identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8E33C11CFFE8FFA6FF27F9BFFBDBC4D6.text	8E33C11CFFE8FFA6FF27F9BFFBDBC4D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycanus ephemerous Beaver & Moore & Velasco-Castrillón & Stevens 2020	<div><p>Oxycanus ephemerous Beaver &amp; Moore, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1A, 3 K–L, 4A–C, 7A, 10A)</p><p>Type specimens: Holotype male, SAMA . Paratypes, 2 males, SAMA .</p><p>Type locality: Inman Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, SA, Australia.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name (Greek εφήμεΡΟΣ) refers to the ephemeral nature of the adult insect, which is known to fly for a brief period at a specific time of the year, in very few locations.</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE, male; (SAMA). ♂, 20 May 2018, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.43672&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.483612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.43672/lat -35.483612)">Inman Valley</a>, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Aus- tralia, 35°29’01.0”S, 138°26’12.2”E, 180m elevation, coll. S. Eden, pres. E. P. Beaver, / Spec. No. 1862 leg removed for tissue storage MD Moore. / SAMA Database No. 31-019818.</p><p>PARATYPES, 2 males; (SAMA) 2 ♂, Amer. River, K.I. 20 May 1952, F. M. Angel / SAMA database no. 31- 019191 / Dissection ID 31-019191-EPB; second male with SAMA database no. 31-019190.</p><p>Distribution. Known from Inman Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula; and from American River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia (Figs 11, 14).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is similar to Oxycanus subvaria (Figs 1B; 3 I–J; 4D–F, 7B, 8A &amp; D). However, it differs primarily in the shape and proportions of the male genitalia. In particular the vinculum is narrower and more square, and the saccus is much broader, rounded and shorter in O. ephemerous sp. nov. than in O. subvaria . In addition, the pseudotegumen is differently shaped in the new species. In O. ephemerous sp. nov. the ventral pseudoteguminal arms are distinctly shorter and the basal rim is less rounded and not as sclerotized as in O. subvaria . Both species have sternite 8 fused with the saccus (Fig. 8A &amp; D for O. subvaria Fig. 7A for O. ephemerous sp. nov.). The antennal rami of O. subvaria are equal to the width of the flagellomere in the middle of the antennae, while the rami of O. ephemerous sp. nov. are longer than the width of the flagellomere (Fig. 3K &amp; L). The only other Oxycanus species to occur nearby to the known localities of O. ephemerous sp. nov. is O. niphadias (Meyrick) from the Southern Lofty Ranges. However, this species has longer antennal rami, at least 3x the width of the flagellomere, and distinctly different genitalia. The pseudotegumen in Oxycanus niphadias has a single central tooth, lacking invagination, and the S8 is pocket-like and depressed well into the vinculum. These structural differences are obvious enough to be observed in specimens without dissection or a microscope. The distributions of the widespread O. occidentalis Tindale, 1935 and O. ephemerous sp. nov. may overlap at the Kangaroo Island location, however, the larger (FW: 30 mm) O. occidentalis is closely allied to O. niphadias (see discussion) except for the presence of 2–5 enlarged spines on the pseudotegumen and extensive white patterns in the medial and sub-marginal areas of the forewing.</p><p>Description. Male. (Fig. 1A) Head: labial palpus three segmented, short, less than half length of head, directed forwards, second palpomere longer than first, third palpomere shortest, sub-orbicular, covered in dark grey scales. Antennae (Figs 3 K–L) 7 mm, 43 flagellomeres, pale yellow, quadripectinate, each flagellomere with pair of broad, flattened rami oppositely-situated. Length of central primary rami almost twice width of flagellomere while proximal and distal primary rami are shorter and flattened. Primary rami ciliated, hairs longer distally. Ventral surface with short ridge adjoining thickened proximal bar, also heavily ciliated. Scape cylindrical, pedicel ovoid, flattened. Eyes larger than head capsule, widely separate. Scales on frons and vertex dense and dark brown.</p><p>Thorax: pro- and mesothorax dorsally and ventrally covered in dark brown scales and interspersed with cinnamon brown scales on dorsal surface, with greater suffusion of cinnamon brown on ventral surface. Wings: FW length 22–24 mm, expanse 45–48 mm, broad, triangular. Costa slightly concave centrally, convex towards apex. Wing venation oxycanine (Fig. 10A), vein 2A absent. HW 17–18 mm, triangular at apex, narrower, tornus rounded, vein CuP partly membranous. Dorsal FW ground colour mix of grey and buff scales, dark brown at costa, basal area; fringe grey; dark brown scales on all veins. Three yellow-cream spots present basally, within discal cells, in triangular configuration, indistinct in worn or faded specimens. Some specimens with four irregular cream marginal and sub-marginal bands from Rs2 to CuA 2, with brown scales between and adjacent to these bands. Ventral surface as for dorsal, veins highlighted with short, grey scales, cells between veins sparsely covered with long grey hair-like scales, pale cream markings absent. Darker scales at apex and margin. Lighter brown piliform scales present along costa and basal area, scales cinnamon brown basally. HW dorsal surface brown, darker brown at apex, sparsely scaled and semi-translucent within discal area. Costa and veins with pale cinnamon brown scales, scales on veins less elongate. Wing margin light cinnamon brown, fringe dark brown. Basal area and fringe along dorsum with long light cinnamon piliform scales, tending towards orange or blush red in fresh specimens. HW ventral surface as dorsal, except with dark brown margin, dark brown scales over wing veins. Fringe buff-grey, sparsely covered in longer hair-like scales. Legs dark brown dorsally and ventrally, grey on tarsus ventral surface, femur and tibia with brown piliform scales ventrally, broadly triangular, short epiphysis on fore-tibia, aerolium present.</p><p>Abdomen: narrow, tapering, tergites at proximal end with blush-red piliform scales when fresh, gradually merging with shorter brown and cinnamon brown scales towards distal end. Rounded tuft of blush-red piliform scales on final tergite. Ventral surface dark brown. Sternum 8 broad and rectangular, posteriorly becoming membranous, junction with saccus indistinct.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 4 A–C, 7A, diss. no. 31-019191, paratype male). Disto-posterior arm of saccus broad, and concave, trapezoidal, at right angles to sternite 8. Disto-posterior arm of vinculum narrow. Intermediate plate narrow, rectangular, free. Pseudotegumen: basal rim narrow, globular; dorso-posterior and disto-posterior margins narrow in postero-ventral view highly sclerotized. Dorso-distal twin processes short, apex rounded. Ventro and disto-posterior margin of pseudotegumen in lateral or 3-quarter views are a large, curved axe-head shape, with a deep invagination present just before ventral pseudoteguminal arms, both of which are short and fused with proximal points very short and free. Juxta broad, subrectangular, bilobate at anterior margin. Trulleum trapezoidal, semi-transparent. Valvae: elongate and lobate, flattened laterally, rounded apically, wider distally, sacculus short and oval, internal surface densely covered with long curved setae. Apex of valvae in line with dorso-posterior margin of pseudotegumen. Apodemal vinculum broad and short, posterior margin rounded. Fusion of sternum 8 and saccus forming a continuous structure. Para-anal sclerite absent.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Oxycanus ephemerous sp. nov. is known only from South Australia, from the Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island bioregion (Inman Valley and American River respectively). The Inman Valley site is mainly farmland with some low Eucalyptus woodland and a shrub/heath and sedge understory, near a seasonal creek (S. Eden pers. obs.). Both these locations fall within an area of annual rainfall of 400–600 mm, among the wettest parts of the state. Similar conditions and habitats exist on the central-western part of Kangaroo Island and on the Eyre Peninsula and Yorke Peninsula, however, the species is not recorded from those locations. Oxycanus ephemerous sp. nov. occurs in a distinctly drier habitat compared to that of the similar O. subvaria, a species which occurs primarily in tall Eucalyptus wet forest, rainforest, montane wet forest, and sub-alpine woodland (Edwards &amp; Green 2011; Kallies et al. 2015) in eastern Victoria, central-coastal and south-eastern NSW and Tasmania in areas of rainfall above 800–1000 mm annually.</p><p>Remarks. The two species Oxycanus ephemerous sp. nov. and O. subvaria have allopatric distributions separated by approximatelty 630 km between Inman Valley and Melbourne. Oxycanus niphadias is the only other Oxycanus species currently identified as a South Australian endemic. Three specimens from the Grampians, VIC, in the Melbourne Museum listed as O. niphadias (Kallies et al. 2015) were examined by the authors from photographs (provided by J. Schubert) along with a specimen from Halls Gap, VIC in SAMA and all are considered to be O. occidentalis Tindale, the first records for this species from Victoria. Oxycanus occidentalis also occurs in south-west WA (Tindale 1935) and in South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula, Riverland and Kangaroo Island (M. Hura, A. Kallies pers. comm. and MDM pers. obs.). All three O. ephemerous sp. nov. specimens were collected on the 20 th of May in both 1952 and 2018, following rainfall the day before (Australian Bureau of Meteorology 2019). The larval biology of O. ephemerous sp. nov. is unknown. A concerted effort was made by the authors to locate additional specimens of O. ephemerous sp. nov. and O. niphadias in April and May of 2018 and 2019 without success. The apparently restricted distribution and localised nature of the records raises concerns in a conservation setting, as both species, but particularly O. niphadias, may be threatened with extinction due to urbanisation and loss of habitat. Further work is required to determine the conservation status of these species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E33C11CFFE8FFA6FF27F9BFFBDBC4D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beaver, Ethan P.;Moore, Michael D.;Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro;Stevens, Mark I.	Beaver, Ethan P., Moore, Michael D., Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro, Stevens, Mark I. (2020): Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa 4732 (3): 351-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.1
8E33C11CFFEEFFA7FF27FA9FFE16C5F6.text	8E33C11CFFEEFFA7FF27FA9FFE16C5F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycanus subvaria (Walker 1856)	<div><p>Oxycanus subvaria (Walker, 1856)</p><p>(Figs 1B; 3 I–J; 4D–F; 7B; 8A &amp; D)</p><p>Elhamma subvaria Walker, 1856: 1562 . Nielsen et al. 1996: 26. Nielsen et al. 2000: 858.</p><p>Lectotype: male (Fig. 1B), Lectotype, ♂ ‘ Lectotype / Elhamma subvaria Wkr, Van Diemans Land / Specimen photographed E.S. Nielsen 1984’, NHM. Lectotype selected by Ebbe S. Nielsen, here designated.</p><p>Type locality: ‘Van Diemen’s Land’ (Tasmania).</p><p>Oxycanus subvarius Walker 1856: 1575 . Tindale 1935: 324.</p><p>Oxycanus lamnus Tindale 1935: 325, synonymized by Nielsen et al. 1996: 26.</p><p>Holotype male, Manly, (NSW) 31 May 1907, I18881, SAMA Database no. 31-000363’, SAMA.</p><p>Paratypes: 3 males, 1 female. ♀, Manly, (NSW), 30 May 1907, SAMA Database no. 31-000364’, two ♂, ‘Manly, SAMA Database no. 31-000366’ and ‘ SAMA Database no. 31-000367’, one ♂, ‘Clifton NSW SAMA Database no. 31-000365’, SAMA .</p><p>Type locality: Manly, New South Wales, Australia.</p><p>Oxycanus hildae Tindale, 1964: 665 . Nielsen et al. 2000: 858; syn. n.</p><p>Holotype male, Jacob Creek, (VIC), 25 April 1946, C. G. L. Gooding, I19113, SAMA Database no. 31-000517’, SAMA.</p><p>Paratype: 1 female. ♀: ‘ Jacob Creek, (VIC), 25 April 1946, C. G. L. Gooding, I19113, SAMA Database no. 31-015511’, SAMA .</p><p>Type locality: Jacob Creek, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Additional material examined: in total 77 specimens (65 ♂, 12 ♀). 1 ♂, Manly, NSW, 23 May 1909. 1 ♂, Austin- mer, NSW, 22 April 1923, Nicholson. 8 ♂, Ridgeway, TAS, 07 April 1950, M. Tagg. 9 ♂, 8 ♀, Moe, VIC, C.G.L. Gooding, 23 April 1929 , 5 ♂, same data except 30 April 1929, 1 ♂ same data except 30 April 1930, 1 ♀ same data except 28 April 1937, 6 ♂, 3 ♀ same data except 16 April 1938, 12 ♂ same data except 17 April 1938, 5 ♂, same data except 30 April 1942 (all in SAMA) . 1 ♂ same data except 03 May 1948 . 1 ♂, Cambridge, TAS, J. R. Cun- ningham, 10 May 1953 (both in TMAG) . 2 ♂, Croydon, VIC, B.M.W. Prieby, 03 May 1908 . 2 ♂, Moondarra Dam, VIC, M&amp;G Coulson, 16 May 1972 . 1 ♂, Trafalgar, VIC, J.A. Kershaw, 01 March 1909 . 1 ♂, Hazlewood, VIC, J.H. Courtenay, 06 May 1948 . 1 ♂, Beaconsfield, VIC W.E. Drake, 05 March 1910 . 5 ♂, Mt Kiera, NSW, C.E. Chad- wick, May–June 1954 . 1 ♂, Narara, NSW, B.L. Middleton, May 1947 . 1 ♂, Cathcart, NSW, N.B. Tindale, 11 March 1958 . 1 ♂, Lorne, VIC, J. Womerley, 19 March 1952 . 2 ♂, Mt Disappointment, Whittlesea, VIC, M.D. Moore &amp; N. Temby, 06 March 2017 . 1 ♂, no data (all in SAMA). 2 ♂, Mt Disappointment, Whittlesea, VIC, 18 March 2017, K. Green, specimen no. 18066 and 18069 . 1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.73634&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.623413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.73634/lat -38.623413)">Burramunga</a>, VIC, 38°37’24.3”S 143°44’10.8”E, J. Schubert, 09 March 2019 (all in EPBC) .</p><p>Dissected: 4 ♂: Moe, VIC 16 April 1938, Dissection ID 31-019120-EPB. ‘Victoria’, Dissection ID 31-019149 EPB. Ridgeway, TAS 7 April 1950, Dissection ID 31-019104-EPB. Manly, NSW, 23 May 1909, Dissection ID 31- 019096-EPB (all in SAMA) .</p><p>Justification of the synonymization act. Oxycanus subvaria is highly variable in both wing pattern and colouration, this coupled with subtle variation in the shape of the pseudotegumen and valva in male genitalia has led to some taxonomic confusion, with Oxycanus lamnus representing an extreme of this variation. Oxycanus lamnus was described by Tindale (1935) as having a larger marginal process of the pseudotegumen, and “suspensorial spines” (interpreted as the ventral arms of pseudotegumen) as produced and curved. However, these features exist in many examples of O. subvaria and vary among sympatric and synchronic specimens. Tindale also noted that the species differ by the position of the markings on the wings. However, examination of a large series of O. subvaria reveals this feature to be highly variable and insufficient for identification. Oxycanus lamnus was recognised as a synonym of O. subvaria by Nielsen et al. (1996). A similar situation has occurred with Oxycanus hildae syn. n. that Tindale (1964) described as having a “simple arcuate latus” of the pseudotegumen, however the ventral arms of the pseudotegumen, so typical of O. subvaria are present in the O. hildae holotype, the structure is however partially contracted into and obscured by the vinculum, which may have led to the apparent confusion. The external genitalia of the female paratype conforms to that of other O. subvaria from Victoria. The speckled wing patterning is not unique, an O. subvaria specimen containing the same wing pattern is in the EPB collection and a similar living specimen with this pattern is figured in Kallies et al. (2015). One Oxycanus hildae syn. n. paratype from Cathcart NSW could not be located. Kallies et al. (2015) speculated on the validity of O. hildae syn. n. and it became necessary to deal with, so we state here unambiguously Oxycanus hildae Tindale (1964) is a synonym of O. subvaria (Walker, 1856) .</p><p>Remarks. A lectotype status is formally recognised for Elhamma subvaria concerning a male specimen in the NHM (Fig. 1B). The specimens intended to be designated as lectotypes for several Australian Hepialidae species were selected by Ebbe S. Nielsen however were unpublished before his death in 2001 (see Simonsen 2018, pg. 7 for additional information). Herewith we designate the lectotype for Elhamma subvaria species-group name. The lectotype specimen (Fig. 1B) was chosen by Ebbe S. Nielsen from the syntype series at the NHM, London and carries the following labels “ Lectotype / Elhamma subvaria Wkr, Van Diemans Land / Specimen photographed E.S. Nielsen 1984”. The purpose of this lectotype designation is to ensure the taxonomic stability of species-group nomenclature within the genus Oxycanus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E33C11CFFEEFFA7FF27FA9FFE16C5F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beaver, Ethan P.;Moore, Michael D.;Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro;Stevens, Mark I.	Beaver, Ethan P., Moore, Michael D., Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro, Stevens, Mark I. (2020): Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa 4732 (3): 351-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.1
8E33C11CFFEFFFA5FF27F9BFFA99C56A.text	8E33C11CFFEFFFA5FF27F9BFFA99C56A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycanus flavoplumosus Beaver & Moore & Velasco-Castrillón & Stevens 2020	<div><p>Oxycanus flavoplumosus Beaver &amp; Moore, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1 C–E; 3C–D; 5A–C; 7D; 8E; 10B)</p><p>Type specimens: Holotype male, SAMA . Paratypes: 80 males, SAMA, TMAG, ANIC, QM, UQIC, AM .</p><p>Type locality: Ebor, New England Tableland, New South Wales, Australia.</p><p>Etymology. The name flavoplumosus (Latin, flavo = yellow, plumosus = feathery or downy) refers to the dense yellow vestiture present in most specimens on the abdomen, thorax and hindwings.</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE, male. (SAMA) ♂, Ebor, NSW, 27 March 1941 / SAMA Database No. 31- 018764.</p><p>PARATYPES: 80 ♂ in total. 8 ♂ (SAMA): All with the label data ‘ Ebor, NSW’ and differ only by way of col- lection dates : 2 ♂ 27 Mar 1941 / SAMA no. 31-018763, 31-018765. 1 ♂ 28 Mar 1941 / SAMA no. 31-018762 / Dissection ID 31-018762-EPB. 2 ♂ 20 April 1941 / SAMA no. 31-018766, 31-018767. 1 ♂ April 1949, / SAMA no. 31-018768. 1 ♂ 15 March 1940 / SAMA no. 31-018769. 3 ♂ 14 March 1940 / SAMA no. 31-018770, 31-018850, 31-018845. 3 ♂ (TMAG): Ebor, NSW, 18 March 1943 , database numbers F2224 to F2226. 37 ♂ (ANIC): 2 ♂: Bar- rington <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.31/lat -31.55)">Tops</a>, NSW, 31.55S 151.31E, 1370m, 23 March 2009 , G. Cocking / ANIC no. 31-036845 and 31-036846. A further 2 ♂ same data except 25 March 2009, ANIC no. 31-036847 and 31-036848; Dissection ID EPB-ANIC- 16. 1 ♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.27/lat -32.02)">Junction Pools</a>, Barrington Tops, NSW, 32.02S 151.27E, 1420m, 24 March 2009 , G. Cocking / ANIC no. 31-036851. 2 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.36/lat -32.04)">Gloucester Tops Road</a>, NSW, 32.04S 151.36E, 1200m, 16 May 2007 , G. Cocking / ANIC no. 31- 036849 and 31-036850. 1 ♂ Dilgry River camping area, Barrington Tops 1180m elevation, 19 March 1993 / ANIC no. 31-036843. A further ♂ same data except 08 March 1991, ANIC no. 31-036844. Following 28 ♂ all with ‘ Ebor, NSW, B.L. Middleton’, and differ only by way of collection date : 1 ♂ 22 May 1939 / ANIC no. 31-036783. 2 ♂ 15 March 1940 / ANIC no. 31-036797 and 31-036799. 2 ♂ 20 March 1941 / ANIC no. 31-036789 and 31-036769. 2 ♂ 25 March 1941 / ANIC no. 31-036786 and 31-036807. 1 ♂ 27 March 1941 / ANIC no. 31-036800. 4 ♂ 28 March 1941 / ANIC no. 31-036782, 31-036787, 31-036802, 31-036808. 1 ♂ 23 March 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036801. 2 ♂ 20 March 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036781, 31-036785. 1 ♂ 22 March 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036804. 8 ♂ 24 March 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036784, 31-036788, and 31-036790 to 31-036795. 1 ♂ 25 March 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036798. 1 ♂ 1 April 1943 / ANIC no. 31-036805. 1 ♂ 4 April 1943 / 31-036806. 1 ♂ 19 April 1949 / 31-036803. 1 ♂ (QM): Ebor, NSW, 15 March 1940 . 2 ♂ (UQIC): 1 ♂ Dorrigo, NSW, 11 April 1968 , H. Burton. 1 ♂ Ebor, NSW, 28 March 1943 . 20 ♂ (AM): All are from Ebor, NSW, and differ only by way of collection date : 1 ♂ 16 March 1940 / K.570188. 1 ♂ 18 March 1941 / K.570194. 1 ♂ 18 March 1943 / K.570195. 1 ♂ 20 March 1941 / K.570193. 4 ♂ 27 March 1941 / K.570178; K.570179; K.570186; K.570191. 2 ♂ 28 March 1941 / K.570192; K.570185. 1 ♂ 20 March 1943 / K.570177. 3 ♂ 23 March 1943 / K.570187; K.570181; K.570182. 2 ♂ 30 March 1943 / K.570184; K.570183. 1 ♂ 17 April 1949 / K.570189. 1 ♂ 18 April 1949 / K.570180. 2 ♂ April 1949 / K.570190; K.570176.</p><p>Distribution. All specimens are from Ebor and Dorrigo on the New England Tableland, and the Barrington Tops area, of the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia (Figs 11, 13).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species has a similar pseudotegumen shape to that of the sympatric and rarely collected Oxycanus byrsa (Figs 1F, 3 A–B, 5A–C, 7E, 8B) however O. byrsa has the posterior margin of the pseudotegumen scalloped rather than smooth as it is in O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. The dorso-posterior margin is membranous in the new species (sclerotized in O. byrsa), the para-anal sclerite is recurved (blunt in O. byrsa) and the apodemal vinculum is broad and rounded compared with O. byrsa where the anterior margin ends in a narrow point. Wing patterns are also much less complex in O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. compared with O. byrsa (Fig. 1F), and this species is smaller (FW: 34–41 mm) than O. byrsa which has a FW length of 50–75mm. Additionally, the antennal structure is distinct (Figs 3 C–D), with the proximal bar shorter in O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. compared with that in O. byrsa . The species can superficially resemble O. spadix Tindale, 1935 or other species which show a great degree of variation in wing pattern such as O. sirpus Tindale, 1935 or the allopatric O. promiscuus Tindale, 1935 from Western Australia. However, O. spadix is generally smaller at less than 34 mm FW length. As figured by Tindale (1935) the pseudotegumen in all other species have prominent enlarged spines or processes, in contrast to the smooth, low pseudotegumen of O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. Antennae are also different with rami relatively much longer in O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. and greatly reduced in those other species previously mentioned, and from O. herdus Tindale, 1935 and O. silvanus Tindale, 1935 where the very long rami are several times longer than the width of the flagellomere (Tindale 1935; Kallies et al. 2015) compared with O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. which has distinctly shorter rami, however the barrami are more pronounced in O. flavoplumosus sp. nov., with longer cillae.</p><p>Description. Male (Figs 1 C–E) Head: Antennae (Figs 3 C–D), 14 mm, 45 flagellomeres, to basal area of costa, yellow, quadripectinate with proximal bar and ridge present, primary rami short, less than width of flagellomere, densely ciliated at distal ends of ventral surface, ridge low, proximal bar short, rounded, only marginally wider than flagellomere width. Scape cylindrical, pedicel ovoid, flattened. Eyes large in relation to head capsule, over half of total head width, scales on frons and vertex dense and light brown to greyish-brown. Palps short, less than half length of head, three segmented, directed forwards, second palpomere longer than first, third shortest, globular.</p><p>Thorax: pro- and mesothorax covered in light brown to greyish brown, and occasionally yellow, densely layered scales, darker on ventral surface. Legs pale brown dorsally, yellow ventrally, densely scaled, epiphysis short, triangular. Wings: wingspan 86–90 mm, FW: 34–41 mm, narrow, triangular. Costa mostly straight, convex towards apex. Apex weakly pointed. Wing venation oxycanine (Fig. 10B), vein 2A small, near margin and base of jugum. HW: 32–35mm, elongate, similar shape to forewing but rounder tornus. Dorsal FW ground colour variable, yellowish brown or brownish-grey, browner towards termen with more ochreous scales towards basal area and intermediate shades between. Small, cream trapezoid spot in proximal cell edged with dark brown, wider proximally, occasionally a smaller spot present between M 1 and M 2 or Rs4 and M 1. Variable darker brown suffusion especially in medial and submarginal areas, appearing sometimes as small freckles, in other specimens as broad blotches, more noticeable on paler or yellow specimens, spots in variable barred rows. Costa brown, darker proximally and fading into wing ground colour distally. Outer margin with small dark brown spots between each wing vein in all specimens, particularly between Rs1 and M 3. Ventral surface uniformly ochreous-yellow or light brown with yellow piliform scales on basal and costal areas. HW dorsal surface without markings, mustard-yellow or rarely light brown. Basal area covered with long, dense piliform scales of same ground colour. Ventral surface as dorsal, with greater extent of piliform scales.</p><p>Abdomen: Narrow, tapering, all tergites covered with mustard-yellow scales on all surfaces, giving most specimens a broad or ‘fluffy’ appearance. S8 broad and subsquare, wider than long, corners at anterior end rounded, not fused with saccus.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 5 A–C, 7D, dis. no. 31-018762). Pseudotegumen: basal rim broad and rounded, distal end acuminate, dorso and disto-posterior margins narrow in postero-ventral view, highly sclerotized; dorso-distal twin processes large, broad and with rounded apex; deep longitudinal groove visible in lateral view, ventral ridge forming a scythe/question mark shape; dorso-posterior margin becoming membranous towards para-anal sclerite. Ventro- and disto-posterior margins are highly sclerotized in lateral view, ventrally flattened and smooth with a steeply curving concavity present just before ventral pseudoteguminal arms, which are moderately long, free and pointed. Valva: short, without ridges, lobate, parallel sided, apically rounded, flattened laterally and with short, squared sacculus, covered with numerous long curved setae; distal end shorter than disto-posterior margin of pseudotegumen when in closed position. Apodemal vinculum narrow and short, sub-triangular, narrow anterior margin. Saccus broad and triangular, disto-posterior arm broad and concave, almost at right angles to sternite 8. Juxta square, concave. Trulleum triangular, sclerotized. Intermediate plate narrow, sub-rectangular, free. Para-anal sclerite large, elongate, strongly falcate, apex recurved distally, positioned between disto-posterior margin and dorso-distal twin processes, arising proximally between each pseudotegumen.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Variation. Some male specimens with the pseudotegumen with small raised bumps in middle, para-anal sclerites less strongly sclerotized.</p><p>Remarks. Similarities in genitalia and antennae as outlined in the diagnosis lead to the conclusion that O. flavoplumosus sp. nov. and O. byrsa are closely related. The male genitalia do not appear to vary greatly within members of either species. Nothing is known of their larval biology. Oxycanus flavoplumosus sp. nov. has been taken between the 8 th of March and 22 nd of May, which is typical for most Oxycanus species that fly during autumn rainfall on mild nights. The species has not been collected in recent years from Ebor, and a concerted effort should be made to confirm the presence of extant populations on the New England Tableland, and assess potential conservation obligations. More recent specimens are known from Barrington Tops NP, where the species is likely still present.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E33C11CFFEFFFA5FF27F9BFFA99C56A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beaver, Ethan P.;Moore, Michael D.;Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro;Stevens, Mark I.	Beaver, Ethan P., Moore, Michael D., Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro, Stevens, Mark I. (2020): Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa 4732 (3): 351-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.1
8E33C11CFFEDFFACFF27FA4BFB59C719.text	8E33C11CFFEDFFACFF27FA4BFB59C719.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycanus petalous Beaver & Moore & Velasco-Castrillón & Stevens 2020	<div><p>Oxycanus petalous Beaver &amp; Moore, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 2 A–B; 3G–H; 6A–C; 7F; 8C, 9A–B; 10C)</p><p>Type specimens: Holotype male, WAM . Paratypes: 28 males and 9 females, SAMA, ANIC .</p><p>Type locality: Boxwood Hill, Chingarrup, South Coast, Western Australia, Australia .</p><p>Etymology. The name ‘ petalous’ is from the Greek petalo (πέταΛΟ) which translates to ‘horseshoe’ and is in reference to the horseshoe-shaped eighth sternite (S8) of the male.</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE. (In WAM) ♂. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.730835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.34611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.730835/lat -34.34611)">West Aust.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.730835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.34611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.730835/lat -34.34611)">South Coast</a>, Chingarrup, Boxwood Hill, 34°20’46”S, 118°43’51”E, M. Moore, 1st May [20]17 / SAMA Database no. 31-020332 / spec. no. 17123 leg removed for tissue storage MD Moore . PARATYPES. 37 specimens: 9 ♀, 28 ♂. 1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.728615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.30472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.728615/lat -34.30472)">Boxwood Hill</a>, 34°18’17”S, 118°43’43”E, M. Heath, 25th April 2015 / SAMA Database no. 31-019833 / spec. no. 19024 . 1 ♂, 1♀, West Aust., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.728615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.30472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.728615/lat -34.30472)">Boxwood Hill</a>, 34°18’17”S, 118 43’43”E, Mark Heath; 25th April 2015 / SAMA Database no. 31-019832 / spec. no. 19025 leg removed for tissue storage MD Moore / MH 5; male with SAMA Database no. 31-019831 . 2 ♀, March 2015, Gleneagles Rest Area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.20083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.30083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.20083/lat -32.30083)">Western Aust.</a>, 32°18’3” S 116°12’3” E, P. Kay / spec. no. 128 leg removed for tissue storage MD Moore / SAMA Database No. 31-019829; second specimen with SAMA Database No. 31-019830 and spec. no. 129; (all in SAMA) . 1 ♂ 22–23 April 2000, nr. Mt Barker, Western Australia, 34.41.404S, 117.47.374E, M. Court, to light trap, Eucalyptus globulus plantation #1, 3 / Barcode of life DNA voucher specimen sample ID: 10ANIC-09486, BOLD proc. ID: ANICM489-10 / Dissection ID EPB-ANIC-1. An additional 2 ♀ and 2 ♂ with the same data, except ANIC no 31-036828-31-036829 for the females and 31-036810, 31-036812 for the males. An additional 16 ♂, 3 ♀, same data except the date 20–21 April 2000, females with ANIC no’s 31-036830 to 31-036832, males with ANIC no’s 31-036809, 31-036811, 31-036814 to 31-036827. 1 additional ♀, same data except dissection ID EPB-ANIC-2 . 1 ♂, same data except 19-20 April 2000, ANIC no. 31-036813 . 2 ♂, Peak Charles NP, WA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.18361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.899002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.18361/lat -32.899002)">Aust.</a>, 32°53’56.4”S 121°11’01.0”E, 16 April 2007, MV lamp and UV-fit, A. Zwick and G. Cocking / Dissection ID EPB- ANIC-8 and EPB-ANIC-14 . 1 ♂, Stirling Range, WA, 26 Mar 1968, I.F.B. Common &amp; M.S. Upton / Dissection ID EPB-ANIC-7, ANIC no. 31-036833 . 3 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.07/lat -34.23)">Stirling Range Nat. Park</a>, WA, 34.23S 118.07E, 17 April 1983, I.F.B. E.S. Nielsen &amp; E.D. Edwards, ANIC no. 31-036834-31-036836 (all in ANIC) .</p><p>Distribution. All specimens taken from the far south of Western Australia, from Mount Barker; Gleneagles Rest Area (Fig. 15); Stirling Range NP; Boxwood Hill; and Peak Charles (Fig. 11).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species falls within a small ‘WA species group’, a group distinguished from other Western Australian species by the presence of para-anal sclerites in the male genitalia. The sclerotised horseshoe shaped sternum 8 distinguishes males from the trapezoidal sternum 8 of O. determinata (Figs 2 C–D, 3E–F, 6D–F, 7C, 8F, 9C–D) and O. kochi . Sternum 8 in O. glauteri is less distinctly curved (Tindale 1955: figure 23), while the pseudotegumen differs markedly particularly in the shape of the dorso-posterior margin of the pseudotegumen which bears a distinct vertical spine absent in O. petalous sp. nov. The pseudotegumen of O. petalous sp. nov. has a small spine 1/3 rd the length from the proximal end, a large medial spine, and a larger broadly triangular spine basally towards the vinculum (Fig. 7F). It also has relatively greater fusion at the apex of the pseudoteguminal arms. The females can only be reliably differentiated from O. determinata by examination of genitalia characters (Figs 9 A–B). In O. petalous sp. nov. the dorsal plate is strongly arched and has posterior, elongated finger-like projections. The sub-anal sclerite is rectangular when viewed postero-ventrally. The lateral lobe of the antevaginal lamella is narrower, with a subtriangular base and is setose only at the distal end whereas in O. determinata it is mostly setose. The forewing apex is slightly rounder than in O. determinata .</p><p>Description. Male (Fig. 2A) Head: Antennae (Figs 3 G–H), 9 mm, 53 flagellomeres, to basal area of costa, yellow, weakly bipectinate giving a general filiform appearance, primary rami very short and flattened, ciliated, ridge present, ciliated, proximal bar absent. Scape elongate, cylindrical; pedicel ovoid, flattened. Eyes larger than twice width of head, scales on frons and vertex dense, dark brown to black coloured. Palps long, half length of head, three segmented, directed forward, second longer than third, with first palpomere shortest; club-shaped distal palpomere.</p><p>Thorax: pro- and mesothorax covered in dark grey, brown, black densely layered scales, darker on ventral surface. Legs dark brown, densely scaled, epiphysis present, slightly longer than wide, triangular. Fore- and mid legs dark, hind legs covered with bright yellow scales. Wings: FW: 25–27 mm, expanse 60 mm, elongate, broadly triangular. Costa slightly concave centrally, convex towards apex. Apex pointed. Wing venation classically oxycanine (Fig. 10C), vein 2A extends to margin, short. HW: 20–21 mm, elongate, similar shape as forewing but slightly short- er, with sharper termen, CuP partially membranous medially. Dorsal FW ground colour dark brown or brownishgrey, darker along costa and apex, basal area buff-grey. Lighter brown scales interspersed with darker scales across entire wing surface. Small, angled cream bar across posterior end of discal cell in some specimens. Some specimens with small triangular white spots in sub-marginal area between Rs4 and M 2. Some specimens have a diverse range of small rounded or trapezoidal white spots. Veins with darker scales than general wing surface, latter less densely scaled. Outer margin with fringe of longer, pale brown scales. Ventral surface as above with piliform scales on basal and costal areas, the latter lighter brown, lacking white spots. HW dorsal surface yellow or light brown, unmarked. Basal area semi-translucent, finely covered with long piliform scales of same ground colour.Apex dark brown, wing veins Rs1 to Rs3 covered in dark brown scales, others with yellow scales. Fringe dark brown, becoming yellow towards tornus. Ventral surface as above or with bottom half of wing entirely buff or yellow, with greater extent of piliform scales, veins edged with yellow scales.</p><p>Abdomen: Narrow, tapering, first 3–4 tergites covered with mustard-yellow to cinnamon brown coloured scales on all surfaces, brown on posterior tergites. Sternum 8 horseshoe shaped, highly sclerotized, more than all other sternites, anterior corners rounded, posterior corners acute. Sternum 8 unfused from apodemal vinculum, setose at posterior margin.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 6 A–C, 7F, dis. no. 31-019833; dis. no. EPB-ANIC-1). Pseudotegumen: basal rim broad and rounded, centrally depressed with margin upturned. Dorso-distal twin processes heavily sclerotized, elongate, leaf shaped, and with apex rounded and cupped; in lateral view a deep groove is present, otherwise smooth; dorso-posterior margin membranous, disto-posterior margin finely serrated, coming to a sharply acuminate point at apex. Ventro- and disto-posterior margins are highly sclerotized in lateral view, broad and convex, with a small spine 1/3 rd along margin, larger spine medially, and a larger triangular spine basally towards vinculum. Ventral pseudoteguminal arms indistinct, lobes fused across median. Valvae: long, narrow, distally lobate with long setae, flattened laterally with deep, triangular sacculus. Distally shorter than disto-posterior margin of pseudotegumen when in habitus position. Para-anal sclerite very large relative to pseudotegumen, elongate, upright, base large, sub-triangular, with ventral-oriented projection, apex club-shaped and curving laterally, becoming membranous along proximal rim, positioned well back between disto-posterior margin of pseudotegumen and dorso-distal twin processes which also curve back. Apodemal vinculum narrow, generally triangular; dorso-posterior arms deep, in lateral view anterior end broad. Saccus broad, sclerotized, generally triangular and large, bilobed posterior-central margin, dorso-posterior arms narrow, sclerotised, ventrally-oriented, membranous at end of dorso-posterior arms, where membrane puckers and folds outwards as a fringe, in lateral view anterior end bulbous. Juxta trapezoidal, concave; anterior margin narrow, bilobate; posterior margin straight. Trulleum sub-rectangular, sclerotised, anterior corners rounded. Intermediate plate sclerotised, generally ovoid, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin connected to basal rim by membrane.</p><p>Female. (Fig. 2B) Head: Antennae 7 mm, 44 flagellomeres, extending to basal area of costa, yellow, weakly bipectinate, filiform appearance, poorly ciliated with few narrow and long setae. Eyes proportionally similar to male, scales on frons and vertex dense and light brown to grey. Palps longer than half length of head, three segmented, forward-projecting. Second palpomere longest, with distally club-shaped third palpomere longer than first.</p><p>Thorax: pro- and mesothorax covered in light brown-grey densely layered scales, darker on ventral surface. Legs light brown, densely scaled, epiphysis moderately long, triangular. Hind legs lighter as in male. Wings: FW: 39 mm, expanse 81 mm, elongate, narrowly triangular. Costa slightly concave centrally, convex towards apex. Apex rounded. Wing venation oxycanine. HW: 30 mm, elongate, of a similar shape as forewing but shorter, with narrower termen. Dorsal FW ground colour light brown or grey, sparsely scaled giving a generally semi-translucent appearance but not in basal area or along costa. Scales light brown-grey on wing veins, straw coloured short scales on surface. Small, angled cream spot across posterior end of discal cell usually present. Outer margin with fringe of longer scales brown, becoming light buff towards basal area of tornus. Ventral surface as above with greater extent of piliform scales on basal and costal areas. HW dorsal surface light brown to grey, unmarked. Basal area finely covered with long piliform type straw-coloured scales. Ventral surface as above, with greater extent of piliform scales.</p><p>Abdomen: broad, exceeding wing margin in habitus, first 3–4 tergites dorsally covered with straw coloured scales on all surfaces, light brown on posterior tergites.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 9A, B; dis. no 31-019830-EPB; EPB-ANIC-2). Dorsal plate broad, subtriangular, with two dorso-lateral digitiform posterior projections, setose; lateral lobe of antevaginal lamella reduced, sclerotised, subtriangular and setose; subanal sclerite prominent, sclerotised, broadly triangular and projecting dorsally between ‘fingers’ of dorsal plate; medial lobe of antevaginal lamella broadly rectangular, highly sclerotised, setose. Bursa copulatrix not located during dissection, presumed damaged by egg mass.</p><p>Habitat. Oxycanus petalous sp. nov. has been taken from high-rainfall Eucalyptus tall forest environments, and from a Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Mt Barker, WA.</p><p>Remarks. Oxycanus petalous sp. nov. along with the Western Australian endemic species O. determinata, O. kochi and O. glauteri share specialized similarities in the male genitalia such as elongate, broad para-anal sclerites, and a long pseudotegumen fused at the ventral pseudoteguminal arms with species-diagnostic spines present on the pseudotegumen at varying locations. All four species also share very long, forward-facing labial palpi with the third palpomere longer than the basal palpomere. The antennae show some differences, with broader and longer rami in O. determinata (Fig. 3E, F) compared with those of O. petalous sp. nov. (Fig. 3 G–H), which also has fewer but longer cilia. Generally, O. petalous sp. nov. is more plainly marked when compared with O. determinata but all four species in this group present a wing pattern and colour variations that are typical for Oxycanus species. Examination of the male genitalia has proved to be the only reliable method of separating these species. The species in this group may be allopatric, as O. kochi is known only from Drummond Cove approx. 480 km NW of the nearest O. petalous sp. nov. from Gleneagles Rest Area, while O. determinata is known by historic specimens from Perth and the Swan River district, and by more recent material collected by MDM from Esperance, (Fig. 2C, D). These distributions suggest that O. determinata is confined to coastal habitats, while O. petalous sp. nov. is from forested environments further inland. The exact geographic provenance of O. glauteri is unknown other than ‘Western Australia’. This situation along with the few records of O. kochi and of O. determinata indicates a need for further collecting in Western Australia to gain a more precise understanding of the biogeography of this species-group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E33C11CFFEDFFACFF27FA4BFB59C719	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beaver, Ethan P.;Moore, Michael D.;Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro;Stevens, Mark I.	Beaver, Ethan P., Moore, Michael D., Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro, Stevens, Mark I. (2020): Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa 4732 (3): 351-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.1
