taxonID	type	description	language	source
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUSP 108957, 45.4 mm SL, Brazil: Goiás state, Nova Crixás, rio Preto, rio Araguaia basin, S 14 ° 22 ’ 18 ” W 050 ° 39 ’ 13 ”, 26 jul. 2005, L. S. Souza, M. R. S. Melo, C. C. Chamon, and L. M. Sousa. Paratypes. MZUSP 89295, 5, 34.8 – 41.0, mm SL. Collected with holotype. LBP 7687, 17, 34.6 – 38.9, 2 c & s, 32.5 – 34.0 mm SL, Brazil: Goiás, Cocalinho, Lagoa marginal of rio Araguaia, rio Araguaia basin, S 14 ° 22 ’ 36 ” W 50 ° 40 ’ 08.4 ”, sep. 2009, J. Senhorini.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tetragonopterus anostomus is distinguished from congeners by having a superior mouth (vs. terminal mouth) with relatively smaller and numerous teeth in the inner row of premaxilla (5 – 7 vs. always 5, respectively) and dentary (5 vs. 4, respectively), and by the number of gill rakers on the lower limb (18 – 19 vs. 12 – 14 respectively) of the first branchial arch. Additionally, T. anostomus is distinguished from congeners by having a comparatively enlarged maxilla (see Fig. 2 for complete comparison). Tetragonopterus anostomus is also distinguished from T. argenteus by the number of predorsal scales (8 vs. 12 – 17, respectively); from T. rarus by the absence of dark stripes on the lateral surface of the body (vs. presence), and from T. carvalhoi by having a rounded spot vs. a lozenge-shaped spot on caudal peduncle.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes are summarized in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately elongated in lateral view. Greatest depth on dorsal-fin origin. Preventral and predorsal area keeled. Dorsal profile slightly convex between tip of snout and vertical through midhalf of orbit; slightly concave from this point to end of occipital process; convex from this point to base of dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex at limits of dorsal and adipose fins. Ventral profile: smoothly convex from snout to slightly behind pectoral-fin origin; convex from that point to anal-fin origin; straight until base of anal fin. Caudal peduncle with dorsal and ventral profiles nearly concave. Snout shorter than orbital diameter. Superior mouth. Upper and lower jaw with similar size. Maxilla straight, aligned at angle of approximately 90 degrees to longitudinal body axis. Premaxilla with two-tooth rows. Both inner and outer rows with relatively small teeth, Outer row with 4 * (3), 5 (11), 6 (10) and 7 (1), tricuspid teeth with central cusp slightly longer. Inner row with 5 (4), 6 (19) and 7 * (2) tricuspid and pentacuspid teeth with central cusp twice as long and broader than other cusps. Maxilla with 2 (8), 3 * (8), 4 (9) conic to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 5 * (13) or 6 (12) tricuspid and pentacuspid anteriormost teeth, followed by 10 – 11 (2 c & s) smaller conical teeth with similar size, all backward inclined. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 * (25). First unbranched ray smaller than second one. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to middle body; distal border elongated. Dorsal-fin pterygiophores 10 (2 c & s). Anal-fin rays v, 26 (1) v, 27 * (4), v, 28 (3), v, 29 (8) and v, 30 (9); anterior rays usually slightly longer than posterior ones. Anal-fin origin at vertical through base of nine or ten branched dorsal-fin rays. Anal-fin pterygiophores 28 – 29 (2 c & s). Pelvic-fin rays i, 7 * (25). Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical line through dorsal-fin origin; distal border elongated; tip reaching anal-fin origin. Pectoral-fin i, 11 (1) i, 12 * (16), i, 13 (7) and i, 14 (1). Caudal fin forked, with i, 17,1 rays (2 c & s). Dorsal procurrent rays 13 – 14 (2 c & s) and ventral procurrent rays 9 (2 c & s). Cycloid scales large. Lateral line complete and distinctly ventrally curved anteriorly. Scales in longitudinal series 29 (4), 30 (3), 31 (12) and 32 * (6). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6 (13) and 7 * (12); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3 * (15) and 4 (10). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 12 (7), 13 * (14) and 14 (4). Anal fin base with one scale row, caudal-fin with scales covering part of the lobes. Precaudal vertebrae 8 (2 c & s), intermediate vertebrae 2 (2 c & s) and caudal vertebrae 16 (2 c & s). Supraneural 3 (2 c & s). Lower gill-rakers on first arch 17 * (8), 18 (10) and 19 (04); upper gill-rakers on first arch 11 * (22). deviation. Sexual dimorphism. Bony hooks on anal and pelvic fins, a sexually dimorphic feature widespread among Characiformes (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003) and known for T. chalceus (Ricardo et al., 1998), were not observed in T. anostomus. Color in alcohol. General body color yellowish. Dorsal portion of head and body dark pigmented. Dorsolateral portion of body with few points of chromatophores on distal edges of scales, scales of ventrolateral portion without pigmentation. Two conspicuous vertical dark marks on humeral region. Anterior humeral mark more evident than posterior humeral mark. Anterior humeral mark, located over four horizontal scales row above lateral line, posterior humeral mark very poor, with cromatophores very scattered. Caudal peduncle with a rounded dark spot. Silver stripe in the medial region of the body, going from the top edge of the opercule to the caudal peduncle. Anal, pelvic, and dorsal fin hyaline, with chromathophores concentrated at the ends of the rays. Adipose fin hyaline. Opercular and infra-orbitals bones silver.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the type locality, rio Preto, State of Goiás, Nova Crixás, and lagoa marginal at the municipality of Cocalinho, Mato Grosso, rio Araguaia basin, central Brazil (Fig. 3).	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a compound name derived from Greek ano-, meaning upward, above; and stoma, meaning mouth, in reference to the position of the mouth.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Tetragonopterus anostomus is easily distinguishable from known congeners as described in the Diagnosis. This new species can be included in the T. chalceus group, which includes species with seven to nine predorsal scales. Among the 15 nominal species of Tetragonopterus listed as species inquirendae in Characidae by Lima et al. (2003), T. sawa Castelnau was originally described from rio Crixás, rio Araguaia basin, near the type locality of T.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
8933879AFFBDF127FF10DF6DB078B3EA.taxon	materials_examined	Comparative material. Tetragonopterus argenteus: Venezuela: Bolivar: Caicara del Orinoco, rio Orinoco: LBP 3058, 2,61.0 – 81.2; LBP 3059, 1, 57.1. Brazil: Maranhão: LBP 5535, 1, 74.4, Balsas, rio Balsas. Acre: LBP 185, 2, 71.2 – 72.5, Rio Branco, rio Acre; MZUSP 50301, 3, 81.8 – 88.5, Colocação Volta Grande, rio Grande. Mato Grosso; Aripuanã: NUP 3381, 5, 62.9 – 82.0; NUP 7189, 2 55.6 – 57.6; Nova Brasilândia: NUP 10768, 1, 101.0, rio Manso, rio Paraguai; Rosário Oeste: NUP 10758, 17, 24.2 – 44.5, rio Cuiabá, rio Paraguai; Chapada dos Guimarães: NUP 4092, 3, 65.1 – 87.6, rio Cuiabá, rio Paraguai; LBP 3967, 1, 59.5, Cuiabá, rio Mutuca; LBP 4633, Paconé, rio Paraguai. Goiás; Aragarças; LBP 1832, 1, 68.9, rio Araguaia. Mato Grosso do Sul; Coxim: LBP 1476, 7, 27.4 – 42.5, rio Paraguai; LBP 1776, 4, 81.3 – 97.8, rio Paraguai; Aquidauna: LBP 3758, 20, 50.4 – 66.7, rio Paraguai; Cáceres: LBP 8442, 3, 51.8 – 63.9, rio Paraguai; LBP 5108, 1, 67.6, rio Paraguai. Paraná: NUP 7341, 1, 110.9, Foz do Iguaçu, rio Paraná; Peru: MZUSP 26393, 10, 40.8 – 67.5, Pucallpa, rio Ucayali. Tetragonopterus chalceus: Brazil. Amapá: MZUSP 35008, 6, 59.3 – 95.5, rio Cupuxi. Pará: MZUSP 92777, 5, 70.4 – 100.0, Santarém, lago do Maiacas, rio Amazonas; MZUSP 35006, 8, 48.5 – 54.7; Itabuna, rio Tapajós; MZUSP 35017, 5, 47.9 – 82.4, São Luís, rio Tapajós. Tocantins: Ananás, rio Tocantins: NUP 8202, 8, 34.43 – 53.31; NUP 9034, 1, 54.6. Roraima: MZUSP 35004, 36, 43.2 – 85.7, Rio Branco, rio Branco. Mato Grosso; Cocalinho: LBP 8773, 1, 54.2, MZUSP 89182, 5, 37.6 – 47.7. Goiás: Nova Crixás, rio Preto: MZUSP 89295, 4, 45.8 – 53.7; Minaçu: MZUSP 54091, 9, 59.7 – 67.1; Aruanã: MZUSP 91160, 3, 30.7 – 50.9, rio Araguaia. Bahia: MZUSP 90886, 6, 55.9 – 61.0 Iaçu, rio Paraguassú, rio São Francisco. Minas Gerais: LBP 10294, 20, 70.7 – 92.8, São Roque de Minas, rio São Francisco. LBP 10394 12, 58.6 – 76.0, Buritizeiro, rio São Francisco; MZUSP 47352, 3, 31.6 – 34.2, Manga, rio Japoré. Tetragonopterus carvalhoi: Brazil, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, rio Jarí: LBP 5376, 30, 30.3 – 42.7; LBP 5306, 7 paratypes, 36.7 – 47.1. Tetragonopterus rarus: Suriname: rio Marowjine: MZUSP 99689, 1, 73.7,. Brazil: Pará, Alto Pará do Oeste, rio Amazonas: MZUSP 88029, 1, 86.6. Tetragonopterus sp: Brazil: Amapá: Laranjal do Jarí, rio Jarí: MZUSP 101472, 10 71.4 – 79.9,; MZUSP 101714, 12, 67.7 – 84.3, MZUSP 101755, 3, 56.2 – 66.0;. Pará: MZUSP 99499, 11, 67.1 – 78.2 Jacarecangá, rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós. Tocantins: MZUSP 97933, 6, 57.2 – 61.0, Alta do Tocantins, rio do Sono. Mato Grosso: MZUSP 91950, 18, 46.0 – 78.1, Paranatinga, rio Xingu. LBP 1585, 6, 49.3 – 62.5, Barra do Garças, rio das Garças, rio Araguaia; Cocalinho: LBP 8857, 1, 56.1, lagoa da Montaria, rio Araguaia; LBP 7830, 1, 51.3, rio Araguaia; São Féliz do Araguaia: LBP 4011, 3, 58.5 – 59.4, Lago Morto, rio Araguaia; LBP 3981, 2, 42.2 – 44.8, Lagoa Fazenda Taboca, rio Araguaia. Goiás: Aragarças, rio Araguaia: LBP 5751, 6, 51.1 – 55.7; LBP 1629, 2, 58.7 – 62.5.	en	Silva, Gabriel S. C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2011): A new species of Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Characiformes, Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 2911: 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202383
