identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
906987D4FFA26F6E8DB8322FFA79FBD1.text	906987D4FFA26F6E8DB8322FFA79FBD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaperidae Manter 1934	<div><p>Family Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb.</p><p>(Syns. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942; Euryperidae Manter, 1933; Homalometridae Cable &amp; Hunninen, 1942; Schistorchiidae Yamaguti, 1942; Sphincterostomatidae Yamaguti, 1937; Trematobrienidae Dollfus, 1950)</p><p>Diagnosis. (Based on Bray 2005b; Cribb 2005; Pulis et al. 2014) Body rounded, oval or elongate-oval. Tegument spinous or unarmed. Eye-spot pigment present or rarely absent, usually dispersed near pharynx. Oral sucker subterminal or terminal, either unspecialized or with reduced musculature and highly glandular, papillae present or absent. Ventral sucker rounded, equatorial to pre-equatorial, unspecialized, sometimes with lamellar lips or flaps. Prepharynx present, usually very short, rarely longer than pharynx. Pharynx unspecialized, rarely massive and larger than ventral sucker, with or without lamellar flaps on anterior margin. Esophagus absent or short or long. Intestinal bifurcation in forebody, sometimes just posterior to ventral sucker. Caeca with our without extensions anterior to intestinal bifurcation, extend to near posterior end of body, end blindly or open to exterior through separate ani or form cyclocoel or uroproct. Testes two to multiple (five or more) in number, tandem, oblique or opposite, can occur in one or more rows, smooth to deeply lobed, pre-ovarian or post-ovarian, in forebody or hindbody. Cirrus pouch absent. Seminal vesicle naked, usually dorsal or just posterior to ventral sucker. Pars prostatica distinct with prostatic cells free in parenchyma, unites with uterus to form long or short hermaphroditic duct which opens at common median genital pore located immediately anterior to or overlapped by anterior margin of ventral sucker (some distance anterior in Pancreadium Manter, 1954; immediately posterior in Postporus Manter, 1949). Ovary smooth, weakly lobed or distinctly trilobed, at level of or posterior to ventral sucker, median or submedian, pre- or post-testicular. Canalicular seminal receptacle and Mehlis’ gland present. Laurer’s canal present or absent. Vitellarium follicular; follicles extensive, either restricted to hindbody or enter forebody, extend to posterior extremity. Uterus winds between ovary or anterior testis/testes and ventral sucker, unites with ejaculatory duct to form hermaphroditic duct. Eggs tanned, operculate, medium to large. Excretory vesicle Ishaped, very short or extends anteriorly to posterior testis/testes or to ovary or to pharynx level; primary excretory ducts distinct; excretory pore terminal or dorsally or ventrally subterminal. Lymphatic vessels present or absent. Eggs unembryonated when laid, embryonate to produce miracidia which infect freshwater and marine amnicolid, hydrobiid, calyptraeid, cochliopid, viviparid, planorbid and littorinid snails, undergo polyembryony to produce redia that develop cercariae that are shed, and encyst out in open environment or in same snail host, in freshwater sphaeriid and unionid or marine venerid clams, or in small polychaete annelids, and form metacercariae infective to definitive host. Adults in intestine of marine, freshwater and brackish-water teleosts; cosmopolitan.</p><p>Type genus. Homalometron Stafford, 1904 (Syn. Apocreadium Manter, 1937 —see Cribb 2005).</p><p>Remarks. As mentioned earlier, Pulis et al. (2014) considered the Megaperidae to be a subfamily ( Megaperinae) within the Apocreadiidae; however, the present work recognizes that based on the senior family group name, the family under consideration should be recognized as the Megaperidae n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae) (see ICZN 1999). Furthermore, the earlier key to the three subfamilies of the Apocreadiidae by Cribb (2005) is updated to include the four subfamilies of the Megaperidae n. comb.</p><p>Key to subfamilies of Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (based on Bray 2005b; Cribb 2005; Pulis et al. 2014)</p><p>1a. Genital pore immediately posterior to ventral sucker.................................. Postporinae Yamaguti, 1958 . 1b. Genital pore anterior to ventral sucker.................................................................... 2. 2a. Oral sucker with partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling oral aperture posteroventrally... Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942 . 2b. Oral sucker without partial muscular sphincter at aperture..................................................... 3. 3a. Caeca end blindly or form cyclocoel............................................... Apocreadiinae Skrjabin, 1942 . 3b. Caeca open via ani................................................................ Megaperinae Manter, 1934 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFA26F6E8DB8322FFA79FBD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFA36F6C8DB833B8FDF3F9DC.text	906987D4FFA36F6C8DB833B8FDF3F9DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apocreadiinae Skrjabin 1942	<div><p>Subfamily Apocreadiinae Skrjabin, 1942</p><p>(Syns. Anallocreadiinae Hunter &amp; Bangham, 1932; Homalometrinae Cable &amp; Hunninen, 1942; Myzotinae Yamaguti, 1958; Marsupioacetabulinae Skrjabin &amp; Koval, 1960; Eocreadiinae Mehra, 1962; Microcreadiinae Mehra, 1962)</p><p>Diagnosis. (Based on Cribb 2005) Tegument spinous or unarmed. Oral sucker subterminal, unspecialized, with or without papillae. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, unspecialized, with or without lamellar lips or flaps. Prepharynx often very short, sometimes longer than pharynx. Esophagus short or long. Caeca end blindly or form cyclocoel. Testes two, tandem, oblique or opposite. Cirrus pouch absent. Genital pore median, immediately anterior to ventral sucker (some distance anterior in Pancreadium). Ovary smooth or deeply lobed. Vitellarium follicular; follicles extensive, either restricted to hindbody or enter forebody. Excretory vesicle I-shaped, very short or extends anteriorly to posterior testis or to ovary; excretory pore terminal or dorsally or ventrally subterminal. Lymphatic vessels present or absent. Eggs unembryonated when laid, embryonate to produce miracidia which infect fresh- and brackish-water hydrobiid, amnicolid, viviparid and planorbid snails, undergo polyembrony to produce rediae that develop cercariae that are shed into environment and infect freshwater sphaeriid and unionid bivalves as well as marine venerid clams and small polychaetes, and form metacercariae infective to definitive host. Adults in intestine of marine and freshwater fishes; cosmopolitan.</p><p>Type genus. Homalometron Stafford, 1904 (Syn. Apocreadium Manter, 1937 —see Cribb 2005).</p><p>Remarks. Members of the Apocreadiinae are unique within the Megaperidae n. comb. in possessing a genital pore anterior to the ventral sucker, an oral sucker lacking a partial U-shaped sphincter encircling the aperture of the sucker, and caeca that either end blindly or form a cyclocoel. The main features used to distinguish apocreadiine genera include the appearance of the tegument, forebody, ventral and oral suckers, pharynx, ovary, testes and uterus, the terminal nature of the caeca (forming a cyclocoel or ending blindly) and their posterior extent, the anterior and posterior extent of the vitellarium, the exact location of the excretory and genital pores, the ratio of body length to width, the size of the post-testicular region and the anterior extent of the excretory vesicle (Cribb 2005).</p><p>Apocreadiinae is the largest subfamily within the Megaperidae n. comb. with 14 recognized genera. Callohelmis Cribb &amp; Bray, 1999 was erected by Cribb &amp; Bray (1999) with the type and only species, Callohelmis pichelinae Cribb &amp; Bray, 1999, found parasitizing the intestine of the blackeye thicklip, Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch), the barred thicklip, Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch), the red shoulder wrasse, Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker) and the venus tuskfish, Choerodon venustus (De Vis) ( Perciformes: Labridae), from off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Choanodera Manter, 1940 was erected by Manter (1940) with the description of Choanodera caulolatili Manter, 1940 infecting the intestine of the bighead filefish, Caulolatilus affinis Gill (= Caulolatilus anomalus Gill) and Caulolatilus sp. ( Perciformes: Malacanthidae), from off Cerros Island, Mexico, and Santiago (=James) Island, Galapagos. Crassicutis Manter, 1936 (Syn. Eocreadium Szidat, 1954) was erected by Manter (1936) when he described Crassicutis cichlasomae Manter, 1936 from the stomach of the cichlid Mayaheros mayorum (Hubbs) (= Cichlasoma mayorum Hubbs) ( Perciformes: Cichlidae) from off Yucatan, Mexico. Dactylotrema Bravo-Hollis &amp; Manter, 1957 is a monotypic genus with its only member, Dactylotrema squamatum Bravo-Hollis &amp; Manter, 1957, obtained from the intestine of an unidentified mojarra, Gerres sp. ( Perciformes: Gerreidae), found off Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis &amp; Manter 1957). Homalometron Stafford, 1904 (Syns. Anallocreadium Simer, 1929; Apocreadium Manter, 1937; Austrocreadium Szidat, 1956; Barbulostomum Ramsey, 1965) is a relatively large genus with the type species, Homalometron pallidum Stafford, 1904, published by Stafford (1904) based on “ Distomum sp.” of Linton (1901, Fig. 354) collected from the stomach and duodenum of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus ( Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae), found in Canadian waters. Marsupioacetabulum marinum Yamaguti, 1952 was described by Yamaguti (1952) as the type species of Marsupioacetabulum Yamaguti, 1952 from a single specimen found in the intestine of the whipfin silver-biddy, Gerres filamentosus Cuvier (= Gerres punctatus Cuvier) ( Perciformes: Gerreidae), off Makassar, Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes), Indonesia. Microcreadium Simer, 1929 was established by Simer (1929) with the description of Microcreadium parvum Simer, 1929 from the intestine of the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque ( Perciformes: Sciaenidae), secured from the lower Tallahatchie River in Mississippi. Manter (1940) erected the monotypic genus Myzotus Manter, 1940 with the description of Myzotus vitellosus Manter, 1940 obtained from the intestine of the ocean whitefish, Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns) ( Perciformes: Malacanthidae), collected off Tagus Cove, Isabela (=Albemarle) Island, Galapagos. Sogandares-Bernal (1959), while studying the digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the Gulf of Panama and off Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies, described Apocreadium angustum Sogandares-Bernal, 1959 from the intestine of the buffalo trunkfish, Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus) ( Tetraodontiformes: Ostraciidae). Siddiqi &amp; Cable (1960), after collecting additional specimens of this digenean from the intestine of the spotted trunkfish, Lactophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus) ( Tetraodontiformes: Ostraciidae), from off Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, then erected Neoapocreadium Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 with Neoapocreadium angustum (Sogandares-Bernal, 1959) Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 as type species. They distinguished species of Neoapocreadium from Apocreadium (= Homalometron) by the former possessing a longitudinal slit-like mouth, a massive pharynx, wide caeca, and confluent vitellarium in the forebody. Neomegasolena Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 is a monotypic genus with its type and only species, Neomegasolena chaetodipteri Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 described from the caeca and intestine of the Atlantic spadefish, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet) ( Perciformes: Ephippidae), from off Isla Ratones, Puerto Rico (Siddiqi &amp; Cable 1960). Pancreadium Manter, 1954 is another monotypic genus with its type and only species, Pancreadium otagoensis Manter, 1954 described from the intestine, stomach and gall bladder of the New Zealand blue cod, Parapercis colias (Forster) ( Perciformes: Pinguipedidae), from off Wellington and from the aquarium at the Portobello Marine Laboratory in New Zealand (Manter 1954). Posterotestes Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni &amp; Flores, 2003 is monotypic with the type species, Posterotestes unelen Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni &amp; Flores, 2003 found infecting the posterior intestine of the creole perch, Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes) ( Perciformes: Percichthydidae), from Lake Epuyén, Chubut Province, Argentina (Ostrowski de Núñez et al. 2003). Procaudotestis uruguayensis Szidat, 1954 was described by Szidat (1954) from the digestive tract of the armored catfish Paraloricaria vetula (Valenciennes) (= Loricaria vetula Valenciennes) ( Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Uruguay River, South America; it is the type species of Procaudotestis Szidat, 1954 . Finally, Trematobrien Dollfus, 1950 was erected—indeed, an entire new family, Trematobrienidae Dollfus, 1950 —with the description of Trematobrien haplochromios Dollfus, 1950 from the intestine of the southern mouthbrooder, Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber) (= Haplochromis moffati [non Castelnau]) ( Perciformes: Cichlidae), from the Belgian Congo (now recognized as the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in Africa (Dollfus 1950). With this review, we note that megaperines, postporines and schistorchiines are known from marine hosts only; whereas, apocreadiines infect fish from marine to freshwater environments. To our knowledge at least six, and perhaps more, apocreadiine genera are also monotypic. As alluded to by Cribb (2005, p. 624), the Apocreadiinae is a large, generalized “catch-all group” likely to be divided and redefined following further study.</p><p>Key to genera of Apocreadiinae Skrjabin, 1942 (based on Cribb 2005)</p><p>1a. Margins of forebody folded ventrally and converging to meet at posterior margin of ventral sucker..................................................................................................... Choanodera Manter, 1940 .</p><p>1b. Forebody not specialized as above....................................................................... 2.</p><p>2a. Caeca unite to form cyclocoel..................................................... Trematobrien Dollfus, 1950 .</p><p>2b. Caeca terminate blindly................................................................................ 3.</p><p>3a. Ventral sucker specialized with flaps or lamellar lips......................................................... 4.</p><p>3b. Ventral sucker not specialized (may be retracted or deeply embedded in body).................................... 5.</p><p>4a. Ventral sucker with circular lamellar lips embedded in aperture................... Marsupioacetabulum Yamaguti, 1952 .</p><p>4b. Ventral sucker with conspicuous bilobed flap on each lateral margin........................... Myzotus Manter, 1940 .</p><p>5a. Oral sucker with several pairs of elongate pointed processes embedded in wall of outer margin dorsally and ventrally........................................................................ Dactylotrema Bravo-Hollis &amp; Manter, 1957 .</p><p>5b. Oral sucker not specialized as above (may possess small papillae, see Homalometron Stafford, 1904).................. 6.</p><p>6a. Pharynx massive, larger than ventral sucker.................................. Neomegasolena Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 .</p><p>6b. Pharynx smaller than ventral sucker..................................................................... 7.</p><p>7a. Vitelline follicles extend into forebody................................................................... 8.</p><p>7b. Vitelline follicles restricted to hindbody.................................................................. 11.</p><p>8a. Tegument unarmed; excretory pore distinctly dorso-subterminal; body length &lt;3 times body width........................................................................... Crassicutis Manter, 1936 (Syn. Eocreadium Szidat, 1954).</p><p>8b. Tegument spinous (occasionally unarmed); excretory pore terminal or ventroterminal; body length usually&gt; 3 times body width.............................................................................................. 9.</p><p>9a. Genital pore immediately anterior to ventral sucker; ovary smooth............................................. 10.</p><p>9b. Genital pore well anterior to ventral sucker; ovary deeply lobed........................... Pancreadium Manter, 1954 .</p><p>10a. Testes well separated from posterior end of body; vitelline follicles extend posteriorly beyond testes........................................................................................ Neoapocreadium Siddiqi &amp; Cable, 1960 .</p><p>10b. Testes at posterior end of body; vitelline follicles not extending posteriorly past testes...................................................................................... Posterotestes Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni &amp; Flores, 2003 .</p><p>11a. Testes symmetrical; vitelline follicles restricted to post-testicular zone.................... Microcreadium Simer, 1929 .</p><p>11b. Testes tandem to oblique; vitelline follicles extend as far anteriorly as testes..................................... 12.</p><p>12a. Vitelline follicles restricted to posterior half of hindbody; uterus extensive, fills most of hindbody; testes near posterior extremity............................................................................ Procaudotestis Szidat, 1954 .</p><p>12b. Vitelline follicles extend to region of ventral sucker; uterus not extensive; testes in mid-hindbody.................... 13.</p><p>13a. Excretory vesicle short, not reaching posterior testis, opens posteroventrally; tegumental spines absent; caeca terminate midway between testes and posterior end of body; ventral sucker enclosed in tegumental pouch..................................................................................................... Callohelmis Cribb &amp; Bray, 1999 .</p><p>13b. Excretory vesicle usually long, opens terminally; tegument usually spinous; caeca terminate near posterior end of body; ventral sucker not in pouch.................................................................................... Homalometron Stafford, 1904 (Syns. Anallocreadium Simer, 1929; Apocreadium Manter, 1937; Austrocreadium Szidat, 1956; Barbulostomum Ramsey, 1965).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFA36F6C8DB833B8FDF3F9DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFA16F638DB831B4FA79F9EF.text	906987D4FFA16F638DB831B4FA79F9EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaperinae Manter 1934	<div><p>Subfamily Megaperinae Manter, 1934</p><p>Diagnosis. (Based on Bray 2005b; Pulis et al. 2014) Body small, rounded, oval or elongate. Tegument spinous at anterior extremity; posterior extent of spines variable. Eye-spot pigment present. Oral sucker subterminal, oval, globular or infundibuliform, larger than ventral sucker. Ventral sucker round, equatorial or pre-equatorial. Prepharynx present. Pharynx weakly muscular, cup-shaped, with lobed anterior margin. Esophagus present or absent. Intestinal bifurcation in mid-forebody. Caeca broad to narrow, with or without anterior extensions to oral sucker, open via ani at posterior extremity. Testes two, large, tandem or opposite, pre-ovarian or post-ovarian, in forebody or hindbody. Cirrus pouch absent. Seminal vesicle saccate to elongate, near ventral sucker. Pars prostatica globular, well-developed; prostatic cells present. Genital atrium short, muscular or shallow. Genital pore median, in posterior region of forebody. Ovary subspherical or lobed, at level of ventral sucker or anterior hindbody, median or submedian, pre- or post-testicular. Canalicular seminal receptacle and Mehlis’ gland present. Laurer’s canal present or absent. Vitellarium follicular; follicles lateral, in hindbody only or in both hindbody and forebody. Uterus short, extends posteriorly to level of ovary. Eggs few to many, medium to large, thin-shelled. Excretory vesicle I-shaped in adults, Y-shaped in cercariae; excretory pore terminal. Eggs unembryonated when laid, embryonate to produce miracidia which infect marine calyptraeid snails wherein polyembryony produces rediae that develop oculate cercariae that are shed out into open environment, encyst, and develop metacercariae infective to definitive host. Adults in intestine of marine teleosts ( Tetraodontiformes); NW Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>Type genus. Megapera Manter, 1934 .</p><p>Remarks. Members of the Megaperinae are unique within the Megaperidae n. comb. in possessing a genital pore anterior to the ventral sucker, an oral sucker lacking a partial U-shaped sphincter encircling the aperture of the sucker, and caeca that open via ani. The main features used to distinguish the three recognized genera of megaperines include the morphology of the intestine (H-shaped vs caeca posteriorly-directed only), the presence or absence of an esophagus, the presence or absence of radiating alternating muscular and cellular bands within the oral sucker, and whether or not the oral sucker is enclosed in a fold of the body wall (Bray 2005b; Cribb 2005; Pulis et al. 2014).</p><p>As detailed earlier, Megapera (Syn. Eurypera Manter, 1933 nec Pascoe, 1870) was established by Manter (1933, 1934), who described the type species, Megapera pseudura (Manter, 1933) Manter, 1934 (Syn. Eurypera pseudura Manter, 1933), from the intestine of the scrawled cowfish, A. quadricornis, from off Dry Tortugas, Florida. In that same publication, Manter (1933) erected Thysanopharynx with the description of T. elongatus from the same host species and locality. Pulis et al. (2014) erected Haintestinum and described H. amplum obtained from A. quadricornis off Florida in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The single species of Haintestinum known to date is unique in that it possesses an intestine composed of paired caeca directed anteriorly and posteriorly (H-shaped) and has an esophagus; members of the other two genera of megaperines have neither of these features. Members of Megapera and Thysanopharynx can be differentiated by the former having an oral sucker that is much larger than the ventral sucker with radiating alternating muscle and cellular bands and an oral sucker not enclosed in a fold of the body wall; whereas, species of the latter genus have an oral sucker only slightly larger than the ventral sucker, lack distinct radiating muscle bands and the oral sucker is almost wholly enclosed in a fold of the body wall (Bray 2005b; Pulis et al. 2014). Given this information, we consider the Megaperinae to be a distinct, well-defined taxon.</p><p>Key to genera of Megaperinae Manter, 1934 (based on Bray 2005b; Pulis et al. 2014)</p><p>1a. Intestine composed of paired caeca directed anteriorly and posteriorly (H-shaped); esophagus present............................................................................ Haintestinum Pulis, Curran, Andres &amp; Overstreet, 2014 .</p><p>1b. Intestine composed of paired caeca directed only posterior; esophagus absent..................................... 2.</p><p>2a. Oral sucker much larger than ventral sucker with radiating alternating muscle and cellular bands; sucker not enclosed in fold of body wall................................ Megapera Manter, 1934 (Syn. Eurypera Manter, 1933 nec Pascoe, 1870).</p><p>2b. Oral sucker only slightly larger than ventral sucker and lacking distinct radiating muscle bands; sucker almost wholly enclosed in fold of body wall........................................................... Thysanopharynx Manter, 1933 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFA16F638DB831B4FA79F9EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFAE6F628DB831E9FC54FD2D.text	906987D4FFAE6F628DB831E9FC54FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Postporinae Yamaguti 1958	<div><p>Subfamily Postporinae Yamaguti, 1958</p><p>Diagnosis. (Based on Manter 1947; Yamaguti 1958; Cribb 2005) Body small, rounded, oval-elongate. Tegument spinous. Eye-spot pigment present as granules in forebody. Oral sucker subterminal, unspecialized. Ventral sucker unspecialized, pre-equatorial. Prepharynx very short. Pharynx large. Esophagus short, muscular. Intestinal bifurcation in forebody. Caeca wide, end blindly, extend well into post-equatorial region. Testes two, tandem, postovarian, in hindbody. Cirrus pouch absent. Seminal vesicle tubular. Pars prostatica present. Genital pore median, immediately posterior to ventral sucker. Ovary globular, smooth, in hindbody, median to submedian, pre-testicular. Canalicular seminal receptacle and Mehlis’ gland present. Laurer’s canal present. Vitellarium follicular; follicles lateral, mainly in hindbody and just enter forebody. Uterus between ovary and ventral sucker. Eggs medium in size, thin-shelled. Excretory vesicle I-shaped, extend to level of pharynx; excretory pore terminal. Adults in intestine of marine serranid fishes; Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.</p><p>Type and only genus. Postporus Manter, 1949 (Syn. Opisthoporus Manter, 1947 pre-occupied).</p><p>Remarks. Members of the Postporinae are unique within the Megaperidae n. comb. in possessing a genital pore that is median and immediately posterior to the ventral sucker. At present, this is a monotypic subfamily with Postporus as the type and only genus (Cribb 2005).</p><p>Manter (1947) erected Opisthoporus Manter, 1947 with the description of Opisthoporus epinepheli Manter, 1947 parasitizing the intestine of the red grouper, Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes), and Opisthoporus mycteropercae Manter, 1947 infecting the intestine of the yellowfin grouper, Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus) ( Perciformes: Serranidae), from off Dry Tortugas, Florida. This digenean genus was renamed Postporus when Manter (1949) discovered that Opisthoporus was pre-occupied, and Cribb &amp; Gibson (2017b) have since designated Postporus mycteropercae (Manter, 1947) Manter 1949 a synonym of Postporus epinepheli (Manter, 1947) Manter 1949, the type and only species known of this genus. As alluded to by Cribb (2005, p. 624), the Postporinae remains highly dubious and needs further (especially molecular) study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFAE6F628DB831E9FC54FD2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFAF6F678DB835A9FAD5FD58.text	906987D4FFAF6F678DB835A9FAD5FD58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistorchiinae Yamaguti 1942	<div><p>Subfamily Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942</p><p>(Syn. Sphincterostomatinae Yamaguti, 1958)</p><p>Diagnosis. (Based on Cribb 2005 and present study) Body oval to linguiform to elongate, can be moderately large. Tegument spinous or unarmed. Eye-spot pigment present or absent. Oral sucker subterminal or terminal, muscular or glandular/cellular and can be quite large, with or without circumoral lobes, partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, smaller or larger than oral sucker. Prepharynx very short or lacking. Pharynx poorly to well-developed. Esophagus short or absent. Intestinal bifurcation in forebody. Caeca end blindly, open through ani or form uroproct. Testes two to multiple (five or more) in number, tandem or opposite, can occur in one or more rows, smooth to lobed, primarily post-ovarian, in hindbody. Cirrus pouch absent. Seminal vesicle saccate or tubular. Pars prostatica present; prostatic cells free in parenchyma. Genital pore median to submedian, immediately anterior to or just overlapped by anterior margin of ventral sucker. Ovary round to subglobular, smooth, in hindbody or at level of ventral sucker, median to submedian, pre-testicular. Canalicular seminal receptacle and Mehlis’ gland present. Laurer’s canal present. Vitellarium follicular; follicles extensive, may be restricted to hindbody or enter forebody. Uterus restricted to area proximate to ventral sucker and either ovary or anterior testis/testes, distal loops can extend more anteriorly. Eggs medium to very large in size. Excretory vesicle I-shaped, extend to level of testes; primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) can reach level of oral sucker; excretory pore terminal or subterminal. Adults in intestine of marine fishes; Indian and Pacific Oceans and Red Sea.</p><p>Type genus. Schistorchis Lühe, 1906 (Syn: Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956).</p><p>Remarks. Members of the Schistorchiinae are unique within the Megaperidae n. comb. in possessing a genital pore anterior to the ventral sucker and an oral sucker with a partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling the oral aperture posteroventrally. The main features used to distinguish the five recognized genera of schistorchiines include the number of testes, the terminal nature of the caeca (ending in ani, uroproct or blindly) and oral sucker morphology (Cribb 2005).</p><p>Sphincteristomum was erected with the description of Sphincteristomum acollum Oshmarin, Mamaev &amp; Parukhin, 1961 infecting the intestine of the starry triggerfish, Abalistes stellaris (Bloch &amp; Schneider) ( Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae), from the Gulf of Tonkin off northern Vietnam (Oshmarin et al. 1961). Sphincterostoma was erected by Yamaguti (1937) with the description of Sphincterostoma branchiostegi Yamaguti, 1937 collected from the intestine of the horsehead tilefish, Branchiostegus japonicus (Houttuyn) ( Perciformes: Malancanthidae), from the Sea of Japan. Both genera are distinguished from other schistorchiines by possessing two testes instead of multiple testes (5–7 or more) (Cribb 2005; present study). Species of either Sphincteristomum or Sphincterostoma are differentiated by the former possessing caeca that open independently via separate ani and a highly glandular oral sucker while the latter possesses caeca that unite and open via a uroproct and a muscular (not glandular) oral sucker (see our comments below regarding the glandular vs muscular oral sucker in schistorchiines). We consider Sphincteristomum and Sphincterostoma to be unique and, thus, recognize herein both schistorchiine genera.</p><p>At least twelve species have been assigned at one time or another to Schistorchis, the type genus of the Schistorchiinae . Currently, Cribb &amp; Gibson (2017a) recognize eleven species in this genus. Johnston (1913) established Pleorchis oligorchis Johnston, 1913 from the intestine of the white-spotted puffer, Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus) (= Tetrodon hispidus Linnaeus) ( Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), from off Queensland, Australia, and described the oral sucker of this species as very large and strong with a terminal and comparatively small opening (i.e. mouth) surrounded by a “condensation of the tissues round its edge so that the latter is specially tough” (see Figs. 11 &amp; 38 of Johnston 1913). Odhner (1928) (also see Price 1932, p. 8; Hafeezullah 1981, p. 175) synonymized P. oligorchis with S. carneus, the type species of Schistorchis, originally described by Lühe (1906) from Arothron (= Tetrodon) stellatus ( Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), from off Sri Lanka. (We noted that later works by Yamaguti [1942, 1958, 1971] recognized that P. oligorchis belonged within Schistorchis [as Schistorchis oligorchis (Johnston, 1913) Yamaguti, 1942], but he did not consider S. oligorchis to be conspecific with S. carneus .) Hafeezullah (1981) collected S. carneus from the intestine of A. hispidus obtained off Mandapam, India, which is across the relatively narrow Gulf of Manaar from Sri Lanka. The oral sucker of this material was described by Hafeezullah (1981, Fig. 6) as possessing a small mouth surrounded by strong circular muscles that sometimes covered the mouth opening, the anterior margin of the sucker appeared notched, lobed or indented, and the remainder of this feature was highly cellular in appearance. Hafeezullah (1981) also re-described S. skrjabini from the intestine of the short-nosed tripodfish, Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch) (= Triacanthus brevirostris Temminck &amp; Schlegel) ( Tetraodontiformes: Triacanthidae), from the Vellar Estuary at Porto-Novo (=Parangipettai) located off the Coromandal coast of southeast India in the Bay of Bengal. Schistorchis skrjabini originally had been described from the North Vietnamese Bay by Parukhin (1963) parasitizing the intestine of two fish species: the starry triggerfish, Abalistes stellaris (Bloch &amp; Schneider) ( Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae), and T. biaculeatus (as T. brevirostris) (see Table 1). While Parukhin (1963, Fig. 1) offered only the dimensions of the oral sucker (280–340 µm × 300–320 µm)—fairly large in relation to the entire worm—Fig. 1 clearly shows a band of circular muscles surrounding the mouth. Hafeezullah (1981, Figs. 4 &amp; 5) provided more details stating that the oral sucker differentiated into a smaller muscular part sometimes with muscular lips or small lobes around the mouth while the rest of the sucker appeared highly cellular. Based on the work by Hafeezullah (1981), our morphological comparisons of published type descriptions, examination of oral sucker photographs taken from type and voucher specimens of recognized species of Schistorchis sent to us from the HWML, MPM, USNM and ZSI as well as observations of new materials obtained for this study, we discerned the oral sucker in species of Schistorchis to have two distinct morpho-types. One is a “complex” type, usually quite large in relation to body size, containing strong circumoral muscles and anteriorly- or posteriorly-directed lobes localized immediately around and sometimes covering the mouth with the remainder of the oral sucker demonstrating a highly cellular/glandular appearance. The other morpho-type of oral sucker is a “simple” type, not as large, with no circumoral lobes and that is entirely muscular as opposed to highly cellular/glandular in appearance. A partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling the oral aperture posteroventrally is present in both “ types ” of oral suckers—characteristic of all members of the Schistorchiinae .</p><p>The type and only species of Neomegacreadium, Neomegacreadium okinawanum Machida &amp; Kuramochi, 1999, was described from the intestine of the threetooth puffer, Triodon macropterus Lesson ( Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), collected off Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan (Machida &amp; Kuramochi 1999). This genus was distinguished from Megacreadium (discussed immediately below) by having a mouth enclosed by a broad muscular lobe anteriorly and a well-developed muscular bundle posterolaterally (see Fig. 17 of Machida &amp; Kuramochi 1999), a uroproct, ten (occasionally 11 or 12) testes, vitellarium extending to the posterior level of the oral sucker and an egg 59–71 µm × 40–50 µm in size. With this diagnostic combination of testes number (usually 10–12), an oral sucker that is muscular (see Cribb 2005, p. 639 where the oral sucker of Neomegacreadium is described as “normally muscular”) and lacks a highly cellular/glandular appearance, and caeca that open via a uroproct, we consider Neomegacreadium to be unique and, thus, recognize herein this schistorchiine genus.</p><p>In the type and only species of Megacreadium, M. tetrodontis, the oral sucker is large and globular, highly cellular, and surrounding the mouth are two large muscular, lateral lobes and one smaller, median, posterior lobe, each scalloped or frilled with short processes (Nagaty 1956). Hafeezullah (1981) compared the morphology of the circumoral muscular lobes within the oral suckers of S. carneus and S. skrjabini to that of M. tetrodontis and concluded that the latter species differed from the former two only in the degree of indentation within this feature; therefore, there appeared evidence for considering Megacreadium a junior synonym of Schistorchis (see also Sogandares-Bernal &amp; Hutton 1959, p. 59, who considered Megacreadium to be a synonym of Schistorchis). Cribb (2005) recognized both genera and used oral sucker morphology in his key to the genera of the Schistorchiinae to distinguish species of Megacreadium (oral sucker highly glandular [i.e. “complex” type]) from those of Schistorchis (oral sucker normally muscular [not glandular] [i.e. “simple” type]; also see Cribb &amp; Bray 1999, p. 6). In the generic diagnosis of Megacreadium, Cribb (2005) referred to the oral sucker as highly glandular (i.e. cellular) with a reduced musculature—consistent with the observations of Hafeezullah (1981) regarding the nature of the oral sucker in S. carneus and S. skrjabini (see above). Testes number has also been another point of ambiguity in comparative analyses of both genera. In the description of P. oligorchis (= S. carneus), Johnston (1913) noted variability in testes number (5–11) in eleven mature specimens observed; whereas, Lühe (1906, Figs. 11 –12) and Hafeezullah (1981, Fig. 6) each recorded 11 testes for their specimens of S. carneus . Eight testes were counted in the one mature specimen of M. tetrodontis observed by Nagaty (1956). As far as we are aware, there has been no re-description of M. tetrodontis, and given that the type description by Nagaty (1956) was based on only a single specimen of M. tetrodontis (i.e. impossible to observe intraspecific variability), we cannot rule out the possibility that additional specimens of this species may exhibit a variable number of testes. Cribb (2005) included eight testes as a diagnostic character in the generic diagnosis of Megacreadium and “usually about 11” testes as a diagnostic character for species of Schistorchis . However, we noted that Fig. 47.20 of Cribb (2005, p. 638) illustrated an unidentified specimen of Megacreadium from the orange-lined triggerfish, Balistapus undulatus (Park) ( Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae), collected off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia; this illustrated specimen contains 13, not 8, testes (i.e. testes number in species of Megacreadium [8 &amp; 13] can overlap testes number in species of Schistorchis [~11]). Based on Johnston (1913) and our observations in the present study, we believe overall testes number (and the number of testes per row, where applicable) to exhibit too high a degree of plasticity to be an effective diagnostic characteristic distinguishing both genera (also see Hafeezullah 1981, p. 176). Furthermore, based on the conclusions of Sogandares-Bernal &amp; Hutton (1959) and Hafeezullah (1981) regarding the similar oral sucker morphologies of S. carneus, S. skrjabini and M. tetrodontis, the type description of the oral sucker of M. tetrodontis, the recognition by Cribb (2005) of the “complex” nature of the oral sucker (i.e. “reduced musculature, highly glandular”) in Megacreadium, and the new observations we make herein (see below), we support the earlier authors who declared Megacreadium to be a junior synonym of Schistorchis and hereby re-assign Megacreadium tetrodontis Nagaty, 1956 to Schistorchis as Schistorchis tetrodontis (Nagaty, 1956) n. comb.</p><p>Schistorchis tetrodontis n. comb. and three of the eleven species of Schistorchis acknowledged by Cribb &amp; Gibson (2017a) — S. carneus, S. paruchini and S. skrjabini —differ from the eight remaining species of Schistorchis by possessing the following diagnostic combination of characters: a unique “complex” (i.e. highly cellular/ glandular) type of oral sucker that is quite large in relation to body size; an elongate, somewhat sub-rectangularshaped body; 5+ testes arranged in at least two rows; caeca that open via separate ani; a long post-testicular region; a median genital pore at the anterior margin of or just anterior to the ventral sucker; and these four species of Schistorchis parasitize the intestine of marine fish within the Order Tetraodontiformes (Nagaty 1956; Table 1). Schistorchis paruchini, thus far not discussed in detail, was described by Kurochkin (1974) from a single specimen found in the intestine of the southern leatherjacket, Meuschenia australis (Donovan) (= Navodon australis [Donovan]) ( Tetraodontiformes: Monacanthidae), collected in the Great Australian Bight. While attempts were unsuccessful in obtaining photographs of the oral sucker of the holotype specimen of this species (Accession No. GT-70269 - deposited in the Laboratory of Parasitology of Marine Animals, Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries &amp; Oceanography [TINRO], Vladivostok, Russia), Kurochkin (1974, p. 67) provided a diameter measurement for the oral sucker (660 µm mounted, 880 µm while living) as well as an illustration. This illustration revealed neither strong circumoral muscles around the mouth nor the presence of a partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling the oral aperture posteroventrally—characteristic of members of the Schistorchiinae . We could not ascertain the glandular/cellular nature (i.e. “complex” type) of the remainder of the sucker, but we did note the large size of the sucker relative to the body and the unusually distorted shape of the mouth illustrated for S. paruchini which was reminiscent of S. skrjabini as illustrated by Hafeezullah (1981, Figs. 4 &amp; 5); perhaps indicative of a muscular area localized around the mouth (sans muscular lips or small lobes) and a highly glandular/cellular appearance. As seen earlier with S. tetrodontis n. comb., it is impossible to observe any intraspecific variability for S. paruchini (i.e. described from a single worm); however, intraspecific variability in the oral sucker of other accepted species of Schistorchis has been observed (e.g. the re-descriptions by Hafeezullah 1981, Figs. 4 –6 of S. carneus and S. skrjabini compared to the type descriptions by Lühe 1906 and Parukhin 1963 of these species) and the new observations in our present study also showed this variability (see below). Based on this possibility as well as the strong similarities between S. paruchini and S. carneus, S. skrjabini and S. tetrodontis n. comb. as related to the diagnostic combination of characters listed earlier, we believe these four species comprise the valid species of Schistorchis sensu stricto (type species— S. carneus).</p><p>The remaining eight species of Schistorchis (see Cribb &amp; Gibson 2017a and Table 1) all differ from the four species of Schistorchis sensu stricto in possessing a “simple” type of oral sucker that is smaller in relation to body size, lacks circumoral lobes, and is entirely muscular as opposed to highly cellular/glandular in appearance. Of these, S. longivesiculurus, S. seychellesiensis, S. stenosoma and S. zancli have caeca that end in separate ani while the caeca in S. callyodontis, S. haridis, S. manteri and S. sigani end blindly. Based on our experience working with a variety of digeneans from many families, we have noted that researchers often consider the presence/absence of a cyclocoel, uroproct, ani and/or blindly-ending caeca to be a generic-level character (see Cribb 2005). Given this, we believe it is best to erect two new genera for these eight species: Paraschistorchis n. gen. represents those former Schistorchis species with a “simple” oral sucker and caeca that end in separate ani while Plesioschistorchis n. gen. contains those former Schistorchis species with a “simple” oral sucker and caeca that end blindly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFAF6F678DB835A9FAD5FD58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFAA6F668DB83435FC05FF50.text	906987D4FFAA6F668DB83435FC05FF50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraschistorchis Blend & Karar & Dronen 2017	<div><p>Paraschistorchis n. gen.</p><p>Type-species: Paraschistorchis stenosoma (Hanson, 1953) n. comb.</p><p>(Syn. Schistorchis stenosoma Hanson, 1953)</p><p>Etymology: The generic designation is based on the Greek word root “ para ” meaning “beside, near or by” and refers to similarities the new genus has with members of Schistorchis sensu lato, wherein the four species now composing this genus were originally considered.</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongate, maximum breadth at or near level of ventral sucker. Tegument spinous or unarmed. Eye-spot pigment present or absent. Forebody short, about a 1/5 to 1/3 of body length. Pre-oral lobe present or absent. Oral sucker subspherical to subquadrate, muscular, terminal to subterminal, simple with no anterior circumoral lobes; partial U-shaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, spherical, smaller than oral sucker. Prepharynx very short or absent, often inconspicuous. Pharynx longitudinally oval to nearly rectangular, well developed. Esophagus short or absent. Intestinal bifurcation at midforebody level or posterior to it. Caeca two, narrow to moderately wide, long, open via separate ani at posterior end of body. Testes 11 in number, arranged medially in one tandem row, smooth, ovoid to ellipsoidal to transversely elongate, separated to contiguous or nearly so, post-ovarian, distributed in posterior 1/2 to 2/3 of body. Posttesticular region short, less than 1/4 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate or tubular, large, extends some distance into hindbody to about mid-ovarian level. Pars prostatica tubular, short, distinct, combines with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct which itself is short and extends anterodorsal to ventral sucker. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma. Genital atrium distinct. Genital pore ventro-submedian (sinistral) to median, immediately anterior to or just overlapped by anterior margin of ventral sucker. Ovary spherical to subspherical, smooth, in hindbody, dextral, pre-testicular and separated or slightly contiguous with anteriormost testis. Canalicular seminal receptacle large, oval to elongate-oval to clavate, either sinistrolateral and slightly anterior to ovary or overlapping it. Mehlis’ gland dorsal to ovary or extending short distance anterior to it. Laurer’s canal well-developed, opens dorsally. Vitellarium follicular; distributed from near posterior extremity along lateral margins of worm into region between anterior testis and posterior margin of ventral sucker, confluent in posttesticular region; follicles profuse, small, lateral, dorsal and ventral to caeca. Uterus short, entirely pre-ovarian or extends to level of ovary or to just posterior to it, intercaecal. Metraterm distinct. Eggs relatively few, operculate, oval. Excretory vesicle I-shaped, moderately wide, median, extends anteriorly to posteriormost testis; primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) run into forebody to terminate lateral to pharynx or oral sucker; excretory pore terminal or ventrally subterminal. In intestine of marine teleosts ( Tetraodontiformes &amp; Perciformes) in Indian and Pacific Oceans.</p><p>Remarks. Paraschistorchis n. gen. represents those four former Schistorchis species with a “simple” oral sucker and caeca that end in separate ani including Paraschistorchis longivesiculurus (Hafeezullah, 1981) n. comb., Paraschistorchis seychellesiensis (Toman, 1989) n. comb., Paraschistorchis stenosoma (Hanson, 1953) n. comb. (type species) and Paraschistorchis zancli (Hanson, 1953) n. comb.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFAA6F668DB83435FC05FF50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFAB6F658DB8363DFE79FDCE.text	906987D4FFAB6F658DB8363DFE79FDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesioschistorchis Blend & Karar & Dronen 2017	<div><p>Plesioschistorchis n. gen.</p><p>Type-species: Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb.</p><p>(Syn. Schistorchis callyodontis Yamaguti, 1942)</p><p>Etymology: The generic designation is based on the Greek word root “ plesios ” meaning “near” and refers to similarities the new genus has with members of Schistorchis sensu lato, wherein the four species now composing this genus were originally considered.</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongate; maximum breadth either at level of ventral sucker or ovary. Tegument unarmed. Eye-spot pigment present or absent. Forebody short, about a 1/6 to 1/3 of body length. Pre-oral lobe present or absent. Oral sucker spherical to subspherical, muscular, subterminal, simple with no anterior circumoral lobes; partial U-shaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, spherical to subspherical, can be equal to oral sucker or slightly larger or smaller in size. Prepharynx very short or absent, often inconspicuous. Pharynx transversally oval to subquadrate, can be quite large, well developed. Esophagus short or absent. Intestinal bifurcation at mid-forebody level or slightly posterior it. Caeca two, narrow to moderately wide, long, terminate blindly near posterior end of body. Testes 11 in number (exceptionally 5), arranged medially or submedially in either one or two straight or zig-zag rows, smooth to slightly indented, subglobular to oval, separated to contiguous or nearly so, post-ovarian, distributed in posterior 2/3 of body. Posttesticular region short, less than 1/3 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate or tubular, large, extends some distance into hindbody in region between ventral sucker and ovary or short distance posterior to ovary. Pars prostatica tubular, short, distinct or indistinct, combines with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct which itself is very short to moderate in length and proximate to anterior portion of ventral sucker. Prostatic cells welldeveloped, free in parenchyma. Genital atrium distinct. Genital pore ventro-submedian (sinistral) to median in forebody, either immediately anterior or anterolateral to or just overlapped by anterior margin of ventral sucker. Ovary ovoid, spherical to subspherical, smooth, in hindbody, median to dextral, pre-testicular and separated from anteriormost testis. Canalicular seminal receptacle large, oval to elongate-oval to retort in shape, either sinistrolateral to ovary or overlapping it. Mehlis’ gland dorsal, sinistral or immediately anterior to ovary. Laurer’s canal present, opens dorsally. Vitellarium follicular; distributed anteriorly in region between testes and posterior margin of ventral sucker, runs uninterrupted along lateral margins to posterior extremity, confluent in posttesticular region; follicles numerous, small, lateral, dorsal and ventral to caeca. Uterus pre-ovarian, with moderate to wide loops, intercaecal. Metraterm distinct. Eggs numerous, operculate, oval to ellipsoidal. Excretory vesicle Ishaped, moderately narrow to wide, median, extends anteriorly into area within anterior half of testes; primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) cross caeca ventrally and run into forebody as far as oral sucker; excretory pore terminal. In intestine of marine teleosts ( Perciformes) in Pacific and Indian Oceans.</p><p>Remarks. Plesioschistorchis n. gen. contains those four former Schistorchis species with a “simple” oral sucker and caeca that end blindly including Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. (type species), Plesioschistorchis haridis (Nagaty, 1957) n. comb., Plesioschistorchis manteri (Gupta &amp; Tandon, 1984) n. comb. and Plesioschistorchis sigani (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb.</p><p>From our investigations of schistorchiines collected from the Red Sea off Egypt as well as from the literature- and photography-based, morpho-taxonomic studies of accepted schistorchiine genera discussed above, we now offer a revised key to the Schistorchiinae which includes the two new genera we have erected as well as Schistorchis sensu stricto .</p><p>Key to genera of Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942 (based on Cribb 2005 and present study)</p><p>1a. Two testes.......................................................................................... 2. 1b. Five or more testes (11 testes most frequent number)........................................................ 3.</p><p>2a. Caeca open independently via separate ani; oral sucker highly glandular...................................................................... Sphincteristomum Oshmarin, Mamaev &amp; Parukhin, 1961 (Syn. Lobatotrema Manter, 1963).</p><p>2b. Caeca unite and open via a uroproct; oral sucker normally muscular (not glandular)...... Sphincterostoma Yamaguti, 1937 .</p><p>3a. Oral sucker highly glandular.. Schistorchis Lühe, 1906 (Syns. Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956; Schistorchis [Alloschistorchis] Yamaguti, 1970; Schistorchis [ Schistorchis] Lühe, 1906).</p><p>3b. Oral sucker normally muscular (not glandular)............................................................. 4.</p><p>4a. Caeca open via a uroproct....................................... Neomegacreadium Machida &amp; Kuramochi, 1999 .</p><p>4b. Caeca either open via separate ani or end blindly........................................................... 5.</p><p>5a. Caeca end in separate ani............................................................ Paraschistorchis n. gen.</p><p>5b. Caeca end blindly................................................................. Plesioschistorchis n. gen.</p><p>As part of this study, we obtained additional specimens of Plesio. callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. and Pleiso. haridis (Nagaty, 1957) n. comb. from the common parrotfish, Scarus psittacus Forsskål (locally known as “Ghabban”) ( Perciformes: Scaridae), from the northern Red Sea off southern Hurghada, Egypt, and both species are re-described below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFAB6F658DB8363DFE79FDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFA86F7F8DB835C8FD27FC90.text	906987D4FFA86F7F8DB835C8FD27FC90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti 1942) Blend & Karar & Dronen 2017	<div><p>Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb.</p><p>(Figs. 1–3)</p><p>(Syn. Schistorchis callyodontis Yamaguti, 1942)</p><p>Host: Common parrotfish (“Ghabban”), Scarus psittacus Forsskål ( Perciformes: Scaridae).</p><p>Locality: Northern Red Sea, off Sharm El-Naga, Makadi Bay, Southern Hurghada, Egypt (26°55.16’N, 33°56.05’E– 26°53.59’N, 33°59.49’E; depth = 0.5–2.5 m; 01/January/2012).</p><p>Site of infection: Mid-intestine.</p><p>Deposited material: BM(NH) vouchers NHMUK 2017.9.28.10–11; 2 slides / 2 specimens .</p><p>Prevalence: 2 of 8 host specimens (25% infected).</p><p>Intensity: 4 worms/host specimen.</p><p>Mean intensity: 2.00 (4/2).</p><p>Relative density/abundance: 0.50 (4/8).</p><p>Re-description: [Based on 4 mature specimens. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios are given in Table 2]. Body plump, elongate with almost parallel margins, maximum width either at level of junction of first and second 1/4 of body (i.e. just posterior to ventral sucker) or at midbody (i.e. just posterior to level of ovary). Anterior extremity less broadly rounded; posterior extremity more rounded. Tegument smooth. Forebody attenuated; hindbody wider than forebody, gradually narrows in posterior 1/3 of body. Pre-oral lobe short and distinct. Oral sucker rounded to subspherical, muscular, distinctly ventro-subterminal, “simple” type with no anterior circumoral lobes; mouth conspicuous, rounded, directed anteroventrally; partial U-shaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, situated at junction of first and second 1/5 of body, spherical to subspherical, sessile, unspecialized, equal to oral sucker in size or slightly smaller. Large mass of parenchymal cells concentrated around outer margin of ventral sucker, especially its posterior edge. Prepharynx very short, broad, either entirely outside of or retracted within posterior concavity of oral sucker. Pharynx dolioform to subquadrate, smaller than suckers, muscular, well-developed. Esophagus distinct, very short, straight, broad, slightly longer than prepharynx. Intestinal bifurcation posterior to level of midforebody, midway between pharynx and ventral sucker, separated from latter by small distance. Caeca two, simple, wider and slightly arcuate posteriorly, equal in length, pass along lateral margins of worm to terminate blindly at posterior extremity; ani absent.</p><p>Testes 11 (exceptionally 5), arranged in two zig-zag rows (6 left, 5 right), smooth, subspherical to oval, not equal in size (posteriormost testis often largest), some contiguous while others separated by small inter-testicular space, occupy area between ovary and middle of posterior 1/3 of body, well-separated from posterior end. Posttesticular region 1/5 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate, distinct, large, clavate to pyriform, rounded proximally and tapered distally, extends anteriorly in acute angle within region between ventral sucker and ovary in anterior portion of second 1/4 of body. Pars prostatica sub-cylindrical, short, thin-walled, situated posterosinistral to ventral sucker, extends anterosinistrally around left margin of sucker to about mid-level of latter then unites with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct; duct itself tubular, narrow, moderate in length, continues anterosinistrally from mid-level of ventral sucker around left margin. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma, a condensed mass distributed around pars prostatica and distal portions of seminal vesicle and metraterm. Genital pore median and immediately anterior to ventral sucker.</p><p>continued on the next p ge</p><p>……continued on the next page</p><p>……continued on the next page</p><p>n = Measured sample size; number [n] of measurements is given if different from total number of worms examined.</p><p>--- = Neither given in original description nor available from published illustration(s).</p><p>a Proportion of body length; range values are given first followed by the mean value.</p><p>b Calculated from measurements given in the original description.</p><p>c Calculated from illustration in original description (see Yamaguti 1942, Fig. 15; Nagaty 1957, Fig. 1; Nagaty &amp; Abdel-Aal 1962, Fig. 1).</p><p>Ovary round, smooth, in hindbody and in posterior portion of anterior half of body, median, immediately pretesticular, separated from and anterodextral to anteriormost testis. Canalicular seminal receptacle large, oblong to retort in shape, extends obliquely between ovary and anteriormost testes. Oviduct not observed as broad posterior extent of uterus obstructs view. Mehlis’ gland cells somewhat large, dense and numerous. Laurer’s canal arises dorsally from seminal receptacle; distal portion not observed but expected to open dorsally. Vitellarium follicular; fields extend along lateral margins from level of distal portion of seminal vesicle (slightly posterior to ventral sucker) to posterior extremity, overlaps lateral margins of gonads, confluent in post-testicular region; follicles numerous, small, subspherical to oval, dorsal, ventral and lateral to caeca. Uterus pre-testicular, moderate in length and coiled, intercaecal, in anterior hindbody and restricted to area between ovary and genital pore, proximal portion overlaps anterior margin of ovary and seminal receptacle before it passes dorsal to seminal vesicle. Metraterm distinct, tubular, runs anteriorly to left of ventral sucker to join distal portion of pars prostatica. Eggs numerous, operculate, oval, moderate in size, thin-shelled, non-filamented.</p><p>Excretory vesicle I-shaped, moderately narrow, median, extends anteriorly to region near junction of second and third 1/3 of body within anterior half of testes; two primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) extend anteriorly into forebody. Excretory pore terminal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFA86F7F8DB835C8FD27FC90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFB26F738DB834F0FA85F858.text	906987D4FFB26F738DB834F0FA85F858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesioschistorchis haridis (Nagaty 1957) Blend & Karar & Dronen 2017	<div><p>Plesioschistorchis haridis (Nagaty, 1957) n. comb.</p><p>(Figs. 4 –6)</p><p>(Syn. Schistorchis haridis Nagaty, 1957)</p><p>Host: Common parrotfish (“Ghabban”), Scarus psittacus Forsskål ( Perciformes: Scaridae).</p><p>Locality: El-Halaka Fish Market, Hurghada, Egypt (27°23.28’N, 33°84.08’E; 25/August/2015 [fish believed to have been obtained in northern Red Sea]).</p><p>Site of infection: Lower intestine.</p><p>Deposited material: BM(NH) vouchers NHMUK 2017.9.28.1–9; 9 slides / 9 specimens .</p><p>Prevalence: 6 of 8 host specimens (75% infected).</p><p>Intensity: 3−7 worms/host specimen.</p><p>Mean intensity: 3.83 (23/6).</p><p>Relative density/abundance: 2.88 (23/8).</p><p>Re-description: [Based on 9 specimens. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios are given in Table 2]. Body plump, elongate with parallel margins, maximum width at junction of first and second 1/5 of body (i.e. at level of ventral sucker). Anterior extremity rounded; posterior extremity less rounded, slightly truncated in several specimens. Tegument smooth. Forebody gradually attenuated; hindbody wider than forebody, gradually narrows in posterior 1/3 of body. Pre-oral lobe short and distinct. Oral sucker spherical to subspherical, muscular, distinctly ventro-subterminal, “simple” type with no anterior circumoral lobes; mouth conspicuous, rounded, directed anteroventrally; partial U-shaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, situated at junction of first and second 1/5 of body, spherical to subspherical, sessile, unspecialized, slightly larger than oral sucker. Numerous parenchymal cells concentrated around outer margin of ventral sucker, especially its posterior edge. Prepharynx not observed. Pharynx transversely oval to dolioform, smaller than suckers, muscular, well-developed. Esophagus indistinct, very short, straight, broad. Intestinal bifurcation immediately posterior to level of mid-forebody, separated from ventral sucker by short distance. Caeca two, simple, narrow to moderately wide, slightly arcuate posteriorly, left caecum often slightly longer than right caecum, pass along lateral margins of worm to terminate blindly at posterior extremity; ani absent.</p><p>Testes 11, arranged in one zigzag or straight row, smooth, elliptical to oval, equal in size but anteriormost testis often larger than others, well-separated from each other, occupy area between ovary and middle of posterior 1/5 of body. Post-testicular region small. Seminal vesicle distinct (especially in lateral view), large, long, bipartite; saccate proximal portion median to submedian (sinistral), extends anteriorly in acute angle from level just posterior to ovary to near level of posterosinistral edge of ventral sucker then tapers to form tubular distal portion which passes parallel to sinistral margin of ventral sucker to level anterior to mid-point of sucker, all within second half of first 1/3 of body. Pars prostatica sub-elliptical, short, thick-walled, extends a short distance anterosinistrally around left margin of ventral sucker then unites with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct; duct itself sub-elliptical, large, moderate in length, thick-walled, continues anterosinistrally around left margin of ventral sucker. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma, a condensed mass distributed around pars prostatica and distal portions of seminal vesicle and metraterm. Genital pore submedian, immediately anterosinistral to ventral sucker, may ventrally overlap left caecum.</p><p>Ovary round, smooth, in anterior hindbody and in posterior portion of anterior 1/3 of body, median to submedian (dextral), pre-testicular and separated from anterior testis, dextral to proximal portion of seminal vesicle. Canalicular seminal receptacle sub-elliptical, smaller than ovary, extends anterior or anterosinistral to or overlaps ovary. Oviduct proceeds from left margin of ovary to enter oötype located immediately sinistral or posterosinistral to ovary. Mehlis’ gland cells large, conspicuous. Distal portion of Laurer’s canal not observed but expected to open dorsally. Vitellarium follicular; fields extend along lateral margins from mid-level of ovary (relatively far posterior to ventral sucker) to posterior extremity, right lateral band of follicles often extends further anterior than left lateral band; overlaps lateral margins of testes, confluent in post-testicular region; follicles numerous, small, sub-spherical to oval, dorsal, ventral and lateral to caeca. Right and left transverse vitelline ducts unite and form small vitelline reservoir short distance posterior to ovary. Uterus pre-testicular, short, few coils, intercaecal, in anterior hindbody and restricted to area between mid-level of ovary and genital pore, proximal portion overlaps distal, tubular portion of seminal vesicle and posterior margin of ventral sucker before it passes anterosinistrally around left margin of ventral sucker. Metraterm tubular, runs anteriorly along left side of pars prostatica and joins distal portion of latter to form hermaphroditic duct. Eggs numerous, operculate, oval, moderate in size, thin-shelled, non-filamented.</p><p>Excretory vesicle I-shaped, moderately narrow, median, extends to equatorial region or just anterior and proximate to anteriormost testis; two primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) extend anteriorly into forebody. Excretory pore terminal.</p><p>Remarks: Specimens of the two newly-collected species re-described above were assigned to the Megaperidae n. comb. and the Schistorchiinae based on the following combination of diagnostic features shared: no circumoral crown of spines, proboscides or ridge; the presence of a pharynx, oral and ventral sucker; an oral sucker with a partial U-shaped sphincter half encircling the oral aperture posteroventrally; no cirrus pouch; testes that are not elongate and located in the hindbody; the absence of both a hermaphroditic sac and a thickened wall in the distal portion of the male duct; a genital pore located anterior to the ventral sucker; follicular vitellarium; an Ishaped excretory vesicle; an excretory pore located at the posterior extremity; and both species infect the intestine of a marine teleost host (the common parrotfish, S. psittacus) (Cribb &amp; Bray 1999; Bray 2005a; Cribb 2005; Jones 2005; present study). Additionally, the presence of five or more testes (11 most frequent number), a “simple” type of oral sucker that is smaller in relation to body size, lacks circumoral lobes, and is entirely muscular as opposed to highly cellular/glandular in appearance, and caeca that end blindly place both species in Plesioschistorchis n. gen. A comparison of this material to previously described species of Schistorchis sensu lato allowed us to positively identify our material as two species we now consider to belong in Plesioschistorchis n. gen.: Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis callyodontis Yamaguti, 1942) and Plesioschistorchis haridis (Nagaty, 1957) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis haridis Nagaty, 1957) (Yamaguti 1942; Nagaty 1957; Cribb 2005; present study).</p><p>As far as we know, there are only three descriptions of either species in the literature (see Table 2). Yamaguti (1942) originally described P. callyodontis n. comb. (as Schistorchis callyodontis) from a single specimen infecting the intestine of an unidentified parrotfish species ( Callyodon Gronow—Perciformes: Scaridae) from off Naha, Japan. Nagaty &amp; Abdel-Aal (1962) re-described this species based on 10 of 48 specimens they found parasitizing the intestine of the blue-barred parrotfish, Scarus ghobban Forsskål (= Callyodon ghobban [Forsskål] &amp; Callyodon guttatus [Bloch &amp; Schneider]), and the redtail parrotfish, Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch &amp; Schneider) (= Scarus chrysopoma Bloch &amp; Schneider) ( Perciformes: Scaridae), collected off Hurghada, Egypt, in the Red Sea. Plesioschistorchis haridis n. comb. was originally described as Schistorchis haridis by Nagaty (1957) based on 11 specimens found in the intestine of the Candelamoa parrotfish, Hipposcarus harid (Forsskål) (= Pseudoscarus harid Forsskål) ( Perciformes: Scaridae), also from off Hurghada, Egypt, in the Red Sea.</p><p>Our specimens of P. callyodontis n. comb. compare favorably in overall appearance and in most allometric measurements with the original description of S. callyodontis by Yamaguti (1942, Fig. 15) and/or the re-description of this species by Nagaty &amp; Abdel-Aal (1962, Fig. 1). We noted a few relatively minor differences between our specimens and the previous descriptions of P. callyodontis n. comb. (= S. callyodontis). The large mass of parenchymal cells that are concentrated around the outer margin of the ventral sucker appeared more condensed and distinct in our material. The saccate, proximal portion of the seminal vesicle of the worms from S. psittacus extends anteriorly in a longitudinal direction; whereas, this same feature within the worms earlier found in Callyodon sp., S. ghobban and S. chrysopterum extends anteriorly in a more transverse direction between the ventral sucker and ovary. We further noted in our specimens a shorter esophagus, a larger pharynx: oral sucker length ratio, a more variable testes number (5 &amp; 11), a longer pars prostatica and hermaphroditic duct, and a relatively shorter forebody, pharynx, distance between suckers, seminal vesicle, pre-bifurcal and pre-genital pore distance as well as a longer distance between the ventral sucker and both the ovary and closest testis in relation to overall body length (Table. 2). Our specimens of P. haridis n. comb. also are very similar in appearance and allometry to the original description of S. haridis by Nagaty (1957, Fig. 1); however, we noted a few minor differences between both sets of conspecific specimens. Nagaty (1957) mentioned that P. haridis has a seminal vesicle that is dorsal to the ventral sucker, while in the present material, it extends anteriorly from a level just posterior to the ovary to near the posterosinistral edge of the ventral sucker, then the seminal vesicle tapers to form a tubular distal portion which passes parallel to the sinistral margin of the ventral sucker up to a level anterior to the mid-point of it. The present material from S. psittacus also exhibits a greater distance between both the ventral sucker and ovary to the closest testis, smaller post-testicular, post-caecal and post-vitelline regions in relation to the overall body length and the length and width ratios of the pharynx to the ventral sucker are larger when compared to P. haridis n. comb. from H. harid (Table. 2).</p><p>The present specimens of P. haridis n. comb. &amp; P. callyodontis n. comb. re-described herein were collected from the same host species ( S. psittacus), the same locality (off Hurghada, Egypt, in the Red Sea), and are close in overall appearance; however, we noted some differences between both species in our material, especially in the extent and appearance of the genital systems. In P. callyodontis n. comb., the testes are variable in number (5 &amp; 11), arranged in two zigzag rows, and the posterior extent of the testes is to about the middle of the posterior 1/3 of the body, while in P. haridis n. comb. the testes have a constant number (11), arranged in one straight or zigzag row, and the posterior extent of the testes is to about the middle of the posterior 1/5 of body. The seminal vesicle in P. callyodontis n. comb. is large, clavate to pyriform, rounded proximally and tapering distally, extending in an obliquely vertical direction between the ventral sucker and ovary in the anterior portion of the second 1/4 of the body; whereas, the seminal vesicle of P. haridis n. comb. is large, long, and differentiated into two parts within the second half of the first 1/3 of the body: the proximal part is saccate, sinistromedial and extends in an obliquely vertical direction from a level just posterior to the ovary to a level near the posterosinistral edge of the ventral sucker then tapers forming a long, tubular distal part which passes parallel to the sinistral margin of the ventral sucker reaching to above the mid-point of it. Plesioschistorchis callyodontis n. comb. possesses a pars prostatica that is sub-cylindrical and thin-walled, its hermaphroditic duct is tubular and narrow, and the genital pore is median and immediately anterior to the ventral sucker—not overlapping the caeca. In P. haridis n. comb., the pars prostatica is sub-elliptical and thick-walled, its hermaphroditic duct is large, sub-elliptical and thick-walled, and the genital pore is submedian and immediately anterosinistral to the ventral sucker, at times overlapping the left caecum. Another difference is that P. callyodontis n. comb. has an ovary that is median, separated from the anteriormost testis by a short distance, dextral to the seminal receptacle and situated in the posterior portion of the anterior half of the body; however, P. haridis n. comb. has a dextromedial ovary that is separated from the anterior testis by a relatively long distance, dextral to the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle and situated in the posterior portion of the anterior 1/3 of the body. The seminal receptacle of P. callyodontis n. comb. is oblong to retort-shaped, as large as the ovary or larger and extends obliquely between the ovary and the anteriormost testes, yet in P. haridis n. comb., the seminal receptacle is sub-elliptical, smaller than the ovary and extends anterior or anterosinistral to or overlaps the ovary. Plesioschistorchis callyodontis n. comb. has a longer and more coiled uterus than observed in P. haridis n. comb. The two suckers in P. callyodontis n. comb. are either equal in size or the oral sucker is slightly larger than the ventral sucker; whereas, in P. haridis n. comb., the ventral sucker is larger than the oral sucker. Morphometrically, P. callyodontis n. comb. differs from P. haridis n. comb. (see Table. 2) in possessing a ventral sucker conspicuously further distant from both the ovary (20.0%−21.8% of body length in P. callyodontis n. comb. vs 0.8%−3.7% of body length in P. haridis n. comb.) and the closest anterior testis (23.6%−24.4% vs 9.0%−13.7%), a shorter seminal vesicle length (11.0%−11.4% vs 15.8%−22.6%), a shorter postuterine distance (54.0%−54.2% vs 66.8%−71.1%), and a longer pre-ovarian distance (43.7%−45.3% vs 24.7%−34.4%).</p><p>Given the additional observations and measurements included herein (Table 2) from the re-descriptions of Plesioschistorchis callyodontis n. comb. and Plesioschistorchis haridis n. comb. (Syns. Schistorchis callyodontis, Schistorchis haridis)—both obtained from the common parrotfish ( S. psittacus), an undocumented host for either species—we now present keys to the four species each we recognize in Paraschistorchis n. gen. and in Plesioschistorchis n. gen.</p><p>Key to species of Paraschistorchis n. gen. a</p><p>1a. Oral sucker rounded to elliptical........................................................................ 2.</p><p>1b. Oral sucker funnel-shaped to subquadrate........................... Paraschistorchis zancli (Hanson, 1953) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis zancli Hanson, 1953) (Fig 7).</p><p>2a. Seminal vesicle saccular; oral sucker larger than ventral sucker................................................ 3.</p><p>2b. Seminal vesicle long, winding, tubular with thick muscular walls; suckers about equal in size........................................................................... Paraschistorchis longivesiculurus (Hafeezullah, 1981) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis longivesiculurus Hafeezullah, 1981) (Fig. 8).</p><p>3a. Anterior extent of vitelline follicles to level of posterior margin of ventral sucker or slightly posterior to it (i.e. at level of ovary which is itself close to ventral sucker); testes transversally elongated (testis width 2 times its length or more); egg 43–48 × 35– 40................................................... Paraschistorchis seychellesiensis (Toman, 1989) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis seychellesiensis Toman, 1989) (Fig. 9).</p><p>3b. Anterior extent of vitelline follicles to level far posterior to ventral sucker (i.e. posterior to ovary which is itself far from ventral sucker); testes rounded to elliptical; egg 51–56 × 31–36........ Paraschistorchis stenosoma (Hanson, 1953) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis stenosoma Hanson, 1953) (Fig. 10).</p><p>Key to species of Plesioschistorchis n. gen. a</p><p>1a. Anterior extent of vitelline follicles to level of posterior margin of ventral sucker or slightly posterior to it.............. 2.</p><p>1b. Anterior extent of vitelline follicles to level far posterior to ventral sucker (i.e. at level of ovary or a short distance anterior to it) ................................................................................................ 3.</p><p>2a. Genital pore median; egg ellipsoidal or oval, 69–81 × 36–42.... Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis callyodontis Yamaguti, 1942) (Fig. 11 from Yamaguti 1942; Figs. 1–3 present study).</p><p>2b. Genital pore submedian, sinistral; egg ovoid, 45–65 × 25–40.. Plesioschistorchis manteri (Gupta &amp; Tandon, 1984) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis manteri Gupta &amp; Tandon, 1984) (Fig. 12).</p><p>3a. Genital pore median; ventral sucker located apart from ovary and intestinal bifurcation (latter area crowded by glandular cells); egg 75–81 × 42–50.......................................... Plesioschistorchis sigani (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis sigani Yamaguti, 1942) (Fig. 13).</p><p>3b. Genital pore submedian, sinistral; ventral sucker close to ovary and intestinal bifurcation; egg 69–77 × 40–56........................................................................ Plesioschistorchis haridis (Nagaty, 1957) n. comb. (Syn. Schistorchis haridis Nagaty, 1957) (Fig. 14 from Nagaty 1957; Figs. 4 –6 present study).</p><p>a Figure(s) listed in parentheses at the end of each couplet are redrawn from the type description as indicated by the authority for each species. Where more than one authority is given or another reference is used (e.g. re-description of species), the source of the figure(s) is also indicated.</p><p>Earlier we had established that S. carneus, S. paruchini, S. skrjabini and S. tetrodontis n. comb. composed Schistorchis sensu stricto, members of which possessed the following diagnostic combination of characters: a unique “complex” (i.e. highly cellular/glandular) type of oral sucker that is quite large in relation to body size; an elongate, somewhat sub-rectangular-shaped body; 5+ testes arranged in at least two rows; caeca that open via separate ani; a long post-testicular region; a median genital pore at the anterior margin of or just anterior to the ventral sucker; and these four species infect the intestine of marine Tetraodontiformes . In our current study, we found two of six specimens of the white-spotted puffer, Arothron hispidus (locally known as “Hadroom”) ( Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), collected from the Red Sea off southern Hurghada and off Safaga, Egypt, to be infected with Schistorchis carneus, the type species of Schistorchis, and we re-describe this species below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFB26F738DB834F0FA85F858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFBB6F768DB837E9FA62FF5C.text	906987D4FFBB6F768DB837E9FA62FF5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistorchis Luhe 1906	<div><p>Genus Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906</p><p>(Syns. Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956; Schistorchis [Alloschistorchis] Yamaguti, 1970; Schistorchis [ Schistorchis] Lühe, 1906)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFBB6F768DB837E9FA62FF5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78.text	906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistorchis carneus Luhe 1906	<div><p>Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906</p><p>(Figs. 15–18)</p><p>Host: White-spotted puffer (“Hadroom”), Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus) ( Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae).</p><p>Localities: Northern Red Sea, off Sharm El-Naga, Makadi Bay, Southern Hurghada, Egypt (26°55.16’N, 33°56.05’E– 26°53.59’N, 33°59.49’E; depth = 0.5–2.5 m; 17/December/2011); Northern Red Sea, off Safaga, Egypt (26°74’N, 33°95’E; depth = 5–30 m; 6/April/2017).</p><p>Site of infection: Lower &amp; mid-intestine.</p><p>Deposited material: BM(NH) vouchers NHMUK 2017.9.28.12–30; 19 slides / 19 specimens .</p><p>Prevalence: 2 of 6 host specimens (33.3% infected).</p><p>Intensity: 9–28 worms/host specimen.</p><p>Mean intensity: 18.5 (37/2).</p><p>Relative density/abundance: 6.2 (37/6).</p><p>Re-description: [Based on 18 mature specimens. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios are given in Table 3] Worms blood red in color while live. Body plump, elongate to subelliptical in shape with almost parallel margins, maximum width near equatorial region either at posterior end of first 1/2 of body or anterior or posterior to this level by short distance. Anterior extremity rounded; posterior extremity more broadly rounded, at times almost truncate. Tegument thick and smooth, supported with several transverse tegumental folds along entire length of body. Forebody shorter than hindbody, less than 1/4 body length, gradually narrows near anterior end; hindbody wider than forebody, gradually narrows in posterior 1/5 of body. Pre-oral lobe absent to very short. Oral sucker spherical to subspherical, glandular/cellular, distinctly ventrosubterminal, “complex” type with margins of anterior musculature notched or indented (i.e. anterior circumoral lobes), very large at about 2¯3 times size of ventral sucker; mouth inconspicuous, rounded, directed anteroventrally, surrounded by strong semi-circular muscle fibers that sometimes cover mouth opening; partial Ushaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, situated at junction of first and second 1/4 of body, spherical to subspherical, sessile, unspecialized, smaller than oral sucker. Prepharynx absent. Pharynx transversally elliptical and often longitudinally compressed, smaller than suckers, muscular, weakly developed, often overlapped by oral sucker. Esophagus not observed. Intestinal bifurcation posterior to level of mid-forebody, about midway between suckers, separated from ventral sucker by small distance. Caeca two, simple, often filled with a dark material, wider and slightly arcuate posteriorly, equal in length, pass at some distance medial to lateral margins of worm to terminate at posterior extremity in small, separate ani.</p><p>Testes 11 (rarely fewer) (16 specimens [88.9%] with 11 testes distributed 5 left &amp; 6 right; 1 specimen [5.6%] with 10 testes distributed 5 left &amp; 5 right; 1 specimen [5.6%] with 7 testes distributed 2 left &amp; 5 right), arranged in two straight or zigzag rows, smooth to slightly indented, sub-elliptical to sub-oval to irregular, either equal in size or some testes markedly different in size within a single individual, contiguous or separated from each other by short distance, occupy area between level of ovary and anterior region of second 1/2 of body, well-separated from posterior end. Post-testicular region about 1/3 to 1/2 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate, conspicuous, large, transversally sub-spherical to elliptical, majority dextral to midline, distal portion narrower, confined to area between ovary and ventral sucker. Pars prostatica tubular, long, thin-walled, passes parallel to lateral margin of ventral sucker to about level of mid-sinistral rim of latter then unites with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct near anterior margin of ventral sucker; duct itself cylindrical, small, extends anterodorsally to ventral sucker. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma, surrounds entire pars prostatica from junction with seminal vesicle to beginning of hermaphroditic duct. Genital pore median, opens immediately anterior to ventral sucker aperture or just anterior to sucker in forebody.</p><p>Ovary round to pyriform, smooth, in posterior portion of anterior 1/3 of body, submedian (dextral), either entirely pre-testicular or at level of anteriormost testes and between seminal vesicle and testes. Canalicular seminal receptacle variable in size (due to amount of sperm), sub-elliptical, sinistral or posterosinistral to ovary. Oötype median, directly sinistral to ovary and surrounded by large and conspicuous mass of Mehlis’ gland cells. Laurer’s canal arises from seminal receptacle, indistinct; distal portion not observed but expected to open dorsally. Oviduct proceeds from left margin of ovary, joined by duct from seminal receptacle, and passes into oötype. Vitellarium follicular; fields extend along lateral margins from as far anterior as mid-level of pharynx (occasionally begins at mid-level of ventral sucker) to posterior extremity, overlaps lateral margins of testes, confluent in post-testicular region; follicles numerous, small, sub-spherical to oval to irregular in shape, dorsal, ventral and lateral to caeca. Right and left transverse vitelline ducts immediately anterior to and unite at level of ovary forming small, median vitelline reservoir which opens through small duct into oötype complex. Uterus pre-testicular, short, coiled, intercaecal, in anterior hindbody, restricted to area between ovary, seminal vesicle, oötype complex, anteriormost left testis and genital pore, dorsally overlaps posterior edge of ventral sucker and extends anterosinistrally around left side of sucker. Metraterm tubular, short, wide, runs short distance parallel to pars prostatica and opens into hermaphroditic duct from left. Eggs numerous, operculate, oval, moderate in size, thin-shelled, non-filamented.</p><p>Excretory vesicle I-shaped, narrower posteriorly, median, extends to near beginning of second 1/3 of body, close behind or at level of anteriormost testes; two excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) cross caeca ventrally, then run somewhat sinuously as far as oral sucker. Excretory pore terminal.</p><p>Remarks: Based on the diagnostic combination of characteristics given earlier, the present material belongs in the Megaperidae n. comb. within the Schistorchiinae (Cribb &amp; Bray 1999; Bray 2005a; Cribb 2005; Jones 2005; present study). In addition, the present specimens possess five or more testes (16 specimens with 11 testes, 1 specimen with 10 testes, 1 specimen with 7 testes) arranged in two rows and a “complex” type (i.e. highly cellular/ glandular) of oral sucker that is large in relation to body size as well as an elongate, sub-rectangular-shaped body, two caeca that open via separate ani, a long post-testicular region, a median genital pore at or above the anterior margin of the ventral sucker, and a marine tetraodontiform host—the white spotted puffer, A. hispidus (Cribb 2005; present study). Therefore, we have placed these specimens in Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906.</p><p>While there is the possibility that the present material may be an undescribed species, we have identified our specimens as S. carneus . Our material most closely resembles S. carneus in overall appearance, large size, the notched or indented anterior musculature of the oral sucker (i.e. anterior circumoral lobes), a median and immediately pre-acetabular genital pore, a relatively short distance between both suckers, and in many morphometric percentages and ratios (Lühe 1906; Johnston 1913; Hafeezullah 1981; Table 3). We do note that our material differs from previous descriptions of S. carneus in a few features, the most striking of which is the anterior extent of the vitellarium and the appearance of the male genital system. In our material, the anteriormost extent of the vitellarium can be to the mid-level of the pharynx; whereas, the vitelline follicles of S. carneus as previously described are more variable in anterior extent: beginning at the level of either the ovary or the seminal vesicle (Lühe 1906), the level of the ventral sucker (Hafeezullah 1981) or the anterior border of the ventral sucker (Johnston 1913)—not reaching the mid-level of the pharynx. While the seminal vesicle of S. carneus was rudimentarily described by Lühe (1906, Figs. 11 &amp; 12) as lying in the median line just posterior to the ventral sucker, Johnston (1913, Fig. 11) and Hafeezullah (1981, Fig. 6) described this feature as being elongated and pearshaped, extending posterior to the ventral sucker from the left side and narrowing anteriorly to form a short pars prostatica; it is illustrated as a simple, medial, moderately-wide, oblong to clavate pouch. The saccate seminal vesicle of the present specimens of S. carneus is more conspicuous and larger in relation to overall body size, transversally sub-spherical to elliptical in shape and extends further dextral to the mid-line. The ovary is dextral as is the majority of the proximal seminal vesicle in our material and both features are opposite to the sinistromedial uterus (i.e. the majority of the seminal vesicle is at some distance from the uterus); whereas, in earlier descriptions of S. carneus, the ovary is either medial or a little to the right of the median line while the seminal vesicle lies almost wholly in the median plane making the majority of this feature closer to the uterus. We also noted that the egg length is slightly longer overall between earlier and current studies of this species (56–76 µm in previous S. carneus vs 64–88 µm in current S. carneus) and the distal portion of the male system differs in size—the pars prostatica is longer and its length in relation to that of the hermaphroditic duct is greater in our specimens than in previously-described S. carneus (see Table 3). Finally, while S. carneus parasitizes Arothron spp. ( A. stellatus &amp; A. hispidus), the geographic localities between previous and current studies of this digenean are considerably distant (off Sri Lanka and Australia vs off the coast of Egypt in the Red Sea). We attribute these minor differences to a combination of intraspecific variability (e.g. we noted that the anterior extent of the vitellarium in previous descriptions of S. carneus was highly variable; there is overlap in egg lengths) and possible variation in the quantity of sperm within the seminal vesicle (i.e. the overall arrangement of the ovary and seminal vesicle is the same between our material and earlier descriptions of S. carneus relative to the uterus, including the orientation - either dextral or sinistral of midline). Furthermore, if a host species ( A. hispidus) can occur very widely—and this one does (see Froese &amp; Pauly 2017)—why not their parasites? Indeed, it is believed that we do not yet really understand the distribution of trematode species in the Indo-Pacific (Dr. Tom Cribb, Univ. of Queensland—pers. comm.).</p><p>With the re-description of S. carneus herein as well as the detailed comparisons of our material to earlier descriptions of this and other species of Schistorchis sensu stricto (Table 3), we can now provide an updated generic diagnosis for Schistorchis sensu stricto and offer a key to the four species we recognize in this genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
906987D4FF866F4D8DB83568F862F9D9.text	906987D4FF866F4D8DB83568F862F9D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistorchis Luhe 1906	<div><p>Genus Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906</p><p>(Syns. Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956; Schistorchis [ Schistorchis] Lühe, 1906; Schistorchis [Alloschistorchis] Yamaguti, 1970)</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongate to sub-rectangular; maximum breadth at or posterior to mid-body level. Tegument aspinose. Eye-spot pigment present or absent. Forebody short, about 1/5 to 1/3 of body length. Pre-oral lobe present, often conspicuous. Oral sucker spherical to somewhat longitudinally elongate-oval, cellular/glandular, subterminal, large, “complex” type with circumoral muscles indented anteriorly in variant degrees, musculature localized immediately around mouth as partial U-shaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, spherical, smaller than oral sucker (i.e. less than 1/2 its dimensions). Prepharynx absent. Pharynx transversely oval, rarely longitudinally elongate, at times inconspicuous, weakly developed. Esophagus very short, often inconspicuous. Intestinal bifurcation in posterior 1/2 of forebody. Caeca two, wide, long, open via separate ani at posterior end of body. Testes 5−13 (11 most common) in number, arranged medially or submedially in 2−3 rows, smooth to slightly indented, sub-globular to sub-oval to irregular, separated to contiguous or nearly so, post-ovarian, in middle 1/3 of body. Post-testicular region long, occupying posterior 1/5 to 1/2 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate, clavate to pyriform to oval, large, extends some distance into hindbody. Pars prostatica tubular to oblong, distinct, combines with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct which itself is short, small, and extends anterodorsal to ventral sucker. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma. Genital atrium distinct. Genital pore median to ventro-submedian (sinistral) in forebody, either immediately anterior to ventral sucker aperture or at level close to anterior margin of sucker. Ovary spherical to elliptical, smooth, in hindbody, dextral to almost median (rarely submedian sinistral), pre-testicular and either separated from or contiguous with anteriormost testes. Canalicular seminal receptacle oval to elongate-oval, either sinistrolateral to ovary or anterior to it. Mehlis’ gland either directly lateral or anterolateral to ovary. Laurer’s canal present, opens dorsally. Vitellarium follicular; distributed anteriorly in region between testes to mid-pharynx level, runs uninterrupted within lateral to submedian regions of worm to posterior extremity, confluent in posttesticular region; follicles profuse, small or large, lateral, dorsal and ventral to caeca. Uterus pre-ovarian, intercaecal. Metraterm distinct. Eggs relatively numerous, operculate, oval. Excretory vesicle I-shaped, narrow to wide, median, extends anteriorly to level of anteriormost testes in middle 1/3 of body; primary excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) cross caeca ventrally and run into forebody as far as oral sucker; excretory pore terminal. In intestine of marine teleosts ( Tetraodontiformes) in Indian and Pacific Oceans and Red Sea.</p><p>Type-species: Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906 (Syns. Pleorchis oligorchis Johnston, 1913; Schistorchis oligorchis [Johnston, 1913] Yamaguti, 1942).</p><p>Key to species of Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906 a</p><p>1a. Egg size 140 × 90 µm; anterior extent of uterus to level of pharynx; two anterolateral circumoral lobes present......................................................................... Schistorchis tetrodontis (Nagaty, 1956) n. comb. (Syn. Megacreadium tetrodontis Nagaty, 1956) (Fig. 19).</p><p>1b. Egg size less than 90 × 55 µm; anterior extent of uterus to level of or near anterior margin of ventral sucker; single anterolateral circumoral lobe present, indented anteriorly to varying degrees............................................... 2.</p><p>2a. Ovary about 2¯3 times the testes size; seminal receptacle confined to region between ovary and ventral sucker; vitelline folli- cles large, about equal in size to testes............................. Schistorchis paruchini Kurochkin, 1974 (Fig. 20).</p><p>2b. Ovary about equal or slightly larger or smaller than testes size; seminal receptacle posterior or lateral to ovary; vitelline follicles noticeably smaller than testes....................................................................... 3.</p><p>3a. Testes arranged in either 2 or 3 rows; seminal vesicle neither encroaching nor intervening into space between ovary and ventral sucker (displaced either to right or left of ventral sucker)........................ Schistorchis skrjabini Parukhin, 1963 (Fig. 21 from Parukhin 1963; Fig. 22 from Hafeezullah 1981).</p><p>3b. Testes arranged in 2 rows; seminal vesicle encroaching and/or intervening into space between ovary and ventral sucker............................................................................... Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906 (Syns. Pleorchis oligorchis Johnston, 1913; Schistorchis oligorchis [Johnston, 1913] Yamaguti, 1942) (Fig. 23 from Lühe 1906; Figs. 15–18 from present study).</p><p>a Figure(s) listed in parentheses at the end of each couplet are redrawn from the type description as indicated by the authority for each species. Where more than one authority is given or another reference is used (e.g. re-description of species), the source of the figure(s) is also indicated.</p><p>Species/ Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906 Schistorchis Schistorchis skrjabini Schistorchis Schistorchis carneus Feature tetrodontis Parukhin, 1963 paruchini Lühe, 1906</p><p>Nagaty, 1956 n. Kurochkin, 1974</p><p>comb.</p><p>Reference Lühe (1906) Johnston (1913) Hafeezullah Nagaty (1956) Parukhin (1963) Hafeezullah (1981) Kurochkin (1974) Present study</p><p>n = 11 n = 8–11; 1 only (1981) n = 1 n = 8 n = 6 n = 1 n = 18</p><p>fully measured n = 2; both</p><p>contracted</p><p>Host(s) Arothron stellatus Arothron hispidus Arothron hispidus Tetrodon sp. Triacanthus Triacanthus Meuschenia Arothron hispidus (Anonymous) (Linnaeus) (Linnaeus) [Puffer sp.] biaculeatus biaculeatus (Bloch) australis (Linnaeus) [White- (= Tetrodon (= Tetrodon hispidus (= Tetrodon (Tetraodontidae) (Bloch) (= Triacanthus (Donovan) spotted puffer]</p><p>stellatus Linnaeus) [White- hispidus (= Triacanthus brevirostris [Bloch]) (= Navodon (Tetraodontidae) Anonymous) spotted puffer] Linnaeus) [White- brevirostris [Short-nosed australis</p><p>[Stellate puffer] ( Tetraodontidae) spotted puffer] [Bloch]) [Short- tripodfish] [Donovan])</p><p>( Tetraodontidae) ( Tetraodontidae) nosed tripodfish] ( Triacanthidae) [Southern</p><p>( Triacanthidae) leatherjacket]</p><p>&amp; Abalistes (Monacanthidae)</p><p>stellaris (Bloch</p><p>&amp; Schneider)</p><p>[Starry</p><p>triggerfish]</p><p>( Balistidae)</p><p>Locality Off South Off Queensland, Off Mandapam, Off Ghardaga / Off Vietnam in Off Vellar Estuary at Off Great Off Sharm El-Naga, Modragam Paar, Australia Gulf of Manaar, Hurghada, Egypt South China Sea Parangipettai Australian Bight Makadi Bay, Southern Ceylon Pearl Sri Lanka in Red Sea (=Porto Novo), Hurghada &amp; off Safaga, Banks, Gulf of Coromandal Coast, Egypt, in Red Sea Manaar, Sri Lanka Bay of Bengal</p><p>Site of infection Stomach Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine Lower &amp; Mid-Intestine Body length (L) 10,000−15,000 5,000−12,000 5,596−6,000 13,500 2,000−2,300 1,925−6,682 2,900 8,897 (7,160 −11,960) a Body width (W) 4,000−6,000 2,000−5,000 2,076−3,052 4,700 680−860 536−1,966 1,120 3,908 (3,201 −5,140)</p><p>Body W % a 40.0% b 40.0%–41.7% b 37.1%−50.9% b 34.8% b 34.0%−37.4% b 27.8%−29.4% b 38.6% b 44.6%</p><p>(37.7%–56.7%) Forebody (FB) L --- --- 1,366 c 3,046 b,c --- 756 −1,058 1,009 c 1,749 (1,445 –2,700)</p><p>FB L % a 21.8%–30.0% c 21.0% c 25.1% c 22.6% b,c 23.5% c 15.8−39.3% b 34.8% b,c 19.9%</p><p>(14.3%–24.9%)</p><p>Oral sucker (OS) L cf. 2,000 −2,500 cf. 1,666 1,207 c 1,800 b,c 280−340 292 c 708 c 1,375 (1,131 –1,760)</p><p>OS L % a 14.3%–16.9% c 16.0% c 22.2% c 13.4% b,c 14.0%−14.8% b 15.8% c 24.4% b,c 15.8%</p><p>(10.8%–19.0%)</p><p>……continued on the next page</p><p>……continued on the next page</p><p>Species/ Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906 Schistorchis Schistorchis skrjabini Schistorchis Schistorchis carneus</p><p>Feature tetrodontis Parukhin, 1963 paruchini Lühe, 1906</p><p>Nagaty, 1956 n. Kurochkin, 1974</p><p>comb.</p><p>Reference Lühe (1906) Johnston (1913) Hafeezullah Nagaty (1956) Parukhin (1963) Hafeezullah (1981) Kurochkin (1974) Present study</p><p>n = 11 n = 8–11; 1 only (1981) n = 1 n = 8 n = 6 n = 1 n = 18</p><p>fully measured n = 2; both</p><p>contracted</p><p>VS to OV L --- --- 173 c 144 b,c --- 50 c 92 c 475 (163–1,460)</p><p>VS to OV L % a 3.0%−6.4% c 2.2% c 3.2% c 1.1% b,c 0.8% c 2.7% c 3.2% b,c 5.2% (2.2%–15.0%)</p><p>VS to closest testis L --- --- 405 c 1,015 b,c --- 118 c 231 c 761 (334–1,860)</p><p>VS to closest testis L 7.3%–10.6% c 10.2% c 7.6% c 7.5% b,c 3.8% c 6.4% c 8.0% b,c 8.5% (4.5%–19.1%)</p><p>%a</p><p>Seminal receptacle --- --- 245 c --- --- 56 c 119 c 539 (308–760) [n=15]</p><p>(SR) L</p><p>SR W --- --- 360 c --- --- 58 c 110 413 (240–590) [n=15]</p><p>Testes (T) number 11 (5 left &amp; 6 11 (5 left &amp; 6 right) 11 (5 left &amp; 6 8 (3 left &amp; 5 11 (5 left, 2 11 (5 left, 2 median 11 (3 left, 2 median 11 (5 left &amp; 6 right) right) [n=9]; 8 (3 left &amp; 5 right) c right) median &amp; 4 &amp; 4 right); 11 (5 left &amp; 6 right) [n=16]; 10 (5 left &amp; 5 right) [n=1]; 5 (2 right) &amp; 6 right) c right) [n=1]; 7 (2 left &amp; left &amp; 3 right) [n=1] 5 right) [n=1]</p><p>T L --- cf. 476 206−330 426-635 b,c 32−180 133−172 c 60−100 453 (326–664)</p><p>T L % a 4.7%–5.5% c 3.7%−4.5% c 3.7%−5.5% b 3.2%−4.7% b,c 1.6%−7.8% b 7.2%–9.3% c 2.1%−3.4% b 5.2% (3.7%–6.4%)</p><p>T W 600−1,000 d 476 206−316 400−600 20−120 96−550 60−100 580 (425–1,038)</p><p>T:OV L ratio 1:0.59−1.04 c 1:01.25−1.51 c 1:1.25−1.53 b 1:0.79−1.17 b,c 1:0.67−3.00 b 1:0.48–0.63 c 1:2.10−3.50 b 1:1.15 (1:0.91–1.64)</p><p>T:OV W ratio cf. 1:1.00 b,d 1:1.20 b 1:1.04−1.47 b 1:0.84−1.27 b,c 1:1.17−5.00 b 1:0.67−1.00 b 1:1.80−3.00 b 1:0.97 (1:0.44–1.44)</p><p>Seminal vesicle --- --- 926 c 1,000 280 181 c 200 781 (608–1,280)</p><p>(SV) L</p><p>SV L % a 10.1%−13.5% c 5.5% c 17.0% c 7.4% b 12.2%−14.0% b 9.8% c 6.9% b 9.0% (5.5%–13.6%)</p><p>SV W --- --- 220 c 600 100 111 c 80 511 (312–696)</p><p>Pars prostatica L --- --- 238 c --- --- 48 c --- 651 (422–964) [n=14]</p><p>Hermaphroditic --- 240 167 c --- --- 20 c --- 304 (213–440) [n=14]</p><p>duct L</p><p>Pars prostatica: 1:1.61−1.69 c 1:1.98 c 1:0.70 c --- --- 1:0.42 c --- 1:0.48 (1:0.28–0.69)</p><p>Hermaphroditic duct [n=14]</p><p>L ratio</p><p>Pre-oral L --- --- 73 c 180 b,c --- 27 c 85 c 141 (0–248)</p><p>Pre-oral L % a 2.8%–6.4% c 2.9% c 1.2%–1.3% b,c 1.3% b,c 3.2% c 1.5% c 2.9% b,c 1.7% (0.0%–3.5%) ……continued on the next page</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FF866F4D8DB83568F862F9D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Blend, Charles K.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Dronen, Norman O.	Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M., Dronen, Norman O. (2017): Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942. Zootaxa 4358 (1): 1-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1
