identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FB60E385F8C7.text	90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FB60E385F8C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian Species of Lindsaea</p> <p>1 Pinnules with distinct midribs (only basally dimidiate) and sori on both sides............................................................... L. taeniata</p> <p>- Pinnules entirely or mostly dimidiate (unequal-sided), sori restricted to upper (acroscopic) margins............................................ 2</p> <p>2 Primary rachises adaxially and secondary rachises on both sides with pale lateral wings; pinnules obtuse................ L. divaricata</p> <p>- Rachises unwinged or wings restricted to the adaxial sides of the secondary rachises (costae); pinnules variously shaped.......... 3</p> <p>3 Pinnules coriaceous, veins hidden....................................................................................................................................... L. stricta</p> <p>- Pinnules herbaceous to subcoriaceous, veins evident...................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>4 Largest pinnules 3–3½ times longer than wide................................................................................................................. L. arcuata</p> <p>- Largest pinnules to 2½(–3) times longer than wide......................................................................................................................... 5</p> <p>5 Indusial margins usually strongly erose; secondary rachises adaxially with pale lateral ridges.............................. L. portoricensis</p> <p>- Indusial margins entire to minutely erose, rarely strongly erose; secondary rachises lacking pale lateral wings........................... 6</p> <p>6 Terminal pinnules gradually reduced, confluent.............................................................................................................................. 7</p> <p>- Terminal pinnules little reduced, not or only slightly connected to the adjacent segments............................................................. 8</p> <p>7 Petioles stramineous to basally castaneous, abaxially rounded; rachises rounded to angular, not winged; indusia usually minutely erose-denticulate, 0.15–0.2 mm wide.......................................................................................................................... L. guianensis</p> <p>- Petioles grayish to reddish brown, quadrangular; rachises abaxially rounded, the secondary rachises (costae) with continuous pale ridges or wings; indusia entire, 0.1–0.15 mm wide.............................................................................................. L. quadrangularis</p> <p>8 Blades bipinnate; pinnules ca. 2–2½ times as long as wide, 11–37 × 6–14 mm; terminal pinnules usually longer than wide; blades usually 2-pinnate, rarely 1-pinnate..................................................................................................................................... L. lancea</p> <p>- Blades simply-pinnate; pinnules to 3 times as long as wide, to 45 × 20 mm; terminal pinnules about as long as wide; blades 1- pinnate................................................................................................................................................................................ L. falcata</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FB60E385F8C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FF56E5CDFB69.text	90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FF56E5CDFB69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea Dryand. ex Sm., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci.	<div><p>Lindsaea Dryand. ex Sm., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. (Turin) 5: 413, pl. 9, f. 4. 1793.</p> <p>= Ormoloma Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 46: 143. 1933.</p> <p>Lindsaea has sulcate and often strongly angled petioles adaxially (± terete in a few species), usually dimidiate (unequal-sided) pinnae or pinnules, submarginal sori, and true indusia opening towards the segment margin. The blades are generally herbaceous to chartaceous or occasionally subcoriaceous. The species superficially resemble some species of Adiantum L. (Pteridaceae), which have similarly shaped pinnae/pinnules, but Adiantum has terete petioles and rachises, the indusia are formed by the reflexed pinna/pinnule margins (i.e., opening inwardly or introrse), and the sporangia are borne on the indusia. Lindsaea and six other genera (Nesolindsaea Lehtonen &amp; Christenh., Odontosoria, Osmolindsaea (K.U.Kramer) Lehtonen &amp; Christenh., Sphenomeris, Tapeinidium (C.Presl) C.Chr., Xyropteris K.U.Kramer) make up the family, with Lindsaea by far the largest genus. The lindsaeoid genera have all been placed historically in Dennstaedtiaceae, but recent phylogenetic research shows that they are best placed in a separate family (Pryer et al. 2004, Korall et al. 2006, Schuettpelz et al. 2006). Lindsaea is pantropical with about 150 species, with about 50 neotropical species concentrated in southeastern Venezuela and the Guianas. Species of Lindsaea are typically found in primary, relatively undisturbed rain forests, usually at lower and middle elevations, often on nutrient-poor, sandy soils or on ridges with leached soils, at low to middle elevations, in wet forests (Young &amp; León 1989, Lehtonen &amp; Tuomisto 2007). As an adaptation to nutrient-poor soils, they typically have mycorrhizal associations (Kessler et al. 2014, Lehnert et al. 2016). Bolivia has nine species, relatively few compared to the Guianas and Venezuela (ca. 35 spp.), and most of these are relatively widespread in South America, extending into the Antilles, Mesoamerica, and southern Mexico. The Peruvian species have been treated by Tryon (1964) and Tryon &amp; Stolze (1989). The species in southern Mexico and Mesoamerica were recently reviewed by Rojas-Alvarado &amp; Tejero-Díez (2017), who described three new species, elevated a variety of L. quadrangularis to species rank, and ascribed several predominantly South American species also to Mesoamerica and Mexico. The paleotropical species of Lindsaea are diverse and number nearly 150 species; Kramer (1971) treated those from the Flora Malesiana region and has also published on those from elsewhere in the Old World. Most of the neotropical species, and all of the ones in Bolivia have been shown by Lehtonen et al. (2010) to comprise a well supported clade (their Clade XIII).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFB8FFC5FF26FF56E5CDFB69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFB8FFC6FF26F875E357FEDF.text	90187E0CFFB8FFC6FF26F875E357FEDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea arcuata Kunze, Linnaea	<div><p>Lindsaea arcuata Kunze, Linnaea 9: 86. 1834.</p> <p>Range:— Greater Antilles; southern Mexico to Bolivia (BE, CO, LP) and Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Common; terrestrial, rarely on rocks, in humid forests; to 1950 m. Notes:— Petioles stramineous to pale reddish brown, abaxially usually angular to sulcate, rarely rounded; blades</p> <p>1- to 2-pinnate; rachises abaxially rounded near the basal pinnae and apically angular (but without pale wings); pinnules</p> <p>3–3½ times as long as wide; distal segments gradually reduced; indusia entire to slightly erose, ca. 0.2 mm wide.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFB8FFC6FF26F875E357FEDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FEF0E71FFD77.text	90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FEF0E71FFD77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea divaricata Klotzsch, Linnaea	<div><p>Lindsaea divaricata Klotzsch, Linnaea 18: 547. 1844.</p> <p>Range:— Lesser Antilles; Guatemala to Bolivia (BE, CO, LP, PA, SC), Paraguay, and southern Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Fairly common; terrestrial in humid forests, on nutrient-poor soils (Lehtonen &amp; Tuomisto 2007); to 950 m.</p> <p>Notes:— Differs from Lindsaea portoricensis by more continuous rachis wings, narrower indusia, and more spreading pinnae. Petioles castaneous to nearly black, abaxially rounded; blades 2-pinnate; primary rachises adaxially and secondary rachises on both sides with continuous, pale, lateral wings; pinnules obtuse, ca. 2½ times as long as broad, apically crenate; distal segments usually large, triangular, free or almost free; indusia entire to subentire, 0.1– 0.15 mm wide.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FEF0E71FFD77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FD18E5CCFC0F.text	90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FD18E5CCFC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea falcata Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London	<div><p>Lindsaea falcata Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 41, t. 7, f. 2. 1797.</p> <p>= Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd. var. falcata (Dryand.) Rosenst., Hedwigia 46: 79. 1906.</p> <p>Range:— Panama to the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Bolivia (CO, LP). Rojas-Alvarado &amp; Tejero-Díez (2017) questioned the occurrence of this species in Panama.</p> <p>Ecology:— Rare; terrestrial, sometimes on rotting logs, in humid forests; to 850 m, to 1500 m elsewhere.</p> <p>Notes:— Often treated as a variety of Lindsaea lancea (e.g., by Kramer 1957), but more recent studies (Tuomisto 1998, Lehtonen et al. 2010) suggest this entity warrants species status. Lindsaea falcata differs from L. lancea var. lancea by having 1-pinnate blades with pinnae to 45 × 20 mm (vs. to 37 × 14 mm), to 3 times as long as wide, and distal segments little or not reduced, strongly asymmetric (vs. roughly symmetric).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FD18E5CCFC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FB80E53EFA5F.text	90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FB80E53EFA5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea guianensis (Aubl.) Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London	<div><p>Lindsaea guianensis (Aubl.) Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 42. 1797.</p> <p>Range:— Lesser Antilles; Nicaragua; Colombia to Bolivia (PA) and northern Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Rare; terrestrial, in humid forests, often near streams (Drucker et al. 2008); at 150 m in Bolivia, to 1250 m elsewhere.</p> <p>Notes:— The single Bolivian specimen can be assigned to subsp. guianensis. Lindsaea guianensis subsp. lanceastrum K.U.Kramer, from central and eastern Brazil, and Paraguay, may occur in eastern Bolivia. It has pinnae acute to shortly acuminate (vs. long-acuminate); distalmost pinnules ca. 5 mm long (vs. 1–2 mm); axes usually reddish to dark brown (vs. usually pale); and blades pinnate or bipinnate (vs. usually bipinnate). Perhaps best treated as a distinct species. Petioles stramineous to basally castaneous, abaxially rounded; blades (1–)2-pinnate; rachises rounded to angular (but without pale wings); pinnules 1½–2 times as long as broad; distal segments gradually reduced; indusia (entire to) minutely erose-denticulate, 0.15–0.2 mm wide.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBBFFC6FF26FB80E53EFA5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBBFFC7FF26FA70E743FEFB.text	90187E0CFFBBFFC7FF26FA70E743FEFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea lancea	<div><p>Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd., Suppl. Ferns Brit. India 6: 292. 1876.</p> <p>Range:— West Indies; southern Mexico to Bolivia (BE, CO, LP, PA, SC), Paraguay, and southern Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Common; terrestrial in humid forests, where it mainly occurs in upland forests, unlike L. falcata, which is more common near streams (Drucker et al. 2008); mostly below 1000 m, but to 1500 m. The Bolivian Chacobó Indians use a frond decoction to bathe hyper-active children.</p> <p>Notes:— The Bolivian specimens are assigned to var. lancea. Petioles stramineous to nearly black, abaxially angled to winged; blades (1–)2-pinnate; rachises abaxially rounded or often with pale ridges or wings; pinnules 2–2½ times as long as broad; distal segments slightly reduced, not or only slightly connected to the adjacent segments; indusia entire, 0.2–0.3 mm wide.</p> <p>Lindsaea portoricensis Desv., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5. 326. 1811.</p> <p>Range:— Greater Antilles; southern Mexico to Bolivia (BE, CO, LP, SC), Paraguay, and southern Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Uncommon; terrestrial in humid forests and scrub, especially on sandy soil; to 900 m in Bolivia, to 1300 m elsewhere.</p> <p>Notes:— Petioles brownish red to dark brown, abaxially rounded; blades 1- to 2-pinnate; rachises abaxially with irregularly interrupted pale, lateral wings; pinnules ca. 2 times longer than broad, the veins usually evident at least abaxially; distal segments gradually reduced; indusia strongly erose, ca. 0.3 mm wide. Lindsaea portoricensis has been subsumed under L. stricta by some (e.g., Moran 1995, in Mesoamerica), but maintained as distinct by most workers (e.g., Kramer 1957).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBBFFC7FF26FA70E743FEFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FE8CE570FD2F.text	90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FE8CE570FD2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea quadrangularis Raddi, Opusc. Sci.	<div><p>Lindsaea quadrangularis Raddi, Opusc. Sci. 3: 294. 1819.</p> <p>Range: —West Indies; southern Mexico to Colombia; Bolivia (BE, CO, SC); southeastern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay. Rojas-Alvarado &amp; Tejero-Díez (2017) excluded this species from Mexico and Mesoamerica, described several new lindsaeas, and elevated L. quadrangularis subsp. subalata K.U.Kramer to species status [as L. subalata (K.U.Kramer) A.Rojas &amp; Tejero]; we believe the latter represents a minor variation within L. quadrangularis.</p> <p>Ecology:— Local and uncommon; terrestrial in humid forests; to 700 m in Bolivia, to 1500 m elsewhere.</p> <p>Notes:— Differs from L. arcuata by having less elongate pinnules and darker axes, and from L. portoricensis by shorter-stalked pinnae, continuous pale margins on the abaxial sides of the secondary rachises, abaxially mostly angular petioles, and narrower, entire indusia. Four subspecies have been recognized, but it is unclear to which one the Bolivian specimens belong.</p> <p>Lindsaea pallida Klotzsch, from Venezuela to central Brazil, may occur in eastern Bolivia. It differs from L. quadrangularis by its pale axes and more strongly erose indusia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FE8CE570FD2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FCA0E5B1FBC7.text	90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FCA0E5B1FBC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea stricta (Sw.) Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London	<div><p>Lindsaea stricta (Sw.) Dryand., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 42. 1797.</p> <p>Range:— Greater Antilles; southern Mexico to Bolivia (LP, SC) and Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Locally common; terrestrial among rocks, on sandstone, in wet sand, and on exposed ridges, in humid forest regions, accidentally as an epiphyte (Obermuller et al. 2014); to 2400 m.</p> <p>Notes:— The Bolivian specimens can be assigned to var. stricta; two other varieties occur in northern South America. Differs from Lindsaea portoricensis by broader indusia (0.3–0.5 mm vs. ca. 0.3 mm wide). Petioles stramineous to pale reddish brown, abaxially rounded; blades 1- to 2- (rarely 3-) pinnate; rachises abaxially rounded to angular (but without pale wings); pinnules coriaceous with hidden veins, roundish to 1.5 times longer than wide; distal segments gradually reduced; indusia strongly erose, 0.3–0.5 mm wide.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FCA0E5B1FBC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FBC8E43DFA5F.text	90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FBC8E43DFA5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindsaea taeniata K. U. Kramer, Acta Bot. Neerl.	<div><p>Lindsaea taeniata K.U.Kramer, Acta Bot. Neerl. 6: 208, fig. 62. 1957.</p> <p>Range:— Amazonian Colombia to Bolivia (CO) (Smith et al. 1999) and western Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology:— Locally fairly common; terrestrial in humid forests, to 700 m.</p> <p>Notes:— All other Bolivian species of the genus have entirely dimidiate pinnae. Petioles stramineous to pale brown, sometimes darker at the bases, adaxially rounded to obtusely angular; blades 2-pinnate; pinnules with definite central midveins in the distal halves; sori on both sides of the pinnae.</p> <p>A juvenile specimen from CO (Weigelt 90085, AAU, GOET) may represent Lindsaea phassa K.U.Kramer (H. Tuomisto, pers. comm.), an Amazonian species that differs from L. taeniata by having broader, less elongate pinnules that are less falcate (Kramer 1991).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90187E0CFFBAFFC7FF26FBC8E43DFA5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Alan R.;Kessler, Michael	Smith, Alan R., Kessler, Michael (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXV. Lindsaeaceae. Phytotaxa 332 (3): 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.3.6
