taxonID	type	description	language	source
8F15A94DFF87FF91B9DEFB560BE9FEA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cnodocentron girika Schmid, 1982, by original designation. Cnodocentron was recovered as monophyletic based on the synapomorphies: female segment VIII with thickened setae (1: 1); coxopodite margin produced posterad (31: 1); sternum IX apical margin with projections or spines (12: 1); harpago with subapical setal brush (44: 2); setal brushes with elongate setae (45: 1). Diagnosis: Forewing apex acute; hindwing transverse vein r 1 - sr present or absent; mesoscutelum edges straight; sternum V reticulated plate absent. Male genitalia: sternum IX apical margin with group of stout spines or elongated projections; pre-anal appendage mostly straight; coxopodite apical margin produced, projection narrow; harpago with brush of setae.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF91B99AFCBC0C39FDB1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) pallas Schmid, 1982, by original designation, as a subgenus.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF91B99AFCBC0C39FDB1.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8097 FE 77 - 19 C 7 - 4766 - AB 17 - 25 AB 87489 ACB	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF91B99AFCBC0C39FDB1.taxon	discussion	Caenocentron was recovered as monophyletic based on the synapomorphies: coxopodite basoventral margin produced (28: 1); coxopodite apical margin produced posterad (31: 1); harpago basal stout spine present (38: 1); basal plate apodeme apex directed ventrad (27: 1); and coxopodite basomesal setae elongated (34: 1).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF91B99AFCBC0C39FDB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Forewing apex rounded to subacute; hindwing transverse vein r 1 - sr present; mesoscutelum edges rounded; sternum V reticulated plate present. Male genitalia: sternum IX dorsal margin usually produced; pre-anal appendage usually thin and sigmoid; basal plate apodeme usually short and directed ventrad; coxopodite apical margin produced, projection narrow or broad; coxopodite ventral margin produced, ventral projection bearing brush of bristlelike setae; harpago basal third with a stout spine.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	description	(FIGS 7 A, B, 8 A – C, 9 A – D) Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 396 FF 640 - A 06 B- 49 C 9 - 82 F 9 - 7 E 1 D 4 E 11 D 293	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Estacion San Geraldo, 10 ° 52 ′ 48 ″ N, 85 ° 23 ′ 20.4 ″ W; 575 m a. s. l., 16. xii. 2013, Malaise trap, D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs leg., (♂ in alcohol, BIOUG 23036 - H 02).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This new species is named in honour of Dr Carlos Luis de la Rosa in recognition of his decades of research on the Chironomidae of Costa Rica.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Caenocentron carlosdelarosai can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: absence of stout spines on the ventral projection of coxopodite; shorter coxopodite in ventral view; the apical lobe of coxopodite narrow and with rounded margins; and the apical margin of sternum IX truncate in lateral view.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	description	Adult (Fig. 7 A, B): Forewing length 2.7 – 3.1 mm (N = 3 ♂). Colour (in alcohol) uniformly dark brown. Maxillary palp formula (I = II = III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3 in males and 2 - 4 - 4 in females, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 8 A – C): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length; in dorsal view, membranous mesally. Sternum IX, in lateral view, subquadrate, height greater than length; anterior margin truncate, with narrow and elongate apodeme; apical margin truncate; dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, oblong, dorsal margin sclerotized, with subapical short process; in dorsal view, mid-dorsal margin sclerotized, not fused, meeting at midlength. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, base and apex enlarged. Inferior appendage with coxopodite and harpago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, with median region with setal brush; apical margin produced rounded, with subapical stout spine; basal surface with long ventral projection, which has a row of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, ventral projection with long lateral setae and shorter mesal setae. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, basal third with short spine; in dorsal view, basal third slightly enlarged. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view, short. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Female genitalia (Fig. 9 A – D): Telescopically elongate, forming slender oviscapt. Segment VIII synscleritous, dorsally open, membranous, posterior margin with linear row of long setae; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly until segment VI. Intersegmental membrane VIII – IX well developed. Segment IX tubular, slender, covered with annulated striations; longer than segment VIII, open ventrally; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly to segment V. Gonopod VIII elongate until segment X, semi-membranous; in lateral view, tapered apically; in ventral view, apex truncate, bearing line of subapical setae. Gonopod IX, rim-like, narrow, elongate. Segment X small, covered with sensilla. Cercus narrow, digitiform.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Costa Rica.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Paratypes: same data as holotype except: 21. x. 2013 (♂ BIOUG 20201 - D 06); 18. xi. 2013 (♂ MZSP); 23. xii. 2013 (♂ BIOUG 28070 - A 05); 26. vii. 2013 (♀ MZSP); 27. i. 2014 (♀ BIOUG 23963 - A 07); 23. ix. 2013 (♀ BIOUG 19826 - E 05); 21. viii. 2013 (♀ BIOUG 20201 - D 02); 21. viii. 2013 (♀ BIOUG 20201 - D 03). 26. viii. 2013, Malaise trap (♀ pinned BIOUG 19587 - H 05).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF86FF8EBA53FFA70BA4FE6E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The COI sequences of C. carlosdelarosai formed two clusters, the male paratypes from each cluster did not present any significant difference in the male genitalia (Fig. 12). The genetic distance between each cluster was 3.8 %, with a mean intraspecific distance of 2 %. The genetic distance between C. carlosdelarosai and C. rafamoralesi was 10 %; and between C. trilineatum was 8.1 %. The overall mean genetic distance between all included xiphocentronids was of 15.0 %. Currently, C carlosdelarosai is the only known female in the clade in which males have coxopodite with longer setal-brushes. In comparison with the females of the clade with C. yavapai and C. rafamoralesi, the female of C. carlosdelarosai has the gonopod VIII conspicuous at the sides of the segment IX, while in C. yavapai and C. rafamoralesi the gonopod VIII is completely fused with the segment IX and seen just as a narrow apodemelike structure. Also, C. yavapai and C. rafamoralesi have a pair of inner sclerites (gonopod IX) at the apex of the genitalia, but in C. carlosdelarosai they are not visible.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	description	(FIGS 10 A – D, 13 A – D) Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 063702 DF- 0860 - 43 F 1 - 8 DE 8 - 757 C 1 B 08 AD 4 A	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Derrumbe, 10 ° 55 ’ 45.12 ’’ N, 85 ° 27 ’ 51.48 ’’ W; 1220 m a. s. l., 30. iv. 2015, Malaise trap, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs leg., (♂ in alcohol BIOUG 36194 - F 08).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This new species is named in honour of stream parataxonomist Rafael Angel Morales Cueto in recognition of three decades of his research and station management for Estación Biológica Maritza in Sector Orosí of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Caenocentron rafamoralesi is similar to C. yavapai by having an elongate projection on the apical margin of sternum IX. It can be diagnosed by these projections on sternum IX forming a pair of elongate and narrow processes; by the acute spine-like apical projection of coxopodite; and by having the ventral projections of coxopodite short and not fused with each other.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	description	Adult (Fig. 13 A): Forewing length 4.0 – 4.3 mm (N = 2 ♂). Colour (in alcohol) uniformly dark brown. Maxillary palp formula (I = II = III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3 in males and 2 - 4 - 4 in females, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 13 B – D): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length; in dorsal view, short. Sternum IX, in lateral view, rounded, about as long as high; anterior margin deltoid, tapering to narrow apodeme; apical margin with elongate process; dorsal margin slightly prominent; in ventral view, apical margin with two elongate medial processes, as long as sternum length. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, oblong, setose, dorsal margin, sclerotized, without any process, ventroapically subacute; in dorsal view, mid-dorsal margins distinctly sclerotized subapically, fused, with rows of setae mesally and laterally. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, slightly sinuous, enlarged subapically, tapered apically. Inferior appendage with coxopodite and harpago fused, dorsally with wide gap between the articles. Coxopodite, in lateral view, apical margin with narrow and acute projection; basomesal surface with short projection covered with brush of short setae; in ventral view, basomesal surface of each coxopodite not fused mesally, covered with short setae. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, basal third with short basal spine, many sparse spines present until midlength; in dorsal view, basally enlarged. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed anterad; in ventral view, elongate, acute. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Female genitalia (Fig. 10 A – D): Telescopically elongate, forming slender oviscapt. Segment VIII synscleritous, dorsally open, membranous, posterior margin with linear row of long setae; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly until segment VI. Intersegmental membrane VIII – IX well developed. Segment IX tubular, slender, covered with annulated striations; longer than segment VIII; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly to segment V. Gonopod VIII elongate until segment IX; in lateral view, appearing as narrow, sclerotized rim along IX segment; in ventral view, apex semi-membranous. Gonopod IX rod-like, sclerotized. Segment X small, covered with sensilla. Cercus narrow, digitiform.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The COI sequences of C. rafamoralesi had a mean intraspecific genetic distance of 1 %. The genetic distance between C. rafamoralesi and C. carlosdelarosai was 10 %; and the genetic distance between C. rafamoralesi and C. trilineatum was 9.6 %.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Costa Rica.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF99FF8FB9E6FCE30BECFB97.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Paratypes: same data as holotype except: 23. iv. 2015 (♂ in alcohol BIOUG 33413 - E 09); and 30. x. 2014 (♀ in alcohol BIOUG 31506 - F 08).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF98FF89B993F9EF082FFF07.taxon	description	(FIGS 11 A – C, 14 A – C)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF98FF89B993F9EF082FFF07.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: USA, Arizona: Yavapai Co., Bubbling Springs, Coconino National Forest, USNM; ♂, larva, pupa. – Blinn & Ruiter, 2005: 71 [emergence, community structure, distribution]. – Ruiter, 2006: 528 [♀]. Diagnosis: Caenocentron yavapai is similar to C. rafamoralesi by the apical projection of sternum IX. It is distinguished by the trifid apical projection of coxopodite; dorsal margin of sternum IX not prominent, and the broad elongated apex of sternum IX with a pair of short processes. Adult: Forewing length 4.0 mm (N = 2 ♂). Colour (in alcohol) uniformly dark brown. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3 in males, 2 - 4 - 4 in females, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 14 A – C): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length, bearing fingerlike lobe with spines, lobe placed between tergum IX, paraproct and pre-anal appendage. Sternum IX in lateral view, subdeltoid, longer than higher, anterior margin deltoid, with narrow apodeme, apical margin produced, acute, dorsal margin not prominent; in ventral view apical margin produced, deltoid, with two apical points. Pre-anal appendage long, sinuous, narrowed subbasally, enlarged at base and apically. Tergum X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin with spinelike-setae, laterally sclerotized with subapical spine, apex subacute; in dorsal view, mesally sclerotized, fused, with pair of subapical spinelike-setae. Inferior appendage coxopodite and hapago distinct. Coxopodite median region with lobe tipped with setae; apical margin produced, trifid with each process with stout spine at apex, middle process longest, with subapical spine, ventral process shortest; basal surface with brush of setae, without projection; in ventral view, basal surface with setae of same length. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view, long, acute. Harpago in lateral view, slender, slightly enlarged basally, subbasally with short spine and small setules. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Female genitalia (Fig. 11 A – C): Telescopically elongate, forming slender oviscapt. Segment VIII synscleritous, dorsally open, membranous, posterior margin with linear row of long setae; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly until segment VI. Intersegmental membrane VIII – IX well developed. Segment IX tubular, slender, covered with annulated striations; longer than segment VIII; each anterolateral margin with narrow, elongate apodeme extending anteriorly to segment V. Gonopod VIII elongate until segment IX; in lateral view, appearing as narrow, sclerotized rim along IX segment; in ventral view, apex semi-membranous. Gonopod IX as pair of mesal sclerotized, elongate rod-like structures. Segment X small, covered with sensilla. Cercus narrow, digitiform. Distribution: South-western USA. Material examined: Paratype: USA. Arizona, Yavapai Co.: Bubbling Springs, Coconino National Forest, off Forest Service Rd. 134, approximately 1.5 km N Page Springs (town), 22. iv. 1993, 6 m, malaise trap S. R. Moulton and K. W. Stewart leg., (2 ♂ in alcohol, UMSP 000021747).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9EFF89B9D8FC770D9AFA67.taxon	description	(FIG. 15 A, B)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9EFF89B9D8FC770D9AFA67.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype male. COSTA RICA, Puntaneras, 2.8 mi E. of Golfito 3 – 4. vii. 1967, O. S. Flint & B. Ortiz leg., (♂ pinned, USNMENT 1028602). Type locality: Costa Rica, 2.8 mi E. of Golfito; USNM; ♂. – Holzenthal, 1988: 58 [distribution]. – Aguila 1992: 537 [distribution]. – Armitage et al., 2015: 5 [checklist]. – Armitage & Cornejo 2015: 193. [checklist]. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue]. Diagnosis: Cnodocentron galesus is similar to C. immaculatum and C. pallas by having a pair of stout spines on the ventral projection of coxopodite. Cnodocentron galesus can be diagnosed by the truncate apical margin of sternum IX in lateral view; and the median region of coxopodite with a transverse patch of setae. Adult: Forewing length 2.7 mm (N = 1 ♂). Colour (pinned) dark with three short white vertical bars: near the basal third of wing, at the end of cubital vein, and at pterostigma. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; male tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 A, B): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, subquadrate, height greater than length, anterior margin truncate, with narrow and elongate apodeme, apical margin truncate, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin, sclerotized, with short process, ventroapically acute. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, apex enlarged. Inferior appendage, coxopodite and harpago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, median region with transverse patch of setae; apical margin produced, rounded; basal surface with long ventral projection. Ventral projection with stout spine and rows of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, ventral projection lateral setae long, mesal setae short, with pair of strong lateral spines. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, elongate, basal third with short spine; in dorsal view, basal third with two weak thickenings. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly. Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9EFF8ABABEF8CE0BBEFEE5.taxon	description	(FIG. 16 A, B)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9EFF8ABABEF8CE0BBEFEE5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Mexico, Lomas de Chapultepec, D. F.; INHS; ♂. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue]. Diagnosis: Caenocentron ideolus is similar to C. trilineatum by the narrow apical projection of coxopodite. It can be diagnosed by the presence of an elongate ventral process on the paraproct; coxopodite with the ventral projection of coxopodite short and with shorter setae; harpago with a basal brush of setae; and sternum IX overall deltoid in lateral view.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9DFF8BB9F0F8420D1AFF26.taxon	description	(FIG. 17 A – C)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9DFF8BB9F0F8420D1AFF26.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Quebrada La Jimenez, Mun. Sopetran. 7. ii. 1984, U. Matthias leg., (♂ in alcohol, USNM). Type locality: Colombia, Dpto. Antioquia, Quebrada la Jimenez, Sopetran; USNM; ♂. – Muñoz-Quesada, 2000: 281 [checklist]. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue]. Diagnosis: Cnodocentron immaculatum is similar to C. galesus and C. pallas by presenting a pair of stout spines on the ventral projection of coxopodite. It can be differentiated by the greatly enlarged base of harpago bearing a brush of setae. Adult: Forewing length 3.0 mm (N = 1 ♂). Colour (in alcohol) uniformly dark brown. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; male tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 17 A – C): Tergum, IX in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, deltoid, about as high as long, anterior margin truncate, with narrow, elongate apodeme, apical margin rounded, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin with short process, ventroapically subacute; in dorsal view, mid-dorsal margins sclerotized, not fused. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, slightly enlarged apically. Inferior appendage coxopodite and hapago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, median region with short setae; apical margin produced, broad, apex truncate and bearing stout spine near ventral margin; basal surface with ventral projection. Ventral projection with stout spine and rows of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, ventral projection with long lateral setae, short mesal setae and two stout sublateral spines. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, basal third strongly enlarged, bearing short spine and basal setal brush. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view short. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Distribution: Colombia.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9CFF8BBAB8FC360DEFFEAA.taxon	description	(FIG. 18 A, B)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF9CFF84BA0CFC4808F8F92D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype. NICARAGUA: Chontales: 4.2 miles W. of Villa Somoza, 29. vii. 1967, O. S. Flint leg., (♂ pinned, USNMENT 01028603). Type locality: Nicaragua, 4.2 miles west of Villa Somoza; USNM; ♂. – Maes & Flint, 1988: 3 [distribution]. – Maes, 1999: 1188 [checklist]. – Chamorro-Lacayo et al., 2007: 47 [checklist]. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue]. Diagnosis: Caenocentron lausus can be differentiated from its congeners by presenting the conjucntion of the following characters: coxopodite with broad apical projection bearing an apicoventral point; ventral projection without a pair of stout spines; and harpago basal third enlarged and with a linear setal brush. Adult: Forewing length 2.5 mm (N = 1 ♂). Colour (pinned) dark with three short white vertical bars: near the basal third of wing, at the end of cubital vein, and at pterostigma. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II- III; male tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 18 A, B): Tergum IX, in lateral view narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, subquadrate, about as high as long, anterior margin truncate, with narrow and elongate apodeme, apical margin subtruncate, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin sclerotized, with subapical short process ventroapically acute. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, slightly enlarged apically. Inferior appendage coxopodite and hapago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, median region with rugose area; apical margin produced oblong, subtruncate, with small ventroapical spine; basal surface with ventral projection. Ventral projection with rows of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view ventral projection with lateral setae longer, mesal setae shorter. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, basal third enlarged, bearing short spine and linear basal setal brush. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view short. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Distribution: Nicaragua.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF93FF85B9DFFA2C08F0F9E8.taxon	description	(FIG. 19 A – D)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF93FF85B9DFFA2C08F0F9E8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: PANAMA: Canal Zone: Gamboa, Río Agua Salud, 9 ° 7 ’ 1 4.8 7 9 4 ”, – 79 ° 42 ’ 56.88 ”, vii. 1967, Wirth, W. W. leg., (♂ pinned, USNMENT 1028604). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud; USNM; ♂. – Aguila, 1992: 537 [distribution]. – Armitage et al., 2015: 5 [checklist]. – Armitage & Cornejo, 2015: 193 [checklist]. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue].	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF93FF85B9DFFA2C08F0F9E8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cnodocentron pallas present a pair of stout spines on the ventral projection of coxopodite as in C. galesus and C. immaculatum. It can be diagnosed by presenting on the dorsal margin of coxopodite a mesal process covered with brush of setae; and by the rounded apical projection of coxopodite without spine.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF93FF85B9DFFA2C08F0F9E8.taxon	description	Adult: Forewing length 2.75 mm (N = 1 ♂). Colour (pinned) dark with three short, white, vertical bars: near the basal third of wing, at the end of cubital vein, and at pterostigma. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II- III; male tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation (Fig. 19 A): forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate. Male genitalia (Fig. 19 B – D): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, subquadrate, about as high as long, anterior margin truncate, with narrow and elongate apodeme, apical margin truncate, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin sclerotized, without process; laterally sclerotized with spine-like setae, ventroapically rounded; in dorsal view, not fused, mid-dorsal margins not fused, meeting subapically. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, enlarged apically. Inferior appendage coxopodite and harpago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, with dorsal lobe covered by setae, median region with small setules; apical margin produced, broad, rounded; basal surface with ventral projection. Ventral projection with stout spine and rows of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, ventral projection with lateral setae longer, mesal setae shorter, and two strong lateral spines. Harpago, in lateral view, basal third slightly enlarged, bearing subbasal short spine and lobe with setal brush appearing derived from coxopodite. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view short. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF93FF85B9DFFA2C08F0F9E8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Panama.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF92FF85B9FBFB750ACFF8A7.taxon	description	(FIG. 20 A – F)	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF92FF85B9FBFB750ACFF8A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Caenocentron trilineatum is similar to C. ideolus by the narrow apical projection of coxopodite. It can be differentiated by the median region of coxopodite presenting two small lobular mesal processes; and paraproct with distinct lateral sclerotized ridge bearing spine-like setae. Adult: Forewing length 3.0 mm (N = 1 ♂). Colour (pinned) dark with three short white vertical bars: near the basal third of wing, at the end of cubital vein, and at pterostigma. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III) - IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; male tibial spurs 2 - 4 - 3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation (Fig. 20 A): forewing fork II and IV present, 3 anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R 1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate.	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
8F15A94DFF92FF85B9FBFB750ACFF8A7.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 20 B – F): Tergum IX, in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, subquadrate, about as high as long, anterior margin truncate, with narrow and elongate apodeme, apical margin truncate, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Tergum X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin with acute process, laterally with distinct sclerotized ridge bearing spine-like setae, ventroapically acute, with subapical spines; in dorsal view, mid-dorsal margins sclerotized, not fused, meeting at mid-length. Pre-anal appendage long, slender, evenly sinuated in lateral aspect, apex slightly enlarged. Inferior appendage coxopodite and hapago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, apical margin produced, narrow, acute, with subapical spine; median region with sparse short setae, and two lobular mesal processes covered with setae, one lobe smaller than other, basal surface with ventral projection. Ventral projection with row of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, covered with brushes of setae, sublateral and mesal setae distinctly thicker, sublateral setae longer. Harpago long, slender, base slightly enlarged, bearing subbasal spine and small setules. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged. Distribution: El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico. Material examined: EL SALVADOR: Los Chorros: nr. Santa Tecia, 5. vii. 1966. Flint & Ortiz leg. (♂ pinned, USNM).	en	Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2022): Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 1341-1373, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077
