taxonID	type	description	language	source
8F1687B9BE52FB35C447A81DFAB4FD66.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined ARKANSAS. Jefferson County: Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner, 16. III. 1954, J. P. Redman (BZ­ 95 lot 54 ­ 4222), 1 female; Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), 20. I. 1955 (BZ­ 626), C. E. Hoffman, 1 female; same data except 20. I. 1955 (BZ­ 626), 1 female; 24. II. 1955 (BZ­ 679), 1 female; 16. II. 1955 (BZ­ 686), 1 male, 1 female (NMNH). COLORADO. El Paso County: Fort Carson Military Reservation, P. maniculatus, 7. X. 1977, Klein Team, 2 males, 1 female; same data except Neotoma mexicana Baird, 8. X. 1977, 1 female (MWH). La Plata County: Fort Lewis, nr Hesperus, 21 km W Durango (37 ° 13 ' 30.9 " N, 108 ° 10 ' 51.1 " W), P. maniculatus, 23. IX. 2001, J. J. Root, 2 males; same data except 11 – 13. X. 2005, C. H. Calisher, 3 males, 1 female; Microtus montanus (Peale) 11, 13. X. 2005, C. H. Calisher, 2 females (MWH). Larimer County: dog, 25. II. 1975, G. Smith, 1 male (NMNH). Montezuma County: Chapin Mesa, SW of Far View Ruins, Mesa Verde National Park, 2271 – 2317 m, Peromyscus truei (Shufeldt) and Peromyscus sp., 26. X. 1961, C. L. Douglas (BYU Project X. Field # 5890), 1 male, 2 females; same as # 5890 except 25. X. 1961 (# 5909), 2 females; same as # 5890 except P. truei and P. maniculatus, 13. X. 1961 (# 5906), 1 female; same as # 5890 except 4.8 km S garbage dump on Ute Indian land, 21. XI. 1961 (# 5912), 1 male (BYU). FLORIDA. Leon County: Imonia (Tall Timbers Research Station), Peromyscus gossypinus (Le Conte), 21. II. 1967, W. W. Baker, 1 male, 3 females; same data except, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, 22. II. 1967, 3 females; P. gossypinus, 24. II. 1967, 1 male; 8. III. 1968, 1 male; S. hispidus, 9. III. 1968, 1 female; Microtus pinetorum (Le Conte), 12. IV. 1968, 2 males; P. gossypinus, 7. III. 1969, 1 female; S. hispidus, 7. III. 1969, 1 male; P. gossypinus, 7. III. 1970, 2 males, 1 female; 5. III. 1971, 1 female; 5. II. 1972, 2 females; 19. XII. 1972, 2 males, 1 female; 22. XII. 1972, 2 females; P. gossypinus (2), 17. I. 1973, 1 male, 1 female; P. gossypinus (4) or Neotoma floridana (Ord), 17. I. 1973, 2 males, 2 females; P. gossypinus, 22. II. 1973, 1 male; 23. II. 1973, 1 male; 16. XI. 1976, 1 female; 2. XII. 1976, 1 male, 1 female (all NW). GEORGIA. Jackson County: Attica, S. hispidus, 19. II. 1965, W. W. Baker, 1 male, 1 female (NW). Richmond County: Augusta, S. hispidus, XII. 1945, L. Kartman (A. P. # 22192), 1 male; same data except I. 1946, 1 male, 1 female; II. 1946, 3 males, 3 females (NMNH). Towns County: Presley (Tray Gap), Peromyscus sp., 27. IV. 1967, V. B. Baker, 1 male, 1 female (NW). Wilkes County: Rayle, S. hispidus, 3. II. 1965, W. W. Baker, 1 female (NW). INDIANA. Clarke County: Henryville (Clarke State Forest), P. leucopus (2), 26. III. 1962, R. E. Mumford, 2 males, 1 female (NW). Harrison County: 2 km S Laconia (Tobacco Landing), P. leucopus nest, 8. III. 1958, N. Wilson, 1 female, 3 larvae (PUIC, RLCP). Montgomery County: 6 km NNW Waveland (Shades State Park), P. leucopus, 3. II. 1957, N. Wilson, 1 female (PUIC); 8 km N (Pine Hills Nature Preserve), Blarina brevicauda (Say), 23. I. 1958, N. Wilson, 1 female (PUIC); same data except P. leucopus, 24. I. 1958, 2 males (PUIC). Parke County: 5 km N Byron (Shades State Park), P. leucopus (3), 10. II. 1957, N. Wilson, 4 males, 9 females (PUIC). Ripley County: 8 km N Friendship, Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus), 8. XI. 1957, N. Wilson, 1 male (PUIC). IOWA. Dubuque County: Dubuque (Mines of Spain State Recreation Area), P. leucopus (13), 14. X. 1984, N. Wilson, 1 male, 1 female, 2 eggs; Sagerville, P. leucopus, 23. IX. 1977, N. Wilson, 1 female; subsequent Iowa records same data except 24. IX. 1977, 1 male, 2 females; 7. IX. 1977, 1 female, 2 eggs; 8. X. 1977, 1 male; 13 hosts, 11. XI. 1977, 6 males, 12 females (2 eggs); 3 hosts, 12. XI. 1977, 1 male, 6 females, 6 eggs; 16. XI. 1977, 1 female; 4 hosts, 16. XII. 1977, 3 males, 3 females, 2 eggs; 17. XII. 1977, 1 male; B. brevicauda, 11. XI. 1977, 1 male (all NW). KENTUCKY. Edmonson County: Mammoth Cave National Park, P. leucopus active nest, 3. IV. 1958. N. Wilson, 4 larvae (RLCP). Ohio County: 6.4 km N Deanefield, P. leucopus, 31. XII. 1981, 1 female; 27. XII. 1992, 1 female (NW). MONTANA. Rosebud County: 12.9 km E Forsyth, P. maniculatus, 6. IV. 1940 [C­ 2622, (CDC Plague Laboratory, San Francisco, California (CDCPL, SF, CA)], 1 male (NMNH). NEW MEXICO. Catron County: Mogollon Volcanic Plateau, Hellroaring Mesa, Apache National Forest, ~ 2.8 km NNE Luna Post Office (33 ° 51 ' N, 108 ° 56 ' W), 2195 m, Peromyscus gratus Merriam, rocky hillside with junipers (Juniperus sp.) and piñon pines (Pinus edulis Engelmann), 18. III. 1990 (TAS 323), T. A. Spradling, 1 male (GE H) (see Haas et al. 2004: 516). Lincoln County: 11.3 km N Ruidoso, Peromyscus boylii (Baird), 4. XII. 1951 (316 NM 1029, (CDCPL, SF, CA), 1 female (NMNH). Rio Arriba County: 1.6 km NE Chama, 2377 m, P. maniculatus, 31. VIII. 1951 [NM 790 261 d RT B­ 8604, (CDCPL, SF, CA)], 1 male (NMNH) (see Stark 1958: 70). Sandoval County: Jemez Mts., Bandelier National Monument, north side NM Hwy 4, mixed conifer forest (35 ° 50 ' 58 " N, 106 ° 24 ' 55 " W), 2716 m, P. maniculatus, 7. V. 1970, G. E. Haas & R. P. Martin, 1 female (GEH) (see Haas et al. 1973: 28). NORTH CAROLINA. Cumberland County: McFayden Pond, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, S. hispidus, 21. I. 1971, G. Dancisak & H. Fleming, 1 female (NMNH). Forsyth County: Winston­Salem, found on skinning table where B. brevicauda, P. maniculatus, Ochrotomys nuttalli (Harlan) and Mus musculus Linnaeus had been handled, 19. III. 1970, J. B. Cope, 1 female (NW). OHIO. Athens County: Athens, P. leucopus, (no date), H. T. Gier (A. P. # 16527), 1 female (NMNH). SOUTH DAKOTA. Fall River County: Microtus sp., 10. IX. 1946 [46 F 181 (CDCPL, SF, CA)], 1 female (NMNH). Jackson County: Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), 3. X. 1942 [42 F 203 (CDCPL, SF, CA)], 1 male (NMNH). UTAH. San Juan County: Brumley Creek (T 27 S, R 23 E, SE 1 / 4), P. t r u e i, 27. X. 1988, T. Tibbets, 1 male, 1 female (REL). Utah County: Chimney Rock Pass, Reithrodontomys sp., 17. IV. 1947, L. S. Miller (Museum no. 6026), 1 male (BYU).	en	Hastriter, Michael W., Haas, Glenn E., Wilson, Nixon (2006): New distribution records for Stenoponia americana (Baker) and Stenoponia ponera Traub and Johnson (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) with a review of records from the Southwestern United States. Zootaxa 1253: 51-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173052
8F1687B9BE52FB35C447A81DFAB4FD66.taxon	discussion	Remarks Records reported by Beck (1966) and Douglas (1969) were the first records for Colorado; however, both authors considered the species as either S. americana or S. ponera and were uncertain of their specific identities. Interestingly, both species were present in their material (see Material Examined herein for each species). The presence of S. americana in San Juan and Utah Counties, Utah are new state records and the western most for the species. It is surprising to find the Utah records scattered on isolated mountain ranges relative to the SW Colorado records, especially when the Utah County record is ~ 435 km northwest of the previously reported Colorado material. The species is also recorded herein for the first time in La Plata County, Colorado and in two counties in South Dakota. Data were listed for specimens from Richmond County, Georgia and Athens County, Ohio, which were only illustrated on the map in Benton (1980). Eads, et al. (1979) recorded 8 males and 13 females from Custer County, Colorado but we were unable to locate these specimens. Several specimens noted by Jellison and Senger (1973) from Petroleum and Rosebud Counties, Montana were collected in habitats suggestive of those on the eastern slopes of the Colorado Rockies. Stenoponia americana located in the Rocky Mountain region of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico are found within the limits of the Colorado Plateau with exception of those from El Paso, Larimer, and Lincoln Counties, Colorado. Future collecting in Wyoming, northwestern Colorado and western Montana is needed to determine if the species extends beyond the Colorado Plateau in the western United States. Seven females collected in Iowa in September through December deposited large eggs, in pairs, when placed in 70 % ethanol. Larvae were collected from P. leucopus nest material from Indiana and Kentucky in March and April, respectively. In the material at hand, adults were collected as early as 31 August (Rio Arriba County, NM, 2377 m), 7 September (Dubuque County, IA, <400 m) and 10 September (Fall River County, SD, unknown elevation) and as late as 7 May (Sandoval County, NM, 1716 m), 27 April (Towns County, GA, 1185 m) and 17 April (Utah County, UT, ~ 1600 m). These large fleas are collected primarily during cooler months with only one or two per host animal. Warm weather seems to have a deleterious effect on adult longevity, since they emerge earlier and survive later at cool higher elevations. The Towns County, Georgia record collected at Tray Gap along the Appalachian Trail represents one of the highest points in the state and might have similar physiographic characteristics to the high elevations of western states.	en	Hastriter, Michael W., Haas, Glenn E., Wilson, Nixon (2006): New distribution records for Stenoponia americana (Baker) and Stenoponia ponera Traub and Johnson (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) with a review of records from the Southwestern United States. Zootaxa 1253: 51-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173052
8F1687B9BE55FB36C447AB87FB6EFC76.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ARIZONA. Apache County: foothills of White Mountains (Apache National Forest), Eagar, 5.2 km S, 11.3 km W (South Fork Campground), Ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), 2310 m, P. m a n i c u l a t u s, 21. IX. 1989, N. Wilson, 1 female (GEH). Cochise County: Chiricahua Mountains, Portal, Peromyscus boylii (Baird, 1855), 24. XII. 1961, J. L. Mumford, 1 female (NW); same data except 4.7 km SW Portal, Cave Creek Canyon (north facing slope), 1590 m, 22. III. 1992, N. Wilson, 1 female (NW); same data except 12.8 km W Portal, Barfoot Peak rockslide (south facing slope), mixed conifers, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.), and New Mexican locust (Robinia neomexicana A. Gray), 2560 m, P. maniculatus, 25. XI. 1989, G. E. Haas, 1 female, (GEH); same data except 2525 m, P. b o y l i i (2), 21, 22. X. 1994, 1 female on one host and 4 males, 1 female on the other (GEH); 13 km W Portal, Rustler Park, 2597 m, P. maniculatus, 24. XI. 1989, G. E. Haas, 3 males, 1 female (GEH). San Simon Valley, San Simon, 31 km N Portal, ~ 1128 m, P. maniculatus, 21. X. 1977 (ACS 183), A. C. Simon, 1 male (NW); Portal, P. boylii, XIII. 1957, J. Beer, 1 male (UMINN), Portal, 2440 m, P. maniculatus, XIII. 1957, J. Beer, 2 females (UMINN). The only data on two slides was “ Ariz ” and a collection code: 13 ­ 3 and 13 ­ 16 (2 females) (BYU). COLORADO. Montezuma County: Chapin Mesa, SW of Far View Ruins, Mesa Verde National Park, 2271 – 2317 m, P. t r u e i and P. maniculatus, 13, 14. X. 1961, C. L. Douglas (field # 5906, # 5907), 2 females (BYU); same data as # 5906 except area between East Ruins Loop Road and Soda Can, 2096 – 2111 m, 10. I. 1962 (# 5915), 1 female (BYU). TEXAS. Brewster County: Big Bend National Park, 1738 – 2140 m, Peromyscus pectoralis Osgood, 2. XI. 1963, V. J. Tipton et al., 4 males, 2 females (BYU).	en	Hastriter, Michael W., Haas, Glenn E., Wilson, Nixon (2006): New distribution records for Stenoponia americana (Baker) and Stenoponia ponera Traub and Johnson (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) with a review of records from the Southwestern United States. Zootaxa 1253: 51-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173052
8F1687B9BE55FB36C447AB87FB6EFC76.taxon	discussion	Remarks We confirmed several specimens cited by Beck (1966) and Douglas (1969) from Mesa Verde National Park as S. ponera, thus validating a northern extension of the species range from the type locality by 480 km. It should be noted that not only were the Mesa Verde National Park specimens of S. ponera taken from the same locality as S. americana, but one female (field # 5906) of each species was collected from the same host animal. Texas records also constitute a new state record for S. ponera. This would suggest that the associated habitats for these two species in montane environments are similar. Beer et al. (1959) noted that their specimens were collected in a Douglas fir­yellow pine habitat, while there was no discussion of habitat characteristics in the original description.	en	Hastriter, Michael W., Haas, Glenn E., Wilson, Nixon (2006): New distribution records for Stenoponia americana (Baker) and Stenoponia ponera Traub and Johnson (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) with a review of records from the Southwestern United States. Zootaxa 1253: 51-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173052
8F1687B9BE56FB37C447AA97FCD8FE2E.taxon	description	The need for more collecting in the Southwest is evident from the widely scattered records (Fig. 1). From the limited and often incomplete collection data available, adults of both species are collected primarily from species of Peromyscus during the cooler months from September through April in a wide range of habitats from grasslands and shrubs to Piñon­ Juniper woodlands, Ponderosa pine forests and mixed Conifer­Aspen forests. There are no records from the low deserts such as the Sonora and Mojave where summers are probably too hot for development of immature stages, nor are there records from the high montane Spruce­Fir forests and Alpine tundra where extreme cold could be a limiting factor, or collecting efforts have been insufficient. Data for nests are unavailable except for descriptions of nests and sites of P. maniculatus and P. t r u e i on Mesa Verde (Douglas 1969). Large fleas with broad host ranges are likely to have a lower fecundity than small fleas, as the growth and development of the immature stages in the nests are prolonged. Larvae of species of Stenoponia are likely the longest lived stadium extending from Spring to Fall. Some might have been present in nests collected by Douglas (1969), but they were not preserved. Presumably the nest microclimate is one with moderate relative humidity and temperature based on data taken by Douglas (1969) on Mesa Verde. Finding and collecting nests where adult fleas were found on mice can be impractical as in the rock slide on Barfoot Peak, Chiricahua Mountains. At most, it can be concluded that the subterranean nests found in rockslides would have a more stable moderate microclimate than recorded on the surface of Mesa Verde. Regarding the sympatry of the two species of Stenoponia on Mesa Verde (Fig. 1) and therefore presumably in other parts of New Mexico as well; hypothetically the two species were allopatric during the Pleistocene. After that epoch ended, S. ponera extended its range north from Mexico into Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, while S. americana radiated west into uplands of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah. We contend that these extensions of range are continuing.	en	Hastriter, Michael W., Haas, Glenn E., Wilson, Nixon (2006): New distribution records for Stenoponia americana (Baker) and Stenoponia ponera Traub and Johnson (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) with a review of records from the Southwestern United States. Zootaxa 1253: 51-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173052
