taxonID	type	description	language	source
884187855C79B552BA9D59D0FC6AFAC6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Putaoa huaping Hormiga & Tu, 2008 from China (Guangxi).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	description	Figures 1, 2, 5 A – C, 6 A, B, 7 B	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♁ (HNU 250): CHINA, Hunan Province, Hengyang City, Hengshan Mountain, Banshanting, 26 ° 16.73 ' N, 112 ° 42.49 ' E, 620 m, 17 X 2015, Ailan He, Bing Zhou, Wang Liu, Chen Zeng, Zhuo’er Chen. Paratypes: 1 ♁ (HNU 392) 1 ♀ (HNU 251), same data as the holotype; 1 ♁ (HNU 252) 1 ♀ (HNU 253), CHINA, Hunan Province, Shaoyang City, Xinning County, Tianyixiang, 26 ° 21.22 ' N, 110 ° 48.25 ' E, 586 m, 21 XI 2014, Haiqiang Yin, Cheng Wang, Jiahui Gan, Bing Zhou, Yuhui Gong; 2 ♁ (HNU 255, HNU 256) 2 ♀ (HNU 257, HNU 258), CHINA, Hunan Province, Hengyang City, Hengshan Mountain, Wanshou village, 27 ° 31.51 ' N, 112 ° 10.63 ' E, 487 m, 20 X 2015, Ailan He, Bing Zhou, Wang Liu, Chen Zeng, Zhuo’er Chen; 2 ♀ (HNU 430, HNU 431), CHINA, Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie City, Wulingyuan District, Suoxiyu Town, portal of the Laoxiyu Tunnel, 29 ° 17.33 ' N, 110 ° 29.08 ' E, 456 m, 23 IIII 2016, Wang Liu, Chen Zeng, Tian Tian; 1 ♁ (HNU 479) 3 ♀ (HNU 712 – 714), CHINA, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Laibin City, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Dayaoshan Mountain, Shengtangshan scenic area, 23 ° 59.12 ' N, 110 ° 8.23 ' E, 12 X 2021, Ailan He, Jinxin Liu, Zongguang Huang, Rongrong Liao, Qing Li, Xuemei Yang, Yingli Wen, Zhao Ye, Yang Liu. Other specimens examined.: 2 ♁ (HNU 489, HNU 490), CHINA, Hunan Province, Hengshan City, Hengshan Mountain, 14 XI 2007, Xiaoqi Mi [no more information in the label]; 1 ♁ (HNU 691) 1 ♀ (HNU 692), CHINA, Hunan Province, Hengshan City, Hengshan Mountain, 28 VII 2007, Guo Tang, Xiaoqi Mi [no more information in the label]; 3 ♁ (HNU 264 – 266) 13 ♀ (HNU 267 – 279), CHINA, Hunan Province, Chenzhou City, Mangshan Mountain, Hejiawan, 24 ° 55.58 ' N, 112 ° 50.35 ' E, 640 m, 11 XII 2017, Haiqiang Yin, Ailan He, Jinxin Liu; 1 ♁ (HNU 280) 2 ♀ (HNU 281, HNU 282), CHINA, Hunan Province, Chenzhou City, Mangshan Mountain, Yanziyan, 25 ° 2.31 ' N, 112 ° 47.12 ' E, 390 m, 10 XII 2017, Haiqiang Yin, Ailan He, Jinxin Liu; 1 ♀ (HNU 283), CHINA, Hunan Province, Chenzhou City, Mangshan Mountain, Xiangsikeng, 24 ° 56.98 ' N, 112 ° 59.33 ' E, 1300 m, 8 XII 2017, Haiqiang Yin, Ailan He, Jinxin Liu; aftermentioned specimens are collected in Langshan Mountain, Xinning County, Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, China, by Haiqiang Yin, Cheng Wang, Jiahui Gan, Bing Zhou and Yuhui Gong: 5 ♁ (HNU 403 – 407) 6 ♀ (HNU 254, HNU 408 – 412), Tianyixiang, 26 ° 21.22 ' N, 110 ° 48.25 ' E, 586 m, 21 XI 2014; 1 ♁ (HNU 422), Feiliandong, 26 ° 21.48 ' N, 110 ° 47.92 ' E, 403 m, 23 XI 2014; 1 ♁ (HNU 425) 3 ♀ (HNU 426 – 428), Tianyixiang, 26 ° 21.45 ' N, 110 ° 48.19 ' E, 556 m, 25 XI 2014; 1 ♀ (HNU 423), Zixiadong, 26 ° 23.13 ' N, 110 ° 48.46 ' E, 465 m, 26 XI 2014; 1 ♀ (HNU 424), Lajiaofeng, 26 ° 23.14 ' N, 110 ° 48.46 ' E, 653 m, 27 XI 2014; 1 ♀ (HNU 393), Luotuofeng, 26 ° 20.47 ' E, 110 ° 46.06 ' E, 482 m, 27 XI 2014. The following specimens were collected in Hengshan Mountain, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China, by Ailan He, Bing Zhou, Wang Liu, Chen Zeng, Zhuo’er Chen: 1 ♁ (HNU 260) 2 ♀ (HNU 259, HNU 261), Wanshou village, 27 ° 31.51 ' N, 112 ° 10.63 ' E, 487 m, 20 X 2015; 3 ♁ (HNU 394 – 396) 7 ♀ (HNU 262, HNU 397 – 402), Wanshou Village, 27 ° 31.51 ' N, 112 ° 10.63 ' E, 487 m, 19 X 2015; 1 ♀ (HNU 413), Martyry (Zhonglieci), 27 ° 15.96 ' N, 112 ° 42.67 ' E, 427 m, 19 X 2015; 1 ♁ (HNU 420) 1 ♀ (HNU 421), Depository of Buddhist texts (Cangjingge), 27 ° 16.06 ' N, 112 ° 41.53 ' E, 999 m, 21 X 2015; 4 ♁ (HNU 414 – 417) 1 ♀ (HNU 418), Martyry (Zhonglieci), 27 ° 31.58 ' N, 112 ° 21.63 ' E, 487 m, 21 X 2015.	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin word for ring (annulus), in reference to the proximal half of the embolus which in prolateral view resembles a ring.	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of this new species can be distinguished from those of Putaoa seediq Hormiga and Dimitrov, 2017 by having the distal suprategular apophysis more developed and lobate, and the embolic process robust and sclerotized, while the distal suprategular apophysis is small and spiculate and the embolic process thin and membranous in P. seediq (compare Figs 2 A – D, 6 A, B with figs 2 C, D, 3 B, D in Hormiga and Dimitrov (2017 )). Females of this new species resemble those of Putaoa titanoverpa n. sp. in having a flat basal epigynal plate, but can be distinguished by having the posterior margin of the basal plate nearly straight, and the copulatory ducts long and curved, while the medial posterior margin of the basal plate protruded towards apically to form an obtuse triangle, and the copulatory ducts are short and thick in P. titanoverpa n. sp. (compare Figs 1 E – G, 5 C with Figs 3 E, F, 5 F).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype; HNU 250, Figs 1 A, 2). Total length 9.12. Cephalothorax 4.94 long, 3.82 wide. Sternum 2.16 long, 1.92 wide. Abdomen 4.40 long, 3.38 wide. Anterior median eye diameter 0.18. Clypeus height 1.5 times one anterior median eye diameter. Carapace with shallow and longitudinal fovea (Fig. 1 A). Chelicerae with four prolateral and four retrolateral teeth (Fig. 5 A); stridulatory striae absent. Legs annulated with spines and with annulations alternating brown and black. Leg measurements: I 15.26 (4.33, 1.46, 3.71, 3.89, 1.87), II 14.01 (4.12, 1.39, 3.38, 3.51, 1.61), III 1.16 (3.33, 1.25, 2.58, 2.69, 1.31), IV 13.60 (3.94, 1.26, 3.28, 3.66, 1.46). Metatarsus I and II trichobothria (TmI and TmII) 0.25 approximately; Metatarsus III and IV trichobothria (TmIII and TmIV) 0.33 approximately. All metatarsal trichobothria located on the dorsum, near the retrolateral surface. Abdomen with some large brown patches and a few of white spots dorsally. Palp: tibia short, with three retrolateral trichobothria, one distal prolateral seta and one thick and short dorsal macroseta retrolaterally (Figs 2 C, D, 6 A, B). Cymbium with a conical ectal process (Figs 2 B, 6 A), apically pointed, and two basal cymbial apophyses near the edge of paracymbium (Figs 2 E, 6 A). Paracymbium glabrous, concave and bowl-like, apically hooked, with edge of median margin curved inward (Figs 2 E, 6 A), connected to cymbial base by means of a membrane, ventral to a bipartite basal cymbial apophysis. Tegulum large and pointed apically, and with base connecting to suprategulum which is prolonged and divided into three processes, embolus, embolic process and distal suprategular apophysis (Figs 2 C, 6 B). Embolus sinuous, well developed, with proximal half ring-like, flat and wide, and distal half gradually becoming narrow and somewhat sharp (Figs 2 A, 6 A). Embolic process sclerotized, pointed apically, running parallel to embolus end (Figs 2 A, C, 6 B). Distal suprategular apophysis sclerotized and lobate, almost in contact with apicoventral area of cymbium, extending towards tegulum apex across gap between bulb and cymbium (Figs 2 B, C, 6 A, B). Conductor membranous, on apical end on tegulum (Figs 2 A, C, 6 A, B). Median apophysis absent. Female (paratype, HNU 251). Total length 9.95 (Fig. 1 B). Cephalothorax 4.56 long, 3.47 wide. Sternum 2.33 long, 2.06 wide (Fig. 1 D). Abdomen 5.68 long, 4.83 wide. Anterior median eye diameter 0.19. Clypeus height 1.4 times one anterior median eye diameter. Chelicerae with five prolateral and five retrolateral teeth (Fig. 5 B); stridulatory striae absent. Legs annulated with sporadic spines. Leg measurements: I 15.73 (4.48, 1.51, 3.83, 4.01, 1.90), II 14.48 (4.22, 1.53, 3.51, 3.60, 1.62), III 11.46 (3.40, 1.31, 2.70, 2.70, 1.35), IV 13.92 (4.05, 1.31, 3.48, 3.61, 1.47). Metatarsus I trichobothrium (TmI) 0.25 approximately; Metatarsus II, III and IV trichobothria (TmII – IV) 0.33 approximately. All metatarsal trichobothria located on the dorsum, near the retrolateral surface. Similar to males in somatic features. Epigynum: basal plate trapeziform, anterior margin 1.5 times longer than posterior margin, and the posterior margin nearly straight but with slightly protruded in the middle. Atrium separated into two parts by septum. Copulatory openings visible (Fig. 1 E). Copulatory ducts elongated, flat and looping. Spermathecae small and spherical, approximately one spermatheca diameter from each other (Figs 1 F, G, 5 C). Fertilization ducts medially oriented (Figs 1 G, 5 C).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C79B550BA9D5855FD26FE3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan, Guangxi) (Fig. 8).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	description	Figures 3, 4, 5 D – F, 6 C, D	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♁ (HNU 284): CHINA, Hunan Province, Liuyang City, Daweishan Mountain, 28 ° 26.09 ' N, 114 ° 10.09 ' E, 530 m, 17 I 2018, Keke Liu, Luyu Wang, Guchun Zhou. Paratypes: 1 ♁ (HNU 285) 4 ♀ (HNU 286 – 289), same data as the holotype. Additional specimens examined: 8 ♀ (HNU 290 – 297), same data as the types.	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet refers to the robust and strongly sclerotized embolus and is derived from the Greek word titan (in the sense of large size) and the Latin word verpa (penis).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of this new species are similar to those of Putaoa huaping Hormiga and Tu, 2008 in having “ U ” shaped and sclerotized embolus (compare Figs 4 A, 6 D with fig. 3 C in Hormiga and Tu, 2008), but can be distinguished by having the palpal tibia with one distal macroseta (cuspule-like), and the suprategulum with a lamelliform distal suprategular apophysis, while in P. huaping the palpal tibia has several distal macrosetae and the suprategulum has a stronger distal suprategular apophysis (compare Figs 4 A – D, 6 C, D with fig. 3 in Hormiga and Tu 2008). The diagnosis of the females of this new species is given under that of Putaoa annulata n. sp.	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype; HNU 284, Figs 3 A, 4). Total length 9.68. Cephalothorax 4.33 long, 3.56 wide. Sternum 2.22 long, 1.99 wide. Abdomen 5.07 long, 3.69 wide. Anterior median eye diameter 0.17. Clypeus height 1.5 times one anterior median eye diameter. Carapace with shallow and longitudinal fovea (Fig. 3 A). Chelicerae with six prolateral and six retrolateral teeth (Fig. 5 D); stridulatory striae absent. Legs annulated with spines and with annulations alternating brown and black. Leg measurements: I 15.06 (4.25, 1.45, 3.78, 3.81, 1.77), II 13.68 (4.04, 1.34, 3.27, 3.45, 1.58), III 10.68 (3.20, 1.19, 2.47, 2.56, 1.26), IV 13.16 (3.83, 1.20, 3.18, 3.55, 1.40). All metatarsal trichobothria 0.33 approximately (TmI – IV), located on the dorsum near the retrolateral surface. Abdomen with white spots in anterior part and irregular patches dorsally. Palp: tibia short, with one dorsal and two retrolateral trichobothria and one distal seta prolaterally (Figs 4 A, C, D, 6 C, D). Cymbium with a conical ectal process in medial retrolateral margin (Figs 4 B, 6 C), apically pointed. Paracymbium glabrous, concave and bowl-like, with apical end broad and nearly square in ventral view, connected to cymbial base by means of a membrane, ventral to a sclerotized cymbial apophysis (Figs 4 B – D, 6 C). Tegulum large and pointed apically, with tegular base connecting to suprategulum which is divided into three processes, embolus, embolic process and distal suprategular apophysis (Figs 4 C, E, 6 D). The embolus “ U ” shaped (especially in prolateral view), developed and sclerotized, flattening in distal half part (Figs 4 A, C, E, 6 D). Embolic process thin and small, close to embolus apex (Figs 4 C, E, 6 D). Distal suprategular apophysis short and spiculate, curved in retrolateral view, extending towards end of tegulum across the gap between bulb and cymbium (Figs 4 C, D, 6 C, D). Conductor triangular, membranous, pointing apically end of tegulum (Figs 4 D, 6 D). Median apophysis absent. Female (paratype, HNU 287). Total length 9.85 (Fig. 3 B). Cephalothorax 4.06 long, 3.01 wide. Sternum 2.27 long, 2.08 wide (Fig. 4 D). Abdomen 6.86 long, 5.13 wide. Anterior median eye diameter 0.18. Clypeus height 1.4 times one anterior median eye diameter. Chelicerae with five prolateral and five retrolateral teeth (Fig. 5 E); stridulatory striae absent. Legs annulated with spines and with annulations alternating brown and black. Leg measurements: I 15.68 (4.44, 1.50, 3.89, 3.97, 1.88), II 14.62 (4.18, 1.54, 3.60, 3.60, 1.70), III 11.57 (3.38, 1.35, 2.68, 2.73, 1.40), IV 13.96 (4.10, 1.34, 3.46, 3.55, 1.51). All metatarsal trichobothria 0.33 approximately (TmI – IV), located on the dorsum near the retrolateral surface. Similar to male in somatic features. Epigynum: basal plate slightly forming an obtuse triangle, and with the median area of posterior margin protruding caudally (Figs 3 E, F, 5 F). Atrium divided in two by septum. Copulatory openings visible ventrally (Fig. 3 E). Copulatory ducts short and thick. Spermathecae spherical, almost in contact with each other. Fertilization ducts medially oriented, arising from the middle of spermathecae (Figs 3 F, 5 F).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
884187855C7CB554BA9D5B47FD89FE40.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan) (Fig. 8).	en	Liu, Jinxin, Xu, Xiang, Hormiga, Gustavo, Yin, Haiqiang, Li, Hao (2023): Two new species of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 553-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.7
