taxonID	type	description	language	source
4CC1F9F32CCA5761AB4565287E2DD1AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Costa Rica. Cerro de la Muerte, Jan. 1897, H. Pittier 10477 (holotype: W (W 19160027240 [image!]); isotypes: BAB (BAB 00000206 [image!]), BR (BR 0000006595845 [image!]), G (G 00192030 [image!]), US (US 00131726 [not seen], US 00131725 [not seen], US 00131136 fragm. [not seen]).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
4CC1F9F32CCA5761AB4565287E2DD1AA.taxon	description	Description. Tufted perennial forming dense tufts, with the basal mats reaching c. 6 - 17 cm tall and inflorescences usually well-exserted from the basal foliage. Tillers intravaginal. Culms 10 - 30 (- 50) cm tall, erect, simple, delicate; nodes and internodes terete, smooth, usually with at least 1 or 2 elongated internodes visible, with (0 -) 1 - 3 nodes exposed at flowering, uppermost internode c. 4 - 13 cm long, longer than the sheath. Leaves generally basal; sheaths terete, glabrous, smooth to lightly scabrous with very short scabers; flag sheath 4 - 13 cm long; basal sheaths 1 - 4 cm long, striate, becoming fibrous; ligules 1.7 - 4.3 mm long, membranous, slightly to usually strongly decurrent with the sheath; upper culm ligules acute to acuminate with a obtuse to acuminate apex, sometimes slightly erose towards the apex; ligules of tillers similar to those of the culm, sometimes slightly shorter; blades 2 - 15 cm long, 0.2 - 0.3 (- 0.4) mm wide in diameter, involute or convolute, acicular to capillaceous and filiform, straight to slightly curved, abaxial surfaces glabrous, lightly to usually densely scabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous, lightly to usually densely scabrous on the veins with scabers varying in size from short to long and robust. Panicles (3.5 -) 4 - 11.5 x (1 -) 3 - 5 cm, open to slightly congested when young, usually ovoid; panicle branches ascendant to patent, branched above the middle, filiform, with spikelets not present near the base, glabrous, smooth, longest branches 1 - 4.5 cm long; pedicels (1 -) 2 - 6 mm long, usually longer than the length of the spikelets, divaricate, glabrous, smooth. Spikelets 1.7 - 2 mm long; glumes remaining on the inflorescence at maturity, equal or subequal, the lower usually slightly longer than the upper, almost equaling the length of the floret to 0.5 mm longer, oblong-lanceolate, slightly keeled, apex broadly acute, glabrous, keels lightly scaberulous just in the distal 1 / 3, surfaces smooth; lower glume 1 - (or 3 -) veined, lateral veins usually vestigial; upper glume 1 - (or 2 - or 3 -) veined, lateral veins usually vestigial; lemmas 1.4 - 1.6 mm long, glabrous, smooth, faintly 5 - veined, apex obtuse, awn lacking or to 0.6 mm long, straight, inserted medially or in the upper 1 / 3; paleas well-developed, 0.8 - 1.5 mm long, usually reaching from 3 / 4 to subequaling the lemma, keels slightly obscure, smooth, apex bifid and sometimes erose; rachilla 0.3 - 1.4 mm long, prolonged from the base of the floret, glabrous, rarely smooth, usually scabrous, sometimes with scabers extending into very short hairs <0.2 mm long. Calluses 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, slightly elongated, glabrous, smooth. Flowers; lodicules c. 0.3 - 0.5 mm long, lanceolate with acute apices, not lobed; anthers 3 in number, 0.8 - 1 mm long. Caryopses not seen. 2 n = 28.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
4CC1F9F32CCA5761AB4565287E2DD1AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Costa Rica and Panama, paramo grasslands, 2200 - 3900 m alt. Pohl (1980) mentions that this species apparently flowers throughout the year.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
4CC1F9F32CCA5761AB4565287E2DD1AA.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined. Costa Rica. Cartago: Canyon of Rio Tiribi, 3 km NW of Llano Grande, 2200 m, 7 Feb. 1969, R. W. Pohl 11705 A (US 3096988). Limon: Cordillera de Talamanca, Atlantic slope, Kamuk Massif, paramo north-east of the main Kamuk peak, 9 ° 1 ' - 9 ° 17 ' N, 83 ° 00 ' - 83 ° 0 ' W, 3000 - 3300 m alt., 17 - 18 Sep. 1984, G. Davidse 29277 (US 3041608). San Jose: Cerro Chirripo, treeless paramo SW of and around summit, 11000 - 12000 ft [3353 - 3658 m alt.], 24 - 26 Aug. 1967, A. M. Evans 145 (US 2589766 A); Cerro de la Vueltas, paramo, 2700 - 3000 m alt., 29 Dec. 1925 - 1 Jan. 1926, P. C. Standley 43625 (US 1307153); P. C. Standley 43678 (US 1307155); Cordillera de Talamanca, Cerro de la Muerte, Asuncion, 3250 m alt., 13 July 1968, R. W. Pohl 10693 (US 3096655).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
A459F44699CC53FB8BF8DDFD1C2F21CF.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Guatemala. Dept. Huehuetenango: collected in alpine area, vicinity of Tojquia, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 3700 m alt., 5 Aug. 1942, J. A. Steyermark 50119 (holotype: US (US 00131747 [not seen]); isotype: US (US 00131748 [not seen] )).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
A459F44699CC53FB8BF8DDFD1C2F21CF.taxon	description	Description. Tufted perennial forming short dense tufts, with the basal mats reaching c. 3 - 6 cm tall and inflorescences usually well-exserted from the basal foliage. Tillers intravaginal. Culms 5 - 15 (- 30) cm tall, erect, simple, delicate; nodes and internodes terete, smooth, nodes usually hidden in the sheaths with 0 (- 1) nodes exposed at flowering, uppermost internode usually <1 cm long (to 4 cm long in Steyermark 50216), usually not longer than the sheath. Leaves generally basal; sheaths terete, glabrous, smooth; flag sheath 2 - 5.6 cm long; basal sheaths 0.5 - 1.5 cm long, striate, becoming fibrous; ligules 0.8 - 2 (- 2.5) mm long, membranaceous, slightly to usually strongly decurrent with the sheath; upper culm ligules acute with a obtuse to truncate apex, usually slightly erose towards the apex; ligules of tillers similar to those of the culm; blades 1 - 4 (- 5.5) cm long, 0.3 - 0.4 (- 0.6) mm wide in diameter, involute or convolute, acicular to capillaceous and filiform, usually curved, abaxial surfaces glabrous, smooth, adaxial surfaces glabrous, lightly to usually densely scabrous with scabers usually short, less often long and robust, edges smooth to lightly scabrous with very short hooks. Panicles (1.2 -) 2 - 5 x (0.5 -) 1 - 2.5 cm, open to slightly congested when young, usually ovoid; panicle branches ascendant to patent, branched above the middle, filiform, with spikelets not present near the base, glabrous, smooth, longest branches 0.3 - 2 cm long; pedicels (1 -) 1.5 - 5 mm long, usually longer than the length of the spikelets, divaricate, glabrous, smooth. Spikelets (1.2 -) 1.5 - 2 mm long; glumes remaining on the inflorescence at maturity, equal or subequal, the lower usually slightly longer than the upper, subequaling the length of the floret or slightly longer, oblong-lanceolate, slightly keeled, apex broadly acute, glabrous, keels lightly scaberulous just in the distal 1 / 3, surfaces smooth; lower glume 1 - or 3 - veined; upper glume 1 - or 3 - veined; lemmas (1.1 -) 1.4 - 1.6 mm long, glabrous, smooth, faintly to strongly 5 - veined, apex obtuse, awn lacking or to 0.5 mm long, straight, inserted medially or in the upper 1 / 3; paleas 0.9 - 1.3 mm long, notable, usually reaching from 3 / 4 to subequaling the lemma, infrequently reaching 2 / 3 the length of the lemma, keels usually obscure, smooth, apex bifid and erose; rachilla 0.3 - 0.5 mm long, prolonged from the base of the floret (sometimes lacking in a small number of spikelets within the inflorescence), glabrous, smooth or scabrous. Calluses 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, slightly elongated, glabrous, smooth. Flowers; lodicules c. 0.5 mm long, lanceolate with acute apices, not lobed; anthers 3 in number, 0.7 - 1.1 mm long. Caryopses not seen. 2 n = unknown.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
A459F44699CC53FB8BF8DDFD1C2F21CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Guatemala, endemic. Grows in alpine grasslands on volcanic soils, 2900 - 3700 m.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
A459F44699CC53FB8BF8DDFD1C2F21CF.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined. Guatemala. Huehuetenango: Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, alpine areas in vicinity of Tunima, 3400 - 3500 m alt., 7 July 1942, J. A. Steyermark 48321 (US 1914763; US 2208640); Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, between Tojiah and Chemal at km 319.5 on Ruta Nacional 9 N, 3380 m alt., 31 July 1960, J. H. Beaman 3873 (US 01247246); Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, between Tojquia and Caxin bluff, summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 3700 m alt., 6 Aug. 1942, J. A. Steyermark 50216 (US 2181354). Solola: Woods 11 miles SE of Totonicapan, 3200 m alt., 27 June 1962, G. L. Webster 11826 (US 3336153). Totonicapan: Desconsuelo, potrero natual, 3100 m alt., Aug. 1954, M. de Koninck 201 (US 2153266); On the Tecum Uman Ridge at km 154 on Ruta Nacional No. 1, ca. 20 km east of Totonicapan, 3340 m alt., 13 Aug. 1960, J. H. Beaman 4154 (US 2381726).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
1819DFBEDDA25CD8BEF5C4583457B9CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Mexico. [Veracruz:] Orizaba, M. Botteri 93 in part (lectotype, designated here: P (P 00740547 [image!]); isolectotypes: MSC fragm. ex P; epitype, designated here: Mexico. [Puebla:] Chinantla, May 1841, F. M. Liebmann s. n. " Plantae mexicanae Liebmann # 12591 " {handwritten on label} (US (US 00595641! )). Syntype: Mexico. [Puebla:] Museum Botanicum Hauniense | Plantae mexicanae Liebmann | 1841 - 43 {printed label}, Gramineae N. 710 | Apera liebmannii Fourn. | [determ.] Fournier | Chinantla. May 1841, {handwritten on label} (NY (NY 00345814 [image!]), US [not seen]).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
1819DFBEDDA25CD8BEF5C4583457B9CE.taxon	description	Description. Tufted perennial forming lax tufts, with the basal foliage reaching c. 11 cm tall and inflorescences well-exserted from the basal foliage. Tillers extravaginal. Culms 35 - 80 cm tall, erect, simple, delicate; nodes and internodes terete, nodes smooth, internodes and segment below the panicle smooth throughout (or smooth proximally and lightly scaberulous towards their apices in Moore 3339), usually with at least 1 or 2 elongated internodes visible, with 1 - 2 nodes exposed at flowering, uppermost internode c. 5.5 - 11.2 cm long, longer than the sheath. Leaves basal and cauline; sheaths terete, glabrous, lower sheaths tending to be smooth, upper sheaths lightly to densely scabrous with short hooks; flag sheath 8 - 11.5 cm long; basal sheaths 0.5 - 1 cm long, striate, becoming fibrous, smooth; ligules c. 0.5 - 4 mm long, membranaceous or scareous, usually strongly decurrent with the sheath, abaxially scabrous; upper culm ligules 1.5 - 4 mm long, obtuse to acute, sometimes slightly erose towards the apex; ligules of tillers shorter to those of the culm, c. 0.5 - 1 mm long, truncate to acute; blades 2 - 8.6 cm long, (0.5 -) 1 - 3.5 mm wide in diameter, flat, flaccid to firm, basal blades sometimes very narrow, abaxial surfaces glabrous, smooth to lightly scabrous, or usually more densely scabrous further up the culm, adaxial surfaces glabrous, smooth to lightly scabrous on the veins, scaberulous further up the culm, edges scaberulous. Panicles 7 - 18 x (1 -) 2.5 - 7 cm, open to slightly congested following anthesis, usually ovoid; panicle branches ascendant to patent, branched above the middle, filiform, with spikelets not present near the base, smooth, longest branches 2 - 4.7 cm long; pedicels 1.5 - 5 mm long, usually longer than the length of the spikelets, divaricate, smooth or lightly scaberulous. Spikelets (1.8 -) 2 - 2.1 mm long; glumes remaining on the inflorescence at maturity, equal or subequal, the lower usually slightly longer than the upper, subequaling the length of the floret to 0.4 mm longer, lanceolate, slightly keeled, apices acute, glabrous, keels lightly scaberulous just in the distal 1 / 3, surfaces smooth; lower glume 1 - (or 3 -) veined, lateral veins, if present, vestigial; upper glume 1 - (or 3 -) veined, lateral veins, if present, vestigial; lemmas 1.7 - 2 mm long, glabrous, smooth, strongly 5 - veined with excurrent prominent veins, apex broadly acute, awn absent; paleas well-developed, 1.4 - 1.9 mm long, usually reaching from 3 / 4 to subequaling the lemma, keels obscure, smooth, apex bifid and sometimes erose; rachilla prolonged from the base of the floret, 0.3 - 0.5 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Calluses not or slightly elongated, 0.05 - 0.1 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Flowers; lodicules c. 0.3 - 0.4 mm long, lanceolate with acuminate apices, not lobed; anthers 3 in number, 0.6 - 1 mm long. Caryopses not seen. 2 n = unknown.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
1819DFBEDDA25CD8BEF5C4583457B9CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Mexico, endemic. The authors have only verified specimens from Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz states of central Mexico, with Beetle (1983), Davila et al. (2018), and Sanchez-Ken (2019) mentioning the species to range from Durango state in the north to Oaxaca state in southern Mexico. Found in humid areas of pine and fir forests, Sphagnum bogs, and by streams, 2100 - 2300 m (Beetle 1983).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
1819DFBEDDA25CD8BEF5C4583457B9CE.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. Mexico. Hidalgo: Distrito Zacualtipan, pine woods and Sphagnum bogs about 3 miles from Zacualtipan on road to Tianguistengo, 2100 m alt., 4 July 1947, H. E. Moore, Jr. 3339 (US 00486609).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
72605C28A8CE54D9B76A3CBDA76457AB.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Mexico. Zacatecas: Sierra Madre mountains, [between Huasemote, Durango, and San Juan Capistrano], 18 Aug. 1897, J. N. Rose 2373 (holotype: US- 301286 [not seen]; isotype: NY (NY 00327649 [image!] )).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
72605C28A8CE54D9B76A3CBDA76457AB.taxon	description	Description. Tufted perennial forming lax tufts, with the basal foliage reaching c. 4 - 9 cm tall and inflorescences well-exserted from the basal foliage. Tillers extravaginal. Culms 34 - 65 cm tall, erect or geniculate at the base, simple, delicate; nodes and internodes terete, nodes smooth, internodes and segment below the panicle smooth throughout, usually with at least 2 elongated internodes visible, with 1 - 3 nodes exposed at flowering, uppermost internode c. 5.6 - 9 cm long, longer than the sheath. Leaves basal and cauline, somewhat dimorphic with basal leaf blades filiform, flat or folded, while culm blades are wider and flat; sheaths terete, glabrous, lower sheaths smooth, upper sheaths smooth to very lightly scaberulous with short hooks; flag sheath 9 - 11.5 cm long; basal sheaths c. 1 - 2 cm long, striate, becoming fibrous, smooth; ligules c. 1 - 3 mm long, membranaceous to scarious, strongly decurrent with the sheath, sometimes lacerated, abaxially smooth or very lightly scaberulous; upper culm ligules 1.5 - 3 mm long, obtuse, sometimes deeply lacerated or erose towards the apex; ligules of tillers shorter to those of the culm, c. 1 - 1.3 mm long, truncate to obtuse; blades 1.5 - 9 cm long, 0.2 - 2.6 mm wide when opened out, basal blades 1.5 - 7 cm long, 0.2 - 0.6 (- 1) mm wide when opened out, usually narrower than the culm blades, filiform, flat or folded, flaccid to slightly firm, culm blades (2.8 -) 3.5 - 9 cm long, 1 - 2.6 mm wide, flat or sometimes slightly convolute towards the apices, flaccid to moderately firm, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous, smooth or usually lightly to moderately scabrous on the veins with short hooks, edges scaberulous to scabrous. Panicles 8 - 14 x (1 -) 2.5 - 9 cm, open to slightly congested when immature, usually ovoid; panicle branches ascendant to patent, branched above the middle, filiform, with spikelets not present near the base, smooth, longest branches 2.5 - 7 cm long; pedicels 1 - 2.5 mm long, shorter or longer than the length of the spikelets, divaricate, smooth or lightly scaberulous. Spikelets 1.9 - 2.3 mm long; glumes remaining on the inflorescence at maturity, equal or subequal, the lower usually slightly longer than the upper by up to 0.2 mm, subequaling the length of the floret or to 0.2 mm longer, lanceolate, slightly keeled, apices acute, glabrous, keels completely smooth or scaberulous just in distal 1 / 3, surfaces smooth; lower glume 1 - (or 3 -) veined, lateral veins, if present, vestigial; upper glume 1 - (or 3 -) veined, lateral veins, if present, vestigial; lemmas 1.6 - 1.8 mm long, glabrous, smooth, strongly 5 - veined with slightly excurrent prominent veins distally, apex broadly acute with 4 deltoid teeth, awn present, 1.6 - 2 mm long, straight, flexuous or geniculate, inserted in the lower 1 / 3 of the lemma, sometimes inserted basally c. 0.3 mm from the base, reaching the apex of the lemma, the glumes or sometimes briefly surpassing the glumes, glabrous, smooth proximally, scabrous distally; paleas well-developed, 1.3 - 1.7 mm long, usually reaching at least 3 / 4 the length of the lemma to subequaling the lemma apex, keels obscure, smooth, apex bifid and sometimes erose; rachilla rudimentary or prolonged from the base of the floret, to 0.3 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Calluses not or slightly elongated, 0.05 - 0.1 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Flowers; lodicules c. 0.4 - 0.5 mm long, lanceolate with acute apices, not lobed; anthers 3 in number, 0.8 - 1 mm long. Caryopses not seen. 2 n = 14 (based on Reeder 4662).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
72605C28A8CE54D9B76A3CBDA76457AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Mexico, endemic. Ranges from Durango state in the north to Zacatecas in the south. Found in open forests at high elevations, 2600 - 2750 m alt. The authors have only verified specimens from Durango and Zacatecas states, with Beetle (1983), Villasenor Rios (2016), Davila et al. (2018) and Sanchez-Ken (2019) variously mentioning the species to also occur in the states of Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Queretaro, and San Luis Potosi.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
72605C28A8CE54D9B76A3CBDA76457AB.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. Mexico. Durango: Pine forest with scattered oaks and occasional junipers, about 2 miles E of Puerto Buenos Aires, 9000 ft [2743 m alt.], 11 Oct. 1966, J. R. Reeder 4662 (US 00486613); Sierra Madre Occidental, 0.5 miles SE of Los Charcos near small arroyo with Pinus cooperi, Juniperus and Panicum bulbosum, 23 ° 0 ' 57.5 " N, 104 ° 17 ' 23.0 " W, 2690 m alt., 21 Sep. 2005, P. M. Peterson 19053 (US 00895358); Sierra Madre Occidental, 2.3 miles E of Los Mimbres along ridgetop with Pinus, Muhlenbergia and Quercus, 23 ° 28 ' 31.4 " N, 104 ° 55 ' 3.6 " W, 2630 m alt., 25 Sep. 2005, P. M. Peterson 19124 (US 00900682).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
E5C88B7B5B375AC1983D2A570BB0312A.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Agrostis canina var. aequivalvis Trin. (lectotype designated by: Hitchcock 1920: 127).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
E5C88B7B5B375AC1983D2A570BB0312A.taxon	description	Description. Perennials, loosely to densely tufted, sometimes forming small tussocks, sometimes subrhizomatous (North American, including Mexico, and Austral South American taxa). Culms 5 - 90 cm tall, slender. Tillers either extra- or intravaginal. Leaves; ligules 0.2 - 5.5 mm long, hyaline, glabrous, smooth or lightly scabrous, apices truncate, obtuse, acute or acuminate, entire to lacerate; blades involute, folded, or flat. Inflorescence 1 - 12 cm long, a panicle, lax and open to loosely to moderately densely contracted; panicle branches and pedicels glabrous, often smooth or infrequently scaberulous. Spikelets 1 - 4.2 mm long, 1 - flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, weakly laterally compressed; glumes equal or subequal, the lower often longer than the upper, equaling or subequaling the length of the floret or slightly longer, persisting on the plant after the florets have fallen or sometimes readily caducous, glabrous, keel smooth or usually scabrous at least distally, lateral veins smooth or slightly scabrous distally, surfaces usually smooth, less often scabrous; lower glume 1 - or 3 - veined; upper glume 1 - (2 -) or 3 - veined; floret 1 in number, sessile, subequaling to equaling the apex of the glumes; lemmas membranaceous, often slightly thicker than the glumes, dorsally rounded, 3 - or 5 - veined, lateral veins not evident to distinct, glabrous, smooth or scabrous, apex muticous or with a short straight awn 0.2 - 0.6 mm long, inserted medially or in the upper 1 / 3 of the lemma, not surpassing the glumes, (awn well-developed, 1.6 - 2 mm long, inserted in lower 1 / 3 of lemma, straight or geniculate and usually not surpassing glumes in P. rosei); paleas well-developed, reaching from (2 / 3) 3 / 4 to subequaling the lemma, keels obscure to distinct, glabrous, smooth; calluses rounded, blunt, usually glabrous, or with two short lateral tufts of hairs to 0.5 mm long in some species, abaxially smooth; rachilla prolongation present, slender, varying from rudimentary to 2 / 3 the floret in length (obscure or absent in many P. rosei spikelets), glabrous or sometimes with short strict hairs to 0.3 mm long emerging only distally, smooth or scaberulous. Flowers perfect; lodicules 2 in number; anthers 3 in number, 0.3 - 1.6 mm long (- 2.2 mm long in P. colombiana); ovaries glabrous. Caryopses slightly shorter to equaling the lemmas, concealed at maturity, subterete to fusiform, hardened, sulcus distinct; hilum punctiform to narrowly ovoid; embryo c. 1 / 4 - 1 / 3 length of the caryopsis; endosperm solid (information on caryopses taken from Harvey 2007, Rugolo de Agrasar 2012 and P. trichodes specimens). 2 n = 14 (in P. aequivalvis, P. humilis, P. thurberiana, P. rosei) or 28 (P. bacillata).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
E5C88B7B5B375AC1983D2A570BB0312A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. New World i. e. North, Central, and South America. Found in cold and wet, often high-elevation environments.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
49E969244034560C845204696EF4BDB3.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Crescit in crepidinibus Andium Peruvianum justa Montan, Santa Cruz et Guambos, alt. 1350 hexap. [2469 m alt.], floret Augusto, F. W. H. A. Humboldt & A. J. A. Bonpland s. n. (holotype: P [not seen]; isotypes: HAL (HAL 0106929 [image!]), US (US 75364! fragm. ex P )).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
49E969244034560C845204696EF4BDB3.taxon	description	Description. Tufted perennial forming short dense tufts, with the basal mats reaching c. 4 - 11 cm tall and inflorescences well-exserted from the basal foliage. Tillers intravaginal. Culms 7 - 20 (- 30) cm tall, erect, simple, delicate; nodes and internodes terete, smooth, nodes usually hidden in the sheaths with 0 (- 1) nodes exposed at flowering, uppermost internode usually <1 cm long, usually not longer than the sheath. Leaves generally basal; sheaths terete, glabrous, finely to densely scabrous; flag sheath 2 - 5.6 cm long; basal sheaths 0.7 - 1.5 cm long, striate, becoming fibrous; ligules 0.7 - 1.7 (- 2.5) mm long, membranaceous, slightly to usually strongly decurrent with the sheath; flag ligules acute with a obtuse to truncate apex, usually slightly erose towards the apex; ligules of tillers 0.7 - 1.2 mm long, truncate; blades 1 - 4 cm long, 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide in diameter, involute or convolute, acicular to capillaceous and filiform, usually curved, abaxial surface glabrous, finely to densely scabrous, adaxial surface glabrous, lightly to usually densely scabrous with prickle hairs usually short, less often long and robust. Panicles 2 - 5 (- 6) x 1 - 2 (- 3) cm, open, ovoid; panicle branches ascendant to patent, branched above the middle, filiform, with spikelets not present near the base, smooth to usually scaberulous, longest branches 0.8 - 3 cm long; pedicels 1 - 2 mm long, usually longer than the length of the spikelets, divaricate, smooth to usually lightly scabrous. Spikelets 1 - 1.5 mm long; glumes remaining on the inflorescence at maturity or one or both readily caducous at maturity and falling before the floret, equal or subequal, the lower often slightly longer than the upper or less often vice versa, almost equaling the length of the floret or slightly longer, oblong-lanceolate, slightly to distinctly keeled, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous, keels scabrous just in the distal 1 / 3 to throughout their length, surfaces smooth a scabrous distally; lower glume 1 - veined; upper glume 1 - or 3 - veined; lemmas 1 - 1.5 mm long, glabrous, moderately to densely scabrous (' smooth' possibly mentioned by Tovar 1993!), sometimes granulose, faintly to strongly 5 - veined, apex obtuse, awn lacking or to 0.5 mm long, straight, inserted medially or in the upper half of the lemma; paleas (0.7 -) 0.9 - 1.3 mm long, usually reaching from 3 / 4 to subequaling the lemma, less often reaching 2 / 3 the length of the lemma, keels obscure to fairly prominent, smooth, apex bifid and erose; rachilla absent or prolonged from the base of the floret (sometimes lacking in a small number of spikelets within the inflorescence), 0.2 - 0.5 mm long, glabrous, smooth to scabrous. Calluses 0.05 - 0.1 mm long, slightly elongated or not, glabrous. Flowers; lodicules c. 0.4 mm long, lanceolate with acute apices, not lobed; anthers 3 in number, 0.4 - 1 mm long. Caryopses c. 1 mm long, subterete, sulcus distinct, dark brown with apex dark; hilum 0.25 mm long, narrowly ovoid; endosperm solid. 2 n = unknown.	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
49E969244034560C845204696EF4BDB3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Bolivia?, Colombia, Ecuador?, Peru, Venezuela, 2800 - 4500 m alt. Relatively humid high-Andean puna grasslands of southern and central Peru and paramo grasslands of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Tovar (1993) mentions that the species may also occur in Bolivia, presumably in high-elevation cool and humid sites such as the Bolivian Yungas which have been referred to as paramo (Garcia and Beck 2006), although no specimens have been verified by the authors. No specimens at the US herbarium were found from Ecuador after careful searching by the first author, although it is mentioned to occur there (Hitchcock 1927; Tovar 1993; Jorgensen and Ulloa-Ulloa 1994; Jorgensen and Leon-Yanez 1999; Luteyn 1999). In Colombia, the taxon is known from multiple collections from paramos of the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes, belonging to Departamentos Cundinamarca, Boyaca, Santander, Santander Norte and Cesar. We present new regional records of the species for Departamentos Santander Norte and Cesar which are not mentioned in the recent checklist (Giraldo-Canas et al. 2016). Giraldo-Canas et al. (2016) also cite Agrostis trichodes for Departamento Meta, in the southernmost part of the Cordillera Oriental, and Departamento Magdalena, which contains paramos of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, although no specimens have been verified. In Venezuela, the species is found in paramos of the Cordillera de Merida. Usually found in frequently grazed areas where its short basal tufts of leaves are difficult for grazers to reach. Specimens from Peru appear to be found in humid habitats, with the specimens studied by Tovar (1993) collected from the Abra Malaga of the Cusco region which is relatively humid and receives updrafts of moisture-laden air from the Amazon (Sylvester et al. 2014, 2017). While P. trichodes is relatively common in paramos of Colombia and Venezuela, it may be that this species is much rarer further south and, in Peru, belongs to a thin band of humid paramo-like vegetation that extends from the Peruvian Jalca down through southern Peru and into the Bolivian Yungas (Antoine Cleef, pers. communication).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
49E969244034560C845204696EF4BDB3.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. Colombia. Boyaca: Munic. Chiscas, Vereda Rechiniga, Paramo de la Mesa, area humeda semiperturbada de Paramo, con Espeletia, Puya, Ageratina e Hypericum, 6.59515 N, 72.44359 W, 3741 m alt., 3 Mar. 2018, S. P. Sylvester 3091 (K, US, FMB); Munic. Chiscas, Paramo de Chacaritas, limites entre paramo y superparamo, 6.62865 N, 72.39440 W, 4064 m alt., 4 Mar. 2018, S. P. Sylvester 3103 (K., US); Munic. Chiscas, Paramo el Penon, borde de bosque de Polylepis, 6.60119 N, 72.43715 W, 3917 m alt., 5 Mar. 2018, S. P. Sylvester 3157 (K, US, FMB, COL, UPTC, SI); Munic. Duitama, Paramo de la Rusia, en la carretera que conduce a la Pena Negra, paramo con rocas expuestas, 5,58389 N, 73,053263 W, 3970 m alt., 21 Nov. 2017, M. Vorontsova 2218 (K, US, FMB, SI). Munic. Duitama, Paramo de la Rusia, via que conduce a la Vereda Avendanos, 5.93247 N, 73.0798 W, 3726 m alt., 4 Oct. 2017, S. P. Sylvester 3038 (K, US, FMB, UPTC); Munic. Duitama, Paramo de Agueros, en la via que conduce a la vereda Avendanos, Se observa evidencia de fuego y pastoreo, 5.91464 N, 73.07114 W, 3445 W m alt., 28 Oct. 2017, S. P. Sylvester 3067 ª (K, US, FMB); Munic. Mongua, Paramo de Oceta, Valle de Laguna Negra, vegetacion de pajonal frailejonal con presencia de pastoreo de vacunos, 5.69525 N, 72.79133 W, 3694 m alt., 29 Nov. 2017, L. E. Cuta-Alarcon 354 (K, US, FMB). Santander: Paramo de la Angostura, Vereda El Mortino, 06 ° 57 ' 30 " N, 72 ° 43 ' 30 " W, 3605 m alt., 17 Nov. 2007, M. C. Gomez 1 (US- 3534984). Santander Norte & Cesar: Limites entre Santander Norte y Cesar jurisdicciones, Cerro de Oroque, 3700 - 3900 m alt., 22 - 27 July 1974, H. Garcia-Barriga 20588 (US 29665591; US 2966621). Venezuela. Merida: Sierra Nevada, 9000 ft, 1847, Funck & Schlim 1630 (US); Sierra Nevada de Santo Domingo, between partaderos and Timotes, Paramo de Mucuchies, Pico Aguila, 4118 m alt., 21 - 26 Nov. 1959, H. G. Barclay 9685 (US 3044346); Sierra Nevada de Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubaji, alrededores de la Laguna Grande, 3560 - 3600 m alt., 19 Nov. 1959, H. G. Barclay 9546 (US 3096576); Sierra Nevada de Santo Domingo, Paramo Laguna de Mucubaji, carretera Barinas-Merida, 4200 m alt., 15 Nov. 1958, B. Trujillo 4072 (US 3652663). Trujillo: Munic. Bocono, Laguna Eco to Pico Guarigay (summit), Monumento Natural Teta de Niquitao-Guirigay, summit of Pico Guarigay, 3600 - 3870 m alt., 16 Sep. 2003, B. Stergios 20450 (US 00772686); Munic. Bocono, Laguna Larga, via Laguna Las Parias to Laguna Eco, Paramo de Motumbo, Monumento Natural Teta de Niquitao-Guirigay, 3400 - 3600 m alt., 15 Sep. 2003, B. Stergios 20420 (US 00772685); Along the border with Merida state, 3400 m alt., 14 Sep. 2003, B. Stergios 20315 (US 00772683); B. Stergios 20358 (US 00772684); Monumento Natural Teta de Niquitao-Guirigay, sector Las Veguitas, 3060 - 3080 m alt., 20 - 21 Aug. 2002, L. J. Dorr 9157 (US 00728039); Monumento Natural Teta de Niquitao-Guirigay, Paramo Guirigay, 3400 - 3600 m alt., 2 - 3 Aug. 2002, B. Stergios 19851 (US 00728050).	en	Sylvester, Steven P., Peterson, Paul M., Romaschenko, Konstantin, Bravo-Pedraza, William J., Cuta-Alarcon, Lia E., Soreng, Robert J. (2020): New combinations and updated descriptions in Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from the Neotropics and Mexico. PhytoKeys 148: 21-50, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.50042
