identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
92758787FFC2FF84FF7EFD10FDEB713E.text	92758787FFC2FF84FF7EFD10FDEB713E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minixi tricoloratum (Zavattari 1911)	<div><p>Minixi tricoloratum (Zavattari, 1911)</p><p>(Figs. 1–5)</p><p>Eumenes tricoloratus Zavattari, 1911: 49; 1912: 121. Bertoni, 1918: 206; 1923 (1921): 53; 1934: 111, 113. Type data: female holotype (ZMHB).</p><p>Type locality: San Bernardino, Paraguay.</p><p>Minixi tricoloratum; Giordani Soika, 1978: 368, 383. Hermes &amp; Oliveira, 2016: 189, 190, 191, 198.</p><p>Comments and diagnosis. Like females, males of M. tricoloratum are defined by the following diagnostic features: clypeus with sparse macro-punctation and evident pilosity (Fig. 1); inter- antennal region elevated and longitudinally cariniform; tegulae strongly punctured (Fig. 3); propodeum not dilated dorsolaterally (Fig. 4); T1 gradually expanding at the apex (Fig. 4); presence of sparse punctation at T2. In addition to this set of features common to both sexes, males of M. tricoloratum present a very short F11, not reaching the apex of F9 (Fig. 2) and rounded tyloids. A very short F11 is an exclusive character of M. tricoloratum males, but rounded tyloids are shared with others species of Minixi, except M. brasilianum and M. sumichrasti (narrow tyloids) (see figs 8-9 in Hermes &amp; Oliveira 2016).</p><p>Description. Male. Color. Body black. Yellow marks as follows: clypeus; inter-antennal region; mesoscutum; and parategulae. Yellow transverse bands at the apex of T1–2 and S2. Metanotum with yellow and ferruginous marks. Ferruginous marks on the sides of pronotum; tegulae; propodeum; scutellum; mesepisternum; and T2. Lateral ferruginous bands extending near base of T1. T3–7 and S3–7 with ferruginous and yellow marks. Hyaline wings with brown veins. Legs with ferruginous and yellow marks.</p><p>Pilosity. Body covered by thin, whitish and short setae, which are denser in the clypeus. Setae in T1–7 shorter than in the rest of the body.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus weakly punctured, with distinguishable punctures; frons with deep and abundant punctures, close to each other; pronotum, mesoscutum, propodeum, and mesepisternum with coarse and deep punctures—punctures may even coalesce; tegulae strongly punctured; scutellum and metanotum with sparse and deep punctation; T1–2 with numerous, smaller and shallow punctures; T2–7 e S2–7 with less deep, smaller and less abundant punctures.</p><p>Structure. Clypeus longer than wide with short apical carina, emarginated medially between apical teeth; inter-antennal region raised and longitudinally cariniform; apical flagellomere pointed and very short, not reaching the apex of the antepenultimate flagellomere; tyloids wide; lateral surface of pronotum depressed; pronotal carina straight; mesoscutum without notauli; metanotum without longitudinal carina; propodeum not dorsolaterally dilated; lower portion of median concavity on posterior surface of propodeum not deeply depressed; apex of T1 with lamella developed; T2 elongated; S7 with abundant and long setae and without carina.</p><p>Male genitalia. Ventral lobe of the penile valve simple with presence of a non-enlarged projection (Fig. 5); apex of the head of the aedeagus without furrow (see Fig. 33 in Hermes &amp; Oliveira 2016); ventral margin of the aedeagus smooth and without accessory lobe (Fig. 5); medial basal apodeme of aedeagus elongated (Fig. 5); digitus without medium lamellar projection; cuspis without spines (see Fig. 34 in Hermes &amp; Oliveira 2016).</p><p>Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil (Minas Gerais [new record], Mato Grosso, São Paulo).</p><p>Examined material. Argentina, São Pedro: ♂ (AMNH), ‘ S. Pedro Colalao \ Tucuman, ARGENT.\ XII-15/ 19 - 64\ O. O. Porter’ ‘...’ (unreadable label); Brasil, Minas Gerais: ♂ (UFMG), ‘ BRA, MG, Serra do\ Salitre, RPPN Cachoeira \ do Campo 23-26.x.2009,\ A. F. Kumagai; R. B. Lopes;\ A. R. Lima leg.\ UFMG IHY \ 1522450’ ; ♂ (UFMG), ‘ BRA, MG, Serra do\ Salitre, RPN Cachoeira \ do Campo 23-26.x.2009,\ A. F. Kumagai; R. B. Lopes;\ A. R. Lima leg.\ UFMG IHY \ 1522451’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92758787FFC2FF84FF7EFD10FDEB713E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hermes, Marcel G.	Hermes, Marcel G. (2017): Contributions to the taxonomy of Minixi Giordani Soika and Alphamenes Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an identification key to the species of the latter. Zootaxa 4317 (3): 530-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.3.5
92758787FFC0FF83FF7EFE1AFCA270AA.text	92758787FFC0FF83FF7EFE1AFCA270AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minixi brethesi (Bertoni 1927)	<div><p>Minixi brethesi (Bertoni, 1927)</p><p>(Figs. 6–11)</p><p>Nortonia bertonii Brèthes, 1924: 71 (secondary junior homonym of Eumenes bertonii Brèthes, 1909).</p><p>Type data: female holotype (MACN).</p><p>Type locality: Vista Alegre, Paraguay</p><p>Eumenes brethesi Bertoni, 1927: 148 (substitution name for Nortonia bertonii Brèthes, 1924, non Brèthes, 1909); Bertoni, 1934: 114.</p><p>Minixi brethesi; Bertoni, 1927; Hermes &amp; Oliveira, 2016: 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198 (new combination).</p><p>Comments and diagnosis. The diagnostic features common to both sexes are: propodeum strongly dilated dorsolaterally (Fig. 10); posterior surface of propodeum with lower portion of median concavity deeply depressed (Fig. 11); T1, in dorsal view, expanding abruptly towards apex (Fig. 10). A typical feature of M. brethesi is the presence of extensive ferruginous markings both in the pronotum (Fig. 8, 9) and in the T1 (Figs. 8, 10). Males have wide tyloids in the antenna, and the apical flagellomere is long, reaching or almost reaching the apex of the antepenultimate flagellomere (Fig. 7). Wide tyloids in the male antenna are observed in others species of Minixi, except M. brasilianum and M. sumichrasti (narrow tyloids, see figs. 8-9 in Hermes &amp; Oliveira 2016). Males of other species of Minixi also present the apical flagellomere long, with exception of M. tricoloratum (Fig. 2).</p><p>Description. Male. Color. Integument black, with markedly ferruginous regions, in particular: ventral surface of all antennal segments and dorsal surface of the scape, pedicel and F1–5; pronotum; tegulae; half of the basal portion and the entire apical portion of T1 and S1; T2–7 and S2–7. Isolated ferruginous spots in the upper posterior region of mesepisternum and in the upper portion of propodeum. Yellow marks as follows: basal portion of the labrum; clypeus; spot between the antennal alveoli; spot on the upper posterolateral margin of the compound eye; narrow band at apex of T1; bands at the apex of T2–6 and S2–6. Legs ferruginous, darker on coxae, becoming brown-yellowish in the more apical segments. Brownish wings.</p><p>Pilosity. Clypeus with dense pubescence, straw-yellow (Fig. 6); remaining body with short, thin setae, concentrated in regions which follow: mesepisternum; coxae; propodeum; metassomal terga.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with punctation not evident; frons with small, deep and concentrated punctures—the distance between one to another is smaller than the size of a puncture—evident micro-punctation; pronotum with small, shallow and evident punctures; superior surface of the mesepisternum with cariniform punctation, the punctures becoming less dense inferiorly; mesoscutum with distinct punctation: concentrated, small and deep punctures, with micro-punctation evident; mesoscutum, scutellum and propodeum with coarse and dense punctation; T1 with small and shallow punctures, not evident; T2–7 with obsolete punctation.</p><p>Structure. Labrum truncated; clypeus longer than wide, emarginate, with short and carinate teeth; interantenal region raised and rounded; apical flagellomere curved, hook-like, reaching the apex of the antepenultimate flagellomere; pronotal carina complete and straight; humeral projection pronounced; pretegular carina welldeveloped; crenulation in the mesepisternum not completely indicated; propodeum strongly dilated dorsolaterally; posterior surface of propodeum with median concavity, lower portion deeply depressed; base of T1 shorter than the apical portion; apex of T1 thickened; T2 longer than wide.</p><p>Male genitalia. All the analyzed male specimens had the genitalia previously detached from the last metasomal segments. However, these structures were not attached to their respective specimens to become available for observation, thus it is not possible to describe the male genitalia of this species.</p><p>Distribution. Paraguay.</p><p>Examined material. Paraguay, Itanará: ♂ (MNHPY), ‘Itanará\ 18.IV.20 ’ ‘Nortoni\ bertonii \ Brths.’ ‘MNHNP\ A. W. Bertoni\ D. 41\ Garcete rev.’ ‘IBNPY-INVERT\ 000000007366’ ‘ Pachyminixi \ brethesi \ (Bertoni)\ det. B. Garcete 2000’; ♂ (MNHPY), ‘V. Alegre\ III.20 ’ (handwriten label) ‘ Nortonia \ alegresis\ Brths’ (handwriten label) ‘MNHNP\ A. W. Bertoni\ D. 26\ Garcete rev.’ ‘IBNPY-INVERT\ 000000007369’ ‘ Pachyminixi \ brethesi \ (Bertoni)\ det. B. Garcete 2000’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92758787FFC0FF83FF7EFE1AFCA270AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hermes, Marcel G.	Hermes, Marcel G. (2017): Contributions to the taxonomy of Minixi Giordani Soika and Alphamenes Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an identification key to the species of the latter. Zootaxa 4317 (3): 530-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.3.5
92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5.text	92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika 1978	<div><p>Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika, 1978</p><p>(Fig. 12–15, 18, 22, 25)</p><p>Alphamenes insignis richardsi Giordani Soika, 1978: 333, 357. Carpenter &amp; Van der Vecht, 1991: 224 (distinction of the nominotypic subspecies is dubious).</p><p>Type data: female holotype (NHM) (examined).</p><p>Type locality: Mato Grosso, 12°50’S, 51°47’W, Brazil</p><p>Alphamenes insignis loquax Giordani Soika, 1978: 333, 357. Carpenter &amp; Van der Vecht, 1991: 224 (distinction of the nominotypic subspecies is dubious); Garcete- Barrett, 2001: 38 (probably male of Alphamenes richardsi). New synonym.</p><p>Type data: male holotype (MSNVE) (examined).</p><p>Type locality: “ San Louis ”, Paraguay</p><p>Alphamenes richardsi; Garcete-Barrett, 2001: 38 (change of taxonomic status).</p><p>Remarks. Giordani Soika (1978) recognized three subspecies for Alphamenes insignis: A. insignis insignis, A. insignis richardsi and A. insignis loquax . Distinction of these subspecies was based solely on color patterns, which is a recurring practice in the works of Giordani Soika (Carpenter 1987; Hermes &amp; Ferreira 2016) and in the taxonomic tradition of Vespidae, in general. The differences listed by the author refer to the variation of coloration in the mesosoma, which is black and yellow in A. insignis insignis and largely ferruginous in A. insignis richardsi and A. insignis loquax . The latter two are separated by the presence or absence of numerous yellow spots on the mesosoma.</p><p>It has already been shown for Vespidae that characters related to the color of the integument are variable due to environmental factors (Maclean et al. 1978). Geographical variation may also play an important role in color patterns (Bequart, 1944). In addition, characters related to the color of the integument are more variable than structural characters, since the latter are less influenced by environmental factors during the life of the individual (Bequart 1944).</p><p>Carpenter and Vecht (1991) have mentioned that A. insignis richardsi and A. insignis loquax may be synonymous with A. insignis . Garcete- Barrett (2001), however, when examining the type series of A. insignis richardsi and comparing it with specimens of A. insignis insignis, recognizes that these subspecies actually corresponded to distinct species. This author proposed a set of morphological characters that support the delimitation of these two species, and the subspecies that until then were recognized by Giordani Soika (1978) were raised to species level by Garcete-Barrett (2001). Garcete-Barrett (2001) also left open the possibility that A. insignis loquax could be considered a junior synonymy of A. richardsi .</p><p>Here, A. insignis loquax has its status reevaluated, being considered a junior synonym of A. richardsi, corroborating what was suggested by Garcete-Barrett (2001). This proposition was based on the examination of the holotypes of Alphames richardsi and Alphamenes insignis loquax (examined material below). After the comparison between these specimens, the matching of the following set of features was recognized to justify the synonymy: vertex with strong punctation (Fig. 25); pronotum ferruginous with deep punctures (Figs. 12–13); sulcus between scutellum and metanotum evident (Fig. 15); tegulae (Fig. 15) and T1 strongly punctured (Fig. 18); and S7 without carina.</p><p>Examined material. Paraguay, St. Louis (probably San Luis in Concepción Department): ♂ (CMNH), ‘Paraguay\ ST- Louis’ ‘84\’(yellow label) ‘HOLOTYPUS\ insignis \ loquax \ A. Giordani Soika’(partially handwriten orange label) ‘COLL. AGS’(yellow label). Brazil, Mato Grosso: ♀ (NHM)`Campo``BRAZIL: Mato Grosso \ 12°50’S., 51°47’W. \ 30.IX.1968 \ O.W.Richards.``R.S. &amp; R.G.S. \ Expedition \ B.M. 1968-260``HOLOTYPUS \ Alphamenes \ insignis \ richardsi \ A. Giordani Soika``B.M. Type \ HYM \ 18.1138`.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hermes, Marcel G.	Hermes, Marcel G. (2017): Contributions to the taxonomy of Minixi Giordani Soika and Alphamenes Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an identification key to the species of the latter. Zootaxa 4317 (3): 530-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.3.5
