, mid-green adaxially, non-plicate, subcoriaceous, base subcordate, margin entire, apex sharply attenuate. Inflorescence terminal on leafy shoot, a panicle, to 30 cm long, variously arching; free part of peduncle 3–15 cm long, glabrous to slightly puberulous, light green; rachis up to 15 cm long, puberulous, light green; cincinni 4–10, sessile, alternately arranged along rachis, 2–4 cm apart, elongate with age up to 10 cm; bracts open to base, ovate to oblong, 40–60 × 15–18 mm, puberulous, occasionally glabrous toward apex, mid-green, brown with age, brownish red at base, both surfaces shiny, apex acute; pedicels 12–26 mm long, puberulous, reddish white at base, becoming greenish white toward apex; bracteoles distichously arranged, spathaceous, 23–26 mm long, keeled, split to 15 mm from apex, puberulous, brown, apex mucronate, mucro to 1 mm long, pubescent. Flowers 5.5–9 cm long, 5–10 per cincinnus, c. ¾ of pedicel covered by bracteole; calyx tube spathaceous, 20–30 mm long, split to 13 mm from apex, glabrous, deep red, apex 2- or 3-dentate, sparsely hairy; floral tube 24–28 mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent at base, densely pubescent toward apex inside, white; dorsal corolla lobe ovate, 22–25 × 17–25 mm, concave, glabrous, white, central part thickened and tinged red or pink adaxially, appearing shallowly trilobed when flattened, central lobe acute and cucullate; lateral corolla lobes overlapping, ovate, 23–25 × 13–20 mm, glabrous, white, central part thickened, apex acute and cucullate, slightly tinged red; labellum reduced, somewhat triangular, fleshy, to 5 × 5 mm, pubescent, brownish white or yellowish white, apex acute; lateral staminodes absent; stamen 12–15 mm long; filament 2–4 mm long, pubescent, cream-white; anther 10–12 × 4–6 mm, connective pubescent, reddish yellow; anther crest c. 1 × 1.5 mm, petaloid, pubescent, reddish yellow or whitish yellow, apex truncate; thecae 10–12 × 1–2.5 mm, pubescent, white, dehiscing from c. 2 mm above base of theca to c. 1 mm below apex; style 32–37 mm long, pilose, white; stigma funnel-shaped, somewhat flattened, c. 2 × 4 mm, white, ostiole elliptic, with hairs; epigynous gland globose, c. 4 × 4 mm, glabrous, yellow, enclosing base of style; ovary subglobose, 5–10 × 4–9 mm, trilocular, glabrous, light green, coriaceous, placentation axile. Fruit oblong, 3.3–4.1 × 2.1–3 cm, glabrous, mid-green when young, becoming orange then yellow when mature, calyx persistent; seeds up to 85 per fruit, c. 5 × 3 mm, angular subglobose, glabrous, black, enclosed by a white aril.</p><p>Etymology and common name — The specific epithet refers to the rocket-like ( Eruca -like) inflorescence. Ridley (1909) spelled it ‘ erucaeformis ’, which is corrected to eruciformis following (Turland &amp; al. 2018: Art. 60.10). No local name is recorded in the Philippines. Commonly known as the red bamboo ginger around the world.</p><p>Distribution — Native in the Philippines to the provinces Laguna, Leyte and Surigao del Norte (Fig. 3). Kolowratia eruciformis is also believed to be native in Sagada, Mountain Province (Hidenobu Funakoshi pers. comm.). Cultivated in tropical regions around the world.</p><p>Habitat — Kolowratia eruciformis inhabits semi-shaded secondary forests along ridges or near mangrove areas at 15–400 m elevation.</p><p>Phenology — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.</p><p>Provisional conservation status — Using the IUCN red list categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022), Kolowratia eruciformis is preliminarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2000 km 2 (total AOO is 20 km 2) while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 (total EOO is 9271.79 km 2). Only specimens collected in the wild were used for this assessment, 200–250 mature lished, it is useful to know where it belongs. This makes sense because A. D. E. Elmer 17977 was collected at Mount Makiling where K. eruciformis occurs, whereas L. haenkei has never been seen or documented there.</p><p>Selected specimens examined — PHILIPPINES: LUZON: LAGUNA: Los Baños, Mount Makiling, Jun–Jul 1917, A. D. E. Elmer 17977 (BM [2 sheets], FI, GH, K, NY, P, PH, S, US); 31 May 1958, J. Sinclair &amp; G. E. Edaño 9472 (E, PNH); 15 Feb 2016, R. V. A. Docot &amp; al. 28 (L, SING, USTH); 15 Nov 2016, R. V. A. Docot &amp; al. 92 (FEUH, PNH, USTH). — VISAYAS: LEYTE: Ormoc City, Mount Janagdan, 6 Apr 1950, G. E. Edaño 12001 (GH, PNH). — MINDANAO: SURIGAO DEL NORTE: Bucas Grande Island, Socorro, Barangay San Roque, Sitio Sabang, 09°37'47.4"N, 125°54'09.6"E, 13 Jul 2019, C. B. M. Domingo &amp; al. SDN19-018 (FEUH incl. spirit, L, PNH, SING, USTH). — CULTIVATED MATERIAL: Cultivated at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.90267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.629833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.90267/lat 9.629833)">Lyon Arboretum</a>, Hawaii , U.S.A., source of material Thailand but origin Philippines, accession number L-82.1616, 4 Sep 1985, K. M. Nagata 3366 (E); 27 Apr 1987, K. M. Nagata 3619 (E); 15 Jun 1999, W. J. Kress &amp; H. Kennedy 99-6403 (US); 7 Jan 2005, W. J. Kress &amp; Q.-J. Li 05-7785 (US). Cultivated at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, U.S.A., source of material Thailand but origin Philippines, 16 Aug 1987, N. Woessner s.n. (E). Cultivated at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , U.K., source unknown, accession number 87S5719, Oct 1996, A. Rangsiruji &amp; al. 2 (E). Cultivated at Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, origin Luzon, Philippines, 29 Oct 2010, J. Leong-Skornickova JLS794 (PR, SING) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87B1FFAEFF87FF6C1CA2FD0FFC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Docot, Rudolph Valentino A.;Haevermans, Thomas;Poulsen, Axel Dalberg	Docot, Rudolph Valentino A., Haevermans, Thomas, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg (2025): Is Alpinia luteocarpa the correct scientific name for the ornamental red bamboo ginger? Willdenowia 55 (1): 79-90, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.07
8B2F87B1FFA1FF85FF461C82FDA3FCEF.text	8B2F87B1FFA1FF85FF461C82FDA3FCEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Languas scorpioidea Quisumb. & Merr.	<div><p>Languas scorpioidea Quisumb. &amp; Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 37: 139. 1928 (‘ scorpoidea ’). – Lectotype (designated here): Philippines, Mindanao, Davao Oriental, Mati, 16 Apr 1927, M. Ramos &amp; G. E. Edaño 48947 (US [barcode 00092938]; isolectotypes: B [barcode B 10 1022674], BO [no. 0031789], K [barcode K000292459], NY [barcode 00320262]). – Fig. 5.</p><p>Description — Terrestrial herb forming a loose clump. Rhizome 5–6.5 cm in diam., red, scales thin, 3–4 × 1.5– 2 cm, glabrous, brown, margin pubescent, apex acute. Pseudostem 2–3 m long, distance between two leafy shoots 15–20 cm, base 10–11 cm in diam., reddish white, with 60–70 laminae per shoot; sheaths glabrous, mid- to light green; ligule shallowly bilobed, 1–3 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, light green, base reddish; lamina sessile, linear, 11–47 × 2–3 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, light green abaxially, mid-green adaxially, non-plicate, subcoriaceous, base subcordate, margin entire, apex sharply attenuate. Inflorescence terminal, panicle, to 20 cm long, variously arching; free part of peduncle 1.5–8.5 cm long, glabrous to slightly puberulous, light green; rachis to 18.5 cm long, slightly puberulous, light green; cincinni 3–6, sessile, alternately arranged along rachis, 3–5 cm apart, elongate to 20 cm; bracts open to base, ovate to oblong, 25–60 × 8–18 mm, puberulous, light green, brown with age, both surfaces shiny, apex acute; pedicels 22–40 mm long, proximal ¼ below insertion of bracteole slightly puberulous when young, becoming densely pubescent with age, hairs black and glandular, reddish white; bracteoles distichously arranged, spathaceous, 23–25 mm long, keeled, split to 10 mm from apex, puberulous or densely puberulous, deep red, brown with age, apex mucronate, mucro to 1 mm long, pubescent. Flowers 3–7 cm long, up to 50 per cincinnus; calyx tube spathaceous, 20–22 mm long, split to 15 mm from apex, glabrous to pubescent, deep red, apex 2- or 3-dentate, with few hairs; floral tube 18–20 mm long, glabrous at base, pubescent toward apex inside and outside, yellowish white; dorsal corolla lobe ovate to obovate, 19–20 × 18–20 mm, concave, glabrous, yellow, central part thickened and tinged red, apex acute and cucullate, appearing shallowly trilobed when flattened, central lobe acute and cucullate; lateral corolla lobes narrowly ovate, 18–20 × 12–14 mm, glabrous, yellow, central part thickened, lobes overlapping, apex acute and cucullate; labellum reduced, somewhat triangular, fleshy, to 5 × 5 mm, pubescent, brownish white or yellowish white, apex 3-dentate; lateral staminodes absent; stamen 15–16 mm long; filament 3.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm, densely pubescent, cream-white; anther 10–12 × 3.5–5 mm, connective densely pubescent, yellowish white; anther crest c. 2 × 3 mm, petaloid, glabrous, light yellow, apex truncate; thecae 10–11 × 2–2.5 mm, pubescent, yellowish white, dehiscing from c. 2 mm above base of theca to c. 1 mm below apex; style 30–35 mm long, densely pilose, white; stigma funnel-shaped, somewhat flattened, c. 3 × 4 mm, white tinged pink at base, ostiole elliptic, with hairs; epigynous gland globose, c. 4 × 4 mm, glabrous, yellow, enclosing base of style; ovary subglobose, 8–9 × 6–7 mm, trilocular, glabrous, light green, coriaceous, placentation axile. Fruit oblong-obovoid, c. 4 × 2.2 cm, somewhat angled, glabrous; seeds 3.5–4 × c. 3 mm, glabrous, light reddish brown.</p><p>Etymology — The epithet refers to the scorpioid inflorescence (with flowers alternate on opposite sides of the rachis). Quisumbing &amp; Merrill (1928) wrote ‘ scorpoidea ’ in the protologue, which is an orthographical error and here corrected to scorpioidea (Turland &amp; al. 2018: Art. 60.1).</p><p>Distribution — Languas scorpioidea is endemic in the Philippines, occurring in the provinces of Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental (Fig. 3).</p><p>Habitat — Found in semi-shaded secondary forest near streams up to 466 m elevation.</p><p>Phenology — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.</p><p>Provisional conservation status — Using the IUCN red list categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022), Languas scorpioidea is preliminarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2000 km 2 (total AOO is 24 km 2) while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 (total EOO is 5708.42 km 2). Only one of the six sites was physically observed (Tarragona, Davao Oriental) and 50–100 mature individuals were observed in semidisturbed forest near streams. Conversion of forests into agricultural and residential areas is the major threat observed. The assessment will be updated as more information becomes available.</p><p>Remarks — As in the case of Kolowratia eruciformis, Smith (1990) intended to combine this species in Alpinia but did not do it formally, not having examined a labellum from the type. Our unpublished molecular data demonstrate that Languas scorpioidea is not grouped in the clade where A. galanga is located and, as in the case of K. eruciformis, it is not meaningful to publish a combination in Alpinia at the moment, pending revision and recircumscription of the genus.</p><p>Unfortunately, we failed during fieldwork to obtain a fruit, but we examined the material at BO with a fruit that matched the original description. No local uses were documented. The material in US has the most complete parts including a dried flower and is therefore designated here as the lectotype .</p><p>Selected specimens examined — PHILIPPINES: MINDANAO: DAVAO DE ORO: Compostela valley, 1 May 1955, J. V. Pancho 33260 (PNH); 320 m, 2 May 1955, J. V. Pascual 44 (CAHUP) . — DAVAO DEL NORTE: Santa Cruz, 13 Jun 1905, R. S. Williams 2902 (NY) ; Tonkaran, Aug 1933, R. Kanehira 2588 (NY) . — DAVAO ORIENTAL: Tarragona, Barangay Tomoang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.360405&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.088792" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.360405/lat 7.088792)">Mount Mayo</a>, 07°05'19.65"N, 126°21'37.45"E, 466 m, 6 Nov 2023, R. V. A. Docot &amp; al. 470 (E, L, FEUH incl. spirit, P, PNH, SING) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B2F87B1FFA1FF85FF461C82FDA3FCEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Docot, Rudolph Valentino A.;Haevermans, Thomas;Poulsen, Axel Dalberg	Docot, Rudolph Valentino A., Haevermans, Thomas, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg (2025): Is Alpinia luteocarpa the correct scientific name for the ornamental red bamboo ginger? Willdenowia 55 (1): 79-90, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.07
