identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C75C2661027285B2286FB457BE7CAB4.text	8C75C2661027285B2286FB457BE7CAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalacridae Leach 1815	<div><p>Key to world genera of Phalacridae</p> <p>1 Head capsule width at tempora distinctly narrower than width at eyes (Figs. 2j, k); antennomeres IX and X elongate-cylindrical (Figs. 4b, 5b); mesoventral disc medially on same plane as metaventral process, metaventral process not exceeding middle of mesocoxae (Figs. 4f, 5f); prosternal process usually vertically laminate; tarsi 4-4-4 (penultimate segment fused with terminal segment), all tarsi compressed (Figs. 4d, 5d); warm regions of the Old World (Phaenocephalus -group).................. 2</p> <p>- Head capsule width at tempora equal to width at eyes (Fig. 2l); antennomeres IX and X usually wider than long; mesoventral disc either completely divided medially by a mesoventral plate, or sunken anterior to metaventral process, metaventral process usually exceeding middle of mesocoxae; prosternal process usually wide, not laminate; tarsi 5-5-5 (5-5-4 or rarely 4-5- 4 in some), penultimate tarsomere embraced by lobed tarsomere III (often difficult to observe in dry-mounted specimens), metatarsi usually distinctly longer than other tarsi, not compressed; worldwide......................................... 4</p> <p>2(1) Prosternal process stout, expanded at tip, mesoventrite with a distinct concavity for its reception just anterior to tip of metaventral process (Fig. 37f); Madagascar.......................................... Ranomafanacrinus, gen. nov. (p. 26)</p> <p>- Prosternal process narrow, vertically laminate, not expanded at tip, mesoventrite flat or gently sloping anterior of metaventral process.............................................................................................. 3</p> <p>3(2) Antennal scape flattened, subtriangular (Fig. 5b); clypeus forming a continuous shelf between eyes; mandibular apex simple (Fig. 5a); labial palp with terminal segment flattened, wider than long (Fig. 2h); elytra distinctly explanate laterally; elytra distinctly punctato-striate; anal lobe of hind wing ovate (Fig. 5e); size large, 2.0 mm or more; India to Australia.......................................................................................... Phalacrinus Blackburn (p. 23)</p> <p>- Antennal scape more or less cylindrical (Fig. 4b); clypeus depressed, not forming a continuous shelf between eyes; mandibular apex bidentate (Fig. 4a); labial palp with terminal segment cylindrical, longer than wide (Fig. 2i); elytra not distinctly explanate laterally; elytra not or barely punctate or striate; anal lobe of hind wing straplike (Fig. 4e); size small, 1.8 mm or less; Africa to Japan, northern Australia, and Fiji...................................... Phaenocephalus Wollaston (p. 18)</p> <p>4(1) Mesocoxal cavities nearly contiguous (Fig. 33f); labial palpomere III with one or two long, spinelike setae (Fig. 2g); Old World tropics................................................................ Grouvelleus Guillebeau (p. 111)</p> <p>- Mesocoxal cavities distinctly separated (as in Fig. 27f); labial palpomere III without long setae........................ 5</p> <p>5(4) With the following combination of characteristics: mesocoxae separated by distinctly less than half width of coxal cavity (Fig. 29f), metatarsomere I much shorter than II (Fig. 29d), AND metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities (Fig. 29f); New World tropics and subtropics................................................. Apallodes Reitter (p. 97)</p> <p>- Either mesocoxae separated by more than half width of coxal cavity, metatarsomere I longer than II, or metaventral postcoxal lines separated from coxal cavities........................................................................ 6</p> <p>6(5) Protibia with strong ctenidium on outer edge, row parallel to long axis of tibia overall, extending at least one-third length of tibia (Figs. 12c, 32c)................................................................................... 7</p> <p>- Protibia without ctenidium (Fig. 19c), or with obliquely oriented ctenidium confined to apical one-fourth of tibia (Fig. 34c)..................................................................................................... 16</p> <p>7(6) Scutellar shield large, as wide as or wider at base than length of eye at widest point (as in Fig. 2b); elytron rarely with fewer than three striae; prosternum conspicuously setose medially; metaventral process not protruding anteriorly; Afrotropical, southeast Asian, and circum-Caribbean (Pseudolibrus -group)................................................... 8</p> <p>- Scutellar shield small, usually narrower at base than greatest length of eye (as in Fig. 2a); elytron rarely with more than two striae; prosternum not setose medially; metaventral process variable; worldwide................................... 10</p> <p>8(7) Elytron with one (rarely), two, or three nearly complete striae; elytra with spectral iridescence; southeast Asian and circum- Caribbean.................................................................... Litostilbus Guillebeau (p. 46)</p> <p>- Elytron with nine nearly complete discal striae; elytra not iridescent; Afrotropical.................................. 9</p> <p>9(8) Maxillary palp greatly enlarged, subequal in length to antenna (Fig. 2f); size large, about 3.2 mm; Yemen........................................................................................... Megistopalpus Guillebeau (p. 47)</p> <p>- Maxillary palp normal; size smaller, 2.7 mm or less; Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles........... Pseudolibrus Flach (p. 48)</p> <p>10(7) Metaventral process lobed anteriorly, surpassing mesocoxae, shelflike (Figs. 30f, 32f).............................. 11</p> <p>- Metaventral process truncate anteriorly, not or barely exceeding mesocoxae, not shelflike (Figs. 20f, 25f)............... 12</p> <p>11(10) Metatarsomere I short, much shorter than metatarsomere II (Fig. 32d); apical metatibial ctenidium transverse (Fig. 32d); sutural stria completely absent from elytron; Neotropical.................................... Eulitrus Sharp (p. 107)</p> <p>- Metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II (Fig. 30d); apical metatibial ctenidium oblique (Fig. 30d); sutural stria present (as in Fig. 2b); Old World............................................... Augasmus Motschulsky (p. 102)</p> <p>12(10) Prosternal process projecting, acute apically when viewed laterally, exceeding procoxae when viewed ventrally; mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two (Figs. 20f, 21f) (Ochrolitus -group)......... 13</p> <p>- Prosternal process rounded or step-like when viewed laterally, not exceeding procoxae when viewed ventrally; mesoventral plate not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, mesoventral disc continuous behind plate (Figs. 24f, 25f, 26f) (Olibrosoma - group)............................................................................................. 14</p> <p>13(12) Elytron with 2 or 3 sutural striae (as in Fig. 2a); prosternal process apically with a row of spinelike setae (similar to Fig. 3a); New World....................................................................... Ochrolitus Sharp (p. 71)</p> <p>- Elytron with 1 sutural stria (as in Fig. 2b); prosternal process with translucent process apically, devoid of setae (Fig. 40g); Indo-Australia and Madagascar..................................................... Sveculus, gen. nov. (p. 72)</p> <p>14(12) Metaventral lines separated (sometimes only slightly) from mesocoxal cavities (Fig. 25f); antennomere XI not modified... 15</p> <p>- Metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity (Fig. 24f); male antennomere XI enlarged, variable, but sometimes nearly as long as remainder of antenna (Fig. 24b); Afrotropical...................... Antennogasmus, gen. nov. (p. 84)</p> <p>15(14) Antennal club of 4 or 5 articles (Fig. 26b); Middle East and Africa, not including Madagascar... Olibrosoma Tournier (p. 91)</p> <p>- Antennal club of 3 articles (Fig. 25b); Madagascar only............................... Malagasmus, gen. nov. (p. 87)</p> <p>16(6) Elytron with 4 distinctly impressed discal striae, striae without obvious punctures, oblique, converging posteriorly towards suture (Fig. 42g); abdominal ventrite I with paired lines (Fig. 3b); scutellar shield large, as wide or wider at base than length of eye at widest point (as in Fig. 2b); metaventrite not protruding anteriorly; Madagascar..... Malagophytus, gen. nov. (p. 116)</p> <p>- Discal striae, when present, with row of distinct punctures and/or more or less parallel to suture; scutellar shield usually narrower at base than greatest length of eye (as in Fig. 2a) (large only in Phalacrus and Phalacropsis, which have a protruding metaventrite); worldwide.............................................................................. 17</p> <p>17(16) Metatarsomere I as long as or longer than metatarsomere II, articulation between them inconspicuous, rigid (Fig. 27d).... 18</p> <p>- Metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than metatarsomere II, or if nearly as long, articulation between segments distinct, flexible (Fig. 15d)........................................................................................... 21</p> <p>18(17) Meso-metaventral margin emarginate at apex for reception of protrusive prosternal process (prosternal process often with horizontally laminate structure) or truncate, not extending anteriorly beyond mesocoxae (Fig. 31e); metaventral lines not separated from coxal cavities; elytra with spectral iridescence (sometimes weak); Old World........ Entomocnemus Guillebeau (p. 104)</p> <p>- Meso-metaventral margin truncate or lobed, extending anteriorly beyond mesocoxae (Fig. 34f), prosternal process not protruding; if lobe truncate, metaventral lines separated from coxal cavities and spectral iridescence absent; elytra with or without spectral iridescence; New World and Australasia............................................................ 19</p> <p>19(18) Protibia with short ctenidium, with oblique row of 5–10 spines subapically (Fig. 34c); metaventral lines not separated from coxal cavities; Oriental, Australian, and eastern Palearctic regions......................... Litochrus Erichson (p. 112)</p> <p>- Protibial ctenidium absent, with only 1 or 2 spines at outer apical angle of tibia (Figs. 27c, 28c); metaventral lines separated from coxal cavities (but often difficult to observe); New World and Australian region (Litochropus -group).............. 20</p> <p>20(19) Mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventral process, borders complete (Fig. 27f) (difficult or impossible to see when beetle is in repose); USUALLY with the following characteristics: elytra without microsculpture (not iridescent), with distinct transverse strigae over virtually entire surface; eye indistinctly emarginate medially; elytra with 1 engraved sutural stria (occasionally with 2); mesotibia with only 1 apical spur (2 in Australasian forms); longest metatibial spur not longer than width of tibial apex; generally more globular species; New World and Australia................ Litochropus Casey (p. 92) - Mesoventral plate with lateral borders becoming obsolete posteriorly, not reaching metaventral process (Fig. 28f); USUALLY with the following characteristics: elytra with obvious transverse microsculpture (iridescent), without transverse strigae; eye distinctly emarginate; elytra with 2 engraved sutural striae (rarely with 1); mesotibia with 2 apical spurs; longest metatibial spur distinctly longer than width of tibial apex; generally more flattened species; New World and southeast Asia....................................................................................... Neolitochrus, gen. nov. (p. 95)</p> <p>21(17) Scutellar shield large, width at base exceeding maximum diameter of eye in dorsal view (as in Fig. 2b); frontoclypeus shelflike, concealing antennal insertions (Fig. 2d); metafemora with row of long setae subapically; metaventral process lobed anteriorly, exceeding mesocoxae (Figs. 14f, 15f); metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavities; aedeagus resting on its side in repose (Phalacrus -group)........................................................................ 22</p> <p>- Scutellar shield smaller, width at base subequal to or less than maximum diameter of eye in dorsal view (as in Fig. 2a); frontoclypeus not shelflike, antennal insertions exposed (Figs. 2c, e); metafemora usually without row of long setae; metaventral process and metaventral lines various; aedeagus upright in repose................................................. 23</p> <p>22(21) Sutural stria absent; mandibles short, stout, bidentate (Fig. 14a); ovipositor with gonocoxae not spiniform, gonostyli attached apically (Fig. 3d); color testaceous to brunneous; highlands of the American Cordillera......... Phalacropsis Casey (p. 51)</p> <p>- Sutural stria present or (rarely) absent; mandibles usually long, sickle-shaped, with acuminate apex (Fig. 15a); ovipositor with gonocoxae spiniform, gonostyli attached subapically (Fig. 3c); color usually piceous to black, sometimes with subapical elytral maculations, occasionally testaceous or brunneous; worldwide.............................. Phalacrus Paykull (p. 53)</p> <p>23(21) Metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavities (Fig. 22f)............................................. 24</p> <p>- Metaventral lines separated from mesocoxal cavities (Figs. 10f, 35f)............................................ 30</p> <p>24(23) Mesoventral process lobed anteriorly, exceeding mesocoxae (Figs. 22f, 36f)...................................... 25</p> <p>- Mesoventral process not lobed anteriorly, not exceeding mesocoxae (Fig. 17f) (Olibroporus -group)................... 27</p> <p>25(24) Eye with small acute emargination on posterior border (Fig. 43c); elytron with sutural stria scarcely visible or absent, other striae absent; labrum with lateral apical tufts of stout setae; female ovipositor lightly sclerotized, not modified; male tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece; Neotropical.................................... Steinerlitrus, gen. nov. (p. 120)</p> <p>- Eye without emargination on posterior border; elytron with distinct sutural stria, often with additional striae; labrum without tufts of stout setae; female ovipositor moderately sclerotized and modified into a wedge-like organ (Fig. 3e); male tegmen with parameres articulated with basal piece; all major regions except Neotropical (Olibrus -group)......................... 26</p> <p>26(25) Clypeus broadly emarginate at apex (Fig. 2e); metatibial spurs broad, spatulate (Fig. 23d); protibia abruptly expanded at apex (Fig. 23c); body nearly parallel-sided; pronotal hind angles nearly obliterated, not tightly embracing elytral humeri; elytron with full complement of distinct striae; mandible with apex simple (Fig. 23a); upper portion of eye often with facets abruptly reduced in size; Mediterranean to central Asia........................................... Tolyphus Erichson (p. 81)</p> <p>- Clypeus with apical margin straight or nearly straight (as in Fig. 2c); metatibial spurs narrow, not flattened (Fig. 22d); protibia gradually or not expanded at apex (Fig. 22c); body more ovoid; pronotal hind angles evident, tightly embracing elytral humeri when beetle is in repose; elytron usually with at least lateral striae indistinct; mandible with apex tridentate (Fig. 22a); all eye facets similar in size; all major regions except Neotropical.................................. Olibrus Erichson (p. 75)</p> <p>27(24) Mandibular apex tridentate (rarely apex simple), with dorsal cusp smaller than others but sharply pointed (Figs. 16a, 19a); mesoventral plate with lateral borders not extending posteriorly to mesocoxal cavities (Figs. 16f, 18f); eye with short interfacetal setae; Old World.................................................................................. 28</p> <p>- Mandibular apex bidentate, with a series of two or more small, blunt, dorsal teeth (Figs. 17a, 19a); mesoventral plate with lateral borders extending posteriorly almost to mesocoxal cavities, then curving laterad (Figs. 17f, 19f); eye without interfacetal setae; New World.................................................................................... 29</p> <p>28(27) Highly flattened in lateral view (Fig. 39h); mandible with strong retinaculum and without ventral ridge (Fig. 18a); southwestern Australia............................................................... Platyphalacrus, gen. nov. (p. 64)</p> <p>- Rounded in lateral view; mandible without retinaculum and with ventral ridge (Fig. 16a); Australasian region......................................................................................... Austroporus, gen. nov. (p. 58)</p> <p>29(27) Mandible without ventral ridge (Fig. 17a); abdominal ventrite I with calli (normally visible only in slide preparations); elytra without spectral iridescence; globose in lateral view; prosternum not conspicuously setose medially; Nearctic and Neotropical................................................................................ Olibroporus Casey (p. 61)</p> <p>- Mandible with ventral ridge (Fig. 19a); abdominal ventrite I without calli; elytra with or without spectral iridescence, if without, body flattened in lateral view; prosternum usually densely setose medially; Neotropical only...................................................................................................... Pycinus Guillebeau (p. 68)</p> <p>30(23) Elytron with two engraved sutural striae (as in Fig. 2a) and spectral iridescence; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, metaventral process correspondingly anteriorly protruding; Sri Lanka................... Paracylomus, gen. nov. (p. 119)</p> <p>- Elytron with only one engraved sutural stria (as in Fig. 2b) and without spectral iridescence, although iridescence is often present as a result of transverse wavy microsculpture; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, metaventral process correspondingly truncate (Stilbus -group—NOTE: at present the genera of this group can be reliably separated only by examination of male genitalia)....................................................................................... 31</p> <p>31(30) Tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece, without a complete suture (Figs. 9h, 10h); elytral punctures, when present, round, not crescent-shaped; prosternal process USUALLY with row of stiff setae (Nesiotus with pair of setae); elevated portion of mesoventrite USUALLY expressed as more than just a margin anterior to metaventral process; metaventral postcoxal lines smoothly arcuate only in Nesiotus (Fig. 9f, endemic to Madagascar), otherwise angulate (Fig. 10f).................... 32</p> <p>- Tegmen with parameres articulated and hinged to basal piece (Figs. 6h, 11h); elytral punctures, when present, USUALLY crescent-shaped, especially laterally; prosternal process with or without row of stiff setae, often with pair of setae; elevated portion of mesoventrite USUALLY expressed as merely a margin anterior to metaventral process; metaventral postcoxal lines USU- ALLY arcuate behind (Figs. 6f, 11f), sometimes angulate, but NEVER with a spur or with medial branch absent......... 33</p> <p>32(31) Eye normally shaped, not extended posteriorly on ventral surface of head capsule (as in Fig. 2m); elytron without obvious rows of microsetae; metaventral postcoxal lines angulate posteriorly, often with a spur (Fig. 10f), medial branch sometimes absent; metatarsomeres I and II with flexible articulation (Fig. 10d); antenna with normal proportions (Fig. 10b)..... Stilbus Seidlitz (p. 38)</p> <p>- Eye extended posteriorly on ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 2n); elytron with conspicuous rows of microsetae; metaventral postcoxal lines smoothly arcuate posteriorly, never with a spur or missing branch (Fig. 9f); metatarsomeres I and II with rigid articulation (Fig. 9d); antenna modified (more extreme in male), with funicle segments compressed and club elongate, longer than remainder of antenna (Fig. 9b)............................................. Nesiotus Guillebeau (p. 36)</p> <p>33(31) Mandible with ventral ridge (Fig. 11a); ventral seta-lined ridge posterior to eye oriented obliquely (Fig. 2m); elytron, especially near suture, with rows of relatively distinct, rounded punctures; male pro- and mesotarsi with tarsomere II often expanded and elongated, much larger than tarsomere III (Fig. 11c); penis with spinose tri- or tetrapartite structure at apex (Fig. 11i); metaventral lines smoothly arcuate (Fig. 11f); prosternal process exceeding procoxae posteriorly, distinctly arcuate, with row of stout setae; body form generally elongate, pronotum more than half as long as wide; usually reddish in color.................................................................................. Xanthocomus Guillebeau (p. 42)</p> <p>- Mandible without ventral ridge (Figs. 6a, 7a, 8a); ventral seta-lined ridge posterior to eye arcuate or oriented transversely (Fig. 2n); elytron with shallow crescentiform punctures, stronger laterally; penis with apex simple or with rod-like structures at apex; metaventral lines ranging from smoothly arcuate to acuminately pointed (Figs. 6i, 7i, 8i); prosternal process not or only barely exceeding procoxae posteriorly, truncate, often (but not always) with only one setae at each corner; body form usually shorter and more globose, pronotum less than half as long as wide; color variable................. Acylomus Sharp (p. 28)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661027285B2286FB457BE7CAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661038285B2286FC9A7B33CD44.text	8C75C2661038285B2286FC9A7B33CD44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaenocephalus	<div><p>PHAENOCEPHALUS -GROUP</p> <p>Phaenocephalidae Matthews 1899: 205. Type genus: Phaenocephalus Wollaston.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the posteriorly narrowed head capsule, the cylindrical antennal club, the elevated mesoventral disc, and the compressed metatarsi. The exposed portion of the metacoxae appears to extend less laterally than those of other Phalacridae, so that the metanepisternum and first abdominal ventrite are in broader contact. This group corresponds to the subfamily Phaenocephalinae proposed by Lawrence and Newton (1995).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Nineteen recognized species, occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions.</p> <p>Included genera (3). Phaenocephalus Wollaston, Phalacrinus Blackburn, Ranomafanacrinus Gimmel.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661038285B2286FC9A7B33CD44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661038285C2286FA847F2BCDCB.text	8C75C2661038285C2286FA847F2BCDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaenocephalus Wollaston 1873	<div><p>1. Phaenocephalus Wollaston, 1873</p> <p>(Figs. 2i, j; 4; 37a, b)</p> <p>Phaenocephalus Wollaston 1873: 167. Type species: Phaenocephalus castaneus Wollaston 1873, fixed by monotypy. Phalacratomus Scott 1922: 240. Type species: Phalacratomus exiguus Scott 1922, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov. Heterostilbus Champion 1924 b: 165. Type species: Heterostilbus marginatus Champion 1924, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Phaenocephalus castaneus Wollaston: one syntype, only a single maxilla and labium remain (on an acetate card in Canada balsam, “ Phanocephalus [sic] [black line dividing label] \ Maxilla, Labium of \ Aug 1885 [handwritten] // 759 // Matthews coll. \ 1904–120. [on underside of label]” (BMNH). The lectotype is not designated with the expectation that additional, intact specimens (Wollaston implied that there were multiples) will turn up from the syntype series.</p> <p>Phalacratomus exiguus Scott: 10 syntypes found in BMNH, card mounted (plus one missing from card), the first specimen (with Scott’s handwritten “ TYPE ” label) is chosen as the lectotype in order to stabilize the name, “19 [handwritten on card] // Type [red-bordered disc] // Silhouette, 1908 \ Seychelles Exp. // Seychelle Islands. Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1913–170. [on underside of label] // Phalacratomus exiguus \ TYPE. H. Scott [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE \ Phalacratomus \ exiguus Scott \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Nine syntypes from other localities in the Seychelles (including Mahé) were examined, each with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Phalacratomus \ exiguus Scott \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Heterostilbus marginatus Champion: five syntypes in BMNH, first one (with Champion’s “type” label) selected as the lectotype to stabilize the species name, “W. Almora Divn \ Kumaon U.P. \ June 1917. HGC. // 996 [handwritten] // Type H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Heterostilbus marginatus type Ch [handwritten] // Heterostilbus (n. gen.) marginatus, Ch. // Ent. Mo. Mag. 1924. \ G. C. C. det. [on underside of label] // G.C. Champion. \ Brit. Mus. \ 1924–63. [on underside of label] // LECTOTYPE \ Heterostilbus \ marginatus Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted. Four syntypes with labels reading “W. Almora” or “Bhatkot” were identified as paralectotypes, while two specimens with “Ranikhet” were excluded from the syntype series (only five specimens and the two former localities were listed in the original description). Each of the four received the label “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Heterostilbus \ marginatus Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be readily recognized by the complete or almost complete lack of a sutural stria, elevated mesoventral disc, short tarsi with formula 4-4-4, and ovoid antennomere I.</p> <p>Description. Very small to small, total length 1.1–1.8 mm. Dorsal surface from completely testaceous to completely black, often with lighter pronotum and elytral margins (Fig. 37a, b). Tibial spur formula 0-1-1, tarsal formula 4-4- 4 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Distinctly constricted behind eyes (Fig. 2j); without median endocarina. Eyes medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; not emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; without setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennomere I ovoid; antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club symmetrical, nearly cylindrical, long, sometimes longer than remainder of antenna; antennomere XI not turbinate (Fig. 4b). Mandible (Fig. 4a) stout, with apex bidentate; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, inner edge slightly swollen medially; galea rounded; lacinia setose, without spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III constricted at apex (Fig. 2i). Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures long, extending more than halfway to ventral mouthparts.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with distinct scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with discontinuous row of marginal setae, a gap present medially, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Procoxae nearly contiguous; protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface, apical spurs absent (Fig. 4c). Scutellar shield small, width at base less than length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; sutural and discal striae completely absent; without transverse strigae; lateral margin without row of sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate deeply notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, not forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc elevated medially, forming a large plate anterior to metaventral process, not setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxae separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity (Fig. 4f). Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin (Fig. 4f); discrimen long, extending more than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite with anterior tendons widely separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin (Fig. 4g). Anterior margin of metacoxa without emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; apical spur cylindrical, distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomeres compacted, nearly identical to mesotarsomeres, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 4d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 4e) with distinct, straplike anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system not forked; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; apical field large, occupying well over half of wing, with large curved fleck and two smaller flecks present distal to rp-mp2; small transverse sclerite and small oval sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles absent on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 4h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 4i) parallel-sided, with fields of endophallic spicules, bilobed or complex apically; spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, with long basal rod. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Specimens have been collected using diverse methods, including forest litter sifting (unusual for the family), Malaise traps, canopy fogging, pitfalls, and beating banana leaves.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. I have seen specimens from Africa as far west as Nigeria, Cameroon, and Angola, to Madagascar and the Seychelles (first records for the Afrotropical Region), eastward through the Indian Subcontinent to Japan and southeast Asia (including the Philippines), and into the Australian Region (first records for this region) from New Guinea and Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, and Lord Howe Island). I have also seen specimens from Fiji (NZAC), where it appears to be the only phalacrid. Many species are undescribed.</p> <p>Included species (8):</p> <p>Phaenocephalus castaneus Wollaston, 1873 (Distribution: Japan) (type!) Phaenocephalus coomani Paulian, 1950 (Distribution: Vietnam) (type!) Phaenocephalus exiguus (Scott, 1922), comb. nov. (Phalacratomus) (Distribution: Seychelles) (type!) Phaenocephalus kobensis (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Heterostilbus) (Distribution: Japan, Taiwan) (type!) Phaenocephalus laevigatus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Heterostilbus) (Distribution: India) (type!) Phaenocephalus longiclava (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Heterostilbus) (Distribution: Malaysia,</p> <p>Philippines) (type!) Phaenocephalus marginatus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Heterostilbus) (Distribution: India) (type!) Phaenocephalus minutulus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Heterostilbus) (Distribution: Malaysia, Sri Lanka)</p> <p>(type!)</p> <p>Discussion. This genus was first described as a member of the Corylophidae (Wollaston 1873), albeit with reservations. Matthews (1899) formally recognized its distinctness by erecting the monotypic family Phaenocephalidae. An additional species was added by Paulian (1950), but its family placement remained unchanged until Pakaluk (1991), who transferred it to Phalacridae based on a detailed examination of a range of anatomical features. My examination and analyses confirm that Phaenocephalus fits within the diagnosis of Phalacridae presented above.</p> <p>Scott’s genus Phalacratomus falls well within the concept of Phaenocephalus outlined in the diagnosis above, as does the Champion genus Heterostilbus, and I am newly proposing them as junior synonyms of Phaenocephalus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661038285C2286FA847F2BCDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266103F28532286FA0C7A83CC5F.text	8C75C266103F28532286FA0C7A83CC5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalacrinus Blackburn 1891	<div><p>2. Phalacrinus Blackburn, 1891</p> <p>(Figs. 2h, k; 5; 37c)</p> <p>Phalacrinus Blackburn 1891: 99. Type species: Phalacrinus australis Blackburn 1891, here designated.</p> <p>Sphaerostilbus Champion 1924 b: 164. Type species: Sphaerostilbus dilatatus Champion 1924, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Phalacrinus australis Blackburn: holotype, “ T \ 781 [handwritten] // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Australia. [underlined with red] \ Blackburn Coll. \ B.M. 1910–236. // Phalacrinus \ australis, Blackb. // LECTOTYPE \ Phalacrinus \ australis Blackburn \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2012 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted.</p> <p>Sphaerostilbus dilatatus Champion: lectotype, here desginated, “W. Almora Divn \ Kumaon U.P. \ Oct. 1917. HGC // E 25 [handwritten] // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Sphaerostilbus \ dilatatus, Ch \ type [handwritten] // Specimen \ figured // Sphaerostilbus \ (n. gen.) \ dilatatus, Champ. // Ent. Mo. Mag. 1924. \ G. C. C. det. // G.C. Champion. \ Brit. Mus. \ 1924–63. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE \ Sphaerostilbus \ dilatatus Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted. Paralectotypes from same locality (1), Nilgiri Hills, India (3), and Mt. Matang, Sarawak, Borneo (2), each with label “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Sphaerostilbus \ dilatatus Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (BMNH).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Perhaps the most distinctive genus of Phalacridae. The explanate pronotal and elytral margins, antennomere I flattened and triangular, terminal labial palpomere widest apically, elevated mesoventral disc, and constriction of the head behind the eyes serve to easily separate Phalacrinus from the rest of the family.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized, total length 2.0–3.0 mm. Pronotal and elytral margins distinctly explanate. Dorsal surface from completely testaceous to nearly black, often with nebulously lighter sutural area and elytral margins (Fig. 37c). Tibial spur formula 0-1-1, tarsal formula 4-4- 4 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Distinctly constricted behind eyes (Fig. 2k); with extremely short median endocarina at occiput. Eyes medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; not emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate or not above antennal insertion; clypeal apex truncate. Antennomere I flattened, with antero-apical knob, appearing triangular; antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club symmetrical, nearly cylindrical, long, usually about as long as funicle; antennomere XI constricted on posterior face (Fig. 5b). Mandible (Fig. 5a) stout, with apex simple or sometimes bidentate, tip strongly bent medially and acuminate; without or with weak retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, relatively short, stout; galea securiform; lacinia with multiple spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III triangular, widest at apex (Fig. 2h). Labrum with apical margin slightly emarginate. Gular sutures long, strongly convergent, extending about halfway to ventral mouthparts.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Procoxae nearly contiguous; protrochanter with setae; protibia (Fig. 5c) without ctenidium on kickface, apical spurs absent. Scutellar shield small, width at base less than length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; usually with nine more or less complete impressed striae, striae with distinct punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin without row of sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate deeply notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, not forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc elevated medially, forming a large plate anterior to metaventral process, setose; mesanepisternum with transverse carina present, incomplete; mesocoxae separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity (Fig. 5f). Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 5f) extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending more than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 5g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa without emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; apical spur cylindrical, distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomeres compacted, nearly identical to mesotarsomeres, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 5d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 5e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system not forked; CuA 2 and MP with distal remnants; r4 absent; apical field with curved fleck present distal to rp-mp2; small transverse sclerite and small round sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>3+4</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles absent on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 5h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres separated by suture from basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 5i) wider posteriorly, with fields of endophallic spicules and sclerites, bilobed apically; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Most specimens with capture data indicate that they were beaten from dry leaves, often of Eucalyptus. A few have been taken by litter sifting.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Exclusively Indo-Australian, from India eastward to the Philippines and throughout Australia. Surprisingly, I have seen none from New Guinea.</p> <p>Included species (10):</p> <p>Phalacrinus australis Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus comis Blackburn, 1895 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus compressus Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus dilatatus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Sphaerostilbus) (Distribution: India, Malaysia) (type!) Phalacrinus navicularis Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus nigriclavus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Phalacrinus notabilis Blackburn, 1895 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus obtusus Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus rotundus Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrinus umbratus Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Champion’s genus Sphaerostilbus falls well within the concept of Phalacrinus outlined in the diagnosis above, and therefore I propose synonymy of the two here. Neither Blackburn nor subsequent authors have designated a type species for Phalacrinus. I have selected P. australis Blackburn to typify the genus name since it is the best described of the three available species treated in Blackburn’s (1891) publication.</p> <p>Only one specimen was discovered from the type series of P. australis in the BMNH. Although Blackburn did not enumerate the specimens he had in making his description, he did mention two localities in this context (Port Lincoln and Morgan, South Australia) necessitating two or more specimens. Damoiseau (1968: 29), in fact, indicated that an additional specimen from the syntype series was present in Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (IRSNB; not examined). I have therefore designated the BMNH specimen as the lectotype.</p> <p>Champion’s type series of S. dilatatus consists of seven specimens from multiple localities in India and Borneo. I have designated one specimen the lectotype in order to stabilize the identity of the species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266103F28532286FA0C7A83CC5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266103028502286FB807B5FCCB8.text	8C75C266103028502286FB807B5FCCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranomafanacrinus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>3. Ranomafanacrinus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 37d, e, f)</p> <p>Type species: Ranomafanacrinus nigrinus Gimmel, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of R. nigrinus below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished by its 4-4-4 tarsi in which the metatarsi are similar in form to the pro- and mesotarsi, the elongate-cylindrical antennal club, the prominent prosternal process, and the mesoventrite with a large hollow cavity for its reception.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized, total length 2.4 mm. Pronotal and elytral margins not explanate. Dorsal surface completely black, appendages paler (Figs. 37d, e, f). Tibial spur formula apparently 0-1-1, tarsal formula 4-4- 4 in female (male unknown).</p> <p>Head. Weakly constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets flat; not emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present, weak; without setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus not emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex truncate. Antennomere I ovate; antennal club loosely 3- segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, nearly cylindrical; antennomere XI constricted on posterior face. Mandible with apex simple. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, stout, inner edge slighly swollen medially. Mentum with sides divergent; labial palpomere III triangular, widest at apex.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with scattered microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Procoxae moderately separated; protibia without ctenidium on kickface, apical spurs absent. Scutellar shield small, width at base about equivalent to length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; lateral striae suggested, striae with distinct punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin without row of sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc with deep round depression medially for reception of prosternal process; mesanepisternum with transverse carina absent; mesocoxae separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, but continuous (connected) across base of metaventral process; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process. Anterior margin of metacoxa without emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; apical spur cylindrical, distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomeres compacted, nearly identical to mesotarsomeres, joint between I and II flexible. Hind wing unstudied.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present on segment VII. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform. Male genitalia unknown.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. The only known specimen was captured in a Malaise trap in a small clearing in montane rainforest.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Only one species, known from only one specimen collected in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Ranomafanacrinus nigrinus Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Madagascar)</p> <p>Discussion. Because this genus is known from only one specimen I did not perform a disarticulation. Accordingly, the above description lacks a number of internal and detailed external characters, and the genus was omitted from the phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>I have placed this genus within the Phaenocephalus -group because it shares numerous characters with Phaenocephalus and Phalacrinus (compacted tarsi, shape of the antennal club, the triangular terminal labial palpomere, slight narrowing of the head behind eyes, the short metaventral process). However, a number of significant characters are unique to this genus (the form of the mesoventrite, the large prosternal process, the unbroken connection of the metaventral lines across the base of the metaventral process), and it may deserve its own higher taxonomic category. Future investigations into this issue will require fresh material for both DNA work and detailed morphological analysis involving disarticulation.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the only known locality (Ranomafana National Park) of the only known specimen, plus the ending - crinus in allusion to its similarity to Phalacrinus. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266103028502286FB807B5FCCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266103328502286FADF7A2FCF8A.text	8C75C266103328502286FADF7A2FCF8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranomafanacrinus nigrinus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Ranomafanacrinus nigrinus Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 37d, e, f)</p> <p>Holotype. Female, “ MADAGASCAR: Prov. \ Fianarantsoa, 7 km \ W Ranomafana, 1100m \ 22–31 October 1988 \ W. E. Steiner // Malaise trap in \ small clearing, \ montane \ rain forest // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Ranomafanacrinus \ nigrinus Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (USNM), point mounted.</p> <p>Paratypes. None.</p> <p>Description. Total length 2.4 mm. Broadly ovate, highly convex dorsally. Dorsal color solid black; underside with hints of dark reddish-brown; femora brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown; antennae and mouthparts yellowish. Antennal club elongate, slender, not as long as funicle. Head and pronotum with extremely fine, evenly distributed punctation; pronotum with scattered recumbent microsetae; pronotum with dense, irregular microsculpture laterally, microsculpture lacking on median area. Elytron with dense, irregular microsculpture throughout, with six faint striae, medialmost three obsolete. Metaventrite weakly punctate, with long, sparse setae medially. Legs short, femora relatively narrow.</p> <p>Spermatheca not observed. Male genitalia unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in east-central Madagascar.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin nigri - (black), in reference to the solid pitch-black color of the cuticle, plus the ending - inus. The epithet is a noun in the nominative singular, standing in apposition.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266103328502286FADF7A2FCF8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266103228512286FF747B35CA04.text	8C75C266103228512286FF747B35CA04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilbus	<div><p>STILBUS -GROUP</p> <p>Eustilbini Guillebeau 1892 b: 149. Type genus: Eustilbus Sharp.</p> <p>Stilbini Jakobson 1915: 948. Type genus: Stilbus Seidlitz.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the single elytral sutural stria, inner edge of the terminal maxillary palpomere swollen medially, the prosternal process projecting or step-like in lateral view, the metaventral process not surpassing the mesocoxae, the metaventral lines diverging from the mesocoxal cavities, the small scutellar shield, metatarsomere I shorter than II, and the absence of a protibial ctenidium. This group, in essentially its present constitution, was first characterized by Švec (2002).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A total of 178 recognized species occurring nearly coextensively with the family as a whole.</p> <p>Included genera (4). Acylomus Sharp, Nesiotus Guillebeau, Stilbus Seidlitz, Xanthocomus Guillebeau.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266103228512286FF747B35CA04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266103228692286FD447C90C94C.text	8C75C266103228692286FD447C90C94C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acylomus Sharp 1888	<div><p>4. Acylomus Sharp, 1888</p> <p>(Figs. 2l; 3a; 6–8; 37g –i)</p> <p>Acylomus Sharp 1888: 256. Type species: Acylomus aciculatus Sharp 1889, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Liophalacrus Sharp 1888: 255. Type species: Liophalacrus bicolor Sharp 1888, fixed by subsequent designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Coelocoelius Guillebeau 1893 a: 290. Type species: Coelocoelius simoni Guillebeau 1893, fixed by monotypy. [synonymized with Acylomus Sharp by Champion (1924 c: 244)]</p> <p>Ganyrus Guillebeau 1894 a: 280. Type species: Ganyrus rubellus Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Podocesus Guillebeau 1894 a: 281. Type species: Eustilbus semirufus Guillebeau 1893, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Tinodemus Guillebeau 1894 a: 282. Type species: Tinodemus grouvellei Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Dolerus Guillebeau 1894 a: 282. Type species: Dolerus limbatus Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Ledorus Guillebeau 1895: xxvii. Type species: Dolerus limbatus Guillebeau 1894, fixed by objective synonymy with Dolerus Guillebeau. [replacement name for Dolerus Guillebeau, 1894] [synonymized with Podocesus Guillebeau by Švec (2003: 117)] Syn. nov.</p> <p>Astenulus Guillebeau 1896: 299. Type species: Astenulus micropus Guillebeau 1896, fixed by monotypy. [synonymized with Tinodemus Guillebeau by Švec (2002 b: 220)]. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Afronyrus Švec 2006: 106. Type species: Afronyrus snizeki Švec 2006, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Acylomus aciculatus Sharp: 18 syntypes found in BMNH, one dissected male, point mounted, card containing left protibia/tarsus, right maxillary palp, and right antenna, tegmen and median lobe in glycerol-filled capsule, here designated as a lectotype to stabilize the species and generic name, “Sp. figured // Rio Hondo, \ B. Honduras. \ Blancaneau. // Acylomus aciculatus, Ch. [handwritten] // B.C.A.,Col., II,(1). \ Acylomus aciculatus. // LECTOTYPE \ Acylomus \ aciculatus Sharp [binomial handwritten] \ W.E. Steiner, Jr. [red label, designation not published, turned over] // LECTOTYPE \ Acylomus \ aciculatus Sharp \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Paralectotypes: 17 (BMNH), with label attached “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Acylomus \ aciculatus Sharp \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Liophalacrus bicolor Sharp: eight syntypes found in BMNH, the card-mounted specimen with “Type” handwritten by David Sharp selected as the lectotype to stabilize the species and generic name, “ Liophalacrus \ bicolor. \ Type D.S. \ Bugaba Champion. [handwritten on specimen card] // Type [red-bordered disc] // Bugaba, Panama. \ Champion // Sharp Coll. \ 1905.–313. // LECTOTYPE \ Liophalacrus \ bicolor Sharp \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Paralectotypes: 7 card-mounted specimens, with label attached “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Liophalacrus \ bicolor Sharp \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (BMNH).</p> <p>Coelocoelius simoni Guillebeau: two syntypes, card mounted, “San Esteban \ E. Simon III.88” (MNHN). Only two of the supposed four syntypes were found.</p> <p>Ganyrus rubellus Guillebeau: holotype, female, “Abyss. \ Raffray [blue label] // 167 // Grouvelle [handwritten] // [handwritten label, illegible] // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Ganyrus \ rubellus Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted, genitalia in DMHF.</p> <p>Eustilbus semirufus Guillebeau: holotype, male, card mounted, “Caracas \ 1 88 E S // Simon // TYPE // Museum Paris \ Coll. Générale // Lectotypus \ PODOCESUS SEMIRUFUS Guill. 1894 \ Z. Svec des. 1999 // GENITALIA IN WATER SOLUBLE MEDIUM — DMHF // semirufus Guilb. ” (MNHN). The lectotype designation is in error (the species was described from “1 exemplaire”).</p> <p>Tinodemus grouvellei Guillebeau: lectotype, male, card mounted, genitalia dissected, “ Michigan // Grouvelle // Museum Paris \ Coll. Générale // TYPE // Lectotypus TINODEMUS GROUVELLEI Guillebeau 1894 \ Z. Svec des. 1999 // GENITALIA IN DMHF — WATER SOLUBLE MED. // Grouvellei Guilb. // Acylomus \ ergoti Casey \ det. M. Gimmel 2008” (MNHN).</p> <p>Dolerus limbatus Guillebeau: holotype, female, card mounted, “ Grouvelle // Colombie // Museum Paris \ Coll. Générale // TYPE // Lectotypus DOLERUS LIMBATUS Guillebeau 1894 \ Z. Svec des. 1999 // ANTENNA IN DMHF — WATER SOLUBLE MEDIUM // limbatus Guilb. // Ledorus // Dolerus // limbatus Guilb. ” (MNHN). The lectotype designation is in error (the species was described from “1 exempl.”).</p> <p>Astenulus micropus Guillebeau: holotype, male, genitalia dissected, “Alluaud // Diego Suarez // Museum Paris \ Coll. Générale // HOLOTYPE ” (MNHN).</p> <p>Afronyrus snizeki Švec: type not accessible.</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be recognized by the divergent metaventral postcoxal lines which may be arcuate or angulate, single elytral sutural stria, metatarsomere I shorter than II with joint between them more or less rigid, prosternal process angulate when viewed laterally and usually with row or pair of stiff setae at apex, ventral lobe of the eye not expanded posteriorly, mandible without a ventral ridge, and the tegmen with parameres hinged to basal piece.</p> <p>Description. Very small to large, total length 1.3–3.5 mm. Dorsal color usually dark reddish-brown to piceous, sometimes with apex of elytra paler, or with pale maculations on disc (Fig. 37g –i). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in females, 5-5- 4 in males.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes (Fig. 2l). Eyes small to medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; strongly emarginate to straight medially; often with sharp posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club symmetrical, antennomere XI not constricted (Figs. 6b, 7b, 8b). Mandible (Figs. 6a, 7a, 8a) with apex bidentate; with retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, inner edge swollen medially; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines, often with associated tuft of setae. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate to emarginate. Gular sutures short, barely evident, rarely long.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with or without obvious microsetae; with weakly to moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with marginal setae distributed in two patches, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, usually with row or pair of spinelike setae at apex (Fig. 3a). Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Figs. 6c, 7c, 8c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron usually without spectral iridescence, rarely present; one sutural stria present; discal striae absent or barely suggested; without or with weak transverse strigae; lateral margin usually with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Figs. 6f, 7e, 8f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming or forming weak procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed or not. Metaventral process (Figs. 6f, 7e, 8f) not extending anteriorly beyond anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines diverging from mesocoxal cavity margin, arcuate and smoothly rounded to acuminately pointed, branches always connected, never with a spur; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Figs. 6g, 7f, 8g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line present or absent; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal in length to or longer than width of tibial apex, spurs (Fig. 6d) and tibial apex sometimes modified in males; metatarsus slender, metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Figs. 6d, 7d, 8d). Hind wing (Figs. 6e, 8e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system often branched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 usually without distal remnants; r4 present or absent; flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; long to short transverse proximal sclerite and additional strong or moderate, irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Figs. 6h, 7g, 8h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with or without medial longitudinal division; penis (Figs. 6i, 7h, 8i) variable, with endophallic spicules, often with large sclerites, apex often pointed or tripartite; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. The larva and pupa of Acylomus pugetanus Casey were described and illustrated by Steiner and Singh (1987).</p> <p>Bionomics. Most members of this genus, at least in the Nearctic region, appear to be generalist ascomycete fungus grazers on dead vegetation as adults and larvae. Dead hanging leaf clusters, a habitat described in Steiner (1984), seems to be especially favored by a few eastern Nearctic species. I have observed one species, A. elongatulus, in large numbers on grass tussocks in Louisiana. Another species, A. pugetanus, develops within the sclerotia of Claviceps species (ergot) on grasses in northern North America (see Steiner and Singh 1987 for details). Most members are attracted to lights at night, often in large numbers.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A widely distributed genus, well represented in most tropical and subtropical regions and in eastern North America, but absent over much of the Palearctic region. I have examined at least three species of this genus from Australia, with most specimens from the northern half of the continent; whether these are undescribed has not been determined. Although many synonyms apparently exist in the genus, a great many species are undescribed. Upon revision this will likely become the most species-rich phalacrid genus, should it prove to be monophyletic.</p> <p>Included species (94):</p> <p>Acylomus abjectus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus aciculatus Sharp, 1889 (Distribution: Central America) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus acuminatus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Tanzania)</p> <p>Acylomus acutangulus (Kirsch, 1873), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Peru) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus ambagiosus (Lyubarsky, 2003), comb. nov. (Stilbus) (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Acylomus apicalis (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Kenya)</p> <p>Acylomus atomarius (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus bicolor (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Liophalacrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus bicoloratus Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Tinodemus bicolor Švec, 2002, junior secondary homonym of Acylomus bicolor (Sharp, 1888)] (Distribution: Tanzania)</p> <p>Acylomus bifurcus (Švec, 1992), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Japan) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus borealis (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Canada) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus calcaratus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: Bahamas, Bermuda, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus capriviensis (Lyubarsky, 1998), comb. nov. (Podocesus) (Distribution: southern Africa)</p> <p>Acylomus carbonarius Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus championi (Hetschko, 1929), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus chinensis (Švec, 1992), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: China) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus claviger (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: subsaharan Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus confusus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus confusus (Švec, 1992), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Japan) (type!) [junior secondary homonym not replaced since the older name is probably a synonym]</p> <p>Acylomus cubensis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Cuba) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus curvolineatus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Stilbus) (Distribution: Oriental region) (type!) [see note on synonymy below]</p> <p>Acylomus darwinii (Waterhouse, 1877) (Distribution: Ecuador) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus detractus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Cuba) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus digestus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus distinctus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: southern Africa)</p> <p>Acylomus ellipticus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus elongatulus (Casey, 1890) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus ergoti Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus eximius Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus extricatus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus flaviceps (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Colombia) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus fortis Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!) Acylomus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Stilboides) (Distribution: Brazil, Cuba) (type!) Acylomus humilis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus insularis (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Martinique) (type!) Acylomus integer Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus interpositus (Švec, 1992), comb. nov. (Podocesus) (Distribution: Japan) (type!) Acylomus latisternus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution:? Haiti) (type!) Acylomus libidinosus (Lyubarsky, 2003), comb. nov. (Stilbus) (Distribution: Vietnam) Acylomus limbatus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Podocesus) (Distribution: Colombia) (type!) Acylomus lyubarskyi Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Olibrus capriviensis Lyubarsky, 1998, junior secondary homonym of Acylomus capriviensis (Lyubarsky, 1998)] (Distribution: Namibia) Acylomus maruskae (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) Acylomus mesomelas (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: South Africa, Tanzania,</p> <p>Zimbabwe) (type!) Acylomus mexicanus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico) (type!) Acylomus micaceus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Mexico) (type!) Acylomus micropus (Guillebeau, 1896), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Madagascar, Réunion) (type!) Acylomus mifsudi (Švec, 2000), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Malta) Acylomus morosus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus nebulosus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus neglectus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Guinea, Zambia) Acylomus oblongus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!) Acylomus obsoletus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Kenya) Acylomus obtusus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: South Africa) Acylomus orientalis Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Stilbus similis Švec, 1992, junior secondary homonym of</p> <p>Acylomus similis (Scott, 1922)] (Distribution: China, Japan) (type!) Acylomus ornatus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!) Acylomus ovalis (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Tanzania, Uganda) Acylomus ovulatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus partitus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!) Acylomus parvulus (Boheman, 1858), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Peru) Acylomus piceus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!) Acylomus pictus (Horn, 1896), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!) Acylomus polygramma (Flach, 1888), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Mediterranean region) Acylomus porrectus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Central America) (type!) Acylomus pugetanus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Canada, United States) (type!) Acylomus pumilus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Ganyrus) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!) Acylomus quadrispinosus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Cuba) (type!) Acylomus reticulatus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Ganyrus) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!) Acylomus rotundus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Liophalacrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!) Acylomus rubellus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Ganyrus) (Distribution: Ethiopia) (type!) Acylomus rubicundus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Namibia, Zimbabwe) (type!) Acylomus ruficornis (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Kenya) Acylomus rufopunctatus (Lyubarsky, 1998), comb. nov. (Podocesus) (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa,</p> <p>Tanzania) Acylomus sanderi (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: subsaharan Africa) Acylomus sculpturatus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Guinea) Acylomus secundus (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: subsaharan Africa) Acylomus semirufus (Guillebeau, 1893), comb. nov. (Podocesus) (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!) Acylomus similis (Scott, 1922), comb. nov. (Nesiotus) (Distribution: Seychelles) (type!) Acylomus simoni (Guillebeau, 1893) (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!) Acylomus snizeki (Švec, 2002), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Guinea, Uganda) Acylomus socialis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus stilboides (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus strigillatus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Ganyrus) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus subhemisphaericus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus submaculatus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Central America) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus substrigosus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus sveci Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Tinodemus reticulatus Švec, 2002, junior secondary homonym of Acylomus reticulatus (Guillebeau, 1894)] (Distribution: South Africa, Tanzania)</p> <p>Acylomus teapensis (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus texanus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus tropicus (Scott, 1922), comb. nov. (Tinodemus) (Distribution: Réunion, Seychelles) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus vacivus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus versicolor (Kirsch, 1873), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Peru) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus vicinus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus vividus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Acylomus zdeneki Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Afronyrus snizeki Švec, 2006, junior secondary homonym of Acylomus snizeki (Švec, 2002)] (Distribution: Kenya)</p> <p>Discussion. Based on the original description (Boheman 1858), Olibrus parvulus cannot belong to Olibrus, for it has only a single sutural stria and the type is from Peru. It is likely a member of Acylomus, and I have tentatively transferred it to this genus.</p> <p>Into this genus I have placed all New World Stilbus -group members with hinged parameres and without the characters of Xanthocomus. This includes the type species of Podocesus, P. semirufus Guillebeau (illustrated in Švec 2003: figs. 37–44), the type species of Ledorus, Dolerus limbatus Guillebeau (illustrated in Švec 2003: figs. 49, 50), and the type species of Tinodemus, T. grouvellei Guillebeau (illustrated in Švec 2002: figs. 9–16). In fact, T. grouvellei, described from “ Michigan,” is identical in aedeagal characteristics to a previously described form, Acylomus ergoti Casey. I therefore consider these two to be synonyms:</p> <p>Acylomus ergoti Casey 1890 = Tinodemus grouvellei Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.</p> <p>Coelocoelius was synonymized with Acylomus by Champion (1924 c). I have examined the type of the type species, C. simoni, and concur with this assessment.</p> <p>The type of the type species of Ganyrus, G. rubellus Guillebeau (Ethiopia), falls well within my concept of Acylomus, and therefore I am synonymizing the two. Externally it is similar to Acylomus sanderi (Švec). I have seen the types of the three other species that were described in Ganyrus: G. strigillatus Guillebeau (Mexico), which obviously belongs in Acylomus; G. pumilus Guillebeau and G. reticulatus Guillebeau (both Sumatra), whose generic assignment to Acylomus is tentative given the condition of the types, whose ventral surfaces were obscured. Examination of the syntype series of Nesiotus similis Scott (1922: 239) has revealed that this species is more properly placed in Acylomus, based on the normally-proportioned antennal club and tarsal structure. Its metaventral postcoxal lines are arcuate, excluding the species from Stilbus Seidlitz.</p> <p>Dissection of the lectotype (BMNH), here designated (complete label data: “Sarda, \ Bengal \ F. W. C. // G.C. Champion. \ Brit. Mus. \ 1925–42. // Stilbus \ curvolineatus, \ Champ. // E.M.M. 1924. \ det. G.C.C. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE ♂ \ Stilbus \ curvolineatus Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]”), of Stilbus curvolineatus Champion (India) reveals an aedeagus much like that illustrated for both Tinodemus meridianus (Švec) (Afghanistan, Japan) and Olibrus stuporatus Lyubarsky (Java, Nepal) along with their original descriptions. I am considering these three names as synonymous, and A. curvolineatus assumes priority. The lectotype is designated to prevent future doubts about the identity of the species. The (one) paralectotype is female.</p> <p>Acylomus curvolineatus (Champion 1924) = Tinodemus meridianus (Švec 1992) = Olibrus stuporatus</p> <p>Lyubarsky 1994, syn. nov.</p> <p>I have been unable to examine the type of Afronyrus snizeki Švec located in Švec’s private collection, but based on the description and illustrations it falls within my broadened concept of Acylomus, based on the parameres hinged to the basal piece and modified tibial spurs of the male. Therefore I consider Afronyrus a junior synonym of Acylomus. This placement (and others in this genus) may be revised when detailed studies of the species and species groups of this complex genus are undertaken.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266103228692286FD447C90C94C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100A286F2286FE8C7BE1CA39.text	8C75C266100A286F2286FE8C7BE1CA39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiotus Guillebeau 1896	<div><p>5. Nesiotus Guillebeau, 1896</p> <p>(Figs. 2n; 9; 38a)</p> <p>Nesiotus Guillebeau 1896: 298. Type species: Nesiotus olibroides Guillebeau 1896, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Type material. Nesiotus olibroides Guillebeau: one specimen located in MNHN, male, card-mounted, genitalia dissected, here designated as a lectotype to stabilize the species and generic names, “Alluaud [handwritten] // Diego Suarez [handwritten] // MUSEUM PARIS \ COLL. GÉNÉRALE // HOLOTYPE [red label] // Nesiotus \ olibroides \ Guilb. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE \ Nesiotus \ olibroides Guillebeau \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN). Although Guillebeau mentions “deux examples” in the original description, only one specimen was discovered in MNHN. The paralectotype may be located in BMNH (Scott 1922: 236).</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be recognized by the divergent, smoothly arcuate metaventral postcoxal lines, single elytral sutural stria, rows of microsetae on the elytra, metatarsomere I shorter than II with joint between them rigid, prosternal process angulate when viewed laterally and with pair of stiff setae at apex, ventral lobe of the eye expanded posteriorly, mandible without a ventral ridge, and the tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece.</p> <p>Description. Very small to small, total length 1.2–2.0 mm. Dorsal color reddish-testaceous to piceous, darker specimens often with reddish patches basally on elytra (Fig. 38a). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in females, 5-5- 4 in males.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized, with ventral lobe expanded posteriorly (Fig. 2n); facets slightly convex; interfacetal setae absent; distinctly emarginate medially; with sharp posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye (Fig. 2n). Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, as long as or longer than remainder of antenna (most extreme in male, Fig. 9b), antennomere XI not constricted. Mandible (Fig. 9a) with apex bidentate; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, inner edge swollen medially; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures long.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with distinct microsetae; with moderately well-developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with marginal setae distributed in two patches, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, with pair of spinelike setae at apical corners. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 9c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with weak to moderate spectral iridescence; one sutural stria present; discal striae not impressed and apparently impunctate, but represented by rows of microsetae, irregular rows present in elytral intervals; with weak transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 9f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, procoxal rests absent; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 9f) not extending anteriorly beyond anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines diverging from mesocoxal cavity margin, smoothly rounded behind, without a spur; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 9g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metafemur with subapical row of stout setae on posteroventral surface; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 9d). Hind wing (Fig. 9e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 present; flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional weak, irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 9h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres fused to basal piece, though separated by from it by a faint suture, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 9i) somewhat wedge-shaped, with endophallic spicules, with large sclerites, apex weakly pointed; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Apparently endemic to Madagascar. I have seen several new species of Nesiotus from that island.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Nesiotus olibroides Guillebeau, 1896 (Distribution: Madagascar) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. See notes on the species originally described in Nesiotus by Scott (1922) in the Acylomus discussion.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100A286F2286FE8C7BE1CA39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100C28632286FD4C7AFCCABF.text	8C75C266100C28632286FD4C7AFCCABF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilbus Seidlitz 1872	<div><p>6. Stilbus Seidlitz, 1872</p> <p>(Figs. 2c; 10; 38b, c)</p> <p>Olistherus Seidlitz 1872: 157. Type species: Silpha atomaria Linné 1767, fixed by subsequent designation. [junior homonym of Olistherus Agassiz, 1846]</p> <p>Stilbus Seidlitz 1872: 35. Type species: Anisotoma testacea Panzer 1797, fixed by subsequent designation. [replacement name for Olistherus Seidlitz, 1872]</p> <p>Eustilbus Sharp 1888: 253. Type species: Anisotoma testacea Panzer 1797, fixed by objective synonymy with Stilbus Seidlitz. [unjustified replacement name for Stilbus Seidlitz, 1872]</p> <p>Stilboides Guillebeau 1894 a: 282. Type species: Stilboides sublineatus Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation. [synonymized with Stilbus Seidlitz by Švec (2003: 101)]</p> <p>Microstilbus Guillebeau 1894 a: 283. Type species: Phalacrus nitidus Melsheimer 1844, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Type material. Silpha atomaria Linné: type in LSUK, not seen.</p> <p>Anisotoma testacea Panzer: types not seen.</p> <p>Stilboides sublineatus Guillebeau: syntype, male, genitalia dissected, “Grouvelle [handwritten] // St. Domingue [handwritten] // Museum Paris \ collection genérale // HOLOTYPE [red label] // sublineatus Guilb. [handwritten] // Stilbus SUBLINEATUS (Guilb.) \ Svec det. 1992” (MNHN). Guillebeau mentioned four examples in his original description, and this specimen would probably best be considered a lectotype. This will be addressed in a future publication.</p> <p>Phalacrus nitidus Melsheimer: 3 syntypes, lectotype here designated, with the following labels: “[blue disc] // nitidus \ M. \ Pa. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE \ Phalacrus \ nitidus Melsheimer \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (MCZ). Three paralectotypes (MCZ): one belongs to Leiodidae (Colenis) with the labels “Melsh. // [red square, placed on pin by S. Henshaw]”, and two paralectotypes are mounted on the same pin with the label “Melsh.”, each with label added “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Phalacrus \ nitidus Melsheimer \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]”. The lectotype is designated to prevent future doubts about the name.</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be recognized by the divergent, angulate or one-branched metaventral postcoxal lines, single elytral sutural stria, metatarsomere I shorter than II with joint between them flexible, prosternal process angulate when viewed laterally and with row of stiff setae at apex, ventral lobe of the eye not expanded, mandible without a ventral ridge, and the tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece.</p> <p>Description. Very small to medium-sized, total length 1.1–2.5 mm. Dorsal color reddish-testaceous to piceous, often with elytral apices paler (Fig. 38b, c). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 4 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; not emarginate medially; without sharp posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus (Fig. 2c) emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuatetruncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI not constricted (Fig. 10b). Mandible (Fig. 10a) with apex bidentate; with retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, inner edge swollen medially; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines, often with associated tuft of setae. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate to truncate. Gular sutures long.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with or without obvious microsetae; without or with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with marginal setae distributed in two patches, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, with row of (often long) spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 10c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence; one sutural stria present; discal striae unimpressed, but sometimes represented by rows of faint, round punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 10f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, procoxal rests indistinct or absent; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities moderately widely separate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 10f) not extending anteriorly beyond anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines diverging from mesocoxal cavity margin, usually angulate behind, often with a spur (Fig. 10f), branches occasionally not meeting or inner branch absent, rarely arcuate and smoothly rounded; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process, or absent; metendosternite (Fig. 10g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line absent; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 10d). Hind wing (Fig. 10e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; short transverse proximal sclerite and additional weak, irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; ventrite III with toothed process medially in a few Nearctic forms; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 10h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres fused to basal piece, parameres sometimes with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 10i) variable, with endophallic spicules, often with large sclerites, apex with weak to strong median projection; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larval characters of Stilbus were illustrated and discussed in Steiner (1984) and Lawrence (1991).</p> <p>Bionomics. Members of this genus are commonly swept from grassy areas. Specific feeding habits are unknown, but they probably are generalist mold feeders, much like members of Acylomus. They are strongly attracted to lights at night.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A cosmopolitan genus, nearly coextensive with the distribution of the family as a whole, but apparently not well represented in the Australian region. This genus has been excellently treated for the Palearctic region (Švec 1992, including species now placed in Acylomus) and the Afrotropical region (Švec 2003), although much work still remains to be done, especially in the latter region. The exceedingly rich New World fauna has yet to receive a needed modern revision.</p> <p>Included species (71):</p> <p>Stilbus abbreviatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus aequalis (Sharp, 1888) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus angulatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: subsaharan Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus angulicaput (Scott, 1922) (Distribution: Seychelles) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus angustus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus apertus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus apicalis (Melsheimer, 1846) (Distribution: Canada, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus apicipennis (Brèthes, 1924), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Argentina) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus aquatilis (LeConte, 1856) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus atomarius (Linné, 1767) (Distribution: Palearctic region)</p> <p>Stilbus australis (Brèthes, 1922), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Argentina)</p> <p>Stilbus avunculus Flach, 1889 (Distribution: China, Japan)</p> <p>Stilbus belfragei Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus bipustulatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Japan) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus brevisternus (Guillebeau, 1893) (Distribution: Vietnam) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus brunnescens (Motschulsky, 1858), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Stilbus cinctus (Fauvel, 1903) (Distribution: New Caledonia)</p> <p>Stilbus compactus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Thailand)</p> <p>Stilbus convergens Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus coxalis Švec, 1992 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Stilbus daublebskyorum Švec, 2003 (Distribution: Guinea)</p> <p>Stilbus dollmani Champion, 1925 (Distribution:? Zimbabwe) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus ferrugineus Švec, 1992 (Distribution: Azerbaijan)</p> <p>Stilbus fidelis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus finitimus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus floridanus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus galvestonicus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus gossypii (Brèthes, 1912) (Distribution: Argentina)</p> <p>Stilbus guillebeaui Hetschko, 1928 (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus japonicus Švec, 1992 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Stilbus limatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus ludibundus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus ludovicianus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus merkli Švec, 1992 (Distribution: Russia)</p> <p>Stilbus misellus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus modestus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus mollis (Sharp, 1888) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus nanulus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus nitidus (Melsheimer, 1846) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus notabilis (Fall, 1901) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus oblongus (Erichson, 1845) (Distribution: Palearctic region)</p> <p>Stilbus obscurus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus obtusus (LeConte, 1856) (Distribution: Mexico, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus ochraceus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus olearis Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Stilbus orbicularis Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Stilbus pallidus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus pannonicus Franz, 1969 (Distribution: Palearctic region)</p> <p>Stilbus piceus (Boheman, 1858), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: United States)</p> <p>Stilbus placidus (Sharp, 1888) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus posticalis (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus probatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus prudens Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus pubicoxis (Guillebeau, 1893) (Distribution: Vietnam) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus pusillus (LeConte, 1856) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus seriatus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution:? Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus sharpi (Guillebeau, 1892) (Distribution: Africa, Middle East) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus shastanicus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus simplex Lyubarsky, 1998 (Distribution: Namibia)</p> <p>Stilbus sphaericulus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus sternosetosus (Lyubarsky, 1998) (Distribution: Namibia)</p> <p>Stilbus subalutaceus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus sublineatus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Haiti) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus substriatus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus testaceus (Panzer, 1797) (Distribution: Palearctic region)</p> <p>Stilbus trisetosus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus truncatus Švec, 1992 (Distribution: Morocco) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus univestis (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Cuba) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus viduus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Stilbus yezoensis Hisamatsu, 1985 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Stilbus zotti Švec, 2003 (Distribution: Guinea)</p> <p>Discussion. Based on the original description, Olibrus piceus, described from San Francisco, California, USA by Boheman (1858), possesses the characters of Stilbus, in particular the single sutural stria and rows of slight punctures on the elytra. I have tentatively moved it to this genus.</p> <p>Enough characters were illustrated in Brèthes (1922: Fig. 2), including prosternal process apically with stiff setae, metaventral postcoxal lines with a single branch and extending to posterior margin, and hind tarsal structure to move his species Phalacrus australis to Stilbus.</p> <p>The species decribed as Stilbus libidinosus Lyubarsky, 2003, cannot belong to this genus. The tegmen has hinged parameres (see Fig. 24, Lyubarsky 2003). Additionally, this species has arcuate metaventral postcoxal lines (see Fig. 23 in Lyubarsky 2003). I am provisionally transferring this species to Acylomus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100C28632286FD4C7AFCCABF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100028602286FCA07ADBCFED.text	8C75C266100028602286FCA07ADBCFED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xanthocomus Guillebeau 1893	<div><p>7. Xanthocomus Guillebeau, 1893</p> <p>(Figs. 2m; 11; 38d, e)</p> <p>Xanthocomus Guillebeau 1893 a: 291. Type species: Xanthocomus striatus Guillebeau 1893, fixed by subsequent designation. Leptostilbus Casey 1916: 71. Type species: Leptostilbus rutilans Casey 1916, fixed by subsequent designation (Gimmel 2011:</p> <p>2). [synonymized with Xanthocomus Guillebeau by Gimmel (2011: 2)]</p> <p>Type material. Xanthocomus striatus Guillebeau: two syntypes, including one dissected male, here designated as a lectotype to stabilize the species and generic names, “Caracas // Simon // Museum Paris, collection genérale // TYPE // [unpublished lectotype label, turned over] // GENITALIA IN DMHF — WATER SOLUBLE MEDIUM // striatus Guilb. // LECTOTYPE \ Xanthocomus \ striatus Guillebeau \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (MNHN). Paralectotype, also “Caracas // Simon…”, with label attached “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Xanthocomus \ striatus Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (MNHN).</p> <p>Leptostilbus rutilans Casey: lectotype, point-mounted male with genitalia dissected out and mounted in DMHF on an acetate card on the same pin, “ Brownsville \ Texas \ Wickham // CASEY \ bequest \ 1925 // rutilans 7 \ PARATYPE USNM \ 48982 [epithet and numbers handwritten] [red label] // LECTOTYPE \ Leptostilbus \ rutilans Casey \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (USNM).</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be recognized by the divergent, arcuate metaventral postcoxal lines, single elytral sutural stria, metatarsomere I shorter than II and joint between them more or less rigid, prosternal process angulate when viewed laterally and with row of stiff setae at apex, mandible with a ventral ridge, the obliquely oriented setose groove behind eye ventrally, the tegmen with parameres hinged to basal piece, and the elongate, usually reddish-colored habitus.</p> <p>Description. Small to large, total length 1.6–3.4 mm. Dorsal color dark reddish to reddish-testaceous (Fig. 38d, e). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in females, 5-5- 4 in males.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without sharp posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with obliquely oriented setose groove ventrally behind eye (Fig. 2m). Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI not constricted (Fig. 11b). Mandible (Fig. 11a) with apex bidentate; with retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge and deep pocket. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, inner edge swollen medially; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines, often with associated tuft of setae. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate to truncate. Gular sutures long.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with or without obvious microsetae; with scutellar lobe absent or weakly developed. Prosternum anteriorly with marginal setae distributed in two patches, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, with row of spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 11c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without or with moderate spectral iridescence; one sutural stria present; discal striae unimpressed, but usually represented by rows of distinct, round punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 11f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming distinct procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 11f) not extending anteriorly beyond anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines diverging from mesocoxal cavity margin, arcuate and smoothly rounded; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 11g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line present or absent; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than width of tibial apex, spurs sometimes weakly modified in males; metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 11d). Hind wing (Fig. 11e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system sometimes branched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 present or absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional weak, irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 11h) with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 11i) slender, with endophallic spicules, often with large sclerites, apex with three or five small points; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Members of this genus have been swept from grassy meadows. They probably feed on microfungi growing on dead grasses.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Occurring from the northern United States (Massachusetts to Michigan and Wisconsin) south to Argentina. They are a conspicuous faunal element in the West Indies.</p> <p>Included species (11):</p> <p>Xanthocomus attenuatus (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Stilbus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus badius Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus distinctus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Leptostilbus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus floralis Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Cuba) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus gracilis (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Stilbus) (Distribution: Belize, Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus grouvellei Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Haiti)</p> <p>Xanthocomus rufescens Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus rufus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus rutilans (Casey, 1916) (Distribution: USA, Central America, South America, West Indies) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus striatus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Xanthocomus vicinus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. The species of this genus were recently revised for North America (Gimmel 2011). Recent examination of types nominally described in Stilbus in the Casey collection has revealed three new synonymies:</p> <p>Stilbus attenuatus Casey, 1890 = Xanthocomus concinnus (Casey, 1916); Stilbus thoracicus Casey, 1916; Stilbus quadrisetosus Casey, 1916, syn. nov.</p> <p>The valid name for this species becomes Xanthocomus attenuatus (Casey, 1889).</p> <p>The species of Xanthocomus from south of the United States are still in need of revision.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100028602286FCA07ADBCFED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100428672286FF747AA5C9B7.text	8C75C266100428672286FF747AA5C9B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudolibrus	<div><p>PSEUDOLIBRUS -GROUP</p> <p>Biophytini Guillebeau 1894 a: 276. Type genus: Biophytus Guillebeau.</p> <p>Megapalpini Guillebeau 1894 a: 278. Type genus: Megapalpus Guillebeau (= Megistopalpus Guillebeau).</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the large scutellar shield, the presence of more than one elytral sutural stria, the metaventral process not surpassing the mesocoxae, and the presence of a protibial ctenidium.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Eleven species, occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and circum-Caribbean regions.</p> <p>Included genera (3). Litostilbus Guillebeau, Megistopalpus Guillebeau, Pseudolibrus Flach.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100428672286FF747AA5C9B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100428642286FDD87A5FCDB9.text	8C75C266100428642286FDD87A5FCDB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litostilbus Guillebeau 1894	<div><p>8. Litostilbus Guillebeau, 1894</p> <p>(Figs. 3f; 12; 38g –i)</p> <p>Litostilbus Guillebeau 1894 a: 283. Type species: Sphaeridium testaceum Fabricius 1792, fixed by original designation. Pseudolitochrus Liubarsky 1993 a: 16. Type species: Phalacrus festivus Motschulsky 1858, fixed by original designation. Syn.</p> <p>nov.</p> <p>Type material. Sphaeridium testaceum Fabricius: three specimens associated with handwritten label “testaceum,” one here designated lectotype to stabilize the species and generic name, sex unknown, right elytron missing, previous (unpublished) lectotype label turned upside down, label added “ LECTOTYPE \ Sphaeridium \ testaceum Fabricius \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (ZMUC), straight pinned. Two paralectotypes, identified as Hydrophilidae and Cerylonidae by Warren E. Steiner, Jr., each with label “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Sphaeridium \ testaceum Fabricius \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]” (ZMUC). All specimens are from “Americae meridionalis Insulis” (= Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands) and collected by “Dom. Smidt” according to original description.</p> <p>Phalacrus festivus Motschulsky: holotype, sex unknown, “ Phalacrus \ festivus \ Motsch. \ Ind. or. [handwritten, yellow label] // Pseudolitochrus \ festivus Mots. \ det. Lyubarsky 1993 // Holotype \ Phalacrus \ festivus Mots. \ det. Lyubarsky ” (ZMUM), card mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the large scutellar shield, elytron with one to three striae and spectral iridescence, presence of a protibial ctenidium, mesocoxal cavities not contiguous, and metatarsomere I longer than II.</p> <p>Description. Small to large, total length 1.8–3.3 mm. Dorsal color testaceous to piceous, New World forms sometimes nebulously bicolored, a few southeast Asian forms strikingly so (Fig. 38g –i). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus not or barely emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuatetruncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club symmetrical; antennomere XI weakly turbinate (Fig. 12b). Mandible (Fig. 12a) with apex tridentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, elongate, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with microsetae present, distinct; with scutellar lobe absent or weakly developed. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, conspicuously setose preapically, without row of spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface, extending from about one-half to three-quarters length of tibia (Fig. 12c). Scutellar shield large, width at base greater than length of eye. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with two or three sutural striae, rarely with one; disc with rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; with moderate to strong transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 12f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventrite sunken medially, not setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by slightly less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 12f) not extending to anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 12g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to or distinctly longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 12d). Hind wing (Fig. 12e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 extremely weak, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically, but curving distally; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 12h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 12i) long, slender, with small paired sclerites, apex bilobed; spiculum gastrale V- or U-shaped, arms connected by broad sclerotized lamina. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform (Fig. 3f).</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. These beetles have been taken by beating, in Malaise traps, and at lights. One long series from the Bahamas was collected from the trunk of Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. (Polygonaceae) at night.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Two described species from the West Indies and south Florida (probably synonymous), at least one undescribed species from Central and South America, and three described species from southeast Asia. The stunningly marked southeast Asian forms, like their New World counterparts, seem to show a high degree of intraspecific variation in both size and coloration, and the actual number of species will not be known until a careful taxonomic revision of this genus is undertaken.</p> <p>Included species (5):</p> <p>Litostilbus borneensis (Lyubarsky, 1994), comb. nov. (Pseudolitochrus) (Distribution: Indonesia)</p> <p>Litostilbus festivus (Motschulsky, 1858), comb. nov. (Pseudolitochrus) (Distribution: southeast Asia) (type!)</p> <p>Litostilbus malayanus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Pseudolitochrus) (Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines) (type!)</p> <p>Litostilbus testaceus (Fabricius, 1792) (Distribution: West Indies) (type!)</p> <p>Litostilbus tristriatus (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Ochrolitus) (Distribution: USA (Florida)) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. While Liubarsky (1993 a) was correct in separating Motschulsky’s Phalacrus festivus from other Old World species by erecting a new genus for it (and later [Lyubarsky 1994 b] two other species), he did not compare his genus to any New World forms. The New World Litostilbus are structurally almost identical to the southeast Asian Pseudolitochrus, and I have reflected this by synonymizing the two names. Casey’s Ochrolitus tristriatus also belongs here, and may be synonymous with the Fabricius species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100428642286FDD87A5FCDB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100728652286F9DE7F01CDCC.text	8C75C266100728652286F9DE7F01CDCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megistopalpus Guillebeau 1895	<div><p>9. Megistopalpus Guillebeau, 1895</p> <p>(Figs. 2f; 39a, b)</p> <p>Megapalpus Guillebeau 1893 b: 297. Type species: Megapalpus simoni Guillebeau 1893, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Megistopalpus Guillebeau 1895: xxvii. [replacement name for Megapalpus Guillebeau, 1893]</p> <p>Type material. Megapalpus simoni Guillebeau: one syntype found, here designated as lectotype, point mounted, “ Aden [handwritten] // Megapalpus \ Simoni \ Guilb. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE \ Megapalpus \ simoni Guillebeau \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN). Two specimens were mentioned in the original description. The lectotype is designated in order to stabilize the generic and specific names.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only phalacrid whose maxillary palps approximate the length of the antennae. Otherwise quite similar to Pseudolibrus, with a protibial ctenidium, large scutellar shield, and nine nearly complete, distinct elytral striae, though members of the latter genus are smaller (2.7 mm or less).</p> <p>Description. Large, total length 3.2 mm. Color solid testaceous (Fig. 39a). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in female, male unknown.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; facets convex; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent. Frontoclypeus not emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI weakly turbinate. Maxillary palp (Fig. 2f; Fig. 39b) extremely long, approaching length of antenna, palpomeres II–IV flattened, clavate, palpomere II longest. Labial palp unmodified, labial palpomere III elongate, fusiform.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with scattered microsetae; without scutellar lobe. Procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process weakly angulate in lateral view, somewhat setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending about one-third length of tibia. Scutellar shield large, about as long as greatest length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with nine distinct, moreor-less complete impunctate striae (including sutural), medialmost stria somewhat convergent apically, second stria (first discal) fusing with sutural stria before apex; with distinct transverse strigae, strongest laterally; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially, setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxae approximate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending more than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur greater than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, but shorter than remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Known only from the lectotype collected in Yemen (“ Aden ”) and from a Somali specimen (MSNG). The two may not be conspecific.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Megistopalpus simoni (Guillebeau, 1893) (Distribution: Yemen) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Since the genus is known only from two specimens, one a primary type, I did not disarticulate a member of this morphologically interesting genus for examination under a compound scope. Accordingly, the description above is relatively scanty and the genus was excluded from the phylogenetic analysis. However, based on external morphology it is quite similar to the genus Pseudolibrus, therefore I have included it in the Pseudolibrus -group.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100728652286F9DE7F01CDCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266100628782286FA0C7A4FCA9B.text	8C75C266100628782286FA0C7A4FCA9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudolibrus Flach 1889	<div><p>10. Pseudolibrus Flach, 1889</p> <p>(Figs. 13; 38f)</p> <p>Pseudolibrus Flach 1889 a: 270. Type species: Pseudolibrus gestroi Flach 1889, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Biophytus Guillebeau 1894 a: 279. Type species: Biophytus grouvellei Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov. Polyaloxus Guillebeau 1894 a: 283. Type species: Lithocrus pallidus Wollaston 1867, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Pseudolibrus gestroi Flach: holotype, “Bogos 1870 \ Sciotel [handwritten] \ O. Beccari. // Museo Civ. \ Genova // Olibrus \ pallescens \ m. [handwritten] // Olibrus \ pallescens \ n.sp. in litt. [handwritten] \ det. E.Reitter //? TYPUS of \ Pseudolibrus \ gestroi Flach, 1889 \ R.Poggi [handwritten] [red label] // HOLOTYPE \ Pseudolibrus \ gestroi Flach \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (MSNG), card mounted.</p> <p>Biophytus grouvellei Guillebeau: holotype, “Grouvelle [handwritten] // Zanzibar \ Raffray [green label] // HOLOTYPE [red label] // [illegible] // Museum Paris \ Coll. \ Générale // Grouvellei \ Guilb. // HOLOTYPE \ Biophytus \ grouvellei Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), card mounted.</p> <p>Lithocrus pallidus Wollaston: lectotype, here designated, “ Type [orange-bordered disc] // pallidus, Woll. [handwritten] // CAPE VERDE IS. \ S. Iago \ T. V. Wollaston Coll. \ B.M. 1867–82. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // Lithocrus \ pallidus W. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE \ Lithocrus \ pallidus Wollaston \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted. Three paralectotypes, with same data, with labels affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Lithocrus \ pallidus Wollaston \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]” (BMNH). The lectotype is here designated to stabilize the identity of the species and of the generic name Polyaloxus Guillebeau.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Easily recognized by the combination of nine nearly complete elytral striae, large scutellar shield, and unmodified maxillary palps. Additional characters aiding in identification are lack of frontoclypeal emargination above antennal insertion, the presence of a protibial ctenidium, and metatarsomere I longer than II.</p> <p>Description. Small to medium-sized, total length 1.5–2.7 mm. Color solid testaceous to solid black, darker specimens often with lighter elytral apices (Fig. 38f). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus not emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI weakly turbinate (Fig. 13b). Mandible (Fig. 13a) slender, with apex tridentate; with weak retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III elongate, fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with distinct, scattered microsetae; without scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending about one-third to one-half length of tibia (Fig. 13c). Scutellar shield large, about as long as or longer than length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with nine distinct, more-or-less complete striae, medialmost stria somewhat convergent apically, second stria (first discal) fusing with sutural stria before apex; with distinct transverse strigae, strongest laterally; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 13f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially, setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxae approximate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 13f) extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, not quite extending halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 13g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, but shorter than remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 13d). Hind wing (Fig. 13e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without long setae; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system not forked; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; curved fleck present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; small transverse sclerite and medium-sized nebulous sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis parallel-sided, elongate, with small field of endophallic spicules, apex simple; spiculum gastrale with arms parallel, connected by broad lamina. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Collection methods on labels are meager, but many were collected at lights and others were collected in Malaise traps. The gut of one dissected specimen contained large numbers of tripartite fungal spores.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Exclusively Afrotropical, extending from Cape Verde and Liberia to Eritrea, Tanzania, Madagascar, Seychelles, and South Africa. A few undescribed species exist.</p> <p>Included species (5):</p> <p>Pseudolibrus gestroi Flach, 1889 (Distribution: Eritrea) (type!)</p> <p>Pseudolibrus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Biophytus) (Distribution: Tanzania) (type!) Pseudolibrus pallidus (Wollaston, 1867), comb. nov. (Polyaloxus) (Distribution: Cape Verde) (type!) Pseudolibrus snizeki (Švec, 2006), comb. nov. (Biophytus) (Distribution: Uganda)</p> <p>Pseudolibrus striatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Polyaloxus) (Distribution: Angola, South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. The respective type species of Pseudolibrus Flach, Biophytus Guillebeau, and Polyaloxus Guillebeau are nearly identical, and the other included species in the latter two genera fit well within the generic concept described above. Unfortunately, the oldest genus-group name in this group of genera is Pseudolibrus, which had not been used since its original publication. Biophytus has been used as valid in the past 50 years, but apparently not by 10 or more authors in 25 works, so a reversal of precedence cannot occur without petition to the ICZN (see ICZN 1999, Article 23.9). This will have unpleasant consequences for any family-group name that may eventually apply to this group, since the two available are based on a synonymized (in the case of Biophytini Guillebeau) or on younger (in the case of Megapalpini Guillebeau) generic names.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266100628782286FA0C7A4FCA9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101B28782286FCFC7DFCCCED.text	8C75C266101B28782286FCFC7DFCCCED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalacrus	<div><p>PHALACRUS -GROUP</p> <p>Phalacrurida Leach 1815: 116. Type genus: Phalacrus Paykull.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the large scutellar shield, the shelflike frontoclypeus that is not emarginate over antennal insertions, the lack of divergent metaventral lines, aedeagus resting on its side in repose, metatarsomere I shorter than II, and lack of a protibial ctenidium.</p> <p>Note. This is an extremely well-defined group based on adult characters. Its cohesion is further supported by a larval character unique among Coleoptera: the antennal sensorium is located on antennomere I rather than on antennomere II as in all other Phalacridae studied and all other Coleoptera.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Ninety-six species, occurring throughout the range of Phalacridae.</p> <p>Included genera (2). Phalacropsis Casey, Phalacrus Paykull.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101B28782286FCFC7DFCCCED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101B287E2286FAF37B71CF51.text	8C75C266101B287E2286FAF37B71CF51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalacropsis Casey 1890	<div><p>11. Phalacropsis Casey, 1890</p> <p>(Figs. 3d; 14; 39c)</p> <p>Phalacropsis Casey 1890: 101. Type species: Phalacrus dispar LeConte 1879, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Type material. Phalacrus dispar LeConte: holotype, “Veta Pass \ 21.6 [number handwritten] \ Col // 344 [handwritten] // P. dispar \ Lec. [handwritten] // Type \ 6644 [red label, number handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Phalacrus \ dispar LeConte \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (MCZ), point mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the lack of a protibial ctenidium, large scutellar shield, lack of a sutural stria, protruded metaventral process, metatarsomere I shorter than II, and female ovipositor with gonocoxae not spiniform.</p> <p>Description. Small to large, total length 1.7–3.2 mm. Dorsal color testaceous to brunneous (Fig. 39c). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus not or barely emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted, often elongate (Fig. 14b). Mandible (Fig. 14a) with apex tridentate; retinaculum present, strong; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV cylindrical, elongate, narrower than palpomere III, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with scutellar lobe weakly developed. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without row of spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 14c). Scutellar shield large, width at base greater than length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; without sutural stria; disc without even rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 14f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventrite sunken medially, with scattered setae; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by much greater than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 14f) extending beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, highly protruding and lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 14g) with anterior tendons widely separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metafemur with subapical row of long setae on posteroventral surface; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur much shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible, tarsomeres with hairy pads similar to those of pro- and mesotarsus (Fig. 14d). Hind wing (Fig. 14e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; extremely small flecks present in region just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus rotated in repose, resting on its side; tegmen (Fig. 14h) with symmetrical anterior margin, with pair of acute struts, parameres fused to basal piece, parameres divided longitudinally; penis (Fig. 14i) with unpaired endophallic sclerites, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor (Fig. 3d) moderately sclerotized; gonocoxites not modified into spinose structures; gonostyli attached apically.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larvae have not been formally described for this genus, although the mandible was illustrated in Steiner (1984: 441). The mandible possesses what appears to be a true mola, which is reflective of spore-mass-feeding habits.</p> <p>Bionomics. The larvae of Phalacropsis dispar appear to be highly host specific, feeding on aeciospores and underlying sporogenous mycelium of native western pine stem rust fungi (Peridermium spp.) on various species of pines (Pinus spp.). The life cycle is completed in about 30 to 40 days, during which the larvae generally completely consume the contents of the aecia they infest, and appear to be highly effective in natural control of the rust fungus (Nelson 1982; Steiner 1984).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. The exact limits of this genus are unknown, and will require dissection of female genitalia to resolve. Occurring from Oregon and Idaho south to at least Venezuela and Bolivia. Apparently restricted to highland regions.</p> <p>Included species (3):</p> <p>Phalacropsis dispar (LeConte, 1879) (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacropsis lucidus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacropsis scutellaris (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Although Phalacropsis may render Phalacrus paraphyletic I am presently acknowledging their distinctness by maintaining them as separate genera. This includes the transfer of two Sharp species described from Guatemala in the genus Phalacrus to Phalacropsis. These new combinations are made explicit above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101B287E2286FAF37B71CF51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101D28732286F8AE7CA1CC7D.text	8C75C266101D28732286F8AE7CA1CC7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalacrus Paykull 1800	<div><p>12. Phalacrus Paykull, 1800</p> <p>(Figs. 2d; 3c; 15; 39d, e)</p> <p>Phalacrus Paykull 1800: 438. Type species: Anisotoma corrusca Panzer 1797, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Glaurosoma Thomson 1859: 66. Type species: Phalacrus substriatus Gyllenhal 1813, fixed by original designation. Type material. Anisotoma corrusca Panzer: types not seen.</p> <p>Phalacrus substriatus Gyllenhal: types not seen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. One of the few genera that may be unambiguously recognized in dorsal view based on structural characters. The scutellar shield is greatly enlarged relative to most other members of the family, and there is almost always a single sutural stria on the elytron (sometimes extremely reduced or absent). The spiniform ovipositor is an autapomorphy for the genus. Additionally, members have no emargination of the frontoclypeus above the antennal insertion, have metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from the coxal cavities, and have a group of long, stiff setae postero-ventrally near the apex of the femora.</p> <p>Description. Very small to very large, total length 1.4–4.5 mm. Dorsal color usually pitch black, but a few forms rufotestaceous and some have reddish maculations on the elytra (Figs. 39d, e). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus (Fig. 2d) not or barely emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate, but often with asymmetrical emarginations. Antennal club 3-segmented, club symmetrical or weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted, often elongate (Fig. 15b); males of some Greater Antillean forms with antennae longer than total body length. Mandible (Fig. 15a) with apex usually tridentate, middle cusp often quite long and slender, sometimes bidentate (upper cusp lacking) or simple (upper and lower cusps lacking), mandibles often asymmetrical; retinaculum present, strong; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV cylindrical, elongate, narrower than palpomere III, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with scutellar lobe weakly developed. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without row of spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 15c). Scutellar shield large, width of raised portion greater than length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria, stria rarely absent; disc often with rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 15f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventrite sunken medially, not setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by much greater than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 15f) extending at least to anterior level of mesocoxae, often highly protruding and lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 15g) with anterior tendons widely separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metafemur with subapical row of long setae on posteroventral surface; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur much shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible, tarsomeres with hairy pads similar to those of pro- and mesotarsus (Fig. 15d). Hind wing (Fig. 15e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 not apparent except at base, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rpmp2; flecks absent from region just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII; males of some New World forms with medial tufts of setae on some or all ventrites. Male with aedeagus rotated in repose, resting on its side; tegmen (Fig. 15h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres either fused to basal piece or separated from (but not hinged to) basal piece by suture, parameres divided longitudinally; penis (Fig. 15i) with unpaired endophallic sclerites, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor (Fig. 3c) sclerotized, gonocoxites modified into cornified spinose structures, with 1–3 outwardly directed spines, gonostyli attached subapically.</p> <p>Immature stages. Friederichs (1908) described the larva of Phalacrus corruscus (Panzer). Emden (1928) described the larvae of P. grossus Erichson and P. fimetarius (Fabricius). d’Aguilar (1944) described the larva of P. caricis Sturm. Böving and Craighead (1931) illustrated the larva of the Nearctic P. politus Melsheimer, while the larva of the Australian P. uniformis (Blackburn) was described by Thompson and Marshall (1980).</p> <p>Bionomics. Members of this genus are highly specialized feeders on smut fungi (Ustilaginales) and rust fungi (Pucciniales). Level of host specificity is unknown, but Phalacrus species have been recorded from Ustilago (including corn smut, U. maydis (DC.) Cda.), Sporisorium (including sugarcane smut, S. scitamineum (Sydow) M. Piepenbr., M. Stoll &amp; Oberw.; see Agarwal [1956]), Tilletia, and Cintractia. Evidence exists (Agarwal 1956; Ericson et al. 1993) that smut-inhabiting beetles may be aiding in dispersal of their hosts. Adults and larvae of the Australian and introduced New Zealand species Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn) feed on galls of the rust fungi Uromycladium notabile (Ludwig) McAlpine and U. acaciae (Cooke) Sydow, which infect Acacia mearnsii DeWildemann (see Thompson and Marshall 1980).</p> <p>Among Australian specimens (mixture of species) with specific host data, Phalacrus specimens have been collected from: Acacia brachybotrya Benth. (Fabaceae), A. dealbata Link, A. difformis R.T.Baker, A. implexa Benth., A. paradoxa DC., A. parramattensis Tindale, A. pendula A.Cunn ex G.Don, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. (Myrtaceae), and from Sporisorium amphilophis (H.Sydow) Langdon &amp; Full. (Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae) on grass. Adults are also occasionally collected on flowers, including those of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., Leptospermum, and Eucalyptus (all Myrtaceae) in Australia, and Ligustrum sinense Lour. (Oleaceae) in China. Phalacrus substriatus is often collected on Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. (Nartheciaceae) in Europe. Flower-visiting is a somewhat common occurrence among (at least Palearctic) members of this genus.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A morphologically isolated genus, similar only to the related Phalacropsis Casey, and one of only seven genera occurring in both the New and Old Worlds. The range of this genus is essentially coextensive with that of the family as a whole. In the New World, occurs from Alaska (specimens in USNM, certainly the northernmost record for the family in the Western Hemisphere) south to Argentina, including the Greater and Lesser Antilles, with the highest concentration of species in mountainous and xeric areas. In the Old World, it occurs in every region save for the Pacific Islands, though there is a report of a (probably introduced) Phalacrus species occurring in the Hawaiian Islands (Bowler et al. 1977; Ramsdale and Samuelson 2006). One introduced Australian species, Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn), occurs in New Zealand, the only phalacrid known to be established there (Thompson and Marshall 1980), though a species of Austroporus may also be surviving there.</p> <p>Included species (96):</p> <p>Phalacrus acaciae Montrouzier, 1861 (Distribution: New Caledonia)</p> <p>Phalacrus aethiops Gerstaecker, 1871 (Distribution: Tanzania)</p> <p>Phalacrus affinis Motschulsky, 1866 (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus alluaudi Guillebeau, 1896 (Distribution: Madagascar) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus americanus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus apicalis Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Tanzania) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus arizonicus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus aterrimus Wollaston, 1867 (Distribution: Cape Verde, Senegal)</p> <p>Phalacrus atrolucens Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus atticus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Greece)</p> <p>Phalacrus bataviensis Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus borealis Lafer, 1992 (Distribution: Russia)</p> <p>Phalacrus brasiliensis Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus brevidens Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Japan) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus brunnipes Brisout de Barneville, 1863 (Distribution: Mediterranean)</p> <p>Phalacrus burrundiensis Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia to Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus californicus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus capax Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus capreolus Švec, 2006 (Distribution: South Africa)</p> <p>Phalacrus caricis Sturm, 1807 (Distribution: northern Europe to Mongolia)</p> <p>Phalacrus caseyi Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus cervus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus championi Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: northern Europe)</p> <p>Phalacrus conjunctus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus cooteri Švec, 2006 (Distribution: Kazakhstan)</p> <p>Phalacrus corruscus (Panzer, 1797) (Distribution: throughout Palaearctic)</p> <p>Phalacrus corvinus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: India) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus curticornis Švec, 2006 (Distribution: India)</p> <p>Phalacrus exaluminatus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Phalacrus fimetarius (Fabricius, 1775) (Distribution: western Palaearctic)</p> <p>Phalacrus flavangulus Chevrolat, 1863 (Distribution: Cuba) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus frater Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Caucasus, Turkey)</p> <p>Phalacrus germanus Sharp, 1888 (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus grossus Erichson, 1845 (Distribution: throughout Palaearctic)</p> <p>Phalacrus grouvellei Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Tunisia)</p> <p>Phalacrus havai Švec, 2006 (Distribution: Indonesia, Thailand)</p> <p>Phalacrus illini Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus immarginatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: India, Nepal, Philippines) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus incommodus Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Mediterranean)</p> <p>Phalacrus indus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus insignis Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Phalacrus insularis Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Greece)</p> <p>Phalacrus jejunus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus kuznetzovi Lafer, 1992 (Distribution: Japan, Russia)</p> <p>Phalacrus lateralis Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Yemen)</p> <p>Phalacrus laticlava Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus luteicornis Champion, 1924 (Distribution: Oriental Region) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus mandibularis (Motschulsky, 1858) (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus maspalomensis Palm, 1975 (Distribution: Canary Islands)</p> <p>Phalacrus maximus Fairmaire, 1852 (Distribution: Mediterranean)</p> <p>Phalacrus mayeti Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Algeria, Morocco, Spain)</p> <p>Phalacrus mediocris Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus mexicanus Hetschko, 1930 (Distribution: Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus micans Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus misellus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela)</p> <p>Phalacrus montrouzieri Hetschko, 1928 (Distribution: New Caledonia)</p> <p>Phalacrus oblongus Motschulsky, 1866 (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus obscurus Sharp, 1888 (Distribution: Mexico, Trinidad) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus obsidianus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus ovalis LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus penicillatus Say, 1824 (Distribution: Canada, United States)</p> <p>Phalacrus perfusorius Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Phalacrus picipennis Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Uruguay) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus politus Melsheimer, 1844 (Distribution: Bermuda, Canada, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus propinquus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus pumilio LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus punctatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: China, Japan) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus raffrayi Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Tanzania) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus reticulosus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus rolciki Švec, 2006 (Distribution: Tanzania)</p> <p>Phalacrus rubidus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus ruficornis Boheman, 1858 (Distribution: Argentina)</p> <p>Phalacrus rufipes Motschulsky, 1866 (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Phalacrus rufitarsis Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Sri Lanka, Vietnam)</p> <p>Phalacrus rufoguttatus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Philippines)</p> <p>Phalacrus rupimontis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus saueri Švec, 2006 (Distribution: India)</p> <p>Phalacrus sayi Casey, 1889 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus seriatus LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: United States)</p> <p>Phalacrus seriepunctatus Brisout de Barneville, 1863 (Distribution: Mediterranean)</p> <p>Phalacrus sharpi Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Tanzania) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus simoni Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus simplex LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus snizeki Švec, 2006 (Distribution: Kenya)</p> <p>Phalacrus striatodiscus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Uruguay) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus striatus Hatch, 1962 (Distribution: United States)</p> <p>Phalacrus subacutus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus substriatus Gyllenhal, 1813 (Distribution: western Palaearctic)</p> <p>Phalacrus subtropicus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: Mexico, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus tarsalis Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Colombia) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus tenebrosus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Singapore) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus tenuicornis Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Oriental Region) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn, 1891) (Distribution: Australia, New Zealand) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus validiceps Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus vernicatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Phalacrus vicinus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. See comments under Phalacropsis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101D28732286F8AE7CA1CC7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101028732286FB627BEBCDC4.text	8C75C266101028732286FB627BEBCDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibroporus Casey 1890	<div><p>OLIBROPORUS -GROUP</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the metaventral process not surpassing mesocoxae, non-divergent metaventral lines, small scutellar shield, metatarsomere I shorter than II, lack of a protibial ctenidium, and mesocoxal cavities separated by more than half their width.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Forty-eight species occurring in the warm regions of the New World and the Australasian region.</p> <p>Included genera (4). Austroporus Gimmel, Olibroporus Casey, Platyphalacrus Gimmel, Pycinus Guillebeau.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101028732286FB627BEBCDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101028762286FA047D66CE24.text	8C75C266101028762286FA047D66CE24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austroporus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>13. Austroporus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 16; 39f)</p> <p>Type species: Austroporus victoriensis (Blackburn), here designated.</p> <p>Type material. Olibrus victoriensis Blackburn: holotype, “ T. \ 3626 \ A7. [handwritten in red ink on specimen card] // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Australia [underlined with red] \ Blackburn Coll. \ B.M. 1910—236. // Parasemus \ victoriensis, Blackb. [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Olibrus \ victoriensis Blackburn \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This genus is characterized by having a medially setose prosternum, metaventral process not produced and lobed anteriad of mesocoxae, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, metatarsomere I shorter than II, mandible tridentate or simple, with ventral ridge and without retinaculum, and elytra usually with spectral iridescence.</p> <p>Description. Very small to large, total length 1.4–4.0 mm. Dorsal color completely testaceous to completely black, elytra often maculated with red or orange (Fig. 39f). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized to large; facets convex; weak interfacetal setae present; weakly emarginate medially; without or (rarely) with acute posterior emargination; periocular groove present or (rarely) absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI turbinate or constricted on anterior edge only (Fig. 16b). Mandible (Fig. 16a) with apex tridentate, with dorsal tooth smallest, apex rarely simple; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, slender, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with quite weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 16c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron often with spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; disc of elytra often with conspicuous rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 16f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, latero-posterior border obscured medially, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially, not setose; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 16f) extending to or nearly to anterior level of mesocoxae, truncate anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 16g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than or subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 16d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 16e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 very faintly indicated, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 developed and connected with RA 3+4; flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2, with fainter curved flecks more distally; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional large triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 16h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 16i) often with complex pairs of endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex truncate; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Many specimens have been captured in Malaise and flight intercept traps, at blacklights, and a few by beating. A series of A. victoriensis was collected under bark of fire-killed eucalyptus. A few specimens have been collected from fallen eucalyptus branches and moldy grass. One series from Northern Territory, Australia, was taken by beating Ficus. A series of specimens has been taken from Uromycladium galls on Acacia, both in Australia and in New Zealand (outside the native habitat of all three organisms involved). Interestingly, this habitat is identical to that of Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn), another phalacrid species introduced from Australia to New Zealand. A number of specimens have been taken from flowers, and the plant species from those specimens with specific host data are Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth. (Rhamnaceae) and Acradenia euodiiformis T.Hartley &amp; F.Muell. (Rutaceae). Many of these records are likely accidental, and a more detailed study of the species and habits of the genus are required to definitively pronounce the preferences of members of Austroporus. However, a large series of an elongate species in Queensland has been collected from flower spikes of Xanthorrhoea (Xanthorrhoeaceae), indicating more than an incidental relationship between plant and beetle.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A diverse group occurring throughout the Australian region, concentrated east of Wallace’s line, although I have seen a few specimens from Borneo and Thailand.</p> <p>Included species (33):</p> <p>Austroporus adumbratus (Blackburn, 1902), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus alpicola (Blackburn, 1891), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus altus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Austroporus apicipennis (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus australiae (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus bimaculiflavus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus comes (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Austroporus compsus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus discoideus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus doctus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Austroporus fulgidus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus haploderus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus internatus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus iridipennis (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus lateralis (Blackburn, 1891), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus melas (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus mitchelli (Blackburn, 1899), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia, Papua New Guinea) (type!)</p> <p>Austroporus modestus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus moestus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Austroporus montanus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Austroporus noctivagus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus obliquiniger (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus obsoletus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus pallens (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Austroporus pallidicornis (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus pallidus (Blackburn, 1902), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus quadrimaculatus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea) Austroporus rufosuturalis (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus suturellus (Blackburn, 1891), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!) Austroporus tasmaniae (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus terraereginae (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Austroporus torridus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia, Papua New Guinea) (type!)</p> <p>Austroporus victoriensis (Blackburn, 1891), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. This genus has been erected to accommodate those species left “orphaned” by the removal of the type species of Parasemus from the Australasian fauna (see account of Olibroporus for details). Although closely related to the New World genera Olibroporus and Pycinus, Austroporus has a number of features that I believe justify its separation from its New World counterparts, and provide evidence of its monophyly (mentioned in diagnosis above).</p> <p>Etymology. From the prefix austro - (southern or Australian) plus the suffix - porus, in allusion to the related genus Olibroporus. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101028762286FA047D66CE24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266101528752286F9247FBCCA47.text	8C75C266101528752286F9247FBCCA47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibroporus Casey 1890	<div><p>14. Olibroporus Casey, 1890</p> <p>(Figs. 17; 40a)</p> <p>Olibroporus Casey 1890: 111. Type species: Olibroporus punctatus Casey 1890, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Parasemus Guillebeau 1894 a: 281. Type species: Parasemus grouvellei Guillebeau 1894, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Olibroporus punctatus Casey: holotype, “Type // Fla // Pseudolibrus [sic] \ punctatus [handwritten]” (USNM).</p> <p>Parasemus grouvellei Guillebeau: holotype, “ Australia [handwritten, LOCALITY PROBABLY IN ERROR] // Grouvelle [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Parasemus \ grouvellei Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the combination of lack of protibial ctenidium, metaventral process not protruding, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, small scutellar shield, metatarsomere I shorter than II, mandible with apex bidentate and with dorsal row of small, blunt teeth, and elytra without diffraction grating.</p> <p>Description. Small to medium-sized, total length 1.7–2.5 mm. Color completely piceous to black (Fig. 40a). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes large; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3- segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI slightly constricted on anterior edge (Fig. 17b). Mandible (Fig. 17a) with apex bidentate, with row of two or more small, rounded teeth on dorsal edge; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV short, fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with quite weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 17c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; disc of elytra with conspicuous rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 17f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 17f) extending nearly to anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 17g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I slightly shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 17d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 17e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 very faintly indicated, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with faint distal remnants; r4 weakly developed, connected with RA 3+4; conspicuous fleck present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional small triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with distinct calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 17h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 17i) with pair of endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex weakly bilobed; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Habits of members of this genus are unknown. Specimens whose collection information is known have been collected using Malaise and blacklight traps. One Florida specimen was collected by “beating burned oaks.”</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Occurring from New Jersey, USA, west to Baja California Sur, Mexico, and south to Brazil. From the West Indies I have seen specimens from Cuba and the Cayman Islands. Based on dissection of male genitalia, at least two species are present in this genus, but the association of the two currently valid names with these is unclear at present.</p> <p>Included species (2):</p> <p>Olibroporus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Parasemus) (Distribution: unknown) (type!)</p> <p>Olibroporus punctatus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. The holotype of Parasemus grouvellei, although bearing the label “ Australia,” is identical to specimens of the New World Olibroporus. I have seen no additional specimens resembling Olibroporus outside of the New World and I strongly suspect P. grouvellei has an erroneous locality label. Regardless, the specimen matches Guillebeau’s description and is certainly the true holotype. I therefore propose the synonymy of Parasemus with Olibroporus. I have created a new genus, Austroporus (see above), for most of the species attributed to Parasemus by Blackburn (1891, 1895, 1899, 1902) and later by Lea (1932). One species described in Parasemus, P. uniformis (Blackburn), has subsequently been moved to Phalacrus (see Thompson and Marshall 1980), while another (P. parvopallidus Lea) has been removed from Phalacridae altogether (see “Taxa removed from Phalacridae ” below).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266101528752286F9247FBCCA47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661016280A2286FD887BE7CB47.text	8C75C2661016280A2286FD887BE7CB47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platyphalacrus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>15. Platyphalacrus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 18; 39g –i)</p> <p>Type species: Platyphalacrus lawrencei, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of Platyphalacrus lawrencei below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This genus is characterized by having a medially setose prosternum, metaventral process not produced and lobed anteriad of mesocoxae, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, metatarsomere I shorter than II, mandible tridentate, without ventral ridge and with strong retinaculum, and the flattened body form when viewed laterally.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized, total length 2.7–2.9 mm. Dorsal color completely reddish-testaceous (Figs. 39g –i). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets flat; interfacetal setae present; not emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennae short, antennal club 3- segmented, club symmetrical, weakly developed, antennomere XI constricted on anterior edge only (Fig. 18b). Mandible (Fig. 18a) with apex tridentate, with dorsal tooth smallest; with distinct retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, slender, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin slightly emarginate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with quite weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 18c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; disc of elytron with conspicuous rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin somewhat explanate, especially posteriorly, with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 18f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, latero-posterior border obscured medially, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially, not setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 18f) extending nearly to anterior level of mesocoxae, truncate anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 18d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 18e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 present, faint, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically, fused with faint remnant of CuA 2; CuA 2 and MP 3 with separate and faint distal remnants; r4 developed and connected with RA 3+4; strong flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2, with fainter flecks more distally; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional large, faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 18g) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 18h) with pairs of endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex truncate. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Associated with male cones of Macrozamia cycads growing naturally in southwestern Australia. The beetles probably feed on the cycad pollen.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Only one species so far known, restricted to the southwestern portion of Western Australia (Fig. 44e).</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Platyphalacrus lawrencei Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Etymology. This genus is a combination of the Greek platys (flat) and the genus name Phalacrus, in reference to the flattened form of the type species, indeed the flattest known phalacrid. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661016280A2286FD887BE7CB47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661069280A2286FC897FB4CFE9.text	8C75C2661069280A2286FC897FB4CFE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platyphalacrus lawrencei Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Platyphalacrus lawrencei Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 18; 39g –i)</p> <p>Holotype. “ 33.51S 123.00E \ Thomas River \ 23 km NWbyW of \ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.0/lat -33.51)">Mt. Arid</a> WA \ 4–7.xi.1977 \ J.F. Lawrence // J.F. Lawrence \ Lot No. 77-24 [number handwritten] // Male cones \ of \ Macrozamia [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Platyphalacrus \ lawrencei Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (ANIC), point mounted.</p> <p>Paratypes (3). Same data as holotype, with “ PARATYPE \ Platyphalacrus \ lawrencei Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (1, USNM; 1, MLGC); “Lake Muir 60km \ SE Manjimup WA \ 6–10 Jul. 1980 \ S.&amp;J. Peck SBP95 // berlesate \ rotted cones \ Macrozamia \ reidlei // PARATYPE \ Platyphalacrus \ lawrencei Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (1, ANIC).</p> <p>Description. Total length 2.7–2.9 mm; relatively elongate, nearly parallel-sided at middle one-third; dorsum abruptly flattened, sides of pronotum and (especially) elytra nearly vertical starting at about stria 7; lateral margins slightly explanate, especially posterior portion of elytra. Color testaceous to rufotestaceous throughout; without trace of diffraction grating, dorsal surface devoid of microsculpture. Antenna short, about as long as width of head; antennal club slightly more than half as long as funicle, weakly formed; antennomere XI short, nearly circular. Punctation of head extremely fine and dense; punctation of pronotum slighly coarser but less dense, with interspersed micropunctures; elytral punctation dense, even, slightly coarser than that of pronotum, becoming crescentiform laterally, appearing almost as transverse strigae at some angles; elytron with single engraved (sutural) stria, but with eight additional lightly impressed, punctate striae traceable nearly entire length of elytron. Prosternum somewhat setose medially, with pair of short, stout setae preapically on prosternal process. Mesoventrite punctate nearly throughout. Legs short, femora, tibia, and tarsus of all legs stout; tarsomeres 1–3 of all legs with dense pad of setae; metatarsus only slightly longer than mesotarsus. Protibia with two stout spines at outer apical angle. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than II, about as long as III.</p> <p>Tegmen of aedeagus with wide, spatulate dorsal strut; fused parameres with three pairs of lateral setae, proximal pair longest; penis slightly bisinuate at apex, with complex series of sclerites in internal sac. Female genitalia unstudied.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from southwestern Australia (Fig. 44e).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. John Lawrence of Gympie, Australia, who first brought to my attention and provided me with all known specimens of this distinctive new genus of Phalacridae. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661069280A2286FC897FB4CFE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106A280E2286FF747C39CFBB.text	8C75C266106A280E2286FF747C39CFBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pycinus Guillebeau 1893	<div><p>16. Pycinus Guillebeau, 1893</p> <p>(Figs. 19; 40b, c)</p> <p>Pycinus Guillebeau 1893 a: 289. Type species: Pycinus politus Guillebeau 1893, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Ochrodemus Guillebeau 1893 a: 293. Type species: Ochrodemus brevitarsis Guillebeau 1893, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov. Radinus Guillebeau 1893 a: 295. Type species: Radinus latus Guillebeau 1893, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Euphalacrus Champion 1925 b: 608. Type species: Euphalacrus crassipes Champion 1925, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Pycinus politus Guillebeau: two syntypes found (of five mentioned by Guillebeau 1893 a: 289), one here designated lectotype, male, “Caracas [handwritten] // Simon [handwritten] // Muséum Paris \ Coll. Générale [green label] // Pycinus \ politus \ Guilleb. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE ♂ \ Pycinus \ politus Guillebeau \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted, genitalia dissected and mounted in DMHF. Paralectotype, female, “Caracas [handwritten] // Simon [handwritten] // Muséum Paris \ Coll. Générale [green label] // TYPE [red label] // politus \ Guilb. [handwritten] // PARALECTOTYPE ♀ \ Pycinus \ politus Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [yellow label]” (MNHN), point mounted, genitalia dissected and mounted in DMHF. The lectotype is designated to prevent future doubts about the identity of this species and of the genus Pycinus.</p> <p>Ochrodemus brevitarsis Guillebeau: holotype, “San Esteban \ E. Simon III.88 // Muséum Paris \ Coll. Générale [green label] // TYPE [red label] // [unpublished lectotype label, turned over] // brevitarsis \ Guilb. [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Ochrodemus \ brevitarsis Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted.</p> <p>Radinus latus Guillebeau: holotype, “Caracas [handwritten] // Simon [handwritten] // Muséum Paris \ Coll. Générale [green label] // TYPE [red label] // latus \ Guilb. [handwritten] / HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Radinus \ latus Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted.</p> <p>Euphalacrus crassipes Champion: two syntypes found in BMNH, lectotype, here designated, “ Fry \ Rio Jan. // Fry Coll. \ 1905.100. // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Euphalacrus \ crassipes Ch. \ type [handwritten] // Specimen \ figured. // Ann. Mag. N.H. \ Ser. 9. XVI 1925. \ G.C.C. det. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE \ Euphalacrus \ crassipes Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted. Paralectotype, “[female symbol] // Ilha Santo Amaro \ nr. Santos, Brazil. \ G.E. Bryant. \ 23.IV.1912 [date handwritten] // G. Bryant Coll. \ 1919–147 // Euphalacrus \ crassipes Ch. \ Cotype. [handwritten] // Specimen \ figured. // Co- \ type [yellow-bordered disc] // Ann. Mag. N.H. \ Ser. 9. XVI 1925. \ G.C.C. det. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // PARALECTOTYPE \ Euphalacrus \ crassipes Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]” (BMNH). The lectotype is designated in order to fix the identity and type locality of this taxon.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This genus is characterized by having a medially setose prosternum, metaventral process not produced anteriad of mesocoxae, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, metatarsomere I shorter than II, mandible with ventral ridge and with dorsal row of small, blunt teeth, and elytra usually with spectral iridescence.</p> <p>Description. Small to large, total length 1.6–3.2 mm. A few species (undescribed) are quite dorsoventrally flattened, while others are extremely globose. Dorsal color completely completely testaceous to completely black, ventral surface, appendages, and often pronotum much lighter in color (Figs. 40b, c); no maculated species are known. Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly to deeply emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented (one undescribed Brazilian species with 5-segmented club), club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI slightly constricted on anterior edge (Fig. 19b). Mandible (Fig. 19a) with apex bidentate, with row of two or more small, rounded teeth on dorsal edge; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusifsorm. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with quite weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 19c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron usually with spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; disc of elytra often with conspicuous rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 19f) deeply notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 19f) extending nearly to anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 19g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than or subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 19d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 19e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 apparent only basally, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 weak but connected with RA 3+4; conspicuous fleck present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2, with much fainter fleck more distally; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional small triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, without calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 19h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 19g) with pair of endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex variable; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Many specimens have been collected by beating, Malaise traps, and flight intercept traps. Members of this genus do not appear to be strongly attracted to lights.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Restricted to the Neotropics, from Mexico south to Argentina. Many undescribed species exist.</p> <p>Included species (12):</p> <p>Pycinus brevitarsis (Guillebeau, 1893), comb. nov. (Ochrodemus) (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus crassipes (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Euphalacrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus guatemalenus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Panama) (type!) Pycinus hemisphaericus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus latipes (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus latus (Guillebeau, 1893), comb. nov. (Radinus) (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus microsternus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus politus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus rubiginosus (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus subrotundatus Guillebeau, 1893 (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus tropicus (Kirsch, 1870), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Colombia) (type!)</p> <p>Pycinus vulgaris (Sharp, 1888), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Guillebeau’s genera Pycinus, Ochrodemus, and Radinus, all described in the same paper, do not display differences that warrant generic distinction. Interestingly, he described these three genera in two different tribes: Pycinus and Ochrodemus in his “Olibrini” and Radinus in his newly defined group “Heteromorphini” (with Sphaeropsis Guillebeau). The latter supposedly differs in having the “Bord apical médian du prosternum dépassant distinctement les hanches” (p. 295) (apical border of the prosternal process distinctly exceeding the coxae). Examination of the type specimens of the type species of all three genera reveals only the slightest variation in this and other character states. These generic synonymies result in two new combinations, listed above.</p> <p>Euphalacrus Champion, as well, is clearly a superfluous name, as its type species falls well within the concept of Pycinus. Therefore I propose Euphalacrus as a new synonym of Pycinus.</p> <p>After examination of types, I have determined that several of the Central American species described by Sharp (1888) in Olibrus belong to the genus Pycinus. Kirsch’s (1870) Phalacrus tropicus also belongs here. These six new combinations are included above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106A280E2286FF747C39CFBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106F280C2286FF747D24C9BD.text	8C75C266106F280C2286FF747D24C9BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochrolitus	<div><p>OCHROLITUS -GROUP</p> <p>Ochrolitini Guillebeau 1894 a: 278. Type genus: Ochrolitus Sharp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized the shelflike prosternal process (acute when viewed laterally), the mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventral process, the metaventral process not surpassing the mesocoxae, the small scutellar shield, metatarsomere I as long as or longer than II, and presence of a protibial ctenidium.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Three described species, known from the warm, wet regions of the New World and in the Australasian region.</p> <p>Included genera (2). Ochrolitus Sharp, Sveculus Gimmel.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106F280C2286FF747D24C9BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106F280D2286FDA37D24CD78.text	8C75C266106F280D2286FDA37D24CD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochrolitus Sharp 1889	<div><p>17. Ochrolitus Sharp, 1889</p> <p>(Figs. 20; 40d, e)</p> <p>Ochrolitus Sharp 1889: 264. Type species: Ochrolitus optatus Sharp 1889, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Gorginus Guillebeau 1894 a: 283. Type species: Olibrus rubens LeConte 1856, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov. Erythrolitus Casey 1916: 85. Type species: Olibrus rubens LeConte 1856, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Type material. Ochrolitus optatus Sharp: holotype, “ Ochrolitus \ optatus \ Type D.S. \ Irazu 6-7000 ft. \ Rogers. [handwritten on specimen card] // Type [orange-bordered disc] // Sp. figured. // Irazu, \ 6-7000 ft. \ H. Rogers. // B.C.A.,Col., II,(1). // HOLOTYPE \ Ochrolitus \ optatus Sharp \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted.</p> <p>Olibrus rubens LeConte: holotype, “[orange disc] // Type \ 6651 [red label, number handwritten] // O. rubens \ Lec. [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Olibrus \ rubens LeConte \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (MCZ), point mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the long protibial ctenidium, small scutellar shield, metaventral process not exceeding mesocoxae anteriorly, metaventral lines separated from mesocoxal cavities, two or three elytral striae, and prosternal process with row of spinelike setae at apex.</p> <p>Description. Small to medium-sized, total length 1.5–2.5 mm. Dorsal color solid reddish-testaceous to reddish-piceous (Figs. 40d, e). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent or present but weak; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuatetruncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI turbinate (Fig. 20b). Mandible (Fig. 20a) with apex bidentate, with row small, rounded teeth on dorsal edge; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with obvious microsetae present, distinct; with weakly to moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate and shelflike in lateral view, with narrow horizontal translucent apical process and row of spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface, extending about three-quarters length of tibia (Fig. 20c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with two or three sutural striae; disc with rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; with moderate to strong transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 20f) not notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by about half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 20f) extending not quite to anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, smoothly arcuate; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 20g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to or longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 20d). Hind wing (Fig. 20e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 extremely weak, crossvein to Cu absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; MP 3+4 and (possibly) CuA 2 with distal remnants; r4 present, weak, connecting RP to RA 3+4; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 20h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 20i) with with paired sclerites and fields of endophallic spicules, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms connected by broad sclerotized lamina, anterior portion oblique. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Apparently scarce throughout most of its range, but most commonly collected at blacklights. Other methods of collection are flight intercept traps and fogging. This is one of the most abundantly collected phalacrids in Lindgren funnel traps in the southeastern United States.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. This genus contains two described species and at least one undescribed species, the latter of which is widespread in the Neotropical Region. I have seen specimens from New Jersey to Texas, south to Bolivia and Santa Catarina, Brazil. From the West Indies I have seen specimens only from Dominican Republic, and these may represent a new species.</p> <p>Included species (2):</p> <p>Ochrolitus optatus Sharp, 1889 (Distribution: Costa Rica) (type!)</p> <p>Ochrolitus rubens (LeConte, 1856), comb. nov. (Gorginus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Casey (1889 –1890) described the species Ochrolitus tristriatus in this genus, without seeing Sharp’s type of O. optatus. He believed the species to be congeneric based on the habitus drawing and short description in Sharp (1889). Guillebeau (1894 a) erected a separate genus for O. rubens, Gorginus, in his world treatment of the family. Casey (1916) redundantly devoted a new genus, Erythrolitus, to O. rubens (without knowledge of Guillebeau’s actions over twenty years previous), in recognition of the difference between the two Nearctic forms. However, after examination of all types involved, I am convinced that no significant structural differences exist between the type species of Ochrolitus and Gorginus, and therefore I propose their synonymy. This necessitates the formation of one new combination (see above). Ochrolitus tristriatus Casey actually belongs in the genus Litostilbus Guillebeau (see account of that genus).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106F280D2286FDA37D24CD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106E28032286FA9F7F6CCE27.text	8C75C266106E28032286FA9F7F6CCE27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sveculus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>18. Sveculus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 21; 40f, g)</p> <p>Type species: Sveculus lewisi, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of Sveculus lewisi below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This is the only genus of Phalacridae with the following combination of characters: protibia with long ctenidium, prosternal process with apical transparent laminar process, and metatarsomeres I and II subequal in length.</p> <p>Description. Very small to small, total length 1.1–2.0 mm. Dorsal color solid testaceous to rufo-testaceous (Figs. 40f, g). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus not or barely emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuatetruncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI constricted on anterior edge (Fig. 21b). Mandible (Fig. 21a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with microsetae present, distinct; with scutellar lobe weakly to moderately developed. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity without anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, sometimes conspicuously setose preapically, with broad horizontal translucent process at apex, apex without row of spinelike setae. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface, extending about two-thirds length of tibia (Fig. 21c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with spectral iridescence present or absent; with one weak sutural stria or stria absent; disc without even rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; with weak to strong transverse strigae, or strigae absent; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 21f) deeply notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by slightly more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 21f) not extending to anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 21g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia, or slightly oblique; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I subequal to metatarsomere II or I slightly shorter, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 21d). Hind wing (Fig. 21e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; MP 3+4 with long, unbranched distal remnant; r4 absent; flecks present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 21h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 21i) narrowed apically, with pair of endophallic sclerites, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free, with oblique anterior extension. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Most specimens with ecological data were collected using Malaise or flight intercept traps or by fogging. Two Mindanao specimens were collected “under bark of log,” while one was collected “on decaying fleshy, gilled bracket fungus.” No material has been identified in the adult gut. None are known to have been collected at light.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Southeast Asia from Thailand and the Malay Peninsula through Borneo, Sulawesi, and Mindanao, to Queensland, New South Wales, and Australian Capital Territory, Australia. This genus also occurs in Madagascar. Despite having examined a large amount of material from New Guinea, I have not seen specimens from that island. There are several morphospecies in collections, all apparently undescribed.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Sveculus lewisi Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: southeast Asia)</p> <p>Etymology. This genus is named in honor of Dr. Zdeněk Švec of Prague, Czech Republic, in recognition of his significant contributions to understanding the phalacrid fauna of the Old World. The gender of the name is masculine.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106E28032286FA9F7F6CCE27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106028002286F9297B4ACCCF.text	8C75C266106028002286F9297B4ACCCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sveculus lewisi Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Sveculus lewisi Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 21; 40f, g)</p> <p>Holotype. Male, “TRAY \ 5 // Fog 7, 1200m. \ 18.ii.1985 \ Gng. Ambang F. R. \ nr. Kotamobagu // INDONESIA \ SULAWESI UTARA \ Gng. Ambang F. R. \ nr. Kotamobagu \ Feb. 1985 // 377 [gray label] // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. \ PROJECT WALLACE \ B.M. 1985-10 // HOLOTYPE ♂ \ Sveculus \ lewisi Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH), point mounted, genitalia mounted on acetate card on same pin in DMHF (water and alcohol soluble).</p> <p>Paratypes. “ TRAY \ 8 // Fog 17, 1100m \ Danau Mooat, \ Pandanus, 31.vii.85 // INDONESIA \ SULAWESI UTARA \ Danau Mooat 1200m \ nr. Kotamobagu \ July 1985 // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. \ PROJECT WALLACE \ B.M. 1985-10” (1, BMNH); same but also with labels “Slide No. 469 \ E. Lewis 1989 [numbers handwritten] // ♀ ” (1, BMNH); same but with “Slide No. 468 \ E. Lewis 1989 [numbers handwritten] // ♀ // 29” (1, BMNH); “ INDONESIA: \ SULAWESI UTARA, \ Dumoga-Bone N.P. \ 9–16 May 1985. // Malaise \ trap // Lowland forest \ ca. 200m. // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. \ PROJECT WALLACE \ B.M. 1985-10” (1, BMNH); “ INDONESIA: \ SULAWESI UTARA, \ Dumoga-Bone N.P. \ 15–22 May 1985. // Malaise \ trap 1 // Plot A, ca 200m \ Lowland forest // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. \ PROJECT WALLACE \ B.M. 1985-10” (1 disarticulated, BMNH); same but date on first label “ November 1985.” (1 disarticulated, BMNH); same but date on first label “ April 1985.” and with label “82.4 [handwritten]” (1 disarticulated, BMNH); all with label added “ PARATYPE \ Sveculus \ lewisi Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Description. Total length 1.5–1.8 mm. Color light reddish-testaceous throughout. Antennal club slightly longer than funicle; antennomere XI triangular, slightly longer than IX and X combined. Head punctation extremely fine and sparse; eyes separated on frons by about 2.5 times width of a single eye (in frontal view). Pronotal punctation almost nonexistent; posterior margin not bordered; with weak scutellar lobe; hind angles obtuse. Elytron devoid of microsculpture, without distinct punctures, without transverse strigae, with weak but evident diffraction grating; with sutural stria quite weak, extending about 2/3 length of elytron, without a trace of additional striae. Prosternal process (including translucent projection) extending well beyond procoxae; prosternum devoid of setae. Protibia with ctenidium extending about 2/3 length of tibia. Metaventral process (including mesoventral posterior margin) with slight depression, not appearing emarginate. Metaventrite without distinct punctures, densely setose medially; metaventral postcoxal lines smoothly arcuate, enclosing an area about 1/6 length of metaventrite behind coxae. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than II; metatarsomeres I and II together much longer than remainder of tarsus (Fig. 21d).</p> <p>Tegmen of aedeagus with fused parameres bluntly pointed, without median cleft (Fig. 21h). Penis widest at about middle, with smoothly rounded tip (Fig. 21i). Spermatheca as illustrated (Fig. 21j).</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara), Indonesia.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of the late Ernest S. Lewis (1924–2009) of Chagford, England, for his (mostly unpublished) contributions to the understanding of Phalacridae. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106028002286F9297B4ACCCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266106328002286FB0A7D1FCE2C.text	8C75C266106328002286FB0A7D1FCE2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibrus	<div><p>OLIBRUS -GROUP</p> <p>Idiobiidae Gistel 1856: 383. Type genus: Idiobius Gistel. [name not used as valid since original description]</p> <p>Olibrini Guillebeau 1892 b: 147. Type genus: Olibrus Erichson.</p> <p>Tolyphini Guillebeau 1892 b: 147. Type genus: Tolyphus Erichson.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the metaventral process surpassing the mesocoxae, the non-divergent metaventral lines, the lack of a protibial ctenidium, the lack of an emargination on the posterior part of the eye, the small scutellar shield, and the ovipositor modified into a wedge-shaped organ.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A total of 137 species, occurring nearly everywhere Phalacridae are found except the Neotropical region.</p> <p>Included genera (2). Olibrus Erichson, Tolyphus Erichson.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266106328002286FB0A7D1FCE2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661063281A2286F9267FC8CAF7.text	8C75C2661063281A2286F9267FC8CAF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibrus Erichson 1845	<div><p>19. Olibrus Erichson, 1845</p> <p>(Figs. 3e; 22; 41a)</p> <p>Olibrus Erichson 1845: 113. Type species: Sphaeridium bicolor Fabricius 1792, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Idiobius Gistel 1856: 383. Type species: Phalacrus flavicornis Sturm 1807, designated by Pakaluk et al. (1994: 229). [synonymized with Olibrus by Pakaluk et al. 1994: 229]</p> <p>Type material. Sphaeridium bicolor Fabricius: two syntypes, not seen (ZMUC). Phalacrus flavicornis Sturm: type not seen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This genus may be recognized by metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, metaventral process protruding anteriorly, protibia without ctenidium (but with up to 4 spines), no spectral iridescence on elytra but rather with a greasy luster, antennomere 11 turbinate (sometimes weakly so), and female ovipositor distinctive (modified into a double-pointed wedge with styli arising subapically and pointing laterally).</p> <p>Description. Very small to large, total length 1.1–3.9 mm. Color highly variable, from completely testaceous to completely black, often with metallic greenish or bluish luster, dark specimens sometimes with subapical yellow or red maculations (Fig. 41a). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in females, 5-5-5 or 5-5- 4 in males.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate or straight medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI weakly to strongly turbinate (Fig. 22b). Mandible (Fig. 22a) slender; apex tridentate; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform, pointed or not apically. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 22c), but with group of up to four spines at outer apical angle; male protarsomere II sometimes expanded. Scutellar shield small. Elytron usually without spectral iridescence, often with brassy or aeneous luster, iridescent in some southern African species; usually two sutural striae present, sometimes only one, occasionally with quite short third stria in apical third; discal striae sometimes weakly developed, with parallel rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 22f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete or incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 22f) extending at least to anterior level of mesocoxae, often protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen quite short, extending much less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 22g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal in length to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 22d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 22e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 strong and complete, or faint, sometimes connected to Cu by AA 3; cubitoanal system branched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 absent or weakly developed, not connected with RA 3+4; conspicuous flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2, or with extremely short fleck proximally; long transverse proximal sclerite and sometimes additional small oblique sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 22h) with symmetrical or asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres separated by suture from basal piece, parameres with or without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 22i) with subapical paired endophallic sclerites, apex simple or weakly bilobed; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor (Fig. 3e) sclerotized, gonocoxites together forming wedge, gonostyli attached subapically.</p> <p>Immature stages. Laboulbéne (1868) described the larva of O. affinis (Sturm) and its habits. Urban (1926, 1930) described the larvae of Olibrus aeneus (Fabricius) and O. millefolii (Paykull). Löben Sels (1934) described the larva and pupa of a Nearctic Olibrus (as Phalacrus politus Melsheimer).</p> <p>Bionomics. At least in the Holarctic region and southern Africa, members of this genus are diurnal and visit flowers of various plants (especially Asteraceae) as adults. As larvae, they are more host specific, developing within the flower heads of particular composites, including Solidago, Symphyotrichum, Achillea, Chrysopsis, Helichrysum, Tragopogon, Senecio, Hypochaeris, Matricaria, Anthemis, Leontodon, and Crepis. The larvae feed with their heads pointed downward among the disc flowers of the flower head, and their presence is often evidenced by a tuft of pappus protruding above the level of the flower disc. They appear to feed only on fluids, as no particulate matter has been observed in the gut. In flower heads of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom, in Kansas, I discovered anywhere from four to nine larvae living inside each head. Members of Olibrus have been considered as biological control agents of certain weedy Asteraceae, including O. aeneus for the introduced European Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Wagenitz in Canada (see Freese and Günther 1991). Flower heads fed upon by the beetles tend to be destroyed, but the potential utility of the beetle is compromised by its oligophagous nature.</p> <p>Among non-Asteraceae occurrences, specimens were collected by D. Habeck in Queensland (FSCA) on flowers and foliage of the cajeput tree, Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. (Myrtaceae). In South Africa, some were collected by beating a species of Acacia.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. One of the few genera occurring in both New and Old Worlds, it occurs in North America from southern Canada south to at least the Mexican states of México and Tlaxcala. I have seen no specimens of true Olibrus from the West Indies. In the Old World it occurs throughout the Palearctic Region, and also in eastern and southern Africa (excluding wet tropical regions), the Oriental Region, and at least to Queensland and Western Australia.</p> <p>Olibrus is currently the largest genus in Phalacridae in terms of described species. Many (especially Oriental) species will probably be removed from this genus after the appropriate types are examined. The Nearctic fauna is probably severely over-described (notably by Thomas L. Casey) and many of the species names are likely to be synonyms. The South African Olibrus fauna is exceedingly rich, and if any lineage of the Phalacridae is to be regarded as an adaptive radiation, it is this one.</p> <p>Included species (128):</p> <p>Olibrus abstinens Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus aenescens Küster, 1852 (Distribution: western Mediterranean)</p> <p>Olibrus aeneus (Fabricius, 1792) (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus aeratus (Champion, 1925) (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus affinis (Sturm, 1807) (Distribution: Palearctic) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus albomaculatus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: southeast Asia) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus anthobius Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Ethiopia) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus aridus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus bakeri Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus baudueri Tournier, 1888 (Distribution: western Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus bedeli Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: northern Africa)</p> <p>Olibrus bevinsi Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus bicolor (Fabricius, 1792) (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus bimaculatus Küster, 1848 (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus bisignatus (Ménétries, 1849) (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus bivulnerus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution:? Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus blanditus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus bohemani Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus brunneus (Motschulsky, 1858) (Distribution: Sri Lanka, Taiwan) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus bullatus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus calamis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus callidus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus calvosus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus camptoides Reitter, 1892 (Distribution: “Turkestan”)</p> <p>Olibrus capensis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), comb. nov. (Tolyphus) (Distribution: South Africa)</p> <p>Olibrus caseyi Hetschko, 1930 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus castaneus Baudi di Selve, 1870 (Distribution: Mediterranean region)</p> <p>Olibrus caucasicus Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: Mediterranean region) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus cessus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus cinerariae Wollaston, 1854 (Distribution: Madeira)</p> <p>Olibrus collucens Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus congener Wollaston, 1864 (Distribution: Canary Islands)</p> <p>Olibrus consanguineus Flach, 1889 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Olibrus corticalis (Panzer, 1797) (Distribution: western Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus decoloratus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus delicatulus Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: Russia) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus demarzoi Švec &amp; Angelini, 1996 (Distribution: Italy, Turkey)</p> <p>Olibrus desbrochersi Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: western Mediterranean)</p> <p>Olibrus egenus Guillebeau, 1896 (Distribution: Madagascar) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus evanescens Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus fallaciosus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus fallax Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Austria, Italy)</p> <p>Olibrus festivus Lyubarsky, 2005 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus firmus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus flachi Reitter, 1891 (Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan)</p> <p>Olibrus flavicornis (Sturm, 1807) (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus florum Wollaston, 1854 (Distribution: Canary Islands)</p> <p>Olibrus frustratus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus gemma Wollaston, 1867 (Distribution: Cape Verde)</p> <p>Olibrus gerhardti Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Europe)</p> <p>Olibrus globiformis Tournier, 1894 (Distribution: Turkey) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus guttatus Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: western Palearctic) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus hervosus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Borneo, India, Philippines) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus igneus Fauvel, 1903 (Distribution: New Caledonia) [NOTE: probably does not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus impotens Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus impressus Hatch, 1962 (Distribution: United States)</p> <p>Olibrus irregularis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus jelineki Švec &amp; Ponel, 1999 (Distribution: Turkey)</p> <p>Olibrus judaicus Sahlberg, 1913 (Distribution: Israel)</p> <p>Olibrus kaszabi Medvedev, 1971 (Distribution: Mongolia)</p> <p>Olibrus koltzei Flach, 1888 (Distribution: central Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus laevisternus Guillebeau, 1897 (Distribution: Syria)</p> <p>Olibrus latisternus (Guillebeau, 1893), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Vietnam) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus latisternus Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Oriental) (type!) [junior secondary homonym not replaced, pending further investigation]</p> <p>Olibrus lecontei Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus liquidus Erichson, 1845 (Distribution: western Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus lubricatus Lyubarsky, 2004 (Distribution: Nepal) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus lubricus Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus macropus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus metallescens Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Mongolia, Russia)</p> <p>Olibrus millefolii (Paykull, 1800) (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus minusculus Motschulsky, 1866 (Distribution: Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus motschulskyi Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus multesimus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Oriental) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus nainiensis Champion, 1924 (Distribution: India, Indonesia, Philippines) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus namibiensis Lyubarsky, 1998 (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa)</p> <p>Olibrus natalensis Champion, 1924 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus neglectus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus nigroclavatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus norvegicus Münster, 1901 (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus notatus Wollaston, 1867 (Distribution: Cape Verde)</p> <p>Olibrus obscuricornis Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: India) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus obscurus Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Italy, Slovakia)</p> <p>Olibrus ovalis Khnzorian, 1962 (Distribution: Armenia)</p> <p>Olibrus pallidulus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus pallipes (Say, 1824) (Distribution: United States)</p> <p>Olibrus particeps Mulsant &amp; Rey, 1861 (Distribution: Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus peringueyi Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Olibrus consanguineus Péringuey, 1892, junior primary homonym of Olibrus consanguineus Flach, 1889] (Distribution: South Africa)</p> <p>Olibrus permicans Reitter, 1913 (Distribution: China)</p> <p>Olibrus platycephalus Champion, 1924 (Distribution: India) (type!) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus platysternus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus pondoensis Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus pruddeni Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus punctatus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Borneo) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus pygmaeus (Sturm, 1807) (Distribution: western Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus quadristriatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus raffrayi Guillebeau, 1894 (Distribution: Ethiopia) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus rasilis Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Olibrus reitteri Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Mediterranean)</p> <p>Olibrus reyi Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Greece)</p> <p>Olibrus rufescens Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Indonesia, Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus rufipes LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: Canada, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus rufopiceus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Japan, Sri Lanka) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus rufoplagiatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus rufosignatus Lyubarsky, 1998 (Distribution: Namibia)</p> <p>Olibrus rufoterminatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus seidlitzii Flach, 1888 (Distribution: Mongolia, Russia)</p> <p>Olibrus selvei Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Cyprus)</p> <p>Olibrus semistriatus LeConte, 1856 (Distribution: Canada, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus singularis Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: Morocco, Spain)</p> <p>Olibrus snizeki Švec, 2005 (Distribution: Kenya)</p> <p>Olibrus sternalis Casey, 1916, resurrected name (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus stictus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Oriental) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus]</p> <p>Olibrus stierlini Flach, 1888 (Distribution: western Palearctic)</p> <p>Olibrus stlatarius Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus stlembus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Nepal, Philippines) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus striatissimus Reitter, 1899 (Distribution: Azerbaijan, Iran)</p> <p>Olibrus stuporatus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Indonesia, Nepal) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus subaereus Wollaston, 1864 (Distribution: Canary Islands)</p> <p>Olibrus tangerianus Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: Morocco)</p> <p>Olibrus tolyphoides Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus turcicus Švec &amp; Ponel, 1999 (Distribution: Turkey)</p> <p>Olibrus utealis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus veteratus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Indonesia, Vietnam) [NOTE: may not belong in Olibrus] Olibrus viridescens Champion, 1925 (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus vittatus LeConte, 1863 (Distribution: Canada, United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus voraginalis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Olibrus wickhami Casey, 1890 (Distribution: United States) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Motschulsky’s and Lyubarsky’s Oriental species of Olibrus, treated by Lyubarsky (1993 a, b, 1994 a, 2003), have not been examined by me. Lyubarsky’s concept of this genus was much broader than that presented here. Additionally, his drawings and descriptions tend to be sparse and schematic, and do not necessarily emphasize diagnostic characters. Therefore, species described by these authors are only provisionally retained in Olibrus, with the exception of one species, Olibrus brunnescens Motschulsky, 1858, which I have transferred to Stilbus Seidlitz based on the distinctive aedeagus illustrated in Lyubarsky (1993 b). Lyubarsky’s (1998, 2005) African species are more clearly illustrated, and certain of his species have been transferred out of Olibrus by Švec (2002, 2003). I have provisionally transferred O. capriviensis Lyubarsky, 1998 to Acylomus Sharp.</p> <p>The large, striking species Olibrus capensis Guérin-Méneville, from South Africa, was transferred to Tolyphus (Pharcisinus) by Champion (1925 a) without explanation. I have examined material of this species (BMNH, SANC) and it properly belongs in Olibrus.</p> <p>Upon examination of the types of Olibrus bullatus Casey, 1916, and O. sternalis Casey, 1916, I have determined these are probably not synonymous. The elytra differ in the extent of microsculpture. While many of Casey’s names in Olibrus are certainly junior synonyms, I have chosen to resurrect O. sternalis so that it may be properly placed in future.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661063281A2286F9267FC8CAF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661079281B2286FD187AFBCF49.text	8C75C2661079281B2286FD187AFBCF49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tolyphus Erichson 1845	<div><p>20. Tolyphus Erichson, 1845</p> <p>(Figs. 2e; 23; 40h, i)</p> <p>Tolyphus Erichson 1845: 108. Type species: Phalacrus granulatus Guérin-Méneville 1834, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Pharcisinus Guillebeau 1894 a: 278. Type species: Tolyphus punctulatus Rosenhauer 1856, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Type material. Phalacrus granulatus Guérin-Méneville: types not seen.</p> <p>Tolyphus punctulatus Rosenhauer: types not seen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Readily recognized by the parallel-sided habitus, emarginate frontoclypeus, distinct elytral striae, short antennae, tuberculate tibial kickface, apically expanded protibia, and broad, flattened metatibial spurs. The labral tormae are unlike others I have seen in the family, being convergent just posterior to the posterior labral margin.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized, total length 2.0–3.0 mm. Color solid piceous to black, often with metallic greenish or bluish luster (Fig. 40h). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in females, 5-5- 4 in males.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; facets convex, dorsalmost facets often (subgenus Tolyphus) abruptly smaller than adjacent facets (Fig. 40i); interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate or straight medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex broadly emarginate (Fig. 2e). Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI weakly to strongly turbinate (Fig. 23b). Mandible (Fig. 23a) slender; apex simple; with distinct retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin truncate or slightly emarginate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, sometimes conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface, but outer apical angle expanded and with two stout spines (Fig. 23c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence, often with brassy or aeneous luster; with one or two engraved (sutural) striae present, usually with additional superficial striae on disc, accompanied by rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin without row of sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 23f) not notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 23f) extending at least to anterior level of mesocoxae, often protruding and slightly lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen extremely short or absent; metendosternite (Fig. 23g) with anterior tendons narrowly separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs markedly flattened, longest spur distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 23d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 23e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 strong and complete, connected to Cu by AA 3; cubitoanal system branched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 absent; weak fleck present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; long or short transverse proximal sclerite and additional small curved sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 23h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres separated by suture from basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 23i) with pair of large endophallic sclerites, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free or partially connected by sclerotized lamina. Female ovipositor sclerotized, gonocoxites together forming wedge, gonostyli attached subapically.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Apparently pollen-feeding on members of Asteraceae as adults. Numerous pollen grains were observed in the hindgut of dissected specimens. Peyerimhoff (1915) reports T. granulatus on Crepis taraxacifolia Thuil. [= Crepis vesicaria L.] (Asteraceae) in North Africa and southern France, and that the larvae may be found in April in the interior of the flower feeding on the tender seeds. Peyerimhoff (1926) reported T. punctatostriatus Kraatz [= T. punctulatus Rosenhauer] abundant in June on flowers of Sonchus maritimus L. in North Africa, and T. punctulatus in April on flowers of Taraxacum inaequilobum Pom. He concluded that members of the genus develop exclusively in the flower heads of composites, a hypothesis that I cannot refute.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Eight described species, though a revision is necessary to confirm the validity of the names described during the 20th century. They occur exclusively in the warm, dry belt from the western Mediterranean eastward to at least Kazakhstan.</p> <p>Included species (8):</p> <p>Subgenus Tolyphus Erichson, 1845:</p> <p>Tolyphus (s.str.) dubius Gridelli, 1930 (Distribution: Egypt, Libya)</p> <p>Tolyphus (s.str.) granulatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1834) (Distribution: circum-Mediterranean)</p> <p>Tolyphus (s.str.) rufescens Pic, 1914 (Distribution: Italy, Egypt)</p> <p>Tolyphus (s.str.) sedilloti Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Libya, Tunisia)</p> <p>Subgenus Pharcisinus Guillebeau, 1894:</p> <p>Tolyphus (Pharcisinus) bimaculatus Medvedev, 1963 (Distribution: Kazakhstan)</p> <p>Tolyphus (Pharcisinus) jankovskii Skopin, 1951 (Distribution: Kazakhstan)</p> <p>Tolyphus (Pharcisinus) punctulatus Rosenhauer, 1856 (Distribution: circum-Mediterranean) Tolyphus (Pharcisinus) transcaspicus Reitter, 1913 (Distribution: Turkmenistan)</p> <p>Discussion. This genus shares many character states with the much more widespread Olibrus Erichson, including a protruding metaventral process, turbinate antennomere 11, mesofemoral lines adhering to coxal cavity, female ovipositor modified into a highly sclerotized wedge-like organ, no protibial ctenidium, and metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II. Guillebeau (1894 a: 278) erected the genus Pharcisinus based on characters of the ommatidia, dorsal surface sculpturing, and form of abdominal ventrite V in the male. This group was relegated to a subgenus of Tolyphus by Ganglbauer (1899: 743), which is the arrangement I follow here.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661079281B2286FD187AFBCF49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107A28192286FE0F7AAECA8A.text	8C75C266107A28192286FE0F7AAECA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibrosoma	<div><p>OLIBROSOMA -GROUP</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the small scutellar shield, presence of a protibial ctenidium, the mesoventral plate not extending posteriorly to the metaventral process, and the metaventral process not surpassing the mesocoxae.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Four species, occurring in the Afrotropical region and the Middle East.</p> <p>Included genera (3). Antennogasmus Gimmel, Malagasmus Gimmel, Olibrosoma Tournier.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107A28192286FE0F7AAECA8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107A28192286FF7B7BE7C97F.text	8C75C266107A28192286FF7B7BE7C97F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tolyphus	<div><p>Key to subgenera of Tolyphus:</p> <p>1 Eyes with upper facets distinctly smaller than lower facets (Fig. 40i); last abdominal ventrite of male with median depression.............................................................................. Tolyphus (Tolyphus Erichson)</p> <p>- Eyes with facets uniform; last abdominal ventrite of male without depression........... Tolyphus (Pharcisinus Guillebeau)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107A28192286FF7B7BE7C97F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107A281E2286FCCD7AC9CC99.text	8C75C266107A281E2286FCCD7AC9CC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antennogasmus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>21. Antennogasmus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 24; 41b)</p> <p>Type species: Antennogasmus cordatus Gimmel, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of A. cordatus below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by small scutellar shield, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, short metaventral process, long protibial ctenidium, and one sutural stria. Males are readily recognized by their greatly enlarged and constricted antennomere XI.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized to large, total length 2.3–3.3 mm. Color highly variable, from completely testaceous to mostly piceous or black, often with lighter pronotum and/or bright maculations on elytra (Fig. 41b). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes often large; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; distinctly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex straight. Antennal club 3-segmented, club strongly asymmetrical, segment XI in males much longer than segments IX and X combined, sometimes as long as remainder of antenna, with anterior and posterior constriction (turbinate) (Fig. 24b). Mandible (Fig. 24a) with apex bidentate, with dorsal tooth small; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, slender, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III elongate, fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gula with medial internal rounded projection; gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with distinct scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with long ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 24c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with moderate to strong spectral iridescence; one sutural stria present, discal striae weakly developed, sometimes with rows of weak punctation; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 24f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially, not setose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxae approximate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 24f) extending anteriorly beyond halfway point but not reaching anterior level of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, not quite extending halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 24g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium procurved but perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II, about as long as remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 24d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 24e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without long setae; AA 3+4 strong, anastomosing with Cu and without spur AA 4; cubitoanal system branching apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 complete, connecting RP to apical hinge; conspicuous flecks present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; small transverse sclerite and large triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 24h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 24i) narrow in anterior half, with subapical endophallic sclerites, with long, complex series of sclerites and spicules within ejaculatory duct; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. The bionomic information on labels is quite general to absent, but a number of specimens have been collected “at light” while another was collected in a flight intercept trap and another by canopy fogging. Habitat labels include “coastal dune forest” and “in forest.”</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. I have seen at least eight species in this genus, none previously described. Only the type species is described below, and the others must await a species-level revision. Collectively, they occur in the Afrotropical Region from Liberia to South Africa and Madagascar, including Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Antennogasmus cordatus Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Madagascar, South Africa)</p> <p>Discussion. The description above is based on several specimens representing new species within this genus, in addition to the species described below. These are the most strikingly colored phalacrids occurring in the Afrotropical region.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin antenno - referring to the modified male antenna, and - gasmus in reference to its shared characters with the widespread genus Augasmus. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107A281E2286FCCD7AC9CC99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107D281C2286FAFE7D48CB67.text	8C75C266107D281C2286FAFE7D48CB67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antennogasmus cordatus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Antennogasmus cordatus Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 24; 41b)</p> <p>Holotype. Male, “ SOUTH AFRICA: NATAL \ Leeukop, E of Pongola \ unable to trace coordinates \ 24.i.1992 Vogt &amp; Holm // NATIONAL COLL. \ OF INSECTS \ Pretoria, S.Afr. // HOLOTYPE ♂ \ Antennogasmus \ cordatus Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (SANC), card mounted.</p> <p>Paratypes (3). “Mkuzi. \ Zululand. \ Dec., 1945. \ DDT Killed. \ DDT No. \ 0 // NATIONAL COLL. \ OF INSECTS \ Pretoria, S.Afr. ” (1 ♂, SANC); “ MADAGASCAR: 45m elv. \ W. of Ft. Dauphin (Tolonaro) \ 25º01´12´´S, 46º38´59´´E \ 15NOV1994, M.A. Ivie &amp; \ D. Pollock, in forest” (1 ♀, MAIC); “ SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal \ 13km, N. Louis Trichardt \ 10-XIII-1990 \ R. Miller &amp; L. Stange ” (1 ♂, FSCA [disarticulated]) all with “ PARATYPE \ Antennogasmus \ cordatus Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Description. Total length 3.1–3.3 mm, ovate, evenly convex. Color piceous dorsally, becoming rufous along the extreme posterior and lateral borders of the pronotum, lateral and posterior borders of elytron, and clypeal region; appendages and ventral surface rufotestaceous; with reddish discal maculation on each elytron, variable in size but broadly connected across suture, appearing heart- or butterfly-shaped; strong diffraction grating present on scutellar shield and elytra, absent from pronotum. Antenna sexually dimorphic; in males with antennomere XI greatly elongate, padlike, with deep emargination on anterior border about halfway down length of antennomere, with small emargination on posterior border about 2/3 down length of antennomere, antennomere XI about as long as funicle (Fig. 24b); antennomeres IX and X short and transverse; antenna about as long as width of head capsule; in females antennomere XI weakly modified, without distinct emarginations, longer than IX and X combined, about as long as funicle but total antennal length shorter than in male, less than width of head capsule. Head extremely finely, densely punctate; eyes large, separated on frons by about the width of a single eye. Pronotum with punctation finer and more sparse than that of head; with faint posterior border in about medial third; posterior angles slightly acute. Elytron with a single engraved sutural stria, other striae lightly impressed with distinct rows of punctures extending nearly to basal margin, punctures not crescentiform; intervals punctate, punctures smaller than those of striae, relatively dense. Microsculpture absent from dorsal surface. Prosternal process with a few hairlike preapical setae. Protibial ctenidium quite long, extending nearly entire length of tibia. Mesotibial spurs distinctly projecting beyond apical ctenidium; mesotarsomere II longer than I or II. Metaventrite densely, weakly punctate. Longest metatibial spur extending to about halfway point of metatarsomere I; metatarsomere I about as long as remainder of metatarsus (Fig. 24d).</p> <p>Tegmen (Fig. 24h) of aedeagus short, with long, pointed dorsal strut; fused parameres with median sulcus extending about halfway from apex; median lobe (Fig. 24i) of aedeagus spatulate, distinctly wider in apical half, with complex series of internal sac sclerites, ductus with rows of spicules and a bulblike structure proximal of entry into median lobe. Female genitalia unstudied.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from three localities in eastern South Africa and one locality in southern Madagascar (Fig. 44c).</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin cordis (heart), referring to the red heart-shaped marking on the elytra. The epithet is a noun in the nominative singular, standing in apposition.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107D281C2286FAFE7D48CB67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107F281D2286FC657C74CB9D.text	8C75C266107F281D2286FC657C74CB9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malagasmus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>22. Malagasmus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 25; 41c, d)</p> <p>Type species: Malagasmus thalesi Gimmel, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of Malagasmus thalesi below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Sharing many characters with Augasmus, including the oblique metatibial apical ctenidium and extremely long metatarsomere I, but readily distinguished by characters of the meso-metaventral region, including the truncate metaventral process not exceeding the mesocoxae anteriorly, and mesoventral plate not extending posteriorly and forming procoxal rests.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized to large, total length 2.7–3.7 mm. Dorsal color solid reddish-testaceous (Figs. 41c, d). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5-4, presumably in both sexes (males unknown).</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; deeply emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI weakly turbinate (Fig. 25b). Mandible (Fig. 25a) with apex simple; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, elongate, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum parallel-sided; labial palpomere III triangular, expanded apically. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with distinct scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with row of marginal setae distributed evenly, setae normal; procoxal cavity without anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not distinctly setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending about three-quarters length of tibia (Fig. 25c); apex of tibia with eversible pad (not usually visible in dry-mounted specimens). Scutellar shield small, width at base shorter than length of eye. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; with transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 25f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests, mesoventral disc sunken medially, with scattered setae; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by less than half width of single coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 25f) extending to about level of anterior margin of mesocoxae, truncate apically; metaventral postcoxal lines separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, following cavity borders; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 25g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium markedly oblique, oriented about 45° to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsus as long as metatibia, metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II, longer than remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 25d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 25e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae; AA 3+4 faint, crossvein to Cu absent but two veins nearly anastomosing; cubitoanal system forked; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 barely indicated, incomplete; complex of flecks present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse sclerite and large nebulous triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male unknown. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. The type series of M. thalesi was collected in a Malaise trap.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Known only from one species, occurring in Toliara Province, Madagascar (Fig. 44a).</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Malagasmus thalesi Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Madagascar)</p> <p>Discussion. The protarsus of this genus was illustrated (Fig. 25c) with a membranous vesicle protruding from the first tarsomere, readily visible in the disarticulation but difficult to observe in dry-mounted specimens. It is unknown whether this morphological feature, which may function as an adhesive organ, is more widespread in Phalacridae. This issue deserves further investigation.</p> <p>Etymology. From malago - (Malagasy) and - gasmus, in allusion to its similarity to the genus Augasmus. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107F281D2286FC657C74CB9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107E281D2286FBC27B21CFB0.text	8C75C266107E281D2286FBC27B21CFB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malagasmus thalesi Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Malagasmus thalesi Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 25; 41c, d)</p> <p>Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.616665/lat -23.15)">Female</a>, “ MADAGASCAR: Prov. \ Toliara; Ifaty, \ 23°09’S, 43°37’E \ 17–22 Sept. 1993 // Malaise trap in \ desert scrub forest; \ collrs. W.E.Steiner; \ R. Andriamasimanana // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Malagasmus \ thalesi Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (USNM), point mounted.</p> <p>Paratypes (8 females, USNM). Same data as holotype, with “ PARATYPE ♀ \ Malagasmus \ thalesi Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Description. Total length 2.7–3.7 mm; elongate, flattened posteriorly. Color rufotestaceous dorsally, apex of elytra gradually lighter in color, ventral surface and appendages similar in color, or with ventrites slightly darker; moderate diffraction grating present on scutellar shield and elytra, absent from pronotum. Antennomeres IX and X projected anterolaterally, antennomere XI elongate; antennal club nearly as long as funicle (Fig. 25b). Punctation of head and pronotum quite dense, weak, punctures of two distinct sizes; elytra with a single sutural stria in apical 4/5, other striae faintly indicated, without distinct rows of punctures, background punctation weaker than that of pronotum, with distinct transverse strigae on apical 4/5, strongest laterally and apically; microsculpture absent. Prosternum not setose medially; apex of prosternal process with short, ventrally-directed, hairlike setae. Protibial ctenidium extending about ¾ length of tibia. Mesotibia with ctenidium on kickface with spines longer than those on protibia and directed more apically; spurs about as long as apex of tibia; mesotarsomere I elongate, longer than II and III combined. Metaventrite without strong punctures; moderately setose medially; with metaventral lines strong, arcuate, enclosing an area about 1/3 length of metaventrite behind mesocoxa (Fig. 25f). Metatibia (Fig. 25d) with ctenidium similar to that of mesotibia, but with a slight outward bend about 1/3 from apex; metatarsomere I longer than remainder of tarsus; metatarsomeres I and II with rows of strong spines.</p> <p>Male genitalia unknown. Spermatheca as illustrated (Fig. 25h).</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Toliara Province in southwestern Madagascar (Fig. 44a).</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of the great Greek thinker, Thales of Miletus (c. 620–546 BCE), the first known philosopher to adopt a naturalistic, non-mystical view of existence. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107E281D2286FBC27B21CFB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107328112286FF747E95CB01.text	8C75C266107328112286FF747E95CB01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olibrosoma Tournier 1889	<div><p>23. Olibrosoma Tournier, 1889</p> <p>(Figs. 26; 41e)</p> <p>Olibrosoma Tournier 1889: 83. Type species: Olibrosoma testacea Tournier 1889, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Helectrus Guillebeau 1892 b: 147. Type species: Helectrus brisouti Guillebeau 1892, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Pyracoderus Guillebeau 1892 b: 148. Type species: Pyracoderus lemoroi Guillebeau 1892, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Litochroides Guillebeau 1892 b: 148. Type species: Litochroides sharpi Guillebeau 1892, fixed by original designation.</p> <p>Lichrotus Liubarsky 1993 a: 17, as subgenus of Litochrus Erichson. Type species: Litochrus strigosus Reitter 1899, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Olibrosoma testacea Tournier: lectotype, male, “water soluble // Egypte // [illegible] // Olibrosoma testaceum // Peyer. vidi // TYPE // Museum Paris, \ collection genérale // Lectotypus \ OLIBROSOMA TESTACEA Tourn. 1889 \ Z. Svec des. 1999” (MNHN), genitalia dissected.</p> <p>Helectrus brisouti Guillebeau: type not seen.</p> <p>Pyracoderus lemoroi Guillebeau: type not seen.</p> <p>Litochroides sharpi Guillebeau: type not seen.</p> <p>Litochrus strigosus Reitter: type not seen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only phalacrid (except for an undescribed species of Pycinus from Brazil) whose antennal club contains more than three segments. Additionally, metatarsomere I is much longer than metatarsomere II, the metaventral process reaches about the anterior level of the mesocoxae, and the scutellar shield is narrower than the width of an eye.</p> <p>Description. Medium-sized to large, total length 2.0– 3.5 mm. Dorsal color solid testaceous to piceous (Fig. 41e), darker specimens usually with lighter elytral apices. Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 4 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes large; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; deeply emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 4- segmented, antennomere VII usually broadly triangular, so that club may appear 5-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI weakly turbinate (Fig. 26b). Mandible (Fig. 26a) with apex simple or tridentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum parallel-sided; labial palpomere III weakly triangular, with apex relatively broad. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with distinct scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with row of marginal setae distributed evenly, setae normal; procoxal cavity without anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, not distinctly setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending two-thirds to three-quarters length of tibia (Fig. 26c). Scutellar shield small, width at base shorter than length of eye. Elytron with or without spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; with weak transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 26f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests, mesoventral disc sunken medially, with scattered setae; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by slightly more than half width of single coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 26f) extending to about level of anterior margin of mesocoxae, truncate apically; metaventral postcoxal lines separated slightly from mesocoxal cavity margin, following cavity borders; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 26g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium markedly oblique, oriented about 45° to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsus about as long as metatibia, metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II, about as long as remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 26d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 26e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae; AA 3+4 distinct, crossvein to Cu present; cubitoanal system forked apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 present, connecting RP with RA 3+4; large fleck present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse sclerite, horizontal sclerite, and large nebulous triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen with symmetrical anterior margin, parameres separated by suture from basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis narrow, with pair of endophallic sclerites and fields of endophallic spicules, apex acutely pointed; spiculum gastrale with arms V-shaped, free apically, sometimes laminate basally, with short anterior extension. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Peyerimhoff (1907) reports O. testacea from flowers of Phelipaea (= Orobanche, Orobanchaceae) in Sinai. Label data are meager for the specimens I have examined but a series from Botswana was taken in a Malaise trap.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Interestingly, the type species of this genus ranges in the hottest, driest deserts of North Africa and the Middle East, from Mauritania and Mali east across the Sahara to Saudi Arabia and Iran. I have seen a few undescribed species from Subsaharan Africa, south to South Africa. I have not seen the Reitter species.</p> <p>Included species (2):</p> <p>Olibrosoma strigosa (Reitter, 1899), comb. nov. (Distribution: “Transcaspien”)</p> <p>Olibrosoma testacea Tournier, 1889 (Distribution: North Africa, Middle East) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. I have tentatively synonymized Liubarsky’s (1993 a) subgenus Litochrus (Lichrotus) based purely on his and Reitter’s (1899) brief descriptions of the type species. The key character is a 4-segmented antennal club, which no other known Old World phalacrid possesses. The type species of Olibrosoma was redescribed by Švec (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107328112286FF747E95CB01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107228112286FC7E7DEBCCFF.text	8C75C266107228112286FC7E7DEBCCFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litochropus Casey 1890	<div><p>LITOCHROPUS -GROUP</p> <p>Diagnosis. This group may be recognized by the head not constricted behind eyes, small scutellar shield, absence of a protibial ctenidium, metatarsomere I as long as or longer than metatarsomere II, and the metaventral lines separated from coxal cavities.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Eleven species, occurring primarily in the New World, but with a few species known from the Indo-Australian region.</p> <p>Included genera (2). Litochropus Casey, Neolitochrus Gimmel.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107228112286FC7E7DEBCCFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266107228162286FB187D97CF8C.text	8C75C266107228162286FB187D97CF8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litochropus Casey 1890	<div><p>24. Litochropus Casey, 1890</p> <p>(Figs. 27; 42c, d)</p> <p>Litochropus Casey 1890: 140. Type species: Litochropus scalptus Casey 1890, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Type material. Litochropus scalptus Casey: three syntypes, lectotype here designated to stabilize species name, male with genitalia dissected, “˙ N.C. [=Hot Spring, French Broad River, North Carolina] // CASEY \ bequest \ 1925 // scalptus 2 \ PARATYPE USNM \ 49013 [epithet and numbers handwritten] [red label] // LECTOTYPE ♂ \ Litochropus \ scalptus Casey \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (USNM). Paralectotypes (2 males, USNM), one with similar data to lectotype, another with locality “D.C.”, each with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE ♂ \ Litochropus \ scalptus Casey \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the small scutellar shield, lack of protibial ctenidium, protruding metaventral process, metatarsomere I longer than II, mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventral process, and (usually) distinct transverse strigae on elytra.</p> <p>Description. Very small to medium-sized, total length 1.0– 2.9 mm. Dorsal color solid brunneo-piceous to black (Figs. 42c, d), some darker forms with elytral apices lighter. Tibial spur formula 2-2-2 or 2-1-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly or (rarely) strongly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent or (rarely) present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted (Fig. 27b). Mandible (Fig. 27a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum present; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with obvious microsetae present, distinct; with weakly to strongly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded to angulate in lateral view, sometimes conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 27c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with one or (sometimes) two sutural striae; disc with rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; with weak to strong transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 27f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, usually forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 27f) extending to or beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, sometimes protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly or not at all separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, smoothly arcuate; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 27g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than or subequal in length to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 27d). Hind wing (Fig. 27e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and weak oblique sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis with with paired sclerites and fields of endophallic spicules, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Steiner (1977), in an unpublished thesis, illustrated and described the larva and pupa of L. clavicornis.</p> <p>Bionomics. Litochropus clavicornis larvae, pupae, and adults have been collected and reared from Daldinia fissa C. G. Lloyd (Ascomycota: Xylariaceae) in Texas (Steiner 1984; Lawrence 1977, as D. simulans Child). Litochropus scalptus adults were collected from the stromata of Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Cesati &amp; de Notaris in Vermont (Lawrence 1977). Larvae feed on the corky tissue, while adults feed primarily on the spores. I have collected an undescribed species of Litochropus from another species of Xylariaceae (probably Nemania) in Tennessee.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Most diverse in the New World, where it occurs from Quebec in the north to Bolivia in the south. I have seen specimens only from Cuba in the West Indies. This genus was revised for North America in an unpublished thesis (Steiner 1977), in which one new species is illustrated and characterized. I have seen a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains of the southern Appalachians, and a large number of species from the Neotropics are undescribed. Litochropus also occurs in eastern and northern Australia, New Guinea, and Borneo. The number of described Old World species is unknown (see discussion).</p> <p>Included species (6):</p> <p>Litochropus clavicornis Casey, 1916 (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Litochropus divergens (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochropus globulus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Litochropus moerens (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Litochropus reversus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Litochropus scalptus Casey, 1890 (Distribution: Canada, USA) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. From the description (including the presence of two sutural striae) and illustrations (metatibia/ tarsus, antenna) of Lea (1932) for his Litochrus divergens, I have determined that this species actually belongs to Litochropus. Additional species described in Litochrus by Arthur Lea (1932) may belong to this genus, but their generic identities will be unknown until examination of types is undertaken.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266107228162286FB187D97CF8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C2661077282A2286FF747D6ACB44.text	8C75C2661077282A2286FF747D6ACB44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neolitochrus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>25. Neolitochrus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 28; 42h, i)</p> <p>Type species: Litochrus pulchellus LeConte 1856, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. Litochrus pulchellus LeConte: holotype, “[orange disc (=Southern states, Gulf states)] // Type \ 6657 [red label, number handwritten] // Litochrus \ pulchellus \ Lec. [handwritten] // HOLOTYPE \ Litochrus \ pulchellus LeConte \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (MCZ), point mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by the lack of a protibial ctenidium, presence of one or two elytral striae, small scutellar shield, metatarsomere I longer than II, lack of spectral iridescence on elytra, and metaventral plate not extending posteriorly to metaventral process.</p> <p>Description. Very small to medium-sized, total length 0.9–2.3 mm. Dorsal color highly variable, some darker forms with yellowish or reddish maculations (Figs. 42h, i). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2 (appearing 1-1- 1 in an undescribed species from Haiti), tarsal formula 5-5- 4 in males, 5-5- 5 in females.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized to large; facets convex; interfacetal setae absent; strongly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent or (rarely) present and weak; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted or constricted on anterior aspect only (Fig. 28b). Mandible (Fig. 28a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III extremely short, round, as wide as long to slightly longer than wide. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with obvious microsetae present, distinct; with weakly to moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with marginal row of setae discontinuous, with gap medially, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 28c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without spectral iridescence, though usually with microsculpture-induced iridescence; with two or (sometimes) one sutural striae; disc usually devoid of rudimentary striae or rows of punctures; sometimes with weak transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 28f) notched anteriorly, lateral borders becoming obscured posteriorly, incomplete, not extending to mesocoxal cavities or mesoventral process, not forming procoxal rests; mesoventral disc sunken medially, asetose; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 28f) extending beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, sometimes protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly or not at all separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, smoothly arcuate; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 28g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa without emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur distinctly longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 28d). Hind wing (Fig. 28e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks absent from apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and weak irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 28h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with or without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 28i) with with paired sclerites and fields of endophallic spicules, apex simple or weakly bilobed; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Members of this genus have been collected by beating and often come to lights at night in numbers. Their feeding habits remain poorly known, although they are probably feeders on ascomycete fungi.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Occurring in the New World from at least New Jersey, Illinois, and Arizona in the north to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil (Santa Catarina) in the south. I have seen specimens from the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola in the West Indies. The Neotropical region contains a large number of undescribed species. I have seen specimens from Thailand (HIC) that appear to belong to this genus.</p> <p>Included species (5):</p> <p>Neolitochrus aterrimus (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Neolitochrus crucigerus (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Neolitochrus immaculatus (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Neolitochrus mexicanus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Mexico) (type!) Neolitochrus pulchellus (LeConte, 1856), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. In the Neotropical Region some species (recognized dorsally by a nebulous transverse dark band across the elytra) exhibit body forms that are virtually opisthognathous. They also possess an abnormally acute metaventral process and a narrow prosternal process. Upon further study this group of species may warrant generic status. At 0.9 mm, Neolitochrus contains the smallest known phalacrids.</p> <p>Etymology. Derived from the Greek neos (new) and the phalacrid genus Litochrus, with which this genus was formerly confused. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C2661077282A2286FF747D6ACB44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104928292286FB117B6ECF0A.text	8C75C266104928292286FB117B6ECF0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apallodes Reitter 1873	<div><p>26. Apallodes Reitter, 1873</p> <p>(Figs. 29; 41f)</p> <p>Apallodes Reitter 1873: 130. Type species: Apallodes palpalis Reitter 1873, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Litolibrus Sharp 1889: 258. Type species: Litolibrus obesus Sharp 1889, fixed by subsequent designation. Syn. nov. Sphaeropsis Guillebeau 1893 a: 295. Type species: Sphaeropsis simoni Guillebeau 1893, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov. Gyromorphus Guillebeau 1894 a: 283. Type species: Sphaeropsis simoni Guillebeau 1893, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Apallodes palpalis Reitter: one syntype found, here designated as lectotype, female, “ Parahyba \ [handwritten, illegible, green label] // Brazil [handwritten,green label] // [handwritten, illegible] // Type [handwritten] // 258 [handwritten, yellow label] // Apallodes \ palpalis m. [handwritten] // LECTOTYPE ♀ \ Apallodes \ palpalis Reitter \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), card mounted on left side.</p> <p>Litolibrus obesus Sharp: 31 syntypes seen in BMNH, card-mounted specimen with “Type” written on card by David Sharp selected as lectotype in order to stabilize the species name, “ Litolibrus \ obesus \ Type \ D.S. \ V. de Chiriqui [handwritten on card] // Type [red-bordered disc] // V. de Chiriqui, 4,000 –6,000 ft. Champion // Sharp Coll. \ 1905.–313. // LECTOTYPE \ Litolibrus \ obesus Sharp \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Paralectotypes (30, BMNH), including additional specimens from the Panama locality, plus specimens from multiple localities in Guatemala, each with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Litolibrus \ obesus Sharp \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Sphaeropsis simoni Guillebeau: holotype, female, “Caracas [handwritten] // Simon [handwritten] // [handwritten, illegible] // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Sphaeropsis \ simoni Guillebeau \ det. M. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this genus are readily recognized as such by the narrowly separated mesocoxae, the oblique articulation of metatarsomeres I and II, which are laterally compressed, the prosternal process extending posterior of the procoxae with an arcuate tip devoid of stiff setae, the strong spectral iridescence on the elytra, and the strongly asymmetrical club.</p> <p>Description. Small to very large, 1.9–4.8 mm long, often highly globose. Color uniformly pale testaceous or rufous, head and pronotum often lighter in color, elytra and pronotum sometimes piceous with striking yellowish or reddish maculations; never uniformly piceous, always with at least apex of elytra pale (Fig. 41f). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; deeply emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3- segmented, club strongly asymmetrical, antennomere XI triangular, sometimes constricted on anterior edge (Fig. 29b). Mandible (Fig. 29a) with apex simple; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, elongate, nearly symmetrical; galea (sometimes greatly) elongate, pointed apically; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, sometimes with ventrally-pointed spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with or without ctenidium on kickface, from two spines (Fig. 29c) to row of about 12 spines; protarsomere II usually expanded in male. Scutellar shield small. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; disc of elytra sometimes with weak rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; with subbasal band of coarse comblike ridges extending across base of scutellar shield; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 29f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests, mesoventral disc sunken medially, without setae; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities narrowly separate, separated by much less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 29f) only extending to about halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 29g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; male metatibia sometimes with oblique row of coarse setae on backface; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to or longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 29d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 29e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 present, not connected to Cu by crossvein; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 developed, connected with RA 3+4; conspicuous flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2, with much fainter fleck more distally; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional small triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, without calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division, often with secondary projections; penis with pairs of endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex notched; spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Most specimens with method-of-capture data were collected with flight intercept traps, Malaise traps, beating, and blacklight traps. A series from Peru was collected from “smooth Hypoxylon ” (Ascomycota: Xylariaceae).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Restricted to the New World, this genus ranges from the southeastern United States (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas) and Sinaloa, Mexico, south through the Neotropics to at least Misiones Province, Argentina. It is also present disjunctly in southern Florida, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands, but apparently absent from the Lesser Antilles.</p> <p>Included species (25):</p> <p>Apallodes angularis (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes argus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes bipupillatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes championi Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Litolibrus ocellatus Champion, 1925, junior secondary homonym of Apallodes ocellatus Reitter, 1874] (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes cinctus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes erythropterus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes fulgens (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes gibbus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes minor (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes obesus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes obliqueguttatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes obliteratus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes ocellatus Reitter, 1874 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes octoguttatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes palpalis Reitter, 1873 (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes pantherinus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Brazil) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes posticatus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes princeps (Schwarz, 1878), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Cuba, USA) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes quadratus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes rufipennis (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes sericeus (Kirsch, 1873), comb. nov. (Phalacrus) (Distribution: Peru) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes signatus (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes simoni (Guillebeau, 1893), comb. nov. (Sphaeropsis) (Distribution: Venezuela) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes uniformis (Casey, 1890), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: USA) (type!)</p> <p>Apallodes varians (Sharp, 1889), comb. nov. (Litolibrus) (Distribution: Guatemala, Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Reitter (1873: 132) mentioned two localities (“ Parahyba ” and “Columbia”) in his original description of Apallodes palpalis, implying that there are at least two syntype specimens. Only one specimen from either of these localities (Parahyba) was located in MNHN, and this is designated the lectotype to stabilize future application of this name.</p> <p>Sharp (1889) apparently knew nothing of Reitter’s Apallodes (probably because the latter was originally described in Nitidulidae) when erecting the genus Litolibrus. The two genera are clearly synonyms, and this results in 20 new combinations and one new name (see list above). Guillebeau’s Sphaeropsis (= Gyromorphus Guillebeau, see below) is also clearly within the limits of the genus Apallodes as defined above, and I propose that they become new generic synonyms. This results in one new combination.</p> <p>Guillebeau (1894 a: 283) designated as the genotype of his new genus Gyromorphus one “ Ochrolitus Simoni Guillebeau (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.)” indicating it had already been described. This is apparently a two-part error—he actually had previously described the species under Sphaeropsis with the comment “Ce genre est bien voisin du genre Ochrolitus Sharp [This genus is quite close to the genus Ochrolitus Sharp]”, while the name Gyromorphus is an error for Sphaeropsis Guillebeau, and must have been a remnant of an alternate draft of his work. I consider Sphaeropsis and Gyromorphus to be objective synonyms.</p> <p>The type (deposited in MTD) of Phalacrus sericeus Kirsch, 1873, clearly belongs in this genus.</p> <p>At 4.8 mm, this genus includes the largest phalacrids in the New World. Some strongly resemble nitidulids of the genus Pallodes on superficial examination. Other species are strikingly patterned with ocellate spots, transverse maculations, or cordate markings and are arguably the most visually appealing members of the family.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104928292286FB117B6ECF0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104C282D2286FF747AF0CD7A.text	8C75C266104C282D2286FF747AF0CD7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Augasmus Motschulsky. Examination 1858	<div><p>27. Augasmus Motschulsky, 1858</p> <p>(Figs. 30; 41g, h)</p> <p>Augasmus Motschulsky 1858: 35. Type species: Augasmus ligatus Motschulsky 1858, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Liocrus Flach 1889 b: 271, as subgenus of Litocrus [sic] Erichson. Type species: Litocrus coronatus Flach 1889, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Heterolitus Guillebeau 1893 c: 375. Type species: Heterolitus humilis Guillebeau 1893, fixed by subsequent designation (Guillebeau 1894 a: 280). [synonymized with Augasmus Motschulsky by Lyubarsky (1993 c: 35)]</p> <p>Parischius Guillebeau 1896: 297. Type species: Parischius alluaudi Guillebeau 1896, fixed by subsequent designation (Švec in Löbl and Smetana 2007: 64).</p> <p>Megischius Guillebeau 1896: 298. Type species: Megischius limbicollis Guillebeau 1896, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Nematolibrus Sahlberg 1913: 21. Type species: Nematolibrus filitarsis Sahlberg 1913, fixed by monotypy. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Augasmus ligatus Motschulsky: holotype, “Augasma \ ligata \ Motsh. \ Ind. or. [handwritten on yellow label] // Augasmus \ ligatus Motsch. \ Lectotype design. \ Lyubarsky // HOLOTYPE \ Augasmus \ ligatus Motschulsky \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (ZMUM), card-mounted with genitalia vial. Lyubarsky’s lectotype designation was not published, but is unnecessary in any case.</p> <p>Liocrus coronatus Flach: type not seen.</p> <p>Heterolitus humilis Guillebeau: three syntypes, first with the labels “ TONKIN (F.de B.) // Heterolitus humilis Grouv. ”; second with the label “ Mt ”; third with the labels “ Hué // Litochrus humilis Grou \ ty. // Heterolitus humilis Grouv. ” (MNHN), all card mounted.</p> <p>Parischius alluaudi Guillebeau: two syntypes, with the labels “ Madagascar \ Diego Suarez \ Ch. Alluaud 1893 // Museum Paris \ Coll. Générale // SYNTYPE // Augasmus alluaudi (Guill.) \ Zd. Svec det. 1998” and “Madag. // Alluaud” (MNHN), card mounted.</p> <p>Megischius limbicollis Guillebeau: type not located, but probably in MNHN.</p> <p>Nematolibrus filitarsis Sahlberg: two syntypes, one here designated as lectotype with the labels “ Tarsus // J.Sahlb. // Spec. typ. // 4417 // Mus. Zool. H:fors \ Spec. typ. No 1002 \ Nematolibrus \ filitarsis J.S. // Nematolibrus filitarsis n.sp. [handwritten] // SYNTYPE [red label] // Nematolibrus filitarsis J.Sahlb. [red label] // LECTOTYPE ♀ \ Nematolibrus \ filitarsis J.Sahlberg \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (MZH), point mounted. Paralectotype with the same data, female, with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE ♀ \ Nematolibrus \ filitarsis J.Sahlberg \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]”, card mounted. The lectotype is designated to enforce stability of its associated name.</p> <p>Diagnosis. May be recognized by the long protibial ctenidium, anteriorly protruded metaventral process, oblique apical ctenidium on the metatibia, and extremely long metatarsomere I.</p> <p>Description. Small to medium-sized, total length 1.5–2.6 mm. Dorsal color highly variable, often wholly testaceous but often with black patterns (Figs. 41g, h). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 4-5-4 or 5-5-4, sexes not differing in formula.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium-sized to large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly to deeply emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted (Fig. 30b), widened subapically in certain African forms. Mandible (Fig. 30a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV short, stout, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III expanded at midlength, pointed apically. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures long, extending over halfway to ventral mouthparts.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with distinct scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with row of marginal setae discontinuous, with gap medially, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity without anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending from about half to three-quarters length of tibia (Fig. 30c). Scutellar shield small, width at base shorter than length of eye. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; with absent to strong transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 30f) deeply notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite (dividing mesoventral disc medially), not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities separated by more than half width of single coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 30f) exceeding level of anterior margin of mesocoxae, rounded apically; metaventral postcoxal lines separated slightly from mesocoxal cavity margin, following cavity borders; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 30g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium markedly oblique, oriented about 45° to long axis of tibia (Fig. 30d); spurs cylindrical, longest spur longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsus as long as or longer than metatibia, metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II, usually much longer than remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 30d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 30e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; no flecks present in apical field distal to rpmp2, or with faint fleck near posteroapical border; long transverse sclerite and large nebulous triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 30h) with asymmetrical anterior margin, parameres separated by suture from basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 30i) narrow, devoid of endophallic sclerites or prominent fields of endophallic spicules, apex acutely pointed; spiculum gastrale with arms V-shaped, free, with short, curved, anterior extension. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Blacklight and Malaise trap are the most common methods by which members of this genus have been taken, but a few were collected by “beating hanging branch”. A series from Java (ANIC) was collected from the flowers and leaves of Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. (Fagaceae) at the rainforest edge (1350 m elevation).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. A large and diverse group, this genus ranges throughout the tropical and some subtropical regions of the Old World, including islands in the Indian Ocean and near-continental islands.</p> <p>Included species (36):</p> <p>Augasmus borneensis Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Borneo)</p> <p>Augasmus coloratus (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus comptulus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Augasmus concolor Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand)</p> <p>Augasmus coronatus (Flach, 1889) (Distribution: Japan, Taiwan)</p> <p>Augasmus distriatus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Borneo)</p> <p>Augasmus exquisitus Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Litochrus pulchellus Blackburn, 1895, junior primary homonym of Litochrus pulchellus LeConte, 1856] (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus filitarsis (Sahlberg, 1913), comb. nov. (Nematolibrus) (Distribution: Turkey) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus gilbus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal, Vietnam)</p> <p>Augasmus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus humilis (Guillebeau, 1893) (Distribution: China, Taiwan, Vietnam)</p> <p>Augasmus intactus (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Augasmus ligatus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: Oriental Region) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus limbicollis (Guillebeau, 1896), comb. nov. (Megischius) (Distribution: Madagascar)</p> <p>Augasmus longitarsis (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Augasmus luridus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Augasmus nigromaculatus (Hisamatsu, 1985) (Distribution: Japan, Taiwan)</p> <p>Augasmus nipponicus (Hisamatsu, 1985) (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Augasmus noteroides (Blackburn, 1895), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus obliquenotatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: South Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus palleolus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus perparvulus (Guillebeau, 1896), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Madagascar) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus perpolitus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Augasmus picinus (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Tanzania) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus platycnemus (Champion, 1925) (Distribution: Namibia, South Africa, Zambia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus pseudosinuatus Lyubarsky, 1994 (Distribution: Philippines)</p> <p>Augasmus senegalensis (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Senegal) (type!) Augasmus shirozui (Hisamatsu, 1959) (Distribution: Japan, Russia)</p> <p>Augasmus strigellus (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Celebes) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus strigosus (Reitter, 1899), comb. nov. (Litochrus) (Distribution: “Transcaspien”)</p> <p>Augasmus subflavus Lyubarsky, 2003 (Distribution: Nepal)</p> <p>Augasmus substrigosus (Champion, 1925) (Distribution: southern Africa) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus suturalis (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Indonesia) (type!)</p> <p>Augasmus testaceus Motschulsky, 1858 (Distribution: India, Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Augasmus thoracicus (Fleutiaux, 1887) (Distribution: Australia through southern Asia to Africa) (type!) Augasmus v-niger (Lea, 1932), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>Discussion. Although a highly distinctive genus, Augasmus has a complex and composite taxonomic history, largely stemming from the poor original description of Motschulsky (1858) and historical inaccessibility of his types. The genus was subsequently described once by Flach (as a subgenus of Litochrus), once by Sahlberg, and at least two times by Guillebeau.</p> <p>Although Lyubarsky (1993 c: 35) rightly synonymized Heterolitus with Augasmus, he did not make the new combinations explicit. I have listed all of these above. The type of Nematolibrus filitarsis Sahlberg conforms well to the definition of Augasmus outlined above. I am proposing synonymy of these two genera. After examining the Blackburn types of Litochrus coloratus, L. noteroides, and L. pulchellus, I have concluded that all three fall within the concept of this genus. The new combinations are made explicit above (and L. pulchellus, a junior primary homonym, is given a replacement name).</p> <p>Although I have not examined the types of Arthur Lea, a few of his Litochrus species whose hind legs are illustrated in the same work obviously belong here, based on their obliquely oriented apical ctenidia and extremely long apical spurs. The species are L. longitarsis Lea (1932: fig. 10), L. intactus Lea (1932: fig. 18), and L. v-niger Lea (1932: fig. 24). The new combinations are made explicit above.</p> <p>Unfortunately I could not locate the types of Megischius limbicollis Guillebeau in MNHN. Based on Guillebeau’s (1896) description, Megischius appears to be congeneric with Augasmus. He states that the genus is similar to Parischius Guillebeau (the type species of which clearly belongs in Augasmus) except that the first article of the posterior tarsi is only twice as long as the second and shorter than the following joined together. The size is small (1.5 mm) and the metaventral process presumably surpasses the mesocoxae (these two characters preclude it from being congeneric with Malagasmus Gimmel). There are no other phalacrids of which I have seen specimens or records from Madagascar that could fit this description other than species of Augasmus, and I am tentatively proposing synonymy of these two genera with the hope that the type of M. limbicollis will be located in the future.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104C282D2286FF747AF0CD7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104E28202286FA9D7F49CBF5.text	8C75C266104E28202286FA9D7F49CBF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Entomocnemus Guillebeau 1894	<div><p>28. Entomocnemus Guillebeau, 1894</p> <p>(Figs. 31; 41i)</p> <p>Entomocnemus Guillebeau 1894 a: 307, as subgenus of Eustilbus Sharp. Type species: Eustilbus (Entomocnemus) raffrayi Guillebeau 1894, fixed by monotypy. [elevated to generic rank by Švec 2003: 125]</p> <p>Stilbomimus Champion 1924 c: 242. Type species: Stilbomimus polymorphus Champion 1924, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Eustilbus raffrayi Guillebeau: holotype, card mounted, “Abyss. Raffray // Grouvelle // Museum Paris \ Coll. \ Générale // HOLOTYPE // Raffrayi Guilb.” (MNHN).</p> <p>Stilbomimus polymorphus Champion: seven syntypes found in BMNH, card-mounted specimen labeled “Type” by George Champion selected as a lectotype to stabilize the species name, “ Ceylon \ G. E. Bryant. // Kandy. VI.1908 [handwritten] // G. Bryant Coll. \ 1919–147 [on underside of label] // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Stilbomimus polymorphus type Ch. [handwritten] // Stilbomimus polymorphus, Champ. // E.M.M. 1924 \ det. G.C.C. [on underside of label] // LECTOTYPE \ Stilbomimus \ polymorphus Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Paralectotypes (6, BMNH), from type locality in Sri Lanka and Nilgiri Hills, India, each with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Stilbomimus \ polymorphus Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”. Champion’s “varieties” were excluded from the syntype series.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A difficult genus to recognize, but possessing the following diagnostic characteristics: mesometaventral margin usually emarginate (but sometimes truncate) for reception of prosternal process (which may have apical translucent process), elytra with spectral iridescence, metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities, metatarsomeres I and II about equal, scutellar shield small, elytral striae (when present) more or less parallel to suture.</p> <p>Description. Small to large, total length 1.6–3.5 mm. Dorsal color ranging from solid testaceous to solid black, some darker forms with red or yellow elytral maculations of various shapes and extent (Fig. 41i). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2 or 2-1-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not constricted (Fig. 31b). Mandible (Fig. 31a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV short, fusiform, inner edge slightly swollen medially; galea short, rounded; lacinia with multiple spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded to angulate in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex, often with horizontal translucent process at apex. Protrochanter with setae; protibia usually without ctenidium on kickface (Fig. 31c), sometimes with short ctenidium extending about 1/5 length of tibia. Scutellar shield small. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with one or (occasionally) multiple striae, striae punctate; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 31e) deeply notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities moderately separate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 31e) extending beyond halfway point of mesocoxae, mesoventral lip on anterior edge usually emarginate, sometimes truncate; metaventral postcoxal lines not at all separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 31f) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate without transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to or longer than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I about equal to metatarsomere II, joint between I and II flexible (Fig. 31d). Hind wing with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and strong irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis with with paired sclerites and fields of endophallic spicules, sometimes with long flagellum, apex trilobed; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. A series from Borneo was taken by beating the foliage of a downed Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) tree. Most other specimens from both southeast Asia and southern Africa with collection data have been taken by beating. A few have also been collected from Malaise traps.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. This genus occurs in two disjunct areas: subsaharan Africa and the Oriental region. There appear to be many undescribed species in southern Africa, but the actual number of species in southeast Asia, whose colorful species seem to be highly variable in appearance, is unknown at present.</p> <p>Included species (8):</p> <p>Entomocnemus borneensis (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Stilbomimus) (Distribution: Malaysia) (type!) Entomocnemus diluticollis (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Stilbomimus) (Distribution: India) (type!) Entomocnemus nyasanus (Champion, 1925) (Distribution: Malawi) (type!)</p> <p>Entomocnemus polymorphus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Stilbomimus) (Distribution: India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka) (type!)</p> <p>Entomocnemus raffrayi (Guillebeau, 1894) (Distribution: Ethiopia) (type!)</p> <p>Entomocnemus rhodesianus (Champion, 1925) (Distribution: Malawi, Zambia) (type!)</p> <p>Entomocnemus triguttatus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Heterolitus) (Distribution: South Africa) (type!) Entomocnemus v-flavum (Champion, 1924) (Distribution: India) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. One of the most composite genera of those treated in this monograph, Entomocnemus as presently defined will likely require fracturing upon further study. The description given above is expanded to include a number of apparently undescribed species from both southern Africa and southeast Asia. Species I have examined tend to be represented by very few individuals, and this situation has made in-depth examination especially problematic. However, I believe Švec (2003) was correct in transferring the African species described in Stilbomimus to Entomocnemus. After examining types of all described species in question, I have concluded that the southeast Asian species (including the type species of Stilbomimus) are also congeneric. The species placed in Entomocnemus (and Stilbomimus prior to this study) form a relatively well-defined group with slender tibiae and no protibial ctenidium, but are variable with regard to the development of the mesoventral emargination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104E28202286FA9D7F49CBF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104328262286FC1B7FEDCFED.text	8C75C266104328262286FC1B7FEDCFED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eulitrus Sharp 1889	<div><p>29. Eulitrus Sharp, 1889</p> <p>(Figs. 32; 43f)</p> <p>Eulitrus Sharp 1889: 257. Type species: Eulitrus estriatus Sharp, 1889, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Type material. Eulitrus estriatus Sharp: lectotype, here designated in order to fix the species name and type locality, “ Eulitrus \ estriatus \ Type D.S. \ Panama \ Champion [handwritten on specimen card] // Type [redbordered disc] // Panama. \ Champion. // Sharp Coll. \ 1905.—313. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE \ Eulitrus \ estriatus Sharp \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), card mounted. Paralectotypes (3): “ Eulitrus \ estriatus \ D.S. \ Chontales Janson [handwritten on specimen card] // ESL \ 19 // See slide Coll. \ No. 3 ESL 62, 63 [numbers handwritten] // Slide No. 380 381 \ E. Lewis 1988 [numbers handwritten] / / Chontales, \ Nicaragua. \ Janson. // Sharp Coll. \ 1905,–313. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc]”; “ Eulitrus \ estriatus. D.S. \ Bugaba. [handwritten on specimen card] // ♀ // Bugaba, \ Panama. \ Champion. // B.C.A., Col., II, (1). // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc]”; “ Eulitrus \ estriatus \ D.S. \ Bugaba \ Champion [handwritten on specimen card] // Sp. figured. // Bugaba. \ Panama. \ Champion. // B.C.A., Col., II, (1). // ESL \ 20 // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc]” (all BMNH), card mounted, with label attached “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Eulitrus \ estriatus Sharp \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The genus Eulitrus is readily recognizable and morphologically well delimited from other members of Phalacridae. The following characters diagnose members of the genus: protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending from one-half to two-thirds length of tibia, metaventral process greatly protruding anteriorly, surpassing mesocoxae and resting upon rounded prosternal process when beetle is in repose, metaventral lines narrowly separated from mesocoxal cavities, metatarsomere II about three to six times length of metatarsomere I, sutural stria of elytron completely absent, strong spectral iridescence present on elytra, median lobe of male genitalia spearhead-shaped with an acuminate tip, and spiculum gastrale heavily sclerotized, forming a deltashaped plate.</p> <p>Description. Very small to large, total length 1.2–4.0 mm. Dorsal color brunneous to black (Fig. 43f), often with reddish maculations. Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized to large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; strongly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club strongly asymmetrical, antennomere XI unconstricted or weakly turbinate (Fig. 32b). Mandible (Fig. 32a) with apex bidentate; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; hypomeron with weak to strong transverse carina originating along coxal cavity just posterior to notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, sometimes conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface, extending from about 1/3 to 2/3 length of tibia (Fig. 32c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with distinct spectral iridescence; with sutural stria absent or barely indicated; disc devoid of striae or distinct rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 32f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 32f) extending beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, smoothly arcuate; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 32g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal in length to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter, often much shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 32d). Hind wing (Fig. 32e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 present, strong, anastomosing with Cu, spur AA 4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 developed, connected with RA 3+4; with distinct curved flecks in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 32h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres fused to basal piece but separated from it by suture, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 32i) lance-shaped, with basal strut widened, with distinct fields of endophallic spicules, apex acuminate; spiculum gastrale V-shaped with arms connected by broad lamina, or Y-shaped with long basal rod. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Members of Eulitrus have been collected using a variety of generalized methods including beating, canopy fogging, blacklighting, Malaise traps, and flight intercept traps.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Strictly Neotropical, occurring from Jalisco and Veracruz States in Mexico south to Paraguay and Misiones Province, Argentina. Known from Venezuela and Guyana but I have not seen specimens from the West Indies or islands of the South American continental shelf. Two described species are included in the genus, but many new species await description.</p> <p>Included species (2):</p> <p>Eulitrus anisotomus Sharp, 1889 (Distribution: Belize) (type!)</p> <p>Eulitrus estriatus Sharp, 1889 (Distribution: Nicaragua, Panama) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. A well defined genus, Eulitrus probably has the least complex history of all previously described genera of Phalacridae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104328262286FC1B7FEDCFED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104728252286FF747C46CE64.text	8C75C266104728252286FF747C46CE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grouvelleus Guillebeau 1892	<div><p>30. Grouvelleus Guillebeau, 1892</p> <p>(Figs. 2g; 33; 42a, b)</p> <p>Grouvelleus Guillebeau 1892 c: cxxxiv. Type species: Grouvelleus prosternalis Guillebeau 1892, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Ochrolitoides Champion 1924 c: 245. Type species: Ochrolitoides magister Champion 1924, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Litotarsus Champion 1925 b: 615. Type species: Litotarsus dilutus Champion 1925, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Grouvelleus prosternalis Guillebeau: holotype, female, “ Saigon [handwritten] // Type // Grouvelleus \ prosternalis \ Guilb. [handwritten] // type ex \ Guillebeau \ Ann. Fr. 1893.378 [handwritten] \ Collection FLEUTIAUX // HOLOTYPE ♀ \ Grouvelleus \ prosternalis Guillebeau \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2009 [red label]” (MNHN), point mounted.</p> <p>Ochrolitoides magister Champion: lectotype, here designated, male, “[male symbol] // Kandy, \ Ceylon // G.E. Bryant \ VI.1908 [handwritten] // G. Bryant Coll. \ 1919–147 // Ochrolitoides \ magister, \ Champ. // E.M.M. 1924. \ det. G.C.C. // See slide Coll. \ No. ESL 55 // Ochrolitoides \ magister \ type Ch [handwritten] // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE ♂ \ Ochrolitoides \ magister Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), point mounted, genitalia removed from specimen and slide mounted by E.S. Lewis. Paralectotype: same data as lectotype, female, with label affixed “ PARALECTOTYPE ♀ \ Ochrolitoides \ magister Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [yellow label]” (BMNH).</p> <p>Litotarsus dilutus Champion: holotype, male, “Type \ H. T. // Specimen figured. // See slide Coll. \ No. ESL 89 // G. Bryant Coll. \ 1919–147 // Quop, \ W. Sarawak. \ III-IV.1914. \ G.E. Bryant. // prost. process \ forming rec. \ in mesost. // Gen. NOT \ Grouvelleus, \ 1892 Guill // Litotarsus \ dilutus, \ type Ch. // Ann. Mag. N.H. \ Ser 9. xvi.1925. \ G.C.C. det. // HOLOTYPE \ Litotarsus \ dilutus Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2010 [red label]” (BMNH), point mounted, genitalia removed from specimen and slide mounted by E.S. Lewis.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This genus has a number of bizarre features that readily separate it from the rest of the Phalacridae. The mesocoxae are nearly contiguous, and the meso-metaventral junction lies behind the midpoint of the coxae. From a ventral aspect the prosternal process appears as a spearpoint-shaped posterior projection, and the procoxal rests on the mesoventral plate are large. The maxillary galea is elongate and acuminate, and the terminal maxillary palpomere is long and knife-shaped. Additionally, the distinctly punctate elytral striae are among the most prominent in the family.</p> <p>Description. Small to very large, total length 1.8–4.5 mm. Dorsal color solid reddish-testaceous (Figs. 42a, b) to solid black, some darker forms with bicolored elytra. Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small to medium-sized; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove present or absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club loosely 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI not or weakly constricted (Fig. 33b). Mandible (Fig. 33a) with apex bidentate; retinaculum absent; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV long, flattened and knife-shaped, inner edge swollen; galea elongate, tapered; lacinia with multiple stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III slightly expanded, triangular, labial palpomere II often with cluster of large stout setae (Fig. 2g), palpomere III with one or two stout setae on outer margin before apex. Labrum with apical margin slightly emarginate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, long and spearpoint-shaped in ventral view, usually conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with ctenidium on kickface extending almost entire length of tibia, often extending around apex to level of apical spurs (Fig. 33c). Scutellar shield small, width at base subequal to length of eye. Elytron with spectral iridescence; with nine distinct, more-or-less complete striae, medialmost striae not convergent apically; without transverse strigae; lateral margin without row of sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 33f) notched anteriorly, not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming deep procoxal rests; mesoventral disc depressed medially; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities nearly contiguous, barely separated by a strip of cuticle. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventrite short (Fig. 33f); metaventral process not quite reaching halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, or separated only slightly but following cavity borders; discrimen short, not quite extending halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 33g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange behind anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibia sometimes greatly expanded (G. tibialis); metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur shorter than or subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I much shorter than metatarsomere II, to subequal to metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 33d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 33e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae; AA 3+4 present, connected by crossvein to Cu; cubitoanal system branched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 with distal remnants; r4 complete, connecting RP with RA 3+4; large curved fleck present in apical field distal to rp-mp2; small transverse sclerite and medium-sized nebulous sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 33h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 33i) narrow, with fields of endophallic spicules and sclerites, apex with two truncate processes; spiculum gastrale with arms vshaped, connected by broad lamina or not. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Gut contents reveal unidentified fungal material. Information on labels is quite meager, but a long series of G. dilutus was collected by beating foliage.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Members of this genus occur in the humid tropical belt of the Afrotropical Region (new record for this realm) from Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola. I have seen no specimens from Madagascar. In the Oriental realm they occur from India and Sri Lanka to Vietnam to Borneo. The African fauna is entirely undescribed, and there are new species from southeast Asia.</p> <p>Included species (7):</p> <p>Grouvelleus anisotomoides (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litotarsus) (Distribution: Myanmar) (type!) Grouvelleus dilutus (Champion, 1925), comb. nov. (Litotarsus) (Distribution: Malaysia) (type!)</p> <p>Grouvelleus magister (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Ochrolitoides) (Distribution: Sri Lanka) (type!) Grouvelleus magnus (Motschulsky, 1866), comb. nov. (Litotarsus) (Distribution: Sri Lanka)</p> <p>Grouvelleus prosternalis Guillebeau, 1892 (Distribution: Vietnam) (type!)</p> <p>Grouvelleus siamensis (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Ochrolitoides) (Distribution: Thailand) (type!) Grouvelleus tibialis (Švec, 2006), comb. nov. (Litotarsus) (Distribution: Malaysia)</p> <p>Discussion. The previously described species of Grouvelleus, Litotarsus, and Ochrolitoides share a number of important characters (mentioned in the diagnosis), and I have synonymized them here. Their type species differ principally in body size and length ratios of metatarsomeres I and II, but there are other species in this group that exhibit intermediate character states. The tarsal configuration was the primary criterion Champion (1925 b) used in justifying his new genus Litotarsus, so I believe his comment written on a label attached to the holotype of L. dilutus (see above) carries no weight.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104728252286FF747C46CE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266104628392286F96B7C76CD02.text	8C75C266104628392286F96B7C76CD02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Litochrus Erichson 1845	<div><p>31. Litochrus Erichson, 1845</p> <p>(Figs. 34; 42e, f)</p> <p>Litochrus Erichson 1845: 108. Type species: Phalacrus brunneus Erichson 1842, fixed by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Lithocrus [lapsus calami]: Lacordaire 1854: 286.</p> <p>Micromerus Guillebeau 1892 b: 148. Type species: Stilbus koltzei Reitter 1887, fixed by original designation. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Merobrachys Guillebeau 1895: xxvi. Type species: Stilbus Koltzei Reitter 1887, fixed by objective synonymy with Micromerus Guillebeau. [replacement name for Micromerus Guillebeau, 1892] Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Phalacrus brunneus Erichson: type not seen. Stilbus koltzei Reitter: type not seen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most other members of the family by the short subapical protibial ctenidium, which extends much less than half the distance of the tibia, and by the apical process of the median lobe which is acuminate and often terminates in a ventrally directed hook. Additionally, in all species metatarsomere I is longer than metatarsomere II, the metaventral process protrudes well anteriad the mesocoxae, the metaventral lines are not separate from the mesocoxal cavities, the terminal antennal segment is typically quite short and transverse, and all have distinct spectral iridescence on the elytra and are often marked with yellow or reddish maculations.</p> <p>Description. Very small to very large, total length 1.3–4.4 mm. Color variable, from completely yellowishtestaceous to completely piceous, dark specimens often with extensive yellow or red maculations on the elytra (Figs. 42e, f). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized to large; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly to strongly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club symmetrical, antennomere XI strongly turbinate (Fig. 34b). Mandible (Fig. 34a) with apex bidentate; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, slender, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform, narrowly truncate apically. Labrum with apical margin truncate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with moderately developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae normal; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, often conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia with short ctenidium on kickface, with group of five or more spines at outer apical angle (Fig. 34c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron with distinct spectral iridescence; with one sutural stria; discal striae sometimes weakly developed, often consisting of weak rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 34f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum without transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 34f) extending at least to anterior level of mesocoxae, protruding and often arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen long, extending about halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 34g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal in length to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 34d); metatarsomere III bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 34e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge without row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 absent; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 or MP 3+4 with floating distal remnant; r4 developed, connected with RA 3+4; with faint fleck in apical field distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 34h) with symmetrical anterior margin and parameres hinged to basal piece, parameres without medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 34i) with endophallic sclerites and spicules, apex acuminate, often terminating in ventrally directed hook; spiculum gastrale V- or Yshaped, arms connected by broad sclerotized lamina. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Species of Litochrus have been collected from a wide variety of habitats using a wide variety of methods. One specimen from Lord Howe Island was collected from rotted wood, and a series from New South Wales was collected by pyrethrin fogging of fungus-covered logs. A number of series from Australia were collected under bark of Eucalyptus. A few Papua New Guinean specimens were collected by Berlese funnel from forest litter of various types. A number of collections suggest that at least some members of Litochrus are strongly attracted to flowers of varying types. A series from the Russian Far East was collected “on flowers.” A long series of L. brunneus was collected in Tasmania “beating tea trees” (Myrtaceae: Leptospermum), while a series from Queensland was collected beating flowers and foliage of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. A series from Western Australia was collected from blooming Acacia platycarpa F.Muell. (Fabaceae). Members of the genus in various localities in Australia were collected from the blooms of the following: Rhodomyrtus psidioides (G.Don.) Benth., Syzygium smithii (Poir.) Nied., and Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G.Wilson &amp; J.T.Waterh. (all Myrtaceae); Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth. (Rhamnaceae); Elaeocarpus reticulatus Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae); Cuttsia viburnea F.Muell. (Rousseaceae); Schizomeria ovata D.Don (Cunoniaceae); Cryptocarya microneura Meisn. (Lauraceae); and Euroschinus falcata Hook. (Anacardiaceae). A large number of specimens have been collected at light or in Malaise / flight intercept traps. A long series from Queensland was collected by pyrethrin fogging of tree ferns, while series from Tasmania were collected by a similar method from Atherosperma moschatum Labill. (Atherospermataceae) and Nothofagus (Fagaceae).</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. The dominant genus in the Australian region and adjacent lands, Litochrus contains a wealth of body forms and color patterns. Species occur from at least the Far East of Russia in the north through Japan, China, the Philippines, and New Guinea to Tasmania (Australia) in the south, and from the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and Lord Howe Island in the east to at least Sri Lanka and Pakistan in the west.</p> <p>Included species (43):</p> <p>Litochrus alternans Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus amabilis (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus apiciflavus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus baccaeformis Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus basipennis Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus bicolor (Lyubarsky, 1996), comb. nov. (Augasmus) (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus bimaculatus (Matsumura, 1914), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Litochrus binotatus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus bipustulatus (Lyubarsky, 1996), comb. nov. (Augasmus) (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus blackburni Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus brunneus (Erichson, 1842) (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus burgersi (Lyubarsky, 1996), comb. nov. (Augasmus) (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus caeruleotinctus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia, New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus flavonotatus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus frigidus Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus fumatus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus fuscoguttatus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: India) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: “Sunésie”) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus koltzei (Reitter, 1887), comb. nov. (Merobrachys) (Distribution: Russia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus laeticulus Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus lautus Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus maculatus Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus major Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus majorinus Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus maritimus Blackburn, 1903 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus minutus Hisamatsu, 1985 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Litochrus nigritus (Lyubarsky, 1996), comb. nov. (Augasmus) (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus obscuricollis Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus obscuripes Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus pallidicollis Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus pallidipes Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus palmerstoni Blackburn, 1891 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus parvoniger Lea, 1932 (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus perparvus Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus piceus (Lyubarsky, 1996), comb. nov. (Augasmus) (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus plagiatus Blackburn, 1902 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus pronotalis Gimmel, nom. nov. [for Augasmus bimaculatus Lyubarsky, 1996, junior secondary homonym of Litochrus bimaculatus (Matsumura, 1914)] (Distribution: New Guinea)</p> <p>Litochrus ruficollis Lea, 1932 (Distribution: Australia)</p> <p>Litochrus rufoguttatus Champion, 1925 (Distribution: Japan) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus ryukyuensis Hisamatsu, 1985 (Distribution: Japan)</p> <p>Litochrus sydneyensis Blackburn, 1892 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus tinctus Blackburn, 1895 (Distribution: Australia) (type!)</p> <p>Litochrus triangulus (Fauvel, 1903), comb. nov. (Olibrus) (Distribution: New Caledonia) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. This genus had an inauspicious beginning that certainly contributed to the worldwide confusion over its limits and composition. Erichson (1845) described it in a footnote and mentioned, almost in passing, the two previously described species that should be included in it. The identity of these species was not elaborated on until Blackburn (1891), who did not see the types of the Australian species L. brunneus (which would become the type species), and Guillebeau (1894 a), who misdiagnosed the genera Litochrus and Micromerus (= Merobrachys) with regard to the hind tarsi. Blackburn (1891 – 1903), although correctly divining the identity of the Erichson species, had a broader concept of this genus that includes my concept of Augasmus Motschulsky. Examination of the types of Blackburn has resulted in the removal of three species to the latter genus. Examination of the detailed illustrations of metatibiae, metatarsi, and antennae in Lea (1932) has resulted in the removal of an additional three species to Augasmus (see account of that genus for details on these six species), and one species to Litochropus (see account of that genus). However, after examination of illustrations and non-type material, I have determined that all of the species newly described by Lyubarsky (1996) in Augasmus actually belong to Litochrus. In other publications Lyubarsky’s concept of Augasmus is essentially in agreement with mine.</p> <p>Casey (1889) applied Erichson’s concept of Litochrus to a few North American forms, despite admitting that Erichson’s genus is probably a composite of genera, and despite enumerating differences between the North American forms and Erichson’s description. As I have defined the genus above, true Litochrus differs in a large number of structural details from superficially similar forms in the New World, and all species described from that region previously under this name have been transferred to Litochropus Casey or Neolitochrus Gimmel (see accounts of those genera for details).</p> <p>Guillebeau’s (1893 c) species that he tentatively described in Litochrus, L. latisternus, I have determined to probably belong in Olibrus after a cursory examination of the type (MNHN). I have tentatively transferred it to the latter genus.</p> <p>I have examined specimens of Merobrachys koltzei (Reitter) from the Far East of Russia and there are no essential differences between this form and those included in my definition of Litochrus. Therefore I propose synonymy of these two genera. This synonymy results in four new combinations, made explicit above. I have also examined the type of Olibrus triangulus Fauvel (MNHN) and it falls easily within the concept of Litochrus presented above in the diagnosis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266104628392286F96B7C76CD02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266105A283E2286FA457FEACC15.text	8C75C266105A283E2286FA457FEACC15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malagophytus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>32. Malagophytus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 3b; 42g)</p> <p>Type species: Malagophytus steineri Gimmel, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of M. steineri below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinguished by the separated mesocoxal cavities, lack of a protibial ctenidium, large scutellar shield, four convergent elytral discal striae, and paired postcoxal lines on abdominal ventrite I.</p> <p>Description. Very small, total length 1.3–1.5 mm. Color solid rufotestaceous (Fig. 42g). Tibial spur formula 2- 2-2, tarsal formula 5-5-5.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes medium-sized; weakly emarginate medially; with broad posterior emargination; periocular groove absent. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuatetruncate. Antennal club 3-segmented, club weakly asymmetrical; antennomere XI constricted on posterior edge. Mandible with apex tridentate; with weak retinaculum. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, nearly symmetrical. Labial palpomere III fusiform, pointed. Gular sutures long, extending at least halfway to ventral mouthparts.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with distinct, scattered microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, with preapical setae, with broad translucent horizontal apical process, without spinelike setae at apex. Protibia without ctenidium on kickface. Scutellar shield large, about as wide as length of eye. Elytron without spectral iridescence; with one distinct sutural stria, plus four more-or-less complete striae, all striae convergent on sutural stria apically, with rudiments of additional striae; without transverse strigae. Mesoventral plate notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, forming procoxal rests, with a moderately deep, circular, median depression for reception of prosternal process; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxae approximate, separated by less than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process extending anteriorly just to halfway point of mesocoxae; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly separated from mesocoxal cavity margin, arcuate; discrimen short, not extending halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process. Metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium straight, perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal to width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I longer than metatarsomere II, but shorter than remainder of tarsus, joint between I and II rigid.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I (Fig. 3b) with paired lines extending from metacoxal process posteriorly about 2/3 of the way to suture between ventrites I and II, divergent posteriorly. Genitalia unstudied.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Only one of the specimens has any collection information: “on reed litter.”</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Known so far only from two specimens (representing one species) from southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 44b).</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Malagophytus steineri Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Madagascar)</p> <p>Discussion. Because this genus is known from only two specimens I did not perform a disarticulation. Accordingly, the above description lacks a number of internal and detailed external characters, and the genus was excluded from the phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>Etymology. From malago -, referring to its Malagasy homeland, and Greek phyton (a creature). The gender of the name is masculine.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266105A283E2286FA457FEACC15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266105D283E2286FB6F7AF6CFA1.text	8C75C266105D283E2286FB6F7AF6CFA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malagophytus steineri Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Malagophytus steineri Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 3b; 42g)</p> <p>Holotype. “ MADAGASCAR \ Fianarantsoa Prov., \ Namarona River 7 km \ W Ranomafana, 900 m \ 8–21 October 1988 \ W. E. Steiner // HOLOTYPE \ Malagophytus \ steineri Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (USNM), point mounted.</p> <p>Paratype (1, BMNH). “ Madagascar [underlined in purple] \ 20 kms. N. of \ Ft. Dauphin \ 18.x.1970 // ex \ reed \ litter // Coll. \ P. Hammond \ B.M. 1970-603 // PARATYPE \ Malagophytus \ steineri Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”, card mounted.</p> <p>Description. Total length 1.3–1.5 mm. Color brunneous, margins of head, pronotum, and elytra tending toward testaceous; appendages and underside testaceous, meso- and metaventral regions darker. Antennal club shorter than funicle; antennomere XI ovate. Head and pronotum with extremely sparse, weak punctation, latter with sparse recumbent microsetae. Elytron with distinct transverse microsculpture throughout, with sparse recumbent microsetae; with sutural stria (parallel to margin) extending about 2/3 length of elytron, with four additional engraved striae, striae beginning in basal 1/3 of elytron and extending obliquely to almost meet sutural stria at well-spaced intervals, last stria nearing sutural stria at about 1/6 from apex of elytron, additional striae faintly indicated. Prosternal process (with translucent projection) extending well beyond procoxae; with pair of short, stiff setae positioned subapically. Metaventrite without distinct punctures, setose medially; metaventral postcoxal lines narrowly arcuate, enclosing an area about ¼ length of metaventrite behind coxae. Metatarsomere I slightly longer than II.</p> <p>Male and female genitalia unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from two localities in southeastern Madagascar (Fig. 44b).</p> <p>Etymology. Named for Warren E. Steiner, Jr. (Cheverly, MD), primary collector of three new genera of phalacrids from Madagascar, including this one. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266105D283E2286FB6F7AF6CFA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266105F283D2286FF747ACEC9A4.text	8C75C266105F283D2286FF747ACEC9A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracylomus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>33. Paracylomus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 35; 43a, b)</p> <p>Type species: Acylomus asiaticus Champion, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. Acylomus asiaticus Champion: lectotype, here designated in order to stabilize the species and new genus name, “ Ceylon [underlined with yellow] \ G. Lewis. \ 1910—320. // Horton Plains. \ 6,000 ft. \ 18-20. III.82. // 20.3.82 [handwritten] // Type \ H. T. [red-bordered disc] // Acylomus \ asiaticus \ type Ch. [handwritten] // cox. lines angular \ + sterna as in \ S. geminus [handwritten] // Acylomus \ asiaticus, \ Champ. // E.M.M. 1924. \ det. G.C.C. // SYN- \ TYPE [blue-bordered disc] // LECTOTYPE \ Acylomus \ asiaticus Champion \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (BMNH). Paralectotype card-mounted upside down, with same locality labels, label added “ PARALECTOTYPE \ Acylomus \ asiaticus Champion \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]” (BMNH).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Recognized by a combination of the following features: elytra with two engraved sutural striae, metaventral process lobed and extending anteriorly beyond mesocoxae, metaventral postcoxal lines separated from mesocoxal cavities, protibia without ctenidium, and metatarsomere I shorter than II.</p> <p>Description. Small, total length 1.7–1.9 mm. Dorsal color dark reddish-testaceous (Figs. 43a, b). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; weakly emarginate medially; without posterior emargination; periocular groove absent; with transverse setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3- segmented, club weakly asymmetrical, antennomere XI weakly turbinate (Fig. 35b). Mandible (Fig. 35a) with apex tridentate; without retinaculum; mandible without ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, short, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform. Labrum with apical margin arcuate. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum without obvious microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, not conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium on kickface. Scutellar shield small. Elytron with weak spectral iridescence; two sutural striae present, convergent in apical fourth of elytron; discal striae barely suggested; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 35f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with incomplete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than half width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 35f) extending beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines relatively weak, diverging from mesocoxal cavity margin, arcuate; discrimen short, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 35g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, longest spur subequal in length to width of tibial apex; metatarsus long and slender, metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 35d); metatarsomere III not bilobed. Hind wing (Fig. 35e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with incomplete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA 3+4 apparent only basally, without crossvein to Cu; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants; r4 absent; flecks present in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; long transverse proximal sclerite and additional strong, irregular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines or calli; spiracles apparently absent from segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 35h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres separated by weak suture from basal piece, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 35i) short, wide, with endophallic spicules, no large sclerites, apex simple; spiculum gastrale V-shaped, with arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. One series was collected from a Malaise trap.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. Only one species, known from Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka, and a specimen simply labeled “ Ceylon ” (see map, Fig. 44d).</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Paracylomus asiaticus (Champion, 1924), comb. nov. (Acylomus) (Distribution: Sri Lanka) (type!)</p> <p>Discussion. Despite Champion’s notes to the contrary, the type species does possess (albeit weak) metaventral postcoxal lines that diverge from the coxal cavities, though they are smoothly and evenly arcuate. This species was originally described in Acylomus, but the anteriorly lobed metaventral process and two sutural striae on each elytron make it quite distinctive.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek prefix para - (near) plus the genus Acylomus, with which this genus shares a number of characters and has been confused in the past. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266105F283D2286FF747ACEC9A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266105E28332286FDA47CDFCB1E.text	8C75C266105E28332286FDA47CDFCB1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Steinerlitrus Gimmel 2013	<div><p>34. Steinerlitrus Gimmel, gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 36; 43c–e)</p> <p>Type species: Steinerlitrus warreni Gimmel, here designated.</p> <p>Type material. See account of Steinerlitrus warreni below.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Readily distinguised from other Phalacridae by the greatly anteriorly protruded metaventrite, lack of a protibial ctenidium, metatarsomere II longer than I, small scutellar shield, acute notch on the posterior margin of the eye, and a reduced or absent elytral sutural stria.</p> <p>Description. Very small to medium-sized, total length 1.2–2.4 mm. Color generally piceous, often with yellow maculations (Figs. 43d, e). Tibial spur formula 2-2-2, tarsal formula 5-5- 5 in both sexes.</p> <p>Head. Not constricted behind eyes. Eyes small; facets flat; interfacetal setae absent; not emarginate medially; with acute posterior emargination (Fig. 43c); periocular groove absent; lacking distinct setose groove ventrally behind eye. Frontoclypeus emarginate above antennal insertion; clypeal apex arcuate-truncate. Antennal club 3- segmented, club strongly symmetrical, antennomere XI strongly turbinate (Fig. 36b). Mandible (Fig. 36a) with apex tridentate; without retinaculum; mandible with ventral ridge. Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform, nearly symmetrical; galea short, rounded; lacinia with two stout spines. Mentum with sides divergent toward apex; labial palpomere III fusiform, pointed apically. Labrum with apical margin arcuate, with tuft of inwardly curved setae at each corner. Gular sutures short, barely evident.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum with scattered, distinct microsetae; with weakly developed scutellar lobe. Prosternum anteriorly with continuous row of marginal setae, setae flattened at base; procoxal cavity with anterolateral notchlike extension; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, often conspicuously setose preapically, without spinelike setae at apex. Protrochanter without setae; protibia without ctenidium (Fig. 36c). Scutellar shield small. Elytron without or with weak spectral iridescence; without or with one weak sutural stria; elytral disc with weak rows of punctures; without transverse strigae; lateral margin with row of tiny, sawtooth-like setae. Mesoventral plate (Fig. 36f) notched anteriorly, extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two, not forming procoxal rests; mesanepisternum with complete transverse carina; mesocoxal cavities widely separate, separated by more than width of a coxal cavity. Mesotarsomere III not bilobed. Metaventral process (Fig. 36f) extending beyond anterior level of mesocoxae, protruding and arcuately lobed anteriorly; metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity margin; discrimen extremely short, extending much less than halfway to anterior margin of metaventral process; metendosternite (Fig. 36g) with anterior tendons moderately separated, ventral process intersecting ventral longitudinal flange at anterior margin. Anterior margin of metacoxa with emargination sublaterally; metacoxal plate with transverse line; metatibial foreface with apical ctenidium roughly perpendicular overall to long axis of tibia; spurs cylindrical, quite short, distinctly shorter than width of tibial apex; metatarsomere I shorter than metatarsomere II, joint between I and II rigid (Fig. 36d). Hind wing (Fig. 36e) with distinct, ovate anal lobe; leading edge with complete row of long setae at level of RA +ScP; AA evident only basally, without crossvein to Cu; cubitoanal system unbranched apically; CuA 2 and MP 3+4 without distal remnants, though faint flecking is often present; r4 absent; with strong fleck in apical field just distal to rp-mp2; short transverse proximal sclerite and faint triangular sclerite present just distal to end of radial bar.</p> <p>3+4</p> <p>Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I without paired lines, with calli; spiracles present and apparently functional on segment VII. Male with aedeagus upright in repose; tegmen (Fig. 36h) with asymmetrical anterior margin and parameres completely fused to basal piece or partially separated by suture, parameres with medial longitudinal division; penis (Fig. 36i) with endophallic spicules in cylindrical arrangement, apex truncate; spiculum gastrale Vshaped, distorted, arms free. Female ovipositor weakly sclerotized, palpiform.</p> <p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p> <p>Bionomics. Large series of both an undescribed species and S. warreni were collected from the trunk of a living Macrolobium sp. (Fabaceae) at night. One specimen of an undescribed species was sifted from a stataryphase colony of Eciton burchelli Westwood (Formicidae), but the presence of the phalacrid was likely accidental.</p> <p>Distribution and diversity. One species described below, but other, undescribed, species are known from northern South America east of the Andes, all from the Amazon Basin and Guiana Shield.</p> <p>Included species (1):</p> <p>Steinerlitrus warreni Gimmel, sp. nov. (Distribution: Venezuela)</p> <p>Discussion. Although at least five undescribed species are known to me, I have described only one species in this publication to meet ICZN requirements. The genus will receive a dedicated treatment in the future.</p> <p>Etymology. This genus is named in honor of Warren E. Steiner, Jr., of Cheverly, Maryland, USA, the world’s greatest phalacrid collector, together with the ending - litrus because of its superficial similarity to members of Eulitrus. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266105E28332286FDA47CDFCB1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
8C75C266105028332286FC417D20CEA5.text	8C75C266105028332286FC417D20CEA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Steinerlitrus warreni Gimmel 2013	<div><p>Steinerlitrus warreni Gimmel, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 36; 43c–e)</p> <p>Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">Male</a>, “ VENEZUELA: Amazonas \ Cerro de la Neblina, basecamp \ 0º50’N 66º10’W 140m 22Feb1985 \ trunk of live Macrolobium at night \ coll. W.E. Steiner // HOLOTYPE ♂ \ Steinerlitrus \ warreni Gimmel \ des. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [red label]” (USNM), point mounted.</p> <p>Paratypes (86). Same data as holotype (45, USNM); same data as holotype except 25Feb1985 (36, USNM; 5, MLGC); all with label added “ PARATYPE \ Steinerlitrus \ warreni Gimmel \ det. M.L. Gimmel 2011 [yellow label]”.</p> <p>Description. Total length 2.0– 2.2 mm. Color dark brown, often with nebulous lighter areas along base of elytra, around elytral suture in basal half, and along the lateral margins of the pronotum and elytra; appendages testaceous. Antenna slightly longer than width of head capsule; antennal club about as long as funicle; antennomere XI markedly turbinate, slightly shorter than IX and X combined (Fig. 36b). Head punctation extremely fine and dense. Pronotal punctation similar to that of head; posterior margin not bordered; with weak scutellar lobe; hind angles obtuse. Elytron devoid of microsculpture, with quite weak diffraction grating; sutural stria weak but evident in apical 1/3, additional striae indicated by rows of weak punctures, striae not impressed, intervals with row of punctures similar in size to those of striae; elytral posterior angle sharp, acute. Prosternal process setose medially. Metaventrite densely setose medially. Metatarsomere I about half as long as II; metatarsomeres I and II together about as long as remainder of tarsus (Fig. 36d).</p> <p>Tegmen of aedeagus with fused parameres partially set off from basal piece (Fig. 36h). Penis narrowed in apical 1/5 (Fig. 36h). Spermatheca as illustrated (Fig. 36j).</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species may be recognized by the characters given in the generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a further monument to Warren E. Steiner, Jr., collector of the holotype and the entire type series. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C75C266105028332286FC417D20CEA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gimmel, Matthew L.	Gimmel, Matthew L. (2013): <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>. Zootaxa 3605 (1): 1-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3605.1.1
