identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
884D87C8B968FFFC7CEA8334CB10C950.text	884D87C8B968FFFC7CEA8334CB10C950.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaragozachthonius Gardini 2020	<div><p>Genus Zaragozachthonius n. gen.</p><p>Diagnosis. Genus of the tribe Chthoniini with fusiform chelal hand constricted between trichobothria ib-isb and base of fixed finger, base of hand abruptly constricted paraxially; hand without distoventral hollow; distal end of hand and bases of chelal fingers with strongly sclerotized condylar complex, without medial protuberance between chelal condyles; proximal portion of hand with 4 setae in adults and tritonymphs (ph 3 present); fixed chelal finger straight in lateral view; axis of fixed chelal finger apically forming a widely obtuse angle; chelal fingers with closeset teeth, distinctly reclined backwards; distal row of fixed chelal finger without a modified subdistal tooth (mt); tip of fixed chelal finger of both sexes with an antiaxial accessory tooth (td) and with a weak hollow on paraxial face, without subdistal protuberance (sp); base of movable chelal finger with an enlarged sclerotized condyle (bc), internal proximal apodeme (ap) well developed; trichobothrium sb closer to b than to st; coupled sensilla pc at level of sb or between sb and b; antiaxial lyrifissures (ma 1, ma 2) of movable chelal finger present. Coxae II and III with coxal spines arranged in rounded patches; bisetose intercoxal tubercle present between coxae III and IV; distal marginal seta of pedipalpal coxa (dps) distinctly longer than that (dcs) of coxa I; in addition to the stigmatal setae, sternite III in both sexes with 8–10 posterior setae, of which the lateral one (ls) on each side is reduced in size. Male genitalia without a median hiatus (mh) between setae of each row of guard–setae (gs).</p><p>Type species. Zaragozachthonius siculus n. sp.</p><p>Etymology. The genus is dedicated to Juan Antonio Zaragoza (Alicante, Spain) in recognition of his great contribution to the knowledge of Mediterranean pseudoscorpions. The generic name is the union of the surname Zaragoza and Chthonius, a typical suffix within the Chthonioidea. It is masculine in gender.</p><p>Distribution. Italy (Apennines, Sicily), Republic of North Macedonia.</p><p>Remarks. With reference to the 17 characters useful to distinguish the nine Chthonius –related genera (with coxal spines on coxae II and III) listed by Zaragoza (2017: 19, table 1), Zaragozachthonius n. gen. shares with Chthonius all characters but the presence of an antiaxial accessory tooth (td) on the tip of the fixed chelal finger (td absent in Chthonius), and the presence of a strongly sclerotized condylar complex on the base of movable chelal finger (condylar complex absent in Chthonius). Zaragozachthonius n. gen. shares with Globochthonius all char-acters—also the position of coupled sensilla pc on movable chelal finger (1)—but the presence of chelal hand with fusiform facies (lagyniform facies in Globochthonius) and the absence of a dorso–paraxial hump at the base of chelal hand (hump present in Globochthonius). Concerning the chelal fingers dentition, only a few species of Globochthonius have teeth that are more or less close-set, distinctly reclined backwards, as Globochthonius abnormis (Dumitresco and Orghidan, 1964) or G. vandeli (Beier, 1939) (Ćurčić 1974) .</p><p>To facilitate identification, Zaragozachthonius n. gen. is compared with the other Chthonius –related genera and differences are reported in the following key.</p><p>(1) Gardini (2010: 57) erroneously wrote that coupled sensilla pc (as p 1) in Globochthonius globifer (Simon, 1879) are situated mainly between trichobothria sb and st, rarely near or just distad of sb: they were correctly given on page 56 (Figs 7–8) between b -sb.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/884D87C8B968FFFC7CEA8334CB10C950	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gardini, Giulio	Gardini, Giulio (2020): Zaragozachthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), a new genus with species in Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Zootaxa 4894 (4): 535-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.3
884D87C8B96BFFFF7CEA8181CCB7CB39.text	884D87C8B96BFFFF7CEA8181CCB7CB39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chthonius C. L. Koch 1843	<div><p>Key to adults of the Chthonius -related genera (coxae II and III with coxal spines)</p><p>[modified from Zaragoza (2017)]</p><p>1 Intercoxal tubercle absent............................................................................... 2</p><p>1’ Intercoxal tubercle present, bisetose....................................................................... 4</p><p>2 Trichobothrium sb of movable chelal finger placed approximately halfway between trichobothria b and st ............... 3</p><p>2’ Trichobothrium sb of movable chelal finger distinctly closer to st than to b, forming with st and t a separate group with respect to b ........................................................................ Spelyngochthonius Beier, 1955</p><p>3 Chela not lagyniform, fixed finger sigmoid in lateral view. Distal marginal seta on pedipalpal coxa distinctly longer than distal marginal seta on coxa I........................................................... Microchthonius Hadži, 1933</p><p>3’ Chela lagyniform, fixed finger straight in lateral view. Distal marginal seta on pedipalpal coxa markedly shorter than the distal marginal seta on coxa I...................................................... Cantabrochthonius Zaragoza, 2017</p><p>4 Male genitalia without median hiatus dividing each row of internal guard-setae.................................... 5</p><p>4’ Male genitalia with median hiatus dividing each row of internal guard-setae into two groups of two setae........................................................................................ Hesperochthonius Browning, 1970</p><p>5 Coxal spines of coxa II irregularly arranged in a rounded patch................................................. 6</p><p>5’ Coxal spines of coxa II arranged in a transverse row................................. Neochthonius Chamberlin, 1929</p><p>6 Chela not lagyniform, hand fusiform; chelal fingers usually with more or less close-set teeth, distinctly reclined backwards. Apodeme of movable chelal finger usually absent, rarely well developed......................................... 7</p><p>6’ Chela lagyniform; chelal fingers mostly with large, upright and well-spaced teeth. Apodeme of movable chelal finger usually well developed and strongly sclerotized.................................................................... 8</p><p>7 Apodeme of movable chelal finger absent. Antiaxial tooth (td) on tip of fixed chelal finger absent.................................................................................................... Chthonius C.L. Koch, 1843</p><p>7’ Apodeme of movable chelal finger well developed and strongly sclerotized. Antiaxial tooth (td) on tip of fixed chelal finger present.......................................................................... Zaragozachthonius n. gen.</p><p>8 Proximal portion of chelal hand with 4 setae in adults and tritonymphs, seta hp 3 present. Tip of fixed chelal finger of male, tritonymph and deutonymph usually without a deep hollow on paraxial face and subapical protuberance (sp) (sometimes present in Globochthonius); without a medial protuberance (ip) between chelal condyles................................ 9</p><p>8’ Proximal portion of chelal hand with 3 setae in adults and tritonymphs, seta hp 3 absent. Tip of fixed chelal finger of male, tritonymph and deutonymph with a deep hollow on paraxial face and subapical protuberance (sp); medial protuberance (ip) present between chelal condyles................................................. Ephippiochthonius Beier, 1930</p><p>9 Chelal hand distad of trichobothria ib-isb with a rounded hump and a marked hollow before base of movable finger; base of chelal hand without a pronounced hump dorso-paraxially; third tooth of normal row (mt) of fixed chelal finger modified in shape and deviated in orientation with respect to the other teeth; movable chelal finger lacking lyrifissures ma 1 and ma 2 ............................................................................. Occidenchthonius Zaragoza, 2017</p><p>9’ Chelal hand without a hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb, gradually constricted distad of trichobothria ib-isb and without hollow before base of movable finger; base of chelal hand with a pronounced hump dorso-paraxially; third tooth of normal row (mt) of fixed chelal finger neither modified in shape nor deviated in orientation with respect to the other teeth; lyrifissures ma 1 and ma 2 present on movable chelal finger......................................... Globochthonius Finnegan, 1932</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/884D87C8B96BFFFF7CEA8181CCB7CB39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gardini, Giulio	Gardini, Giulio (2020): Zaragozachthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), a new genus with species in Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Zootaxa 4894 (4): 535-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.3
884D87C8B96BFFF87CEA847DCB53CF3C.text	884D87C8B96BFFF87CEA847DCB53CF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaragozachthonius siculus Gardini 2020	<div><p>Zaragozachthonius siculus n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 1–18, 38)</p><p>Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Syracuse Prov., Melilli, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.100378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.21692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.100378/lat 37.21692)">Integral Nature Reserve</a> of Villasmundo–S. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.100378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.21692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.100378/lat 37.21692)">Alfio</a> (37°13’0.91”N 15°06’1.36”E)</p><p>Distribution. Italy (Sicily).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin adjective siculus, relative or pertaining to Sicily.</p><p>Diagnosis (³♀). An anophthalmous or microphthalmous endogean Zaragozachthonius species that differs from Z. karamanianus in the following characters: no eyes or anterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area (anterior eyes with slightly convex lens, posterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area in Z. karamanianus), fixed chelal finger with 34–45 teeth (with 44–55 teeth in Z. karamanianus), distal half of fixed chelal finger with teeth that more broadly spaced, at level of est-it with about 7–9 teeth occupying 0.05 mm (with more close-set teeth, at level of est-it with about 8–10 teeth occupying 0.05 mm in Z. karamanianus), basal apodeme of movable chelal finger long, finger–shaped (apodeme short and squat in Z. karamanianus).</p><p>Type material. ITALY— Sicily: Syracuse Prov. — 1 ♀ (holotype) 1 ♂ (paratype), Melilli, Integral Nature Reserve of Villasmundo-S. Alfio, 150 m a.s.l., 21.X.2019, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (MHNG); 2 ♀ (paratypes), same locality, 8.X/ 12.XI.2018, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (G. Gardini coll., Genoa); 11 ♀ (paratypes), same locality, 14. III / 29.VIII.2019, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (G. Gardini coll., Genoa); 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (paratypes), same locality, 8. V.2020, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (G. Gardini coll., Genoa); 1 ♂ 7 ♀ (paratypes), same locality, 9. VI.2020, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (G. Gardini coll., Genoa); 1 ♂ 1 T (paratypes), same locality, 4.VIII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg., pitfall traps in MSS limestone (G. Gardini coll., Genoa) .</p><p>Description of adults (³♀). Integument slightly pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps pale brown; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, the cheliceral palm and on the base of chelal fingers. Carapace (Fig. 3) 1.0–1.05 times longer than broad, anterior margin between median macrosetae with prominent epistome (Figs 1–2); ocular area as in fig. 3, no eyes, rarely anterior eyes reduced to a pale cuticular area; chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:4(20), posterior row rarely with 5 setae (♂); lateral setae of posterior row about half the length of the median ones; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.07 mm; preocular microsetae absent. Chaetotaxy of tergites 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:1T2T1:4:1T2T1:0. Chaetotaxy of sternites 9:(3)8–9(3):(2)6(2):8:6:6:6:6:2T1T2:0:2; genital opening of males mainly flanked by 6 setae on each side; male genitalia without a median hiatus (mh) between setae of each row of guard-setae (gs). Chelicerae (Fig. 4) 2.1–2.3 (♂ ♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae, without lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 6–10 teeth, of which the two distals are larger; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), just proximad of the spinneret, a large tooth and 6–7 teeth proximally reduced in size; gl ratio 0.54–0.56; spinneret weakly prominent in both sexes; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12–13 and 14 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 7 (6 and 7 in a male); coxa II with 5–8 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–4 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.4–4.9 (♂), 4.5 (♀) times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:5(6):2:5:1; chela (Figs 8–9) 4.8–5.15 (♂), 4.4–4.7 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.85–2.0 (♂) 1.8–1.85 (♀) times as long as deep, long ovoid in dorsal view (Figs 5–6), with 4 posterior setae (ph 3 present); fixed chelal finger with 34–45 reclined, slightly spaced out teeth, the 18–20 distal ones pointed, apically rounded and increasingly reduced from trichobothrium est towards finger base (Figs 10–12); all teeth with dental canals; base of fixed chelal finger with 3–4 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of est-it with 7–9 teeth occupying 0.05 mm (distance between successive apices 0.007 –0.009 mm); tip of fixed chelal finger with an accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face (Figs 7, 10) and with apical sensilla af 1- 2, subdistal modified tooth mt absent; tip of fixed chelal finger of both sexes weakly hollowed on paraxial face, without subdistal protuberance sp (Fig. 7); distal paraxial seta gradually curved and thin; movable chelal finger with 26–33 reclined, spaced out teeth, apically pointed proximally up to trichobothrium t, rounded and increasingly reduced from t towards finger base, reaching back halfway between sb -b; all teeth with dental canals; movable finger at level of st-t with about 6–7 teeth occupying 0.05 mm (distance between successive apices 0.008 –0.009 mm); coupled sensilla pc halfway between trichobothria b-sb; tip of movable chelal finger with apical sensilla am 1- 2; chelal condylar and apodemal complex as in figs 13–15, basal apodeme of movable chelal finger long, finger–shaped, apically truncated; trichobothria as in figs 8–9; ratio sb -st/sb -b = 1.5; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.5–1.6 (♂ ♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.0–1.1 (♂ ♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.15–1.2 (♂ ♀).</p><p>Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.80–1.0 (♂ ♀). Carapace 0.27 × 0.27 (0.25 anteriorly) (♂), 0.28–0.295 × 0.285–0.31 (0.27–0.29 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicerae 0.245–0.25 × 0.11–0.115 (♂), 0.275–0.29 × 0.13–0.14 (♀); movable finger length 0.12 (♂), 0.14–0.145 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.31–0.32 × 0.065–0.07 (♂), 0.34 × 0.075 (♀); chela 0.48–0.49 × 0.095–0.10 (♂), 0.52–0.535 × 0.11–0.12 (♀); hand length 0.185–0.19 (♂), 0.20–0.215 (♀); movable finger length 0.30 (♂), 0.315–0.32 (♀).</p><p>Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 1.0 times longer than broad, anterior margin between median macrosetae with prominent epistome, no eyes; chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:4(20), lateral setae of posterior row shorter than median ones; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.05 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–IX 5:(2)8(2):(1)6(1):8:6:6:6:6. Chelicerae 2.0 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae, without lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 7 teeth, proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 7 teeth; gl ratio 0.53; spinneret prominent. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4, IV 5; coxa II with 5 coxal spines, coxa III with 2–3 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.3 times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:5:2:4:1; chela 4.6 times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.75 times as long as deep, with 4 posterior setae; fixed chelal finger with 38 contiguous teeth, apically pointed proximally up to halfway between trichobothria et -it; tip of fixed chelal finger with an accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face (Fig. 16); movable chelal finger with 28 teeth, apically pointed proximally up to trichobothrium t, reduced in size towards finger base, reaching back between st and b; all teeth with dental canals; coupled sensilla pc just distad of b; chelal condylar and apodemal complex as in figs 17–18; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.65; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.05; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.05.</p><p>Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.70. Carapace 0.23 × 0.225 (0.21 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.19 × 0.095, movable finger length 0.095. Pedipalp: femur 0.24 × 0.055; chela 0.37 × 0.08; hand length 0.14; movable finger length 0.23.</p><p>Remarks. Comparisons between Zaragozachthonius siculus and Z. karamanianus are reported in the Diagnosis section for each species.</p><p>The Sicilian records of Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931 reported by Gardini (2000) remain to be verified, due to the likely misidentification with Z. siculus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/884D87C8B96BFFF87CEA847DCB53CF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gardini, Giulio	Gardini, Giulio (2020): Zaragozachthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), a new genus with species in Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Zootaxa 4894 (4): 535-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.3
884D87C8B96EFFF07CEA8212CADACC40.text	884D87C8B96EFFF07CEA8212CADACC40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaragozachthonius karamanianus (Hadzi 1937)	<div><p>Zaragozachthonius karamanianus (Hadži, 1937), (n. comb.)</p><p>(Figs 19–38)</p><p>Chthonius (Neochthonius) karamanianus Hadži, 1937: 152, figs 1a–d, 2a–g.</p><p>Chthonius jonicus: Gardini 1995: 44 (misidentification, in part: Guardiaregia, Sambiase, San Pietro Vernotico).</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.345001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.001945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.345001/lat 42.001945)">Republic of North</a> Macedonia, Skopje, Dolina Treska (42°00’07”N 21°20’42”E) .</p><p>Distribution. Republic of North Macedonia, Italy (Apennines, Sicily).</p><p>Diagnosis (³♀). An eyed epigean Zaragozachthonius that differs from Z. siculus in the following characters: anterior eyes with slightly convex lens, posterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area (no eyes, or anterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area in Z. siculus), fixed chelal finger with 44–55 teeth (with 34–45 teeth in Z. siculus), distal half of fixed chelal finger with more close–set teeth, at level of est-it with about 8–10 teeth occupying 0.05 mm (with less close–set teeth, at level of est-it with about 7–9 teeth occupying 0.05 mm in Z. siculus), basal apodeme of movable chelal finger short and squat (apodeme long, finger-shaped in Z. siculus).</p><p>Material examined. ITALY— Marche: Ancona Prov. —4 ♂ 5 ♀, Ancona, Monte Conero, 7.X.1975, G. Gardini leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Ancona, E slope of Monte Conero, 450 m a.s.l., 22. IV.1989, S. Zoia leg., Quercus ilex wood; 3 ♂ 2 ♀, Ancona, Portonovo, Santa Maria Portonovo, 2 m a.s.l., 16. IV.2017, G. Gardini leg., Mediterranean bush; 1 ♀, Ancona, near Massignano, Pian di Raggetti, 350 m a.s.l., 16. VI.2009, R. Poggi leg., Quercus ilex wood (MSNG); 1 ♂, near Arcevia, 9.XII.2011, S. Zoia leg.; 14 ♂ 6 ♀ 5 T, Fabriano, Abbazia San Salvatore, 720 m a.s.l., 17. IV.2017, G. Gardini leg., Querco-fagetum wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, near Genga, 250 m a.s.l., 22. IV.1989, S. Zoia leg., under Corylus avellana; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, San Vittore delle Chiuse, Gole della Rossa, 9.XII.2011, S. Zoia leg. Marche: Macerata Prov. —1 ♂, Civitanova Marche, Fosso Caronte, 12. II.2007, M. Mori leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Civitanova Marche, Fosso Caronte, Le Grazie, 150 m a.s.l., 12.I.2007, M. Mori leg., Quercus pubescens wood; 10 ♂ 11 ♀ 6 T, same locality, 12.I.2007, M. Mori leg., under Populus . Marche: Pesaro–Urbino Prov. —7 ♂ 5 ♀ 1 T, Fossombrone, San Cristoforo de’ Valli, 350 m a.s.l., 15. IV.2017, G. Gardini leg., oak wood; 38 ♂ 29 ♀ 19 T, Urbino, Collegio del Colle, 16.IX.1992, L. Latella &amp; S. Zoia leg. Umbria: Perugia Prov. —1 ♂, Costacciaro, W slope of Monte Cucco, 700 m a.s.l., 23. IV.1989, S. Zoia leg. Lazio: Frosinone Prov. —2 ♂ 1 ♀, Arpino, 500 m a.s.l., 26. VI.1999, G. Osella leg., oak wood. Lazio: Latina Prov. —3 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 T, Itri, Monti Aurunci, E slope of Mt. Petrella, 8. IV.1985, S. Vit leg. Abruzzo —2 ♂ 3 ♀ ( C. jonicus, det. M. Beier), “Abruzzo, prim[avera]”, no date (MZUP); 1 ♂ ( C. jonicus, det. M. Beier), “Abruzzo, inverno”, no date (MZUP). Abruzzo: L’Aquila Prov. —2 ♂, Collelongo, Valle Canale, 900 m a.s.l., 2.X.1995, L. Biancucci leg., mixed wood. Molise: Campobasso Prov. —6 ♂ 5 ♀, near Guardiaregia, 850 m a.s.l., 14. VI.1991, S. Zoia leg., oak wood. Apulia: Brindisi Prov. —3 ♂ 3♀, San Pietro Vernotico, Cerano, 7.IX.1973, G. Gardini leg., Quercus ilex wood. Basilicata: Potenza Prov. — 2 ♀, near Maratea, 300 m a.s.l., 16. IV.1992, G. Gardini leg. Calabria: Catanzaro Prov. —2 ♂, Sambiase, near Terme Caronte, 28. V.1985, R. Rizzerio &amp; S. Zoia leg., under Robinia . Sicily: Palermo Prov. —9 ♂ 33 ♀ 5 T, Caltavuturo, 450 m a.s.l., 30. V.1985, R. Rizzerio &amp; S. Zoia leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♂, Castelbuono, Piano Sempria, 800 m a.s.l., 13. VI.2013, C. Baviera leg.; 1 ♀, Corleone, Ficuzza, 6.I.1994, P. Magrini leg. Sicily: Trapani Prov. —1 ♂ 2 ♀, Buseto Palizzolo, Monte Scorace, 370 m a.s.l., 18. III.2009, P. Magrini leg.; 4 ♂ 5 ♀, Castellammare del Golfo, Casale del Golfo, 17. III.2017, C. Baviera &amp; C. Bellò leg., under Olea .</p><p>Description of adults (³♀). Integument slightly pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps pale brown; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, the cheliceral palm and on the base of fixed and movable chelal fingers. Carapace (Fig. 21) 0.9–1.0 times longer than broad, anterior margin between median macrosetae with sharp denticles in males, with prominent epistome in females (Figs 19–20); ocular area as in fig. 21, anterior eyes with slightly convex lens (diameter 0.025 –0.035 mm), posterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area, all eyes with tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.020 –0.030 mm; standard chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:4(20), posterior row rarely with 3 setae (♀ from Caltavuturo) or with 5 setae (♂ from Caltavuturo, ♀ from Urbino and from Castellammare del Golfo); lateral setae of posterior row about half the length of the median ones; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.070 –0.090 mm; preocular microsetae absent. Chaetotaxy of tergites 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:1T2T1:4:1T2T1:0. Chaetotaxy of sternites 9–10:(3)8–10(3):(2)6–8(2): 7–8:6:6:6:6:2T1T2:0:2; genital opening of males mainly flanked by 6 (rarely 5–8) setae on each side; male genitalia without a median hiatus (mh) between setae of each row of guard–setae (gs). Chelicerae (Figs 22–23) 1.95–2.1 (♂ ♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae, without lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 6–9 teeth, of which the two distals are larger, and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), at level of the spinneret, a large tooth and 5–8 teeth proximally reduced in size; gl ratio 0.55–0.66; spinneret weakly prominent, more prominent and rounded in females; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12–14 and 14–16 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4 (rarely 5), III 5 (rarely 6), IV 6 or 7; coxa II with 6–11 (mainly 7 or 8) coxal spines, coxa III with 3–6 (mainly 3 or 4) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.1–4.85 (♂), 4.25–4.55 (♀) times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:(5)6:2:5:1; chela (Figs 27–28) 4.85–5.2 (♂), 4.5–4.95 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.7–1.9 (♂ ♀) times as long as deep, long ovoid in dorsal view (Figs 24–25), with 4 posterior setae (ph 3 present); fixed chelal finger with 44–55 contiguous, tall teeth, slightly inclined backwards, all cuspidate except the 10–15 proximal ones, which are apically rounded and reduced in size towards finger base (Figs 29–31); all teeth with dental canals; fixed finger at level of est-it with about 8–10 teeth occupying 0.05 mm; tip of fixed chelal finger with an accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face (Figs 26, 29) and with apical sensilla af 1- 2, subdistal modified tooth mt absent; tip of fixed chelal finger of both sexes weakly hollowed on paraxial face, without subdistal protuberance sp (Fig. 26); distal paraxial seta gradually curved and thin; movable chelal finger with 30–39 contiguous reclined teeth, apically pointed proximally up to trichobothria t -st (rarely up to trichobothrium sb), rounded and increasingly reduced from t -st (rarely from sb) towards finger base, reaching back halfway between sb–b; movable finger at level of st-t with about 6–7 teeth occupying 0.05 mm; coupled sensilla pc just proximad of sb (rarely at level of sb); tip of movable chelal finger with apical sensilla am 1- 2; chelal condylar and apodemal complex as in figs 32–34, basal apodeme of movable chelal finger short and squat, apically truncated; trichobothria as in figs 27–28; ratio sb -st/sb -b = 1.4–1.6; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.55–1.75 (♂ ♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.0–1.1 (♂ ♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0–1.15 (♂ ♀).</p><p>Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.9–1.0 (♂), 1.0–1.2 (♀). Carapace 0.30–0.32 × 0.31–0.34 (0.28–0.32 anteriorly) (♂), 0.31–0.38 × 0.335–0.39 (0.31–0.37 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicerae 0.265–0.29 × 0.13–0.15 (♂), 0.29–0.34 × 0.15–0.175 (♀); movable finger length 0.135 –0.145 (♂), 0.15–0.175 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.32–0.34 × 0.07–0.08 (♂), 0.34–0.38 × 0.08–0.085 (♀); chela 0.49–0.52 × 0.10–0.105 (♂), 0.52–0.58 × 0.105–0.12 (♀); hand length 0.18–0.20 (♂), 0.195–0.23 (♀); movable finger length 0.30–0.33 (♂), 0.32–0.36 (♀).</p><p>Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 0.9–1.0 times longer than broad, anterior margin between median macrosetae with sharp denticles, anterior eyes with flat lens (diameter 0.025 mm), posterior ones reduced to a pale cuticular area, all eyes with tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.027 mm; chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:4(20), lateral setae of posterior row shorter than median ones; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.065 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–IX 5:(2)7–8(2):(1)5–6(1):8:6:6:6:6. Chelicerae 1.8–2.1 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae, without lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 5–8 teeth, proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 5–6 teeth; gl ratio 0.56–0.62; spinneret prominent. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4, IV 5; coxa II with 5–7 coxal spines, coxa III with 2–4 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.1–4.3 times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:5:2:4:1; chela 4.45–4.6 times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.65–1.75 times as long as deep, with 4 posterior setae; fixed chelal finger with 38–44 contiguous teeth, apically pointed proximally up to trichobothrium it; tip of fixed chelal finger with an accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face (Fig. 35); movable chelal finger with 29–34 teeth, apically pointed proximally up to trichobothrium t, reduced in size towards finger base, reaching back between st and b; all teeth with dental canals; coupled sensilla pc just distad of b; chelal condylar and apodemal complex as in figs 36–37; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.55–1.75; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.0–1.05; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 0.95–1.05.</p><p>Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.80–0.85. Carapace 0.24–0.26 × 0.26–0.27 (0.24–0.25 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.20–0.23 × 0.11–0.115, movable finger length 0.10–0.115. Pedipalp: femur 0.25–0.26 × 0.06; chela 0.38– 0.41 × 0.085–0.09; hand length 0.14–0.16; movable finger length 0.245–0.25.</p><p>Remarks. Chthonius (Neochthonius) karamanianus was described by Hadži (1937) from three males and one female collected by S. Karaman near Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. The species was subsequently transferred to Chthonius (Chthonius) by Judson (1990).</p><p>The male holotype selected by Hadži (1937) was collected from “Treska-Tal unweit von Skoplje”, two males from “Klosters Sv. Nikola (ebenfalls Treskaschlucht)” and the female from “Defilé des Topolka-Flusses bei Veles ”. Until recently this material was confirmed to be present in the collection of the late B.P.M. Ćurčić in Belgrade (Ćurčić in litt., January 21, 2015) and it is possible that it is still in the collections of the Institute of Zoology of University of Belgrade, although a request for information (July 2, 2020) from that institution went unanswered.</p><p>The most remarkable character of C. karamanianus, highlighted in the original description by Hadži (1937: 155, figs 2f–g), is the presence of a conical tooth (“einem konischen, isoliert stehenden spitzen Zahne”) on the antiaxial face of the fixed chelal finger apex. However, Hadži (1937) made no mention of this character in comparing C. karamanianus with C. jonicus, and the presence of this accessory tooth in C. karamanianus was omitted by Beier (1963) and subsequent authors.</p><p>The specimens examined for this study from mainland Italy and Sicily fit well with the description of C. karamanianus provided by Hadži (1937), apart from the following major discrepancies: spinneret absent in males from Skopje, weakly prominent in Italian males; movable chelal finger with 44–48 teeth in specimens from Skopje, with 30–39 teeth in Italian specimens; posterior row of carapace with six setae (a male and a female) or with four setae (two males) in specimens from Skopje, with three to five setae in Italian specimens; body length 0.71, chela length 0.46, movable chelal finger length 0.27 mm in male holotype of C. karamanianus, body length 0.9–1.0, chela length 0.49–0.52, chelal finger length 0.30–0.33 mm in males from Italy.</p><p>Without access to the type specimens of C. karamanianus, or specimens from the type locality, it is impossible to verify the presence of the chelal condylar and apodemal complex, as described in the Italian specimens. In any case, there are enough morphological features to refer the Italian and Sicilian populations to C. karamanianus, assuming a plausible trans-Adriatic distribution.</p><p>Italian records of Chthonius jonicus reported by Gardini (2000) remain partly to be verified due to likely misidentification with Z. karamanianus . The species is recorded newly for Italy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/884D87C8B96EFFF07CEA8212CADACC40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gardini, Giulio	Gardini, Giulio (2020): Zaragozachthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), a new genus with species in Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Zootaxa 4894 (4): 535-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.3
