identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
97295B707629FFD7FF13FAB6E6E0A65B.text	97295B707629FFD7FF13FAB6E6E0A65B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis Schuster 1958	<div><p>ACANTHOPHOTOPSIS Schuster, 1958</p><p>(Figs 2–80, 284)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis Schuster, 1958: 5 (in key), 88. Type species: Acanthophotopsis falciformis Schuster, 1958 . Acanthophotopsis: Tanner et al. 2009: 203. Key to species.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible without ventral tooth basally; mesonotum with simple and brachyplumose setae only; T1 shape narrowly sub-sessile; T2 with coarse areolation, at least basally; and T6 convex without defined pygidial plate. Usually, the T2 disc has basolateral patches of reddish-brown or blackish setae. MALE. Males can be immediately recognized by the mesosternal armature, which consists of a large posteriorly directed conical peg. The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: mandible with ventral tooth indistinct or absent; mid-tibia swollen and often with only one spur; and hypopygium wider than long with truncate or weakly convex posterior margin.</p><p>Included species. Six species known from both sexes ( Aca.bequaertii Schuster, 1958; Aca. dorophora Schuster, 1958; Aca. evansii Schuster, 1958; Aca. falciformis Schuster, 1958; Aca. virguncula (Blake, 1886); and Aca. snellingi Tanner &amp; Pitts, 2009).</p><p>Remarks. This genus is widespread and more species-rich than most others treated here but is surprisingly uncommon in collections. In the last seven years, KAW has collected over 1000 males of Acrophotopsis dirce (Fox, 1899), but only 12 Acanthophotopsis specimens, representing three species (KAW, pers. obs.). In recent studies, nearly 15,000 nocturnal females have been examined from more than 25 museums by KAW and JPP; only 19 female specimens of Acanthophotopsis are known (KAW &amp; JPP, pers. obs.).</p><p>Key to Acanthophotopsis species</p><p>Females</p><p>1. T2 disc coarsely longitdunally areolate throughout, intervals mostly rounded or cariniform, postero-mesally with areolations slightly sparser and intervals flatter; anterior portion with sparse brown setae not forming distinct patches (Fig. 5) (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mohave and Sonoran Deserts)........................................... Aca. falciformis Schuster, 1958</p><p>- T2 disc less coarsely sculpted, at most with coarse areolations anterolaterally beneath distinct patches of appressed dark brown or blackish setae, posterior portion of T2 disc with separated punctures (Figs 2–4, 6–7).............................. 2</p><p>2 (1). Legs and metasoma blackish or dark brown, clearly darker than orange-brown head and mesosoma (Figs 2, 3, 7, 14, 16, 19). ................................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Body integument basically uniformly brown, mesosoma and T2 disc more or less concolorous (Figs 3, 6, 15, 18)......... 5</p><p>3 (2). Dark setal pattern at base of T2 entire, not interrupted by longitudinal mesal band of silvery setae (Fig. 4); posterior fifth of T2 disc with erect setae only (Fig. 16); T2 slightly wider than long (Fig. 4) (MEX: CHH, COA; USA: NM, TX)............................................................................................ Aca. evansii Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Dark setal pattern at base of T2 interrupted by longitudinal mesal band of silvery setae, forming two separated dark patches (Figs 2, 7); posterior third of T2 disc with numerous appressed or decumbent setae (Figs 14, 19); T2 slightly longer than wide (Figs 2, 7)........................................................................................... 4</p><p>4 (3). T2 disc cuticle blackish, concolorous with T3–5 (Figs 2, 14) (USA: AZ; MEX: CHH, SON)...................................................................................................... Aca. bequaertii Schuster, 1958</p><p>- T2 disc cuticle dark brown, usually somewhat lighter than blackish T3–5 (Figs 7, 19) (USA: CO, NM, OK, TX)............................................................................ Aca. virguncula (Blake, 1886), comb. nov.</p><p>5 (2). Mesonotum with dorsal setae orange-brown, lighter than blackish anterolateral T2 patches (Figs 3, 15); T2 longer than wide (Fig. 15) (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mohave and Sonoran Deserts).......................... Aca. dorophora Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Mesonotum with dorsal setae blackish, concolorous with black anterolateral T2 setal patches (Figs 6, 18); T2 wider than long (Fig. 6) (MEX: DGO).......................................... Aca. snellingi Tanner &amp; Pitts in Tanner et al., 2009</p><p>Males</p><p>1. Mandible quadridentate, with large inward-facing blunt tooth at midpoint (Fig. 48) (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mohave and Sonoran Deserts)..................................................................... Aca. falciformis Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Mandible tridentate, without inward-facing blunt tooth at midpoint (Figs 39, 42, 45, 51, 54).......................... 2</p><p>2 (1). Mandible apically oblique, dorsal carina becoming obsolete before inner apical tooth (Figs 39–41, 54–56); clypeal base with mesal longitudinal carina and tubercle..................................................................... 3</p><p>- Mandible apically vertical, dorsal carina continuous to inner apical tooth (Figs 42–44, 45–47, 51–53); clypeal base unarmed. ................................................................................................... 4</p><p>3 (2). Metasoma black, contrasting with orange head and mesosoma (Figs 20, 27); vertex elongate behind eye (Fig. 27); marginal cell subequal in length to stigma (USA: AZ; MEX: CHH, SON)............................ Aca. bequaertii Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Metasoma brown, like head and mesosoma, at most with apical tergites darker brown (Figs 26, 32); vertex rounded behind eye; marginal cell clearly longer than stigma (USA: CO, NM, OK, TX)...................... Aca. virguncula Schuster, 1958</p><p>4 (2). Vertex rounded, lateral margin convergent directly behind eye (Fig. 45); clypeus largely vertical, not plate-like (Fig. 45); metasoma, at least T2, darker brown than mesosoma (Fig. 22) (MEX: CHH, COA; USA: NM, TX)................................................................................................... Aca. evansii Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Vertex elongate, lateral margin parallel directly behind eye (e.g. Fig. 42); clypeus forming horizontal plate (Figs 43, 51); metasoma predominantly reddish-brown, at most with apical tergites darker brown (Figs 21, 25)...................... 5</p><p>5 (4). Paramere acuminate apically (Fig. 61); marginal cell along costa ~1.05 x stigma length (Fig. 21) (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mohave and Sonoran Deserts).......................................................... Aca. dorophora Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Paramere wide throughout its length until extreme apex (Fig. 73); marginal cell along costa ~ 1.25 x stigma length (Fig. 31) (MEX: ZAC)................................................ Aca. snellingi Tanner &amp; Pitts in Tanner et al., 2009</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707629FFD7FF13FAB6E6E0A65B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70762BFFD4FF13FF59E210A480.text	97295B70762BFFD4FF13FF59E210A480.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis bequaertii Schuster 1958	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis bequaertii Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 2, 8, 14, 20, 27, 33, 39–41, 57–60)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis bequaertii Schuster, 1958: 101 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Hereford, 16.IX.1935, F. H. Parker (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Stethophotopsis cremauranti Pitts &amp; Manley, 2002: 674 . Holotype female: Mexico, Chihuahua, 3 mi E Parral, 5800’, 30.IV.1953, Creighton (CNCI), examined, syn. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its coloration: the head and mesosoma are orange-brown, the metasoma is blackish with dense whitish setae, except for a baso-lateral patch of blackish setae (Figs 2, 14). The T2 disc is slightly longer than wide, has appressed or decumbent whitish setae in the posterior third (Fig. 2), and is coarsely areolate basally and moderately to sparsely punctate in the posterior half. Body length 7–9 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible tridentate without inward-facing blunt tooth (Fig. 40), apically oblique with the dorsal carina terminating near mid-length (Fig. 41); clypeus armed basally with mesal tubercle and longitudinal carina (Fig. 39); vertex elongate with lateral margins parallel directly behind eyes (Fig. 27); metasoma blackish, contrasting with reddish-orange head and mesosoma (Figs 20, 27); and free paramere length wide throughout it length until extreme apex (Fig. 57). Body length 8–11 mm.</p><p>Material examined. USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Portal, 4700’, 28.VII.1964, J. H. Puckle, M. A. Mortenson, and M. A. Cazier (1♂, UAIC) ; San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, 6–7.VIII.2021, E. E. and K. A. Williams (3♂, CSCA EMUS) ; Pima Co., Colossal Cave, 25.VIII.1970, R. E. Woodruff (1♂, FSCA) ; Santa Cruz Co., 2 mi S Canelo Pass, 26.VII.2006, P. H. Sullivan (1♀, CSCA) ; MEXICO, Chihuahua: 3 mi E Parral, 5800’, 30.IV.1953, Creighton (1♀ holotype, CNCI) ; 21 mi S Parral, 5600’, 30.IV.1953, Creighton (1♀ paratype, CNCI) ; Durango, Nombre de Dios, 6.VIII.1951 (1♂ MIUP) . See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua and Durango; USA: Arizona.</p><p>Remarks. The female of this species, formerly Stethophotopsis cremauranti Pitts &amp; Manley 2002, syn. nov., was initially placed in that genus based on multiple structural similarities and the bright apparently diurnal coloration (Pitts &amp; Manley 2002). After the sex associations of Acanthophotopsis falciformis and A. dorophora, however, the following characters are recognized to define females of Acanthophotopsis: mandible without large ventral tooth basally; T1 shape narrowly subsessile; metasoma with more or less unicolorous cuticle with areas of darkened setae basally; and pygidium convex, without defined plate. Most of these features are shared by the monotypic genus Stethophotopsis Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000. The genera are clearly closely related and metasomal coloration seems to be the only reliable way to differentiate the females. Stethophotopsis have the metasoma bright orange with black cuticular patches basally, while Acanthophotopsis have the metasomal cuticle more or less uniformly brown or blackish with the darkened basal patches formed by setae.</p><p>The sex association for Aca. bequaertii is based on overlapping distribution (high elevations in Arizona, USA and Chihuahua, Mexico) and similar coloration (head and mesosoma bright reddish-orange and metasoma black with silvery setae).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70762BFFD4FF13FF59E210A480	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70762BFFD0FF13FA33E118A271.text	97295B70762BFFD0FF13FA33E118A271.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis dorophora Schuster 1958	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis dorophora Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 3, 9, 15, 21, 28, 34, 42–44, 61–64)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis dorophora Schuster, 1958: 104 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Tucson, 26.VIII.1935, O. Byant (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its coloration: the body cuticle is uniformly orange brown, with blackish-brown setae restricted to the basal patches of T2 (Figs 3, 15). T2 is longer than wide and coarsely areolate basally with separated to sparse punctures in the posterior half. Body length 8–10 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible tridentate without inward-facing blunt tooth (Fig. 43), apically vertical with the dorsal carina continuous to the inner apical tooth (Fig. 44); clypeus unarmed basally, forming horizontal plate (Fig. 43); vertex elongate with lateral margins parallel directly behind eyes; T1–2 mostly reddish-brown, concolorous with mesosoma, apical tergites sometimes darkened (Fig. 21); and free paramere length gradually tapering to acute apex (Fig. 61). Body length 10–15 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body cuticle entirely brown, except legs and antennae slightly lighter yellow-brown, and T2 fringe and T3–6 somewhat darker brown. Body setae entirely pale yellowishwhite, except mesosomal dorsum with pale orange setae and T2 disc with anterolateral patches of dark brown setae. Head. Head width 0.85 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex elongated; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.45 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.5 × eye height, vertex height 1.0 × eye height, interocular distance 1.75 × eye height. Clypeus with punctate basomesal longitudinal ridge. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina gradually terminating near mid-length; ventral carina terminating in weak blunt angle. F1 length 1.55 × pedicel length; F2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width; mesosomal length 0.8 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.85 × T2 width. Humeral carina obliterated; humeral corner rounded; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse brachyplumose. Entire mesosoma areolate-punctate, except mesopleuron anterior to vertical mesopleural ridge and metapleuron below endophragmal pit with sparser sculpture; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking any trace of scutellar scale or transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 69:88:99:100:84:78. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral propodeal surfaces evenly rounded into one another. Metasoma. T1 shape subsessile, widest apically, apical width 0.5 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc punctate dorsally; disc setae interspersed long simple and plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with blunt longitudinal raised area interrupted by punctures. T2 length 1.1 × width; disc with dense oblique punctures, intervals apparently shagreened, disc anteriorly slightly raised with punctures coarser and some intervals cariniform; disc setae interspersed erect and appressed; fringe setae plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.4 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.7 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly sparser than T2. T3–5 discs with interspersed short appressed simple setae and long erect brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose to brachyplumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, without defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. USA: California: Imperial Co., Palo Verde, 17.VIII.1946, P. Hurd (1♂ MIUP) ; Riverside Co.: Blythe, 2.XI.1936, C. Dammers (2♀, UMSP) ; Sand Dunes, 1 mi W Blythe, 23.V.1970, M. Wasbauer (1♂, CSCA) ; Nevada, Clark Co., Slim Creek below Blue Point Spring, 8.II–28.VI.1995, W. Pratt (2♀ 1♂, CASC) . See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. USA: Arizona, California, and Nevada *.</p><p>Remarks. This sex association is based on collection of two females and one male in the same pitfall trap setup in Nevada. In addition to their co-occurrence in the trap, the males and females are similar in size and coloration. Two identical females were found in Blythe, California in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion, where males have also been found. The females from Blythe are labeled with a manuscript name as S. (A.) virgunculoides, apparently by Mickel or Schuster. The inspiration for this manuscript name ( Sphaerophthalma [sic] virguncula Blake, 1886) is transferred into Acanthophotopsis below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70762BFFD0FF13FA33E118A271	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70762FFFD1FF13FC69E0FEA3DD.text	97295B70762FFFD1FF13FC69E0FEA3DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis evansii Schuster 1958	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis evansii Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 4, 10, 16, 22, 29, 35, 45–47, 65–68)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis evansii Schuster, 1958: 93 . Holotype male: Mexico, Durango, San Juan Del Rio, 7.VIII.1951, H. E. Evans</p><p>(CUIC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its coloration: the head and mesosoma are orange-brown, the metasoma is blackish dorsally with sparse pale yellowish setae, except for a baso-mesal wide patch of blackish setae (Figs 4, 16). The T2 disc is slightly wider than long, has sparse erect setae in the posterior fifth (Fig. 4), and is coarsely areolate basally with dense deep punctures posteriorly. Body length 7.5 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible tridentate without inward-facing blunt tooth, apically vertical with the dorsal carina continuous to the inner apical tooth (Figs 45–47); clypeus unarmed basally, forming vertical plate (Fig. 45); vertex rounded with lateral margins convergent directly behind eyes (Fig. 29); T2, and sometimes T3–6, blackish-brown, darker than mesosoma (Fig. 22); and free paramere length gradually tapering to acute apex (Fig. 65). Body length 8–11 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Head and mesosoma cuticle orange-brown; antennae, legs and metasoma darker, blackish dorsally and dark reddish-brown ventrally; T2 black, except posterior and lateral margins reddish-brown. Body setae pale yellowish, except vertex and mesosomal dorsum with pale orange setae and T2 disc with wide basomesal patch of black setae. Head. Head width 0.8 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye moderate, subovate, in lateral view, height 1.35 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.45 × eye height, vertex height 1.0 × eye height, interocular distance 1.8 × eye height. Clypeus with narrow smooth basomesal longitudinal ridge. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina gradually terminating near inner apical tooth; ventral carina terminating in weak blunt angle. F1 length 1.6 × pedicel length; F2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 0.95 × width; mesosomal length 0.9 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.85 × T2 width. Humeral carina obliterated; humeral corner rounded; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse brachyplumose. Entire mesosoma areolate-punctate, except mesopleuron anterior to vertical mesopleural ridge and metapleuron surrounding endophragmal pit largely smooth; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking any trace of scutellar scale or transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 70:88:100:100:86:68. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral propodeal surfaces evenly rounded into one another. Metasoma. T1 shape subsessile, widest apically, apical width 0.4 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed long simple and plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with densely punctate blunt longitudinal ridge. T2 length 0.95 × width; disc with dense deep punctures, intervals mostly smooth; disc setae interspersed erect and decumbent, except appressed setae absent from posterior fifth of T2 disc; fringe setae plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.3 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.65 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly finer than T2. T3–5 discs with interspersed short appressed simple setae and long erect brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose to brachyplumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, without defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, 7.V.1964, Blanton, Woodruff, and Broce, blacklight trap (1♂, CSCA) . USA, New Mexico, Otero Co., Fort Bliss, Highway 506, VIII.1995, M. Vogel (1♀ UTIC). See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Nuevo Leon *; USA: New Mexico and Texas.</p><p>Remarks. In males, the coloration of Aca. evansii superficially resembles that of Aca. bequaertii, but Aca. evansii is somewhat duller in color and differs in multiple structural features, especially in the more narrowly rounded and sparsely punctured head. All known specimens of A. evansii come from the Chihuahuan desert or adjacent mountainous areas.After figuring out the sexual associations for the other five species in this genus, a single unassociated female remained. This is the only known Acanthophotopsis female we have seen in the Chihuahuan desert in New Mexico. Like the male, it has a darkened metasoma.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70762FFFD1FF13FC69E0FEA3DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70762EFFCFFF13FCF4E717A66C.text	97295B70762EFFCFFF13FCF4E717A66C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis falciformis Schuster 1958	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis falciformis Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 5, 11, 17, 23–24, 30, 36, 48–50, 69–72)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis falciformis falciformis Schuster, 1958: 108 . Holotype male: USA, California, Palm Springs, Fall.1932, T. Zschokke (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Acanthophotopsis falciformis furcisterna Schuster, 1958: 111 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Tucson, 5.X.1935, O. Bryant (UMSP), examined. Synonymized by Tanner et al. (2009).</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the T2 shape, sculpture, and coloration: T2 is wider than long (Fig. 5); entirely with coarse longitudinal areolations; and with sparse, scarcely defined, broad patches of brown setae basally (Fig. 5). Body length 5–7.5 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the quadridentate mandible, with a large blunt tooth along the inner surface near mid-length (Figs 48–49). Body length 7.5–10 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body cuticle entirely pale brown, except legs and antennae slightly lighter yellow-brown. Body setae entirely whitish, except mesosomal dorsum and T2 disc basally with indistinct brown setae. Head. Head width 0.8 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.7 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex elongate; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.3 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.5 × eye height, vertex height 1.0 × eye height, interocular distance 1.7 × eye height. Clypeus with punctate basomesal tubercle. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina gradually terminating near mid-length; ventral carina terminating in weak blunt angle. F1 length 1.5 × pedicel length; F2 1.35 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.1 × width; mesosomal length 0.9 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.7 × T2 width. Humeral carina mostly obliterated; humeral corner rounded; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse brachyplumose. Entire mesosoma areolate-punctate, except mesopleuron anterior and posterior to vertical mesopleural ridge and metapleuron with sparser sculpture; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking any trace of scutellar scale or transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 73:88:100:100:80:67. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral propodeal surfaces evenly rounded into one another. Metasoma. T1 shape subsessile, widest apically, apical width 0.35 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate dorsally; disc setae interspersed long simple and short plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with short high longitudinal carina. T2 length 0.85 × width; disc coarsely longitdunally areolate, intervals mostly rounded, areolations sparser and intervals flatter postero-mesally; disc setae interspersed erect and appressed; fringe setae plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.25 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.65 × T2 length. S2 sculpture similar to T2. T3–5 discs with interspersed short appressed simple setae and long erect brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose to brachyplumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, without defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. USA: Arizona: Mohave Co.: 15 mi SE Boulder Dam (1♀, CSCA) ; Lime Kiln Canyon Road, 7.2 mi. SE Virgin River (1♀, CSCA) ; Yuma Co., S edge Dateland (1♀, CSCA) ; Yuma Proving Grounds (1♀, EMUS) ; California, Riverside Co., 3 mi E Mecca (1♀, CASC) ; Deep Canyon (1♀, UAIC); Nevada, Clark Co., 9 mi S, 8 mi W Overton (4♀, CSCA) . Over 150 males were examined (CSCA, EMEC, EMUS, FSCA, UMSP) . See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records.</p><p>Distribution. MEXICO: Sonora; USA: Arizona, California, and Nevada.</p><p>Remarks. The sex association is based on identical ITS1 sequences of a female and male specimen (Fig. 1). In both sexes, this species is somewhat atypical for Acanthophotopsis; males have a unique quadridentate mandible and females have unique T2 sculpture. This species represents the westernmost records for this genus. This is the most abundant species in the genus; we have examined over 150 males and 10 females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70762EFFCFFF13FCF4E717A66C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707633FFCAFF13FA23E751A5E9.text	97295B707633FFCAFF13FA23E751A5E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis snellingi Tanner & Pitts 2009	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis snellingi Tanner &amp; Pitts, 2009, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 6, 12, 18, 25, 31, 37, 51–53, 73–76)</p><p>Acanthophotopsis snellingi Tanner &amp; Pitts in Tanner et al., 2009: 201. Holotype male: Mexico, Zacatecas, 9 mi S Fresnillo, 18.VIII.1956, D. D. Linsdale (EMEC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its coloration: the body cuticle is uniformly orange-brown, with blackish-brown setae restricted to the mesonotum and the basal patches of T2 (Figs 6, 18). T2 is wider than long and coarsely areolate basally with separated to sparse punctures in the posterior half. Body length 6.0 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible tridentate without inward-facing blunt tooth (Fig. 52), apically vertical with the dorsal carina continuous to the inner apical tooth (Fig. 53); clypeus unarmed basally, forming horizontal plate (Fig. 51); vertex elongate with lateral margins parallel directly behind eyes (Fig. 31); T1–2 mostly reddish-brown, concolorous with mesosoma, apical tergites often darkened (Fig. 25); and free paramere length wide throughout its length until extreme apex (Fig. 73). Body length 11.5 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body cuticle entirely orange-brown, except T2 fringe and T3–6 darker brown. Body setae entirely pale yellowish white, except mesosomal dorsum anteriorly and T2 disc with anterolateral patches of blackish-brown setae. Head. Head width 0.85 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex elongated; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, subcircular, in lateral view, height 1.2 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.65 × eye height, vertex height 1.5 × eye height, interocular distance 2.1 × eye height. Clypeus with punctate basomesal longitudinal ridge. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina gradually terminating near mid-length; ventral carina terminating in weak blunt angle. Antennal scrobe with faint trace of interrupted dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth, tubercles separated. F1 length 1.5 × pedicel length; F2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.1 × width; mesosomal length 0.95 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.8 × T2 width. Humeral carina obliterated; humeral corner rounded; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse brachyplumose. Entire mesosoma areolate-punctate, except mesopleuron anterior and posterior to vertical mesopleural ridge and metapleuron surrounding endophragmal pit with sparser sculpture; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking any trace of scutellar scale or transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 73:86:98:100:83:64. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral propodeal surfaces evenly rounded into one another. Metasoma. T1 shape subpetiolate, widest apically, apical width 0.35 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate dorsally; disc setae interspersed long simple and short plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with high blunt longitudinal carina. T2 length 0.9 × width; disc areolate-punctate, many intervals cariniform, disc anteriorly slightly raised with slightly coarser sculpture; disc setae interspersed erect and appressed; fringe setae plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.35 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.65 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly sparser than T2. T3–5 discs with interspersed short appressed simple setae, short erect plumose setae, and long erect brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose to brachyplumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, without defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO: Durango, 20 mi S Rodeo, 21.VIII.1960 (1♀, AMNH) ; Zacatecas, 9 mi. S Fresnillo, 20.VIII.1956, D. D. Linsdale (1 ♂ paratype, EMEC) ; 15 km E. Sombrerete, 28–31.VII.1951 (2♂, EMEC) . See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango *, and Zacatecas.</p><p>Remarks. This species is rare; it was described based on three specimens and only two additional males were found in the course of this study. Although it overlaps with Aca. evansii and Aca. bequaertii in central Mexico, it is the only Acanthophotopsis species whose distribution does not extend North into the USA and it occurs farther South than any other Acanthophotopsis species. Structurally, males of Aca. snellingi are similar to Aca. dorophora, particularly in the head and mandible shape. A single female from Durango was found with similar morphology and coloration to the female of Aca. dorophora . Although Aca. snellingi has not been collected in Durango, it was collected in the adjacent states of Zacatecas and Chihuahua. Based on geographic distribution and similarity to Aca. dorophora, we recognize this as the previously unknown female of Aca. snellingi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707633FFCAFF13FA23E751A5E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707635FFC8FF13FAD8E2F0A4B8.text	97295B707635FFC8FF13FAD8E2F0A4B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthophotopsis virguncula (Blake 1886) Williams & Pitts & Parikh & Cambra & Zhang & Bartholomay 2025	<div><p>Acanthophotopsis virguncula (Blake, 1886), comb. nov., ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 7, 13, 19, 26, 32, 38, 54–56, 77–80)</p><p>Sphaerophthalma [sic] virguncula Blake, 1886: 253 . Holotype female: New Mexico (ANSP), examined, comb. nov. Acanthophotopsis bifurca Schuster, 1958: 98 . Holotype male: USA, Texas, Winterhaven, 15.V.1935, S. E. Jones (UMSP),</p><p>examined, syn. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its coloration: the head and mesosoma are orange-brown, the metasoma is darker reddish-brown with sparse whitish setae, except for a baso-lateral patch of dark brown setae (Figs 7, 19). The T2 disc is slightly longer than wide, has appressed or decumbent whitish setae in the posterior third, and the sculpture is areolate basally and moderately to sparsely punctate posteriorly. Body length 5.5–8.0 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible tridentate without inward-facing blunt tooth (Fig. 55), apically oblique with the dorsal carina terminating near mid-length (Figs 55–56); clypeus armed basally with mesal tubercle and longitudinal carina (Figs 54–55); vertex rounded with lateral margins convergent directly behind eyes; T1–2 mostly reddish-brown, concolorous with mesosoma, apical tergites sometimes darkened (Figs 26, 32); and free paramere length thick throughout most of length, only gradually tapering toward apex (Fig. 77). Body length 10–13 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (based on specimens from Las Animas County, Colorado). Coloration. Head and mesosoma cuticle orange-brown; antennae, legs and metasoma darker reddish-brown, nearly black on flagellum, femora, tibiae, and apical tergites. Body setae whitish, except vertex and mesosomal dorsum with pale orange setae and T2 disc with basolateral patches of dark brown setae. Head. Head width 0.85 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.8 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex elongated; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, subcircular, in lateral view, height 1.25 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.45 × eye height, vertex height 1.1 × eye height, interocular distance 1.7 × eye height. Clypeus with punctate basomesal longitudinal ridge. Gena sculpture areolate; gena with faint trace of carina interrupted by puncture margins; postgenal carina obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina gradually terminating near mid-length; ventral carina terminating in weak blunt angle.Antennal scrobe with faint trace of interrupted dorsal carina.Antennal tubercle smooth, tubercles separated. F1 length 1.6 × pedicel length; F2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length subequal to width; mesosomal length 0.95 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.9 × T2 width. Humeral carina ostly obliterated; humeral corner indistinctly angular; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse brachyplumose. Entire mesosoma areolate-punctate, except mesopleuron anterior and posterior to vertical mesopleural ridge and metapleuron surrounding endophragmal pit with sparser sculpture; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking any trace of scutellar scale or transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 70:90:102:100:82:66. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral propodeal surfaces evenly rounded into one another. Metasoma. T1 shape subpetiolate, widest apically, apical width 0.4 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate dorsally; disc setae interspersed long simple and short plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with blunt punctate longitudinal carina. T2 length 1.05 × width; disc areolate-punctate, many anterior intervals cariniform, disc anteriorly slightly raised with coarser sculpture, disc posteriorly with shallower oblique incomplete punctures; disc setae interspersed erect and appressed; fringe setae plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.35 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.7 × T2 length. S2 sculpture similar to T2. T3–5 discs with interspersed short appressed simple setae, short erect plumose setae, and long erect brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose to brachyplumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, without defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. USA: Colorado: Las Animas Co., Model, 13N 574541 4142405, J. Newton: 26.V.2009 (1♀ EMUS); 9.VII.2009 (3♀, EMUS); 20.VIII.2009 (1♀, EMUS); New Mexico: no additional data (1♀ holotype, ANSP); Texas: Jack Co., on ground, 24.X.1976, R. Starbuck (1♀ GCWC); Llano Co., 11.VI.1941, J. Gillaspy (1♂ MIUP); Uvalde Co., Speir Ranch, 3 mi NW Uvalde, 4.V.1977, T. Eichlin and M. Wasbauer (1♂, CSCA). See Tanner et al. (2009) for additional records.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Colorado *, New Mexico, Oklahoma *, and Texas *.</p><p>Remarks. This species was thought to be remarkably rare; it was described nearly 150 years ago (Blake 1886) and known from the single female type specimen until now. Structurally this female is nearly identical to the newly recognized female of Aca. bequaertii, but it has duller and paler coloration. The type locality is imprecise, providing only the state name: New Mexico. Additional females were found in museums from two localities, in southeastern Colorado and northern central Texas. Acanthophotopsis bifurca syn. nov., occurs farther east and north than any other species in the genus, and is the only Acanthophotopsis male known from the Great Plains or temperate forests in central Texas. Because the original description is especially short (Blake 1886) and we have only been able to study this specimen using photographs, the female redescription is based on the specimens from Las Animas County, Colorado. This male is structurally similar to the male of Aca. bequaertii and differs from that species mainly in the duller and paler coloration. Acanthophotopsis bifurca syn. nov., is also found in New Mexico, like the type of Aca. virguncula comb. nov. We recognize Aca. bifurca as the male, and a junior synonym, of Aca. virguncula based on parallel morphology of both sexes with Aca. bequaertii, overlapping distribution, and similarities in size and color of males and females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707635FFC8FF13FAD8E2F0A4B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707637FFC9FF13FA28E6E0A7C7.text	97295B707637FFC9FF13FA28E6E0A7C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis Schuster 1958	<div><p>ACROPHOTOPSIS Schuster, 1958</p><p>(Figs 81–175, 285)</p><p>Acrophotopsis Schuster, 1958: 4 (in key), 61. Type species: Acrophotopsis dirce Fox, 1899 (as A. eurygnathus Schuster, 1958). Acrophotopsis: Pitts &amp; McHugh 2002: 348. Key to species.</p><p>Acrophotopsis: Pitts &amp; Wilson 2009: 206. Female description.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females can be recognized by the combination of these three characters: mandible basally with small sharp dorsal tooth and large ventral tooth; mesosomal dorsum with short bushy plumose setae, at least on dorsal surface of propodeum; and T2 disc with scattered tubercles basally and sculpture usually areolate throughout. The following characters are also useful for identification: gena with ventral carina usually weak or absent; T1 shape narrowly petiolate; and pygidial plate usually triangular with microreticulate sculpture. MALE. This genus can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible apically widely dilated and tridentate with large ventral tooth basally; mesosternal area unarmed; and hypopygium flattened, posterior margin widely emarginate mesally, antero-laterally with longitudinal carina.</p><p>Included species. Six species: Acr. bergi Casal, 1967; Acr. campylognatha Schuster, 1958; Acr. dirce (Fox, 1899); Acr. mickeli Pitts, 2002; Acr.paratropicalis Williams, sp. nov.; and Acr.pumasunam Williams, sp. nov.</p><p>Remarks. Before the female was associated, the genus was reviewed by Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002) and included four species. Later, Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009) associated the females for the two species present in the USA. Since then, two new species were discovered, and females were recognized for the two previously unassociated species.</p><p>Key to Acrophotopsis</p><p>Females</p><p>(unknown in Acr. paratropicalis sp. nov.)</p><p>1. Pygidial plate elongate sub-rectangular, with irregular striae basally and sculpture mostly smooth apically (Fig. 105) (MEX: JAL (inland), MOR, OAX, PUE)........................................................ Acr. bergi Casal, 1967</p><p>- Pygidial plate more or less triangular, sculpture predominantly microreticulate (Figs 106–110)........................ 2</p><p>2 (1). Pygidial plate wider than long (Figs 107, 108) (USA: AZ, CA, NM, NV; MEX: SON).............. Acr. dirce (Fox, 1899)</p><p>- Pygidial plate longer than wide (Figs 106, 109–110) (known only from Mexico and Colorado Desert in California)........ 3</p><p>3 (2). Epaulet with sharp triangular spine, spine larger than largest tubercles at base of T2 (Figs 91, 92) (MEX: JAL: coastal)............................................................................ Acr. pumasunam Williams, sp. nov.</p><p>- Epaulet generally with shorter blunter tubercle, tubercle usually not larger than largest tubercles at base of T2 (Figs 88–90).. ................................................................................................... 4</p><p>4 (3). Mesonotum and T2 disc setae whitish or pale orange (Figs 82, 94) (USA: CA; MEX: BC, BCS)............................................................................................... Acr. campylognatha Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Mesonotum and T2 disc setae dark brown (Figs 85, 97) (MEX: BCS).......... Acr. mickeli Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2002</p><p>Males</p><p>1. Pronotum with complete transverse suture between epaulets; cuspis with inner surface concave with four thick curved bristles (Figs 148–149); T2 pale brown, contrasting with darker brown T3–6 (Figs 111–112) (MEX: JAL (inland), MOR, OAX, PUE).................................................................................. Acr. bergi Casal, 1967</p><p>- Pronotum with transverse suture interrupted between epaulates; cuspis basically straight without thick bristles along inner surface (Figs 152–154, 156–158, 160–162, 164–166, 168–170, 172–174); metasomal color variable, with T2 darker than or concolorous with T3–6 (Figs 113–118, 119–124)............................................................ 2</p><p>2 (1). Entire body concolorous pale brown, legs somewhat lighter brown than mesosoma (Fig. 113–114) (USA: CA; MEX: BC, BCS)................................................................... Acr. campylognatha Schuster, 1958</p><p>- T2 and/or femoral apices darker brown or blackish (at least near felt lines) (Figs 115–124)........................... 3</p><p>3 (2). Frons with discrete raised triangular carina adjacent to clypeus (Figs 145–146); legs orange-brown, concolorous with mesosoma (Figs 123–124) (MEX: JAL: coastal).......................................... Acr. pumasunam Williams, sp. nov.</p><p>- Frons basically flat, at most indistinctly raised above clypeus (Figs 133–134, 137–138); leg color variable (Figs 115–118, 119–122)............................................................................................ 4</p><p>4 (3). Outer margin of paramere with few elongate setae, these setae not surpassing paramere apex in dorsal view (Figs 168–169); posterior half of cuspis nearly triangular, clearly dilated apically with angular outer margin (Figs 168–169); legs orange-brown, concolorous with mesosoma (Figs 121–122) (MEX: SON)....................... Acr. paratropicalis Williams, sp. nov.</p><p>- Outer margin of paramere with fringe of many long setae, multiple setae surpassing paramere apex in dorsal view (Figs 156– 157, 160–161, 164–165); cuspis more or less parallel-sided, only scarcely dilated apically with smoothly rounded outer margin (Figs 156–157, 160–161, 164–165); legs pale yellow-brown, lighter than mesosoma, except apical portion of femur sometimes dark brown (Figs 115–118, 119–120)...................................................................... 5</p><p>5 (4). Paramere not especially flattened, width beyond setal fringe similar to cuspis width (Figs 164–165) (MEX: BCS)........................................................................................... Acr. mickeli Pitts, 2002</p><p>- Paramere clearly dorsoventrally flattened throughout its length, width beyond setal fringe clearly greater than cuspis width (Figs 156–157, 160–161) (USA: AZ, CA, NM, NV; MEX: SON).............................. Acr. dirce (Fox, 1899)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707637FFC9FF13FA28E6E0A7C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707636FFC6FF13F8F0E66FA65D.text	97295B707636FFC6FF13F8F0E66FA65D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis bergi Casal 1967	<div><p>Acrophotopsis bergi Casal, 1967, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 81, 87, 93, 99, 105, 111–112, 125–128, 148–151)</p><p>Acrophotopsis bergi Casal, 1967: 2 . Holotype male: Mexico, Morelos, 3 mi N Alpuyeca, at light, 3.XII.1959, H.E. Evans and D.M. Anderson (CUIC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the pygidial morphology; the pygidial plate is elongate sub-rectangular with irregular striae basally and mostly smooth sculpture apically (Fig. 105). The following features are also diagnostic: the epaulet tubercle is relatively small (Fig. 87); the body has scattered orange or brown setae dorsally (Figs 81, 93) and the T2 disc entirely areolate with the basal tubercles often absent. Body length 4–6 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the pronotum, with its complete transverse suture between the epaulest, and the genitalic cuspis, with its inner surface concave with four thick curved bristles (Figs 148–149). Body length 8–11 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale orange-brown, except legs and apical metasomal tergites somewhat darker brown. Body setae entirely pale silvery, except vertex, mesosomal dorsum, T2 disc, and T3–5 with erect setae largely orange or brown. Head. Head width 0.9 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.8 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.25 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.6 × eye height, vertex height 0.9 × eye height, interocular distance 2.0 × eye height. Clypeus with mesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; without genal and postgenal carinae. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe with apparent dorsal carina interrupted by adjacent areolation margins. Antennal tubercle rounded, shagreened with faint carinae and punctures. F1 length 1.8 × pedicel length; F2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width; mesosomal length 0.9 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.9 × T2 width. Humeral carina not reaching epaulet dorsally, terminating in small sharp tubercle; epaulet placed on small tubercle; humeral corner forming blunt dentate angle in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse, brachyplumose; dorsal and lateral surfaces evenly rounded. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 79:85:99:100:86:83. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface with faint shallow punctures, differentiated by punctation. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, apical width 0.4 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with sharp longitudinal carina. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc areolate throughout with many longitudinal intervals cariniform, basally sometimes forming tubercles; disc setae mostly erect brachyplumose, without short distinctly plumose setae on disc; fringe plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.25 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.6 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly finer than T2 sculpture, with baso-mesal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate elongate sub-rectangular with posterior margin rounded, basal width similar to mesal width, maximum length 1.5 × mesal width; with irregular striae basally and mostly smooth sculpture apically.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO: Guerrero, 5 km W Tixtla, 16.IX.1982, 1710m, at light, J.A. Powell and J.A. Chemsak (1♂, EMEC) ; Jalisco: Autlan de la Grana, road to Microondas San Francisco, 4.VII.2018, J.F. Limon and F. Skillman (1♂, CSCA) ; Guadalajara, 4.IX.1965, A.R. and G.M. Gillogly (2♀, SDNHM) ; Guadalajara, El Ixtepete, 1.VIII.1963, J.J., A.R., and G.M. Gillogly (19 ♀, SDNHM) ; Oaxaca, 14.5 km S Ocotlan, 3.VI.198, 1500m, W. Mackays (1♀, EMUS) . See Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero *, Jalisco *, Morelos, Oaxaca *, and Puebla.</p><p>Remarks. This species occurs farther South than any other Acrophotopsis species. The sex association is based on coloration and distribution. Males and females are unique in having the body mostly pale orange-brown with the apical tergites darkened. The only known females were collected in two localities and have not yet been examined from the same locality as any male specimen, but they occur in similar habitats at high elevations less than 150 km away from sites with male records. They also occur outside the range of any other Acrophotopsis males. The female from Oaxaca has the T2 disc with tighter areolations and distinct raised tubercles anteromesally, while the females from Jalisco have wider T2 disc areolations and the raised tubercles reduced or absent. No further differences were seen to separate these females and no substantial differences were found between males in these areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707636FFC6FF13F8F0E66FA65D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70763BFFC3FF13F93BE627A1D5.text	97295B70763BFFC3FF13F93BE627A1D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis campylognatha Schuster 1958	<div><p>Acrophotopsis campylognatha Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 113–114, 129–132, 152–155)</p><p>Acrophotopsis campylognathus Schuster, 1958: 11 (in key), 69. Holotype male: Mexico, Baja California, Arroyo Rosarito, 29.III.1935, C.M. Brown (CASC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: the epaulet tubercle is blunt and usually shorter than the largest tubercles at the base of T2 (Figs 82, 88); the mesonotum has silvery to pale orange brachyplumose setae antero-mesally, the lateral and posterior areas have dense short distinctly plumose whitish setae (Figs 82, 88, 94); the T2 disc is covered with silvery to pale orange brachyplumose setae anteriorly, the posterior half of T2 is covered mostly with whitish setae (Figs 82, 94); and the pygidial plate is elongate triangular with densely microreticulate sculpture (Fig. 106). Body length 5–9 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the uniformly pale brown body coloration (Figs 113–114). The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: frons without raised triangular carina adjacent to clypeus (Figs 129–130); pronotum with suture interrupted between epaulets; legs pale yellow-brown, without orange tint, contrasting with orange-brown mesosomal cuticle (Figs 113– 114); paramere not especially flattened apically; and cuspis elongate without specialized bristles (Figs 152–153). Body length 9–14 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale brown, except legs and antennae lighter yellow-brown. Body setae entirely pale silvery, mesosomal dorsum andT2 disc anteriorly each with pale orange-brown setal patch. Head. Head width 0.85 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.25 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.8 × eye height, vertex height 0.9 × eye height, interocular distance 2.0 × eye height. Clypeus with mesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; without genal and postgenal carinae. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe with apparent dorsal carina interrupted by adjacent areolation margins. Antennal tubercle rounded, with irregular carinae and punctures. F1 length 1.9 × pedicel length; F2 1.9 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width. Humeral carina mostly obliterated by surrounding areolation margins, terminating in low blunt apparent tubercle; epaulet placed on short tubercle; humeral corner forming blunt angle in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture faintly areolate; setae sparse, brachyplumose; dorsal and lateral surfaces separated by low interrupted carina. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; entire mesosomal dorsum with interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose setae and numerous short bushy plumose setae, except bushy plumose setae absent from anteromesal portion of mesonotum; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 73:85:99:100:85:74. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth with scattered brachyplumose setae. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface mostly smooth with faint traces of areolations, differentiated from dorsal and posterior surfaces by punctation. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, apical width 0.35 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with blunt longitudinal ridge. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc areolate throughout with many longitudinal intervals cariniform, basally forming many scattered erect tubercles; disc setae mostly erect brachyplumose in anterior half, with short distinctly plumose setae on posterior half of disc; fringe plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.3 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.7 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly finer than T2 sculpture, with baso-mesal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate elongate sub-triangular with posterior margin bluntly rounded, basal width 1.1 × mesal width, maximum length 1.2 × maximum width; sculpture uniformly microreticulate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Baja California: 2.5 mi NW Catavina (2♀, CSCA) ; 2.8 mi E San Telmo (1♀, CSCA) ; 31.7 mi WNW Bahia de Los Angeles (1♀, CSCA) ; Baja California Sur: Arroyo San Gregorio, 13 km WNW La Purissima (1♂, CSCA) ; Las Barracas, ca. 30 km E Santiago, 24–26.VI.1983 (1♀, MIUP) . USA: California, Riverside Co., P.L. Boyd Deep Canyon Research Station (4 ♀, UCRC) ; Chino Canyon, nr, Palm Springs, 20.IV.1960 (2♂ MIUP, 4♂ EMEC). See Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Baja California and Baja California Sur; USA: California.</p><p>Remarks. A female was associated with Acr. campylognatha by Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009), but this was based on misidentification. In both sexes, Acr. dirce is variable in color and can be mostly pale yellow-brown, like Acr. campylognatha . Examination of male genitalia and female pygidial shape is necessary to differentiate these species. True Acr. campylognatha apparently occur only in the western Sonoran and Peninsular deserts, from Palm Springs, California south to Baja California. On re-examination, previously published records of Acr. campylognatha from the Mojave Desert (Wilson et al. 2010) were actually Acr. dirce (KAW &amp; JPP, pers. obs.). Structurally, males of Acr. campylognatha are nearly identical to Acr. mickeli from Baja California Sur, and these species may eventually be recognized to be conspecific.</p><p>The females described here came from Deep Canyon near Palm Springs in Riverside County, CA, a locality where Acr. campylognatha is the only recorded Acrophotopsis male. Like Acr. mickeli, these females have a slender pygidial plate, which immediately separates them from only other species known from California, Acr. dirce .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70763BFFC3FF13F93BE627A1D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70763CFFC1FF13FE8DE3ABA0FD.text	97295B70763CFFC1FF13FE8DE3ABA0FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis dirce (Fox 1899)	<div><p>Acrophotopsis dirce (Fox, 1899), ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 83–84, 89, 95–96, 101–102, 107–108, 115–118, 133–136, 156–159, 160–163)</p><p>Mutilla dirce Fox, 1899: 257 . Holotype female: Arizona, Tucson, coll. Wickham, type no. 4651 (ANSP), examined.</p><p>Acrophotopsis eurygnathus Schuster, 1958: 11 (in key), 65. Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Gila Co., Globe, 8.VII.1949, coll. Werner &amp; Nutting (CASC), examined. Synonymized by Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009).</p><p>Acrophotopsis dirce: Pitts &amp; Wilson 2009: 207. Transferred into Acrophotopsis and associated with male.</p><p>Acrophotopsis campylognatha: Pitts &amp; Wilson 2009: 207. Female association was based on misidentification.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized immediately by the short triangular pygidial plate, which is wider than long and uniformly microreticulate (Figs 107–108). Features considered diagnostic for other species in this genus all seem to vary within Acr. dirce: the epaulet tubercle can be sharp or blunt; the mesonotum and T2 disc setae vary from silvery to dark brown (Figs 83–84, 95–96); and the short bushy plumose setae can be present or absent from the lateral and posterior areas of the mesonotum and the posterior half of the T2 disc. Body length 4.5–8.5 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the paramere that is dorsoventrally flattened throughout its length (Figs 160–161). The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: frons without raised triangular carina adjacent to clypeus (Figs 133–134); pronotum with suture interrupted between epaulets; legs mostly or entirely pale yellow-brown, without orange tint, contrasting with orange-brown mesosomal cuticle (Figs 115–118); metasoma largely blackened, at least around felt lines on T2 (Figs 115–118); and cuspis relatively short and parallel-sided without specialized bristles (Figs 160–161). Body length 8–13 mm.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO: Sonora: 8 km NW San Carlos, SW Sierra Aguaje, 30.III–5.IV.2006, malaise trap, 27°03.00'N 108°43.91'W, M.E. Irwin and F.D. Parker (5♂, EMUS) ; 8 mi SE Alamos, 28.III.1961 (2♂, CASC) ; 16 mi SE Empalme, 8.V.1953 (1♂ MIUP, 2♂ EMEC) ; 40 mi N Hermosillo, 8.VIII.1960, P.H. Arnaud, E.S. Ross, and D.C. Rentz (1♂, CASC) ; 47 km ENE Alamos, 3.7 km ENE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.75667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.081667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.75667/lat 27.081667)">Rancho</a> los Llanos, El Chalate, malaise at water in tropical deciduous forest, 700 m, 27°04.9'N 108°45.4'W, 1–6.VI.2007, M.E. Irwin (1♂, EMUS) ; Alamos, 4.IX.1970, W.J. Hanson and T.L. Whitworth (1♂, EMUS) ; Desemboque, 20–31.VII.1953, B. Malkin (1♂, CASC) ; 1–15.VIII.1953, B. Malkin (2♂, CASC); San Bernardo, 30.VII.1935, H.S. Gentry (1♂, CASC) ; San Carlos Bay, 13.VII.1965, W.E. Ferguson (2♂, CASC) . USA: Arizona: Cochise Co.: 3 mi W US 66, road to Dragoon (1♀, FSCA); 4 mi E Portal (1♀, EMEC) ; Cave Creek Canyon (1♀, TAMU) ; Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge (1♀, EMUS) ; Sunsites, ironwood &amp; Sherwood Roads (1♀, FSCA) ; Mohave Co.: 15 mi SE Boulder Dam (1♀, CSCA) ; Lime Kiln Canyon Road, 7.2 mi. SE Virgin River (6♀, CSCA) ; Santa Cruz Co.: Duquesne Road, 5.7 mi E Kino Springs Road (12♀, CSCA) ; Duquesne Road, W edge National Forest (19♀, CSCA) ; Jct. Duquesne Road and Kino Springs Drive (6♀, CSCA) ; Santa Cruz Co., Proctor Road near Madera Canyon (2♀, CSCA) ; Yavapai Co., Date Creek Wash, Hwy. 93 (2♀, CSCA) ; California: Inyo Co.: 2.5 mi S, 2.5 mi W Big Pine (6♀, CSCA) ; 2 mi S, 1 mi W Lone Pine, Alabama Hills sand habitat (1♀, EMEC) ; 3 mi N Lone Pine (5♀, CSCA) ; 3 mi NNW Lone Pine, Owens Valley (1♀, EMEC) ; Owens Lake Valley (12♀, CSCA) ; Sierra Nevada range, 1 mi. W Big Pine (2♀, CSCA) ; Big Pine Creek, 1 mi W Big Pine (2♀, EMEC) ; Paxton Sand Dunes, 13 mi N, 1 mi E Ridgecrest (1♀, EMEC) ; San Bernardino Co.: Joshua Tree National Monument, Pleasant Valley (2♀, CASC) ; Joshua Tree National Park, 49 Palms (1♀, CSCA) ; Panamint Range, Butte Valley, Anvil Spring (1♀, CSCA) ; Nevada: Clark Co., Lava Butte Wash at NV167 (1♀, CASC) ; Lincoln Co., Beaver Dam State Park, 11.VIII.1971, G.M. Nishida and D.F. Zoller (1♂, EMUS) ; Nye Co., Mercury (1♀, EMUS) ; NE Foothills, Muddy Mts. (1♀, CASC) ; Newberry Mts, N of Bridge Canyon (1♀, CASC) ; New Mexico: Hidalgo Co.: Lordsburg (3♀, FSCA); Stone Cabin, U ranch (2♀, FSCA EMUS) ; Highway 113, 11 mi S Interstate 10, lantern trap, K. A. Williams: 19–20.V.2009 (8 ♂, EMUS) ; 10–13.VIII.2009 (11 ♂, EMUS); Luna Co., 14.5 mi W Deming on Interstate 10, lantern trap, K. A. Williams: 19–20.V.2009 (16 ♂, EMUS) ; 10–13.VIII.2009 (2 ♂, EMUS); Socorro Co., Sevilleta NWR (1♀, EMUS) . Utah, Washington Co.: Beaver Dam Wash, Lytle Ranch Preserve, 20.VII–6.VIII.1987, W.J. Hanson (3♂, EMUS) ; Leeds Canyon, 17.VII.1980, Hanson, Knowlton, and Clemons (2♂, EMUS) ; Snow Canyon, 15.VI.1983, W.J. Hanson (1♂, EMUS) . See Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002) for additional records. We examined 40 additional females and nearly 2,000 males from various similar localities (ASUT, CNCI, DGMC, EMUS, UMSP) .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Sonora; USA: Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Remarks. This is the most common and widely distributed species in Acrophotopsis . Females from the Madrean Archipelago in southeastern Arizona and New Mexico (Eastern morph) tend to have fewer plumose setae on the T2 disc and mesonotum than those seen in females from the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts in Arizona, California, and Nevada (Western morph). Eastern morph males tend to have the hind femur dark brown apically (Fig. 118) and the cuspis slightly longer and more acutely pointed apically, while Western morph males tend to have the legs uniformly pale yellow-brown (Fig. 117) and the cuspis slightly shorter and apically blunter. Eastern morph females seem to always have the mesonotum and T2 disc with dark brown setae (Figs 83, 95), while Western morph females have these setal patches varying from brown to pale yellow or silvery (e.g. Figs 84, 96). Future studies on Acr. dirce could reveal that these are discrete species, rather than regional variants.</p><p>The published DNA sequences of Acr. dirce from Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009) actually belong to Acr. paratropicalis sp. nov., and the specimens that were discussed as Acr. campylognatha in Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009) belong to Acr. dirce .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70763CFFC1FF13FE8DE3ABA0FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70763EFFFFFF13FDECE60EA335.text	97295B70763EFFFFFF13FDECE60EA335.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis mickeli Pitts 2002	<div><p>Acrophotopsis mickeli Pitts, 2002, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 85, 90, 97, 103, 109, 119–120, 137–140, 164–167)</p><p>Acrophotopsis mickeli Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2002: 341. Holotype male: Mexico, Baja California Sur, 6 mi SW Santiago, 31.VIII.1959, Light Trap, K.W. Radford and F.G. Werner (CASC), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: the epaulet tubercle is blunt and usually shorter than the largest tubercles at the base of T2 (Fig. 91); the mesonotum has brown brachyplumose setae antero-mesally, the lateral and posterior areas have dense short distinctly plumose whitish setae (Figs 85, 91, 97); the T2 disc is covered with brown brachyplumose setae anteriorly, the posterior half of T2 is covered mostly with whitish setae (Figs 85, 97); and the pygidial plate is elongate triangular with densely microreticulate sculpture (Fig. 109). Body length 4.5–8.5 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: frons without raised triangular carina adjacent to clypeus (Figs 137–138); pronotum with suture interrupted between epaulets; legs mostly or entirely pale yellow-brown, without orange tint, contrasting with orange-brown mesosomal cuticle (Figs 119–120); paramere not especially flattened apically (Figs 164–166); and cuspis relatively short, more or less parallel-sided, without specialized brisles (Figs 164–166). Body length 9–12 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale brown, except legs and antennae lighter yellow-brown. Body setae entirely pale silvery, mesosomal dorsum and T2 disc anteriorly each with dark blackish-brown setal patch. Head. Head width 0.8 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.3 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.75 × eye height, vertex height 0.75 × eye height, interocular distance 2.0 × eye height. Clypeus with mesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; without genal and postgenal carinae. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe with apparent dorsal carina interrupted by adjacent areolation margins. Antennal tubercle rounded, with irregular carinae and punctures. F1 length 2.0 × pedicel length; F2 2.0 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width; mesosomal length 0.85 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.85 × T2 width. Humeral carina interrupted by surrounding areolation margins, terminating in low blunt tubercle; epaulet placed on short tubercle; humeral corner forming blunt angle in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture faintly areolate; setae sparse, brachyplumose; dorsal and lateral surfaces separated by punctation. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; entire mesosomal dorsum with interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose setae and numerous short bushy plumose setae, except bushy plumose setae absent from brown colored anteromesal portion of mesonotum; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 77:85:99:100:83:74. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth with scattered brachyplumose setae. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface mostly smooth with faint traces of areolations, differentiated from dorsal and posterior surfaces by punctation. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, apical width 0.3 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with blunt longitudinal ridge. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc areolate throughout with many longitudinal intervals cariniform, basally forming many scattered erect tubercles; disc setae mostly erect brachyplumose in anterior half, with short distinctly plumose setae on posterior half of disc; fringe plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.4 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.7 × T2 length. S2 sculpture slightly finer than T2 sculpture, with baso-mesal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate elongate sub-triangular with posterior margin bluntly rounded, basal width 1.3 × mesal width, maximum length 1.2 × maximum width; sculpture uniformly microreticulate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO: Baja California, 1 km N Rancho El Mezquital, 2815/11350 (1♀, CASC) ; Baja California Sur: 1 km S Todos Santos (1♀, EMUS) ; 2.5 mi SE Todos Santos (1♀, CASC) ; 6.5 mi S, 1 mi E El Pescadero (1♀, FSCA) ; 7.5 mi W El Triunfo (1♀, CASC) ; 9 mi N Cabo San Lucas (1♀, TAMU) ; Boca de la Sierra (1♀, CASC) ; Playa Los Cerritos (1♀, CSCA) ; Punta Lobos (1♀, CASC) . See Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Baja California and Baja California Sur.</p><p>Remarks. The sex association is based on overlapping distribution in Baja California Sur and parallels in coloration. For many nocturnal mutillids, the extent of blackened setae on the female mesonotum and T2 disc are correlated with blackened cuticle on the male tergites. As stated by Pitts &amp; McHugh (2002), this species is nearly identical to Acr. campylognatha, and the males differ only by the darker coloration and slightly longer cuspis of Acr. mickeli . Females, likewise, are apparently structurally identical except for the darker coloration of Acr. mickeli .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70763EFFFFFF13FDECE60EA335	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707600FFFCFF13FDA4E64BA695.text	97295B707600FFFCFF13FDA4E64BA695.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis paratropicalis Williams & Pitts & Parikh & Cambra & Zhang & Bartholomay 2025	<div><p>Acrophotopsis paratropicalis Williams, sp. nov., ♂</p><p>(Figs 121–122, 141–144, 168–171)</p><p>Diagnosis. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the paramere, which is moderately flattened and has few thick bristles along the outer margin that do not surpass the paramere apex (Figs 168–169). The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: frons with its raised triangular carina directly above the clypeus (Fig. 142); pronotum with suture weakly interrupted between epaulets; legs mostly orange-brown, only slightly lighter than mesosomal cuticle (Figs 121–122); metasoma largely blackened, at least around felt lines on T2 (Figs 121–122); and cuspis relatively short without specialized curved bristles along inner margin and with elbowed region along outer margin (Figs 168–169). Body length 8–11 mm. FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Description. Male. Coloration. Head, mesosoma, and first metasomal segment uniformly orange-brown; legs and antennae only slightly lighter orange-brown; metasomal segments 2–7 variably darkened, usually with tergal and sternal discs blackish-brown and somewhat darker than orange-brown tergal and sternal fringes, often with T5–7 mostly orange-brown and S2 with mesal lighter orange-brown irregular patch. Body setae entirely pale silvery, slightly orange-tinted on mesoscutum. Head. Head rounded, lateral margins of vertex convergent directly behind eye, post-ocular distance 0.65 × dorsal eye length; head width 0.95 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.85 × mesonotal width. Head smooth with sparse small punctures; frons without raised triangular ridge directly above clypeus. Ocelli large; OOD 1.4 × DLO, IOD 0.5 × DLO. Antennal scrobe with short dorsal carina and small tubercle. Clypeus concave mesally, with sparse punctures, with setose upcurved transverse anterior ridge. Scape unicarinate. F1 length 2.3 × pedicel length; F2 length 3.0 × pedicel length. Mandible vertical throughout its length; apically tridentate and widely dilated beyond excision, deeply excised beneath with large rounded ventral tooth; dorsal carina complete, terminating at large inner apical tooth. In lateral view, ratio of eye height, mandibular height at ventral tooth, mandibular height at excision, and mandibular height at inner apical tooth: 10:5:3:5. Mesosoma. Epaulet placed in transverse ovate sulcus; epaulet sulci clearly separated by punctation.Anterior surface of pronotum punctate like dorsal and lateral surfaces. Tegula convex, mostly smooth and impunctate with dense punctures along anterior and inner margins. Mesoscutum densely areolate-punctate; notaulus and parapsis distinct, obliterated from anterior half of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum convex, slightly more coarsely areolate than mesoscutum. Propodeum with dorsal, lateral, and posterior surfaces scarcely differentiated, shallowly areolate; enclosed area irregular, two areolations long. Mesopleuron mostly areolate, areolations mostly obliterated directly above procoxa and mesocoxa; mesosternal area unarmed, with slightly finer sculpture than mesopleuron laterally. Metapleuron virtually smooth, with micropunctures and sparse setae. Mid and hind coxa unarmed. Marginal cell apically acute, 1.5 × length of stigma. Metasoma.T1 elongate sub-petiolate; areolate-punctate with dorsal sculpture largely obliterated; setae sparse, mostly brachyplumose, without plumose fringe. S1 without distinct longitudinal mesal carina. T2 disc punctures sparse, fine; S2 sculpture as on T2, scarcely swollen antero-mesally. T2 felt line linear, 0.6 × T2 length; S2 felt line distinct, 0.2 × T2 felt line length. Pygidial area wider than long, mostly smooth, not margined laterally, with distinct posterior fringe of short dense setae. Hypopygium wider than long; apical margin emarginate mesally; with raise anterolateral carina. Genitalia. In dorsal view, ratio of apical lengths of genitalic structures from anterior margin of parapenial lobe: free length of paramere, cuspis, digitus, penis valve, parapenial lobe: 100:69:46:48:41. Paramere dorsoventrally flattened, shallowly sigmoidal, with outer fringe of few thickened setae that do not surpass paramere apex; with inner brush of short dense setae just beyond cuspis apex. Cuspis length 0.45 × free paramere length, dorsoventrally flattened, apically dilated with angular elbowed outer margin, with dense long setae, setae along inner margin thicker than posterior setae. Paracuspis short, lobe-like, rounded, densely setose. Digitus cylindrical, asetose. Penis valve height 0.35 × penis valve length, highest mesally; with two subequal apical teeth, distance between teeth 0.11 × length of valve, sulcus between teeth shallowly rounded; apical margin with rows of distinct setae above each tooth; ratio of penis valve height at basal third, medial area, directly anterior to anterior apical tooth, and between apical teeth: 33:34:19:13.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male. MEXICO, Sonora: 2 km E Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.032667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.784/lat 27.032667)">Rancho</a> el Palmarito, malaise trap, 470 m, 27°01.96'N 108°47.04'W, 24–31.II.2009, M.E. Irwin (EMUS) . Paratypes. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 15 mi SW Tejaban along Urique River, 16–18.V.1991, R. E. Stecker (1♂, CASC) ; Sinaloa: 5 mi W Guamuchil, 20.V.1962, F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange (1♂, UCDC) ; Sonora: 3 km NE Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.9/lat 27.016666)">La Huerta Orchard</a>, 27°01'N 108°54'W, 19–24.[??].2008, M.E. Irwin and O. Figuero (1♂, EMUS) ; 20 km E Alamos, Rancho Palo Injerto, 28–31.VI.2007, M. E. Irwin and F. D. Parker (1♂ EMUS, DNA voucher JP686) ; 25 km NE Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.75166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.75166/lat 27.095)">La Posa</a>, malaise, 1062 m, 27°05.70'N 108°45.10'W, 11–16.X.2009, M.E. Irwin (1♂, EMUS) ; 26 km E Alamos, Rancho Las Lajas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.7245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.067167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.7245/lat 27.067167)">Arrollo El Limon</a>, malaise, 427 m, 27°04.03'N 108°43.47'W: 1–4.IV.2007, M.E. Irwin and S.A. Meyer (2♂, EMUS) ; 27.V.2008, M.E. Irwin and O. Figueroa (2♂, EMUS); 26 km E Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.7245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.067167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.7245/lat 27.067167)">Rancho Sotorijaqui</a>, malaise, 427 m, 27°04.03'N 108°43.47'W, 1–4.IV.2008, M.E. Irwin and F.D. Parker (1♂, EMUS) ; 30 km NE Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.721664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.121166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.721664/lat 27.121166)">Rancho</a> Santa Barbara headquarters, malaise at water hole in wash, oak woodland, 1334 m, 27°07.27'N 108°43.3'W, 2– 4.IV.2008, M.E. Irwin and S.A. Meyer (4♂, EMUS) ; 40 km E Alamos, Rancho El Cajon, malaise on sand bench of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.731834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.731834/lat 27.05)">Rio Cuchujaqui</a>, 420 m, 27°03.00'N 108°43.91'W, M.E. Irwin: 27–31.V.2007 (5♂, EMUS) ; 1–4.X.2006 (1♂, EMUS); 47 km ENE Alamos, 3.7 km ENE Rancho los Llanos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.75667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.081667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.75667/lat 27.081667)">El Chalate</a>, malaise at water in tropical deciduous forest, 700 m, 27°04.9'N 108°45.4'W, 1–6.VI.2007, M.E. Irwin (4♂, EMUS) ; Alamos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.92284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.026167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.92284/lat 27.026167)">Rancho</a> Acosta, malaise in dry wash, tropical deciduous forest, 395 m, 27°01.57'N 108°55.37'W, 26.V–6.VI.2007, M.E. Irwin (1♂, EMUS) . USA: Arizona: Pima Co.: Santa Rita Experimental Range, Florida <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.84528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.761667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.84528/lat 31.761667)">Canyon</a>, 31° 45'42"N 110° 50'43"W, 1646 m, Bjornstad and Sharkey (3♂ EMUS, 1♂ CSCA) ; Santa Rita Mountains, Coronado National Forest, Florida <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.845&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.761667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.845/lat 31.761667)">Canyon</a>, 31° 45'42"N 110° 50'42"W, 1339m, malaise trap, 11–15.VI.2007, S. D. Gaimari and D. Kinch (1♂ CSCA) ; Santa Cruz Co.: 5 km W Peña Blanca Lake at Rt 39, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.391167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.114/lat 31.391167)">Atascosa Mts</a>, malaise in dry wash, 1263 m, 31° 23.47'N, 111° 06.84'W, 3–7.V.2004, M.E. Irwin and F.D. Parker (2♂, EMUS, DNA voucher JP84) ; 15 km W Peña Blanca Lake at Rt 39, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.16333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.421" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.16333/lat 31.421)">Atascosa Mts</a>, malaise, vegetated wash, 1300 m, 31° 25.26'N 111° 09.80'W, 3–7.V.2004, M.E. Irwin and F.D. Parker (2♂, EMUS) .</p><p>Etymology. From the ancient Greek para- “beside or near” and tropikos “tropical”. This species is known predominantly from the Sonoran–Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest ecoregion, which forms a transition between the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographic realms.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora; USA: Arizona.</p><p>Remarks. This is the only species in the genus to lack an associated female. Most of the type material of this species was collected using malaise traps near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Because female mutillids do not fly, they are rarely collected with malaise traps. The ITS1 sequences presented as Acr. dirce by Pitts &amp; Wilson (2009) belong to this species. In Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, USA, this species overlaps in distribution with Acr. dirce . Of the 35 known specimens of Acr. paratropicalis, only 9 came from Arizona; these nine specimens came from two subtropical areas in the southern portion of the state, and all were collected in either May or June. The only other Acrophotopsis species in Arizona, Acr. dirce, is much more abundant and widespread. Over 1500 Acr. dirce specimens have been found in Arizona, spanning at least 11 counties. In Sonora, Acr. paratropicalis seems to dominate the sub-tropical area surrounding Alamos, but Acr. dirce is widespread in the desert habitats throughout this state.</p><p>Acrophotopsis paratropicalis is apparently most closely related to Acr. pumasunam sp. nov., which has similar coloration, particularly in the darkened metasoma and legs that are concolorous with the mesosoma. Other similarities are found in the male genitalia, the cuspis of both species is relatively short and has an elbowed outer margin. Acrophotopsis paratropicalis is distinct, however, in the shorter and sparser setae on the outer paramere margin and the absence of a raised carina on the frons. Furthermore, Acr. paratropicalis and Acr. pumasunam have widely divergent genetic distances in their ITS1 sequences (22 bp differences in 500 total bp). Their sequences, however, are more similar to each other than either of them is to any other Acrophotopsis species (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707600FFFCFF13FDA4E64BA695	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707604FFF9FF13FF59E617A41D.text	97295B707604FFF9FF13FF59E617A41D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrophotopsis pumasunam Williams & Pitts & Parikh & Cambra & Zhang & Bartholomay 2025	<div><p>Acrophotopsis pumasunam Williams, sp. nov., ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 86, 91–92, 98, 104, 110, 123–124, 145–147, 172–175)</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the epaulet tubercle (Figs 91–92), which is spinose and larger than the largest tubercles at the base of T2. The following characters are also diagnostic: the mesonotum has brown brachyplumose setae mesally, the lateral and posterior areas have shorter plumose whitish setae (Fig. 86); the T2 disc is covered with brown brachyplumose setae anteriorly, the posterior half of T2 is covered mostly with whitish setae (Fig. 86); and the pygidial plate is triangular with densely microreticulate sculpture (Fig. 110). Body length 5 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the frons with its raised triangular carina directly above the clypeus (Figs 145–146). The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: pronotum with suture interrupted between epaulets; metasoma largely blackened, at least around felt lines on T2 (Figs 123–124); legs mostly orange-brown, only slightly lighter than mesosomal cuticle (Figs 123–124); paramere not flattened throughout its length; and cuspis relatively short without specialized bristles and with elbowed region along outer margin (Figs 172–173). Body length 8–11 mm.</p><p>Description. Female. Coloration. Body uniformly pale brown, except legs and antennae lighter yellow-brown. Body setae entirely pale silvery, mesosomal dorsum and T2 disc anteriorly each with dark blackish-brown setal patch. Head. Head width 0.9 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.8 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.25 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.9 × eye height, vertex height 0.9 × eye height, interocular distance 2.0 × eye height. Clypeus with mesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; without genal and postgenal carinae. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe without dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle rounded, with irregular carinae and punctures. F1 length 1.8 × pedicel length; F2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width. Humeral carina mostly obliterated by surrounding areolation margins, terminating in small tubercle; epaulet placed on long sharp tubercle; humeral corner forming distinct angle in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate; setae sparse, brachyplumose; dorsal and lateral surfaces not distinctly separated. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; entire mesosomal dorsum with interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose setae and numerous short bushy plumose setae, except bushy plumose setae absent from anteromesal portion of mesonotum; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 79:85:99:100:86:83. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth with scattered brachyplumose setae. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface areolate, only slightly fainter than dorsal surface, not clearly differentiated from dorsal and posterior surfaces. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, apical width 0.4 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with longitudinal ridge. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc areolate throughout with many longitudinal intervals cariniform, basally forming many scattered erect tubercles; disc setae mostly erect brachyplumose in anterior half, with short distinctly plumose setae on posterior half of disc; fringe plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.25 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.6 × T2 length. S2 sculpture similar to T2 sculpture, with basomesal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate elongate sub-triangular with posterior margin acutely rounded, basal width 1.1 × mesal width, maximum length 1.2 × maximum width; entirely microreticulate.</p><p>Male. Coloration. Head, mesosoma, and first metasomal segment uniformly orange-brown; legs and antennae only slightly lighter orange-brown; metasomal segments 2–7 variably darkened, usually with tergal and sternal discs dark brown, somewhat darker than orange-brown to yellowish tergal fringes and lateral margins, sternites often lighter orange-brown. Body setae entirely pale silvery, slightly orange-tinted on mesoscutum. Head. Head rounded, lateral margins of vertex convergent directly behind eye, post-ocular distance 0.75 × dorsal eye length; head width 0.95 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.85 × mesonotal width. Head smooth with moderately-spaced small punctures; frons with raised triangular longitudinal ridge directly above clypeus. Ocelli large; OOD 1.7 × DLO, IOD 0.75 × DLO. Antennal scrobe with short dorsal carina and small tubercle. Clypeus concave mesally, with moderately-spaced small punctures, with setose upcurved transverse anterior ridge. Scape unicarinate. F1 length 2.7 × pedicel length; F2 length 2.9 × pedicel length. Mandible vertical throughout its length; apically tridentate and widely dilated beyond excision, deeply excised beneath with large rounded ventral tooth; dorsal carina complete, terminating at large inner apical tooth. In lateral view, ratio of eye height, mandibular height at ventral tooth, mandibular height at excision, and mandibular height at inner apical tooth: 45:25:15:21. Mesosoma. Epaulet placed in transverse ovate sulcus that extends nearly to midpoint of pronotum; epaulet sulci only indistinctly interrupted by punctation mesally. Anterior surface of pronotum punctate like dorsal and lateral surfaces. Tegula convex, mostly smooth and impunctate with dense punctures along anterior and inner margins. Mesoscutum densely areolate-punctate; notaulus and parapsis distinct, obliterated from anterior quarter of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum convex, slightly more coarsely areolate than mesoscutum. Propodeum with dorsal, lateral, and posterior surfaces scarcely differentiated,shallowly areolate; without specialized enclosed area.Mesopleuron mostly areolate, areolations mostly obliterated directly above procoxa and mesocoxa; mesosternal area unarmed, with sculpture largely obliterated. Metapleuron virtually smooth, with micropunctures and sparse setae. Mid and hind coxa unarmed. Marginal cell apically acute, 1.3 × length of stigma. Metasoma. T1 elongate sub-petiolate; areolate-punctate with dorsal sculpture distinct; setae sparse, mostly brachyplumose, without plumose fringe. S1 without distinct longitudinal mesal carina. T2 disc punctures sparse, fine; S2 sculpture as on T2, scarcely swollen antero-mesally. T2 felt line linear, 0.55 × T2 length; S2 felt line distinct, 0.25 × T2 felt line length. Pygidial area wider than long, shagreened, not margined laterally, with distinct posterior fringe of short dense setae. Hypopygium wider than long; apical margin emarginate mesally; with raise anterolateral carina. Genitalia. In dorsal view, ratio of apical lengths of genitalic structures from anterior margin of parapenial lobe: free length of paramere, cuspis, digitus, penis valve, parapenial lobe: 100:73:52:51:46. Paramere scarecely dorsoventrally flattened, elbowed near midpoint, with outer fringe of few thickened setae that surpass paramere apex; with inner brush of short dense setae near cuspis apex. Cuspis length 0.5 × free paramere length, dorsoventrally flattened, apically dilated with angular elbowed outer margin; with dense long setae, setae along inner margin thicker than posterior setae, elbowed area with small tuft of especially long setae. Paracuspis short, lobe-like, rounded, densely setose. Digitus cylindrical, asetose. Penis valve height 0.33 × penis valve length, highest sub-basally; with two subequal apical teeth, distance between teeth 0.10 × length of valve, sulcus between teeth shallowly forming approximately right angle; apical margin dorsally with longitudinal row of distinct setae; patch of setae present antero-dorsal to anterior apical tooth; ratio of penis valve height at basal third, medial area, directly anterior to anterior apical tooth, and between apical teeth: 33:32:18:12.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male. MEXICO, Jalisco: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.044365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.49815" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.044365/lat 19.49815)">Estacion Biologia Chamela</a>, pan traps, 19°29.889'N 105°02.662'W, 30.IV–2.V.2011, J. Rodriguez and K.A. Williams (EMUS, DNA voucher JP1934) . Paratypes (1 female, 8 males). MEXICO, Jalisco: Careyes, 12.II–19.III.1997, F.D. Parker (6♂, CSCA EMUS) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.044365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.49815" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.044365/lat 19.49815)">Estacion Biologia Chamela</a>, pan traps, 19°29.889'N 105°02.662'W, 28–30.IV.2011, J. Rodriguez and K.A. Williams (1♀, EMUS) ; Chamela, malaise trap: 10.X.1985 (1♂, EMUS) ; 13.XI.1985 (1♂, EMUS) .</p><p>Etymology. This species is known mainly from the Reserva de la Biosfera Chamela-Cuixmala in Jalisco, Mexico. This site was founded and funded largely by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The University’s affiliated Football Club, los pumas de la UNAM, is one of the most popular sports teams in Mexico. This species bears the club’s name as it appears in sporting box scores: Pumas UNAM. Treat as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Jalisco.</p><p>Remarks. The sex association of this species is based on males collected at the same site and locality as a female in the Reserva de la Biosfera Chamela-Cuixmala in Jalisco, Mexico. This is the second species of the genus known from the Neotropical Biogeographical realm, after Acr. bergi, which occurs at higher elevations further inland.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707604FFF9FF13FF59E617A41D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707606FFF6FF13FA4DE6E0A597.text	97295B707606FFF6FF13FA4DE6E0A597.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dilophotopsis Schuster 1958	<div><p>DILOPHOTOPSIS Schuster, 1958</p><p>(Figs 176–217, 286)</p><p>Dilophotopsis Schuster, 1958: 5 (in key), 71. Type species: Dilophotopsis concolor (Cresson, 1865) .</p><p>Dilophotopsis: Mickel 1963: 183. Female description.</p><p>Dilophotopsis: Wilson &amp; Pitts 2008: 522. Key to species.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females can be recognized by the combination of these four characters: mandible basally with small sharp dorsal tooth and large ventral tooth; gena without ventral carina; mesosomal dorsum without short bushy plumose setae; and T2 without scattered tubercles basally, with separated punctures at least on posterior half. The following characters are also useful for identification: T1 shape narrowly petiolate and pygidial plate triangular with sculpture usually microreticulate. MALE. This genus can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible apically widely dilated and tridentate with large ventral tooth basally; mesosternal area armed with one tubercle or tooth on each side; and hypopygium flattened, posterior margin widely emarginate mesally, antero-laterally with longitudinal carina.</p><p>Included species. Three species, all known from both sexes: D. concolor (Cresson, 1865); D. paron (Cameron, 1895); and D. stenognatha Schuster, 1958 .</p><p>Remarks. This genus was described by Schuster (1958) to include two species known from males only; one of the species, D. concolor, was split into multiple subspecies. Mickel (1963) described the female of D. stenognatha and Pitts et al. (2007) described the female of D. concolor . Subsequently, the genus was reviewed by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008) and one of the subspecies of D. concolor, D. c. paron, was raised to a full species, and the other subspecies were recognized as synonyms of D. concolor without subspecies designation. Below we describe the female of D. paron . All three species in this genus are now recognized from both sexes.</p><p>Key to Dilophotopsis</p><p>Females</p><p>1. Mesonotum and T2 disc setae pale yellow-gray, not contrasting with grayish head or T3–5 setae (Figs 178–179); T2 disc moderately flattened mesally with sculpture coarser anteriorly (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mojave and Sonoran Deserts)........................................................................................ D. paron (Cameron, 1895)</p><p>- Mesonotum and T2 disc setae orange to brown, contrasting with silvery head and T3–5 setae (Figs 176–177, 180–181); T2 disc variable............................................................................................. 2</p><p>2 (1). T2 clearly depressed mesally, anteriorly with coarse areolations; mesonotum and T2 disc with pale orange setae (Figs 180– 181); body length 10–14 mm (USA: AZ: Sonoran Desert)............................. D. stenognatha Schuster, 1958</p><p>- T2 basically convex with similar sculpture throughout; mesonotum and T2 disc setae varying from orange to dark brown (Figs 176–177); body length 5–9 mm (widespread in northwestern and central USA).............. D. concolor (Cresson, 1865)</p><p>Males</p><p>1. Mandible with apical half slender, with basically parallel dorsal and ventral margins (Figs 203–204); metasoma largely blackened (Figs 192–193); body length 15–18 mm (USA: AZ: Sonoran Desert)............ D. stenognatha Schuster, 1958</p><p>- Mandible apically dilated, dorsal and ventral margins divergent posterior to excision (Figs 195–196, 199–200); metasoma at most with sides of T2 blackened (Figs 188–191); body length 8–13 mm .......................................... 2</p><p>2 (1). Cuspis rounded along outer margin, lacking carina at elbowed region (Figs 210–211); mesosternal process evenly rounded with shagreened apex (Fig. 201); legs usually entirely pale yellow-brown (Figs 190–191) (USA: AZ, CA, NV: Mojave and Sonoran Deserts)......................................................................... D. paron (Cameron, 1895)</p><p>- Cuspis angular along outer margin, with carina at elbowed region (Figs 206–207); mesosternal process generally triangular with smooth apex (Fig. 197); apical portion of femur often dark brown (Figs 188–189) (widespread in northwestern and central USA)......................................................................... D. concolor (Cresson, 1865)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707606FFF6FF13FA4DE6E0A597	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707609FFF4FF13FB31E142A421.text	97295B707609FFF4FF13FB31E142A421.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dilophotopsis concolor (Cresson 1865)	<div><p>Dilophotopsis concolor (Cresson, 1865), ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 176–177, 182, 185, 188–189, 194–197, 206–209)</p><p>Mutilla concolor Cresson, 1865: 439 . Syntype males: “ Colorado ” (ANSP), examined.</p><p>Agama concolor: Blake 1871: 262.</p><p>Mutilla pygmaea Blake, 1879: 259, ♀, nom. praeocc., nec Gerstaecker, 1874.</p><p>Photopsis concolor: Blake 1886: 265.</p><p>Mutilla nanula Dalla Torre, 1897: 65 . New name for Mutilla pygmea Blake, 1879: 250 . Female syntype: “ Colorado ” (ANSP), examined. Synonymized by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008).</p><p>Ephuta (Ephuta) concolor: André 1903: 59.</p><p>Odontophotopsis alamonis Viereck, 1904: 87 . Holotype male: USA, New Mexico, Alamogordo, 15.V.1902 (ANSP), examined. Synonymized by Schuster (1958).</p><p>Odontophotopsis crassus Viereck, 1924: 122 . Holotype male: Canada, British Colombia, Oliver, 24.VII.1923, E. R. Buckell (CNCI), examined. Synonymized by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008).</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor concolor: Schuster 1958: 85.</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor laredo Schuster, 1958: 86 . Holotype male: USA, Texas, Winterhaven, 9.IV.1935, S. E. Jones (UMSP), examined. Synonymized by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008).</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor utahensis Schuster, 1958: 87 . Holotype male: USA, Utah, Delle, 16.VII.1927, J. C. Bradley (CUIC), examined. Synonymized by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008).</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor crassa: Ferguson 1967: 8.</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor nanula: Pitts et al. 2007: 138.</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor: Wilson &amp; Pitts 2008: 516.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by coloration and metasomal shape: the mesonotum and T2 disc are covered with brown or orange setae (Figs 176–177), and the T2 disc is convex with relatively uniform punctation. Body length 4–8.5 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the cuspis, which is angular along the outer margin (Figs 206–207), with a carina at the elbowed region. Additionally, the mandible is clearly dilated apically with the dorsal and ventral margins widely divergent beyond the ventral excision (Figs 195–196), the mesosternal processes are generally triangular and smooth (Fig. 197); the legs often have the femoral apices darkened, and the metasoma is usually uniformly concolorous with the mesosoma (Figs 188–189). Body length 8–12 mm.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO: Durango, Durango (2♀, CASC); USA: Arizona: Cochise Co.: 11 mi NW Fort Huachuca (1♀, SEMC) ; 2 mi NE Douglas (1♀, CASC) ; Coconino Co.: dune 2 km WSW Moenkopi (4♀, CSCA FSCA) ; Hwy 89A, 24.4 mi W Colorado River (7♀, CSCA FSCA) ; Hwy 89A, 4.9 mi ESE Jct. 389 (9♀, CSCA FSCA) ; Mohave Co., Lime Kiln Canyon Road, 7.2 mi. SE Virgin River (1♀, CSCA) ; California: Inyo Co.: 12 mi E Big Pine (1♀, CSCA) ; Deep Springs Valley (3♀, CSCA) ; Eureka Valley (1♀, CSCA) ; Owens Lake Valley (10♀, EMEC CSCA) ; Mono Co.: Fish Slough, 7 mi. N Bishop (3♀, CSCA EMEC) ; Fish Slough, 9 mi. N Bishop (1♀, CSCA) ; Colorado: Bent Co., Hasty (3♀, CSUC) ; Moffat Co., Echo Park (2♀, CASC) ; Idaho: Jefferson Co., 23 mi NNW Idaho Falls (1♀, SEMC) ; Owyhee Co., 9 mi NW Grandview (1♀, CASC) ; Kansas, Kiowa Co., 13 mi S Greensburg (1♀, SEMC) ; Montana, Glacier Co., Glacier NP, Swiftcurrent (1♀, CASC) ; Nevada: Esmerelda Co., 3 mi N Goldfield (1♀, CSCA) ; Nye Co., Mercury (1♀, CASC) ; Pershing Co., Woolsey (2♀, CSCA); New Mexico: Chaves Co.: Bitter Lake NWR (1♀, EMUS) ; Lea Lake Vista Point, Bottomless Lakes SP (1♀, UCDC) ; Eddy Co.: 10.7 mi W Hope, Hwy 82 (1♀, EMEC) ; Carlsbad Caverns (1♀, EMEC); Eddy Co., Loving (1♀, CASC); Grant Co., Hurley (6♀, FSCA) ; Hidalgo Co.: Big Hatchet Ranch, Doyle Tank (1♀, FSCA) ; Lordsburg (9♀, FSCA); Los Alamos Co., Mortandad Canyon, Los Alamos (2♀, AMNH); Luna Co., 16 km N Deming (1♀, FSCA) ; Texas, Brewster Co.: Big Bend NP, Cottonwood Campground (1♀, TAMU) ; Black Gap Wildlife Refuge (1♀, TAMU); Stillwell RV Park on Hwy 2627 (1♀, TAMU) ; Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mts. (1♀, CASC) ; Terrell Co., Sanderson (1♀, TAMU) ; Utah, Cache Co., Hyrum Reservoir (19♀, EMUS) . We examined 85 additional females and over 500 males from various localities (CNCI, DGMC, EMEC, EMUS, UAIC, UMSP) . See Wilson and Pitts (2008) for additional records.</p><p>Distribution. Canada: British Columbia; Mexico: Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas *; USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.</p><p>Remarks. This is the most widespread and common species in Dilophotopsis and one of the most widespread species in the tribe Sphaeropthalmini .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707609FFF4FF13FB31E142A421	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70760BFFF2FF13FA90E715A406.text	97295B70760BFFF2FF13FA90E715A406.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dilophotopsis paron (Cameron 1896)	<div><p>Dilophotopsis paron (Cameron, 1896), ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 178–179, 183, 186, 190–191, 198–201, 210–213)</p><p>Sphaerophthalma [sic] paron Cameron, 1896: 88 . Holotype male: Mexico, Northern Sonora, Morrison (BMNH), examined.</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor sonorensis Schuster, 1958: 88 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Gila Bend, 24.IV.1935, F. H. Parker (UMSP), examined. Synonymized by Wilson &amp; Pitts (2008).</p><p>Dilophotopsis concolor paron: Mickel 1965: 1.</p><p>Dilophotopsis paron: Wilson &amp; Pitts 2008: 520.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by coloration and metasomal shape: the mesonotum and T2 disc are covered with pale grayish yellow setae (Figs 178–179), and the T2 disc is slightly flattened mesally with coarser sculpture anteriorly. Body length 5–9 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the evenly rounded and dorsally shagreened mesosternal tubercles (Fig. 201). Additionally, the mandible is clearly dilated apically with the dorsal and ventral margins widely divergent beyond the ventral excision (Figs 199–200), the legs are usually entirely pale yellow-brown, the metasoma is usually uniformly concolorous with the mesosoma (Figs 190–191), and the cuspis is rounded along the outer margin (Figs 210–211). Body length 9–13 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale orange-brown, except legs and antennae somewhat lighter yellow-brown, and apical metasomal tergites somewhat darker brown. Body setae entirely gray to pale yellow, except mesonotum and T2 disc with slightly darker yellowish appressed setae. Head. Head width 0.75 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex sub-quadrate; frons and vertex areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.3 × width; in anterior view, malar space 0.7 × eye height, vertex height 1.1 × eye height, interocular distance 2.3 × eye height. Clypeus with mesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; without genal and postgenal carinae. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe apparent dorsal carina interrupted by adjacent areolation margins. Antennal tubercle with many parallel indistinct carinae, forming oblique weak shelf margined by thickest carina. F1 length 1.9 × pedicel length; F2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width; mesosomal length 1.0 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.95 × T2 width. Humeral carina not reaching epaulet dorsally; epaulet placed on scarcely raised tubercle; humeral corner forming blunt angle in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture with dense punctures and smooth intervals; setae sparse, brachyplumose; dorsal and lateral surfaces separated by weakly defined carina. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 78:82:98:100:83:73. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth with few scattered setae. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface with faint shallow punctures, differentiated by punctation. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, apical width 0.45 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate-punctate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with blunt longitudinal carina, with pre-apical notch. T2 length 0.95 × width; disc areolate anteriorly with many longitudinal intervals cariniform and sometimes forming apparent tubercles, becoming moderately punctate with flat intervals posteriorly; disc setae interspersed appressed simple and erect brachyplumose setae; fringe plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.25 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.65 × T2 length. S2 sculpture similar to posterior half of T2, with baso-mesal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate triangular, basal width 1.3 × medial width, maximum length 1.0 × maximum width; sculpture densely microreticulate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Baja California: Bahia de Los Angeles (2♀, CASC EMUS) ; 3 mi S San Jose Castillo (1♀, CASC) ; 10 mi. S Catavina (1♀, UMSP) ; Baja California Sur: 1 mi SW Eido Esperanza (2♂, CSCA) ; Rancho Tablon, 13 km S Guillermo Preto (31♂, CSCA) ; USA: Arizona, Mohave Co., Lime Kiln Canyon Road, 7.2 mi SE Virgin River (1♀, CSCA) ; California: Inyo Co.: Eureka Valley (8♀, EMUS) ; Owens Lake Valley (41♀, CSCA EMUS) ; Riverside Co.: Palm Springs (7♀, UMSP) ; Whitewater Canyon Palms (1♀, CSCA) ; San Bernardino Co.: Afton Canyon Campground (10♀, CSCA) ; JTNM, Pleasant Valley (4♀, CASC) ; JTNM, Quail Guzzler (1♀, CASC) ; JTNP, 0.7 mi S Squaw Tank (1♀, CASC) ; San Diego Co., Jacumba (2♀, CASC) ; Nevada: Clark Co.: Newberry Mts, N of Bridge Cyn (1♀, CASC) ; Lava Butte Wash at NV167 (1♀, CASC) ; Lee Canyon, Toiyabe Reservoir (1♀, EMUS) . See Wilson and Pitts (2008) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Baja California, Baja California Sur *; USA: Arizona, California, and Nevada.</p><p>Remarks. The sex association is based on males and females collected in the same localities, and particularly in California desert localities where D. paron is the only Dilophotopsis species present.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70760BFFF2FF13FA90E715A406	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70760DFFF3FF13FAB5E06EA06D.text	97295B70760DFFF3FF13FAB5E06EA06D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dilophotopsis stenognatha Schuster 1958	<div><p>Dilophotopsis stenognatha Schuster, 1958, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 180–181, 184, 187, 192–193, 202–205, 214–217)</p><p>Dilophotopsis stenognatha Schuster, 1958: 74 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Tucson, 20.V.1935, Bryant (UMSP), examined. Dilophotopsis stenognatha: Mickel 1963: 184. Female description.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by coloration and metasomal shape: the mesonotum and T2 disc are covered with orange setae (Figs 180–181), and the T2 disc is distinctly flattened mesally with coarse areolations anteriorly. This species is consistently larger than other Dilophotopsis females. Body length 10–14 mm. MALE. This species can be immediately recognized by the slender mandible, with the dorsal and lateral margins nearly parallel beyond the ventral excision (Figs 203–204). Additionally, the mesosternal processes are triangular and smooth, the metasoma is largely blackened (Figs 192–193), the cuspis is rounded along the outer margin, and this species is generally larger than other Dilophotopsis males. Body length 14–18 mm.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Sonora, 8 mi SE Alamos (1♂, SDNHM) ; 16 mi SE Empalme, 8.V.1953 (1♂ MIUP, 11♂ EMEC) . USA, Arizona: Maricopa Co., Gila Bend (1♀, UMSP) ; Scottsdale (1♀, ASUT) ; South Mountain Park (6♀, ASUT CASC) ; Vekol Wash, 5 km N I–8 (5♀, EMUS) ; Pima Co.: Downing Well (1♀, UMSP) ; Green Valley (1♀, CSCA) ; Organ Pipe National Monument (2♀, CASC) ; Organ Pipe National Monument, Twin Peaks (1♀, UAIC) ; Sabino Canyon (1♀, UMSP) ; small wash east of Tucson (2♀, CSCA EMUS) ; Tucson (2♀, UAIC UMSP) ; California, Imperial Co., Walters Camp Road, 5–6.V.1985, R. Parks (1♂, SDNHM) . See Wilson and Pitts (2008) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Sonora; USA: Arizona and California.</p><p>Remarks. This species is apparently limited to the eastern Sonoran Desert. The specimen from California was found near the Arizona border along the Colorado River.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70760DFFF3FF13FAB5E06EA06D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70760EFFF1FF13FF59E6E0A481.text	97295B70760EFFF1FF13FF59E6E0A481.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laminatilla Pitts 2007	<div><p>LAMINATILLA Pitts, 2007</p><p>(Figs 218–255, 287)</p><p>Laminatilla Pitts, 2007: 35 . Type species: Odontophotopsis lamellifera Schuster.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females of Laminatilla can be recognized by the following combination of characters: mandible with large ventral tooth basally, antennal tubercle smooth and without transverse irregular carinae, mesosoma distinctively longer than wide, mesonotum with numerous distinctly plumose erect setae, T6 convex with pygidial plate absent or weakly defined. MALE. Males of this genus can be immediately recognized by the unique mesosternal processes, which form laterally flattened triangular lamellae.</p><p>Included species. Three species: two known from both sexes ( L. bicornigera (Schuster, 1958); L. lamellifera (Schuster, 1958)) and one known from males only ( L. mixtoensis (Schuster, 1958)) .</p><p>Remarks. This genus was described by Pitts (2007) to include three species that were formerly included in Odontophotopsis . Females of two of these species are associated below, representing the first sex associations for the genus.</p><p>Key to Laminatilla</p><p>Females</p><p>(unknown for L. mixtoensis)</p><p>1. Pygidium with pygidial plate defined by distinct lateral carinae (Fig. 224); mandible with indistinct tooth along surface near mid-length (Fig. 222) (MEX: BCS)............................................... L. bicornigera (Schuster, 1958)</p><p>- Pygidium convex without pygidial plate, at most with small posterolateral ridges (Fig. 225); mandible apically bidentate, without inner tooth near mid-length (Fig. 223) (MEX: SIN, SON; USA: AZ, NM).......... L. lamellifera (Schuster, 1958)</p><p>Males</p><p>1. Antennal tubercle armed with small tooth (Figs 232–234); mesosternal processes connected anteriorly with transverse ridge (MEX: BCS)................................................................. L. bicornigera (Schuster, 1958)</p><p>- Antennal tubercle unarmed (Figs 236–238, 240–242); mesosternal processes clearly separated........................ 2</p><p>2 (1). Mandible with dorsal carina raised near midpoint, mandible distinctly narrowed apically (Figs 241–242); mesosternal processes slightly thicker and somewhat conical, not transparent (Fig. 243); legs usually brown, concolorous with body (Figs 230–231) (MEX: GRO, PUE)........................................................... L. mixtoensis (Schuster, 1958)</p><p>- Mandible with dorsal carina relatively evenly curving toward apical teeth, not distinctly narrowed pre-apically (Figs 237–238); mesosternal processes clearly flattened, nearly transparent (Fig. 239); legs pale yellow-brown, lighter than body (Figs 228–229) (MEX: SIN, SON; USA: AZ, NM)............................................... L. lamellifera (Schuster, 1958)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70760EFFF1FF13FF59E6E0A481	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70760EFFEFFF13FA31E0DEA41D.text	97295B70760EFFEFFF13FA31E0DEA41D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laminatilla bicornigera (Schuster 1958)	<div><p>Laminatilla bicornigera (Schuster, 1958), ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 218–219, 222, 224, 226–227, 232–235, 244–247)</p><p>Odontophotopsis (Odontophotopsis) bicornigera Schuster, 1958: 56 . Holotype male: Mexico, Baja California Sur, San José del Cabo, 9.VII.1958, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Laminatilla bicornigera: Pitts 2007: 37.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by having the pygidium with an apparent pygidial plate that is defined by lateral carina throughout the posterior half of T6 (Fig. 224); additionally, the mandible has an indistinct tooth along the inner surface near mid-length (Fig. 222). Body length 6.5 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: antennal tubercle armed with dorsal tooth (Figs 232–234); mandible with large dorsal carina above apical teeth (Figs 232–234); mesosternal processes laterally flattened, somewhat transparent (Fig. 235), connected by transverse carina anteriorly; and legs pale yellow-brown, lighter than body color (Figs 226–227). Body length 11–15 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Body length 6.5 mm. Coloration. Body uniformly brown, except legs and antennae somewhat lighter yellow-brown. Body setae uniformly pale whitish, except mesosomal dorsum and T2 disc with darker brown setae. Head. Head width 0.9 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.8 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded, elongated posteriorly; frons and vertex with deep contiguous punctures. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.35 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.7 × eye height, vertex height 1.3 × eye height, interocular distance 1.95 × eye height. Clypeus with longitudinal mesal carina. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically, with obscure third inner tooth near mandibular midpoint; dorsal basal carina continuous nearly to inner apical tooth; ventrally with large acute tooth basally. Antennal scrobe without dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth, tubercles separated. F1 length 2.1 × pedicel length; F2 1.8 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.2 × width; mesosomal length 0.9 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.7 × T2 width. Humeral carina not reaching epaulet dorsally; humeral corner with blunt angular tubercle; epaulet tubercle slightly smaller than humeral tubercle; lateral pronotal sculpture deeply punctate with thick cariniform intervals; setae distinctly plumose. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate-punctate, intervals mostly shagreened; setae interspersed erect long brachyplumose and shorter distinctly plumose; with apparent transverse arcuate carinae in scutellar area. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 70:89:100:100:91:90. Vertical mesopleural ridge scarcely differentiated from coarsely areolate and densely setose mesopleuron and metapleuron. Propodeum areolate throughout with densely plumose setae; dorsal, lateral, and posterior propodeal surfaces not well differentiated. Metasoma. T1 shape petiolate, width 0.4 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc deep areolate; disc setae erect plumose and brachyplumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with high punctate longitudinal carina. T2 length 0.9 × width; disc convex with deep dense to separated punctures, intervals shagreened; disc setae interspersed long erect brachyplumose and short erect plumose; T2 fringe setae dense plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.3 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.6 × T2 length. T3–5 disc setae interspersed long erect brachyplumose and short erect plumose; fringes dense plumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, lacking defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Baja California Sur, 2 mi. E of El Coyote, NE of La Paz, near ocean beach (1♀, CASC). An additional 12 males were examined from Baja California Sur, Mexico (EMEC, FSCA, UAIC, UMSP). See Pitts (2007) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Baja California Sur.</p><p>Remarks. After discovery of the female of L. lamellifera (see below), this sex association became obvious based on similarity of this female to that of L. lamellifera and distribution in Baja California Sur, where only one species of Laminatilla is known. Furthermore, this female has a slight trace of an internal tooth at the midpoint of the mandible, approximating the morphology of the male’s mandible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70760EFFEFFF13FA31E0DEA41D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707610FFEDFF13FA4CE615A479.text	97295B707610FFEDFF13FA4CE615A479.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laminatilla lamellifera (Schuster 1958)	<div><p>Laminatilla lamellifera (Schuster, 1958), ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 220–221, 223, 225, 228–229, 236–239, 248–251)</p><p>Odontophotopsis (Odontophotopsis) lamellifera Schuster, 1958: 56 . Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Gila Co., Globe, 31.VII.1935, F.H. Parker (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Laminatilla lamellifera: Pitts 2007: 39.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by having the pygidium convex without a defined pygidial plate (Fig. 225); additionally, the mandible is apically bidentate without a tooth along the inner surface near mid-length (Fig. 223). Body length 5–9 mm. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: antennal tubercle unarmed (Figs 236–238); mandible with dorsal carina relatively evenly curving toward apical teeth, not distinctly narrowed pre-apically (Fig. 238); mesosternal processes laterally flattened, somewhat transparent (Fig. 239), separated anteriorly; and legs pale yellow-brown, lighter than body color (Figs 228–229). Body length 10–16 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale brown, except legs and antennae somewhat lighter yellow-brown; and fringes of T2 and S2, and T3–6 and S3–6 entirely somewhat darker brown. Body setae uniformly pale whitish, except some specimens with mesosomal dorsum and T2 disc with darker yelloworange to blackish-brown setae. Head. Head width 0.8 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.75 × mesonotal width.Frons convex; vertex rounded, elongated posteriorly; frons and vertex with deep contiguous punctures. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.3 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.6 × eye height, vertex height 1.0 × eye height, interocular distance 1.8 × eye height. Clypeus with longitudinal mesal carina. Gena sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae obliterated. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically, without third inner tooth near mandibular midpoint; dorsal carina more distinct basally, weakly continuous nearly to inner apical tooth; ventrally with large acute tooth basally. Antennal scrobe without dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth or weakly shagreened, tubercles separated. F1 length 2.0 × pedicel length; F2 2.0 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.0 × width; mesosomal length 0.75 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.75 × T2 width. Humeral carina not reaching epaulet dorsally; humeral corner with blunt angular tubercle; epaulet tubercle larger than humeral tubercle; lateral pronotal sculpture deeply punctate with thick cariniform intervals; setae distinctly plumose. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate-punctate, intervals mostly shagreened; setae interspersed erect long brachyplumose and shorter distinctly plumose; with apparent transverse arcuate carinae in scutellar area. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 58:81:95:100:86:77. Vertical mesopleural ridge scarcely differentiated from coarsely areolate and densely setose mesopleuron and metapleuron. Propodeum areolate throughout with densely plumose setae; dorsal, lateral, and posterior propodeal surfaces not well differentiated. Metasoma. T1 shape petiolate, width 0.45 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc deep areolate; disc setae erect brachyplumose and plumose; fringe setae plumose. S1 with raised punctate longitudinal ridge. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc convex with deep dense to separated punctures, intervals smooth; disc setae interspersed long erect brachyplumose and short erect plumose; T2 fringe setae dense plumose; T2 felt line ovate, 0.4 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.7 × T2 length. S2 sculpture as in T2. T3–5 disc setae interspersed long erect brachyplumose and short erect plumose; fringes dense plumose. Pygidium smooth, convex, lacking defined pygidial plate.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Sinaloa, 5 mi N Mazatlan, 27.VII.1964, J. A. Chemsak and J. Powell (1♂, CSCA) ; USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, (1♀, CSCA); Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge, coll. W. Radke: 18.V.2004 (1♀, DGMC); 20.V.2005 (1♀, DGMC); 4.V.2009 (1♀, DGMC); 16.VI.2009 (1♀, DGMC); coll. E. E. and K. A. Williams: 20–21.VII.2020 (3♂, CSCA EMUS); 7–8.VIII.2021 (2♂, CSCA EMUS); 17–18.VI.2022 (3♂, CSCA EMUS); Coconino Co., Grand Canyon National Park, Colorado River mi 43, 4.VI.1998, S. Morgan (1♂ 1♀, EMUS); Graham Co., Gillespie Wash, 30 km S Safford, 15–16.VI.2022, E. E. and K. A. Williams (2♂, CSCA); Mohave Co., Lime Kiln Canyon Road, 7.2 mi. SE Virgin River (1♀, CSCA); Pima Co.: Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Alamo Canyon trailhead, 2–12.V.2006, M. E. Irwin (2♂, CSCA); Alamo Canyon, Ajo Mountains, V.1987, Olson and Mall (4♀, CSCA UAIC); Watermann Mountains, VII.1988, Mall et al. (5♀, CSCA UAIC); Santa Cruz Co., 5 mi. SW Patagonia (1♀, AMNH). An additional 40 males were examined from Arizona , USA and Sonora, Mexico (CASC, CSCA, EMUS, FSCA, UAIC, UMSP). See Pitts (2007) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Sinaloa * and Sonora; USA: Arizona and New Mexico.</p><p>Remarks. The sex association was initially suggested by discovery of a male and female collected in the same pitfall trap from the Grand Canyon National Park. The putative females are similar in size and coloration to males. Furthermore, both sexes have similarities in the large ventral mandibular tooth, elongate petiolate T1 shape, and undefined pygidium. They also have denser and shaggier plumose setae on the body than most other genera. Finally, females and males were found from the same locality multiple times in Arizona, including Alamo Canyon in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima County and Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge, Cochise County.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707610FFEDFF13FA4CE615A479	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707612FFEAFF13FA68E60EA67A.text	97295B707612FFEAFF13FA68E60EA67A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laminatilla mixtoensis (Schuster 1958)	<div><p>Laminatilla mixtoensis (Schuster, 1958), ♂</p><p>(Figs 230–231, 240–243, 252–255)</p><p>Odontophotopsis (Odontophotopsis) mixtoensis Schuster, 1958: 56 . Holotype male: Mexico, Puebla, Sierra Mixteca, C.A. Purpus (UMSP), examined.</p><p>Laminatilla mixtoensis: Pitts 2007: 39.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Unknown. MALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: antennal tubercle unarmed (Figs 240–241); mandible with dorsal carina raised near midpoint (Fig. 242), mandible distinctly narrowed apically (Figs 240–241); mesosternal processes thicker and somewhat conical, not transparent (Fig. 243), separated anteriorly; and legs brown, basically concolorous with body color (Figs 230–231). Body length 13 mm.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Guerrero, 14 km SW Xochipala, 1770 m, 30.VI.1982, J.E. Rawlins (1♂, CMNH). See Pitts (2007) for additional records .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero and Puebla.</p><p>Remarks. This species is apparently rare; only two specimens are known in the literature (Pitts 2007) and only one additional specimen was examined in this study. When eventually collected, the female should be easy to associate with a male, because L. mixtoensis occurs outside the range for any other known Laminatilla species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707612FFEAFF13FA68E60EA67A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707617FFE8FF13FF59E282A6D7.text	97295B707617FFE8FF13FF59E282A6D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schusterphotopsis Pitts 2003	<div><p>SCHUSTERPHOTOPSIS Pitts, 2003</p><p>(Figs 256–269)</p><p>Schusterphotopsis Pitts, 2003: 2 . Type species: Schusterphotopsis barghesti Pitts, 2003 .</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females can be recognized by the combination of these two characters: mandible basally with small sharp dorsal tooth and large ventral tooth (Fig. 258), and gena margined with moderately distinct carina. The following characters are also useful for identification: T1 shape narrowly petiolate; mesosomal dorsum without short bushy plumose setae; T2 disc with sculpture coarsely areolate baso-mesally without raised tubercles, posterior half with small sparse punctures; pygidial plate triangular with microreticulate sculpture (Fig. 259). MALE. This genus can be immediately recognized by the mesosternal armature, which consists of a small posteriorly directed digitiform process placed approximate to the mesocoxae.The following diagnostic features are also useful: mandible apically tridentate with large ventral tooth basally (Fig. 263–264); hypopygium with baso-lateral longitudinal carina; hypopygium flattened with posterior margin weakly emarginated or truncate mesally.</p><p>Included species. Only the type species, Sc. barghesti, which is known from both sexes.</p><p>Remarks. This genus was erected for a single species based on a single specimen collected in 1969 (Pitts 2003). Since its description, no additional specimens have been examined in loans from various museums (KAW, JPP, pers. obs.). In 2016, KAW collected the first recent specimens of the genus. In subsequent expeditions, over 120 specimens were collected at the same site by KAW, including the first known females in the genus.</p><p>Based on the male mandible and hypopygium structure, this genus was recognized as a close relative of Acrophotopsis and Dilophotopsis . The female mandible structure confirms their relatedness; the presence of a sharp dorsal tooth and large ventral tooth in the basal third of the mandible is an apparent synapomorphy for these three genera. Furthermore, Schusterphotopsis has its ITS1 sequences more similar to Acrophotopsis and Dilophotopsis than to any other genus (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707617FFE8FF13FF59E282A6D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707616FFE7FF13FF59E239A0A5.text	97295B707616FFE7FF13FF59E239A0A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schusterphotopsis barghesti Pitts 2003	<div><p>Schusterphotopsis barghesti Pitts, 2003, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 256–269)</p><p>Schusterphotopsis barghesti Pitts, 2003: 3 . Holotype male: USA, California, San Bernardino County, 13 mi SE Lucerne Vly, 5000’, 2-VIII-1969, D. P. Levin (LACM), examined.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. As for genus. Body length 4.6–5.0 mm. MALE. As for genus. Body length 8–13.5 mm.</p><p>Description. Female (hitherto unknown). Coloration. Body uniformly pale orange-brown, except legs and antennae somewhat lighter yellow-brown. Body setae entirely silvery, except mesonotum and T2 disc with sparse pale orange appressed setae. Head. Head width 0.9 × mesonotal width; vertex width 0.8 × mesonotal width. Frons convex; vertex rounded; frons and vertex coarsely areolate-punctate. Eye large, ovate, in lateral view, height 1.35 × width; in anterior view, inner eye margins sub-parallel, malar space 0.6 × eye height, vertex height 1.0 × eye height, interocular distance 2.15 × eye height. Clypeus with distinct basomesal tubercle. Genal sculpture areolate; genal and postgenal carinae distinct, somewhat interrupted by surrounded punctures. Mandible oblique, bidentate apically; dorsal basal carina terminating in small sharp tooth in basal third; ventrally with large, rounded tooth basally. Antennal scrobe with surrounding sculpture coarse, approximating interrupted dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle mostly smooth, forming indistinct oblique shelf margined by weak carina. F1 length 1.8 × pedicel length; F2 1.65 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Mesosomal length 1.1 × width; mesosomal length 0.95 × T2 length; mesosomal width 0.85 × T2 width. Humeral carina not reaching epaulet dorsally; epaulet placed on moderately sharp tubercle; humeral corner angular in dorsal view; lateral pronotal sculpture areolate with intervals largely obliterated posteriorly leaving large smooth area; setae sparse, brachyplumose. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely areolate, intervals reduced to carinae and scattered tubercles; setae interspersed erect and appressed brachyplumose; lacking scutellar scale or defined transverse arcuate carinae. Ratio of transverse distances, in dorsal view, between epaulets, humeral angles, anterior spiracles, widest lateral mesonotal margins, propodeal spiracles, and posterolateral propodeal corners 76:87:101:100:85:74. Vertical mesopleural ridge with coarse areolations; metapleuron and mesopleuron (posterior to ridge) smooth with few scattered setae. Propodeum areolate dorsally, evenly rounded into posterior face with shallower areolations; lateral propodeal surface smooth, differentiated by irregular carina. Metasoma. T1 shape narrowly petiolate, widest apically, apical width 0.45 × T2 maximum width; T1 disc areolate; disc setae interspersed short plumose and long brachyplumose; fringe plumose. S1 with blunt longitudinal carina. T2 length 1.0 × width; disc areolate antero-mesally with many longitudinal intervals cariniform, becoming sparsely punctate with flat intervals posteriorly; disc setae interspersed appressed simple and erect brachyplumose setae; fringe plumose; T2 felt line linear, 0.3 × T2 length; posterior felt line edge terminating at 0.65 × T2 length. S2 sculpture similar to posterior half of T2, with baso-medal longitudinal punctate ridge. T3–5 disc with interspersed appressed short and erect long simple to brachyplumose setae; fringe setae plumose. Pygidial plate triangular, basal width 1.2 × medial width, maximum length 0.9 × maximum width; sculpture coarse microreticulate; lateral carinae simple.</p><p>Material examined. USA, California, San Bernardino County, Cactus Flats, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-116.806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.313" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -116.806/lat 34.313)">20 km SE Lucerne Valley</a>, 34.313 -116.806, 1835 m, E. E. and K. A. Williams : 2–3.VII.2016 (12♂, CSCA EMUS); 29–31.VII.2016 (2♀ 2♂, CSCA EMUS); 23–24.VI.2017 (114♂, CSCA EMUS) .</p><p>Distribution. USA: California ( San Bernardino County).</p><p>Remarks. The sex association was originally hypothesized based on similarity of the females to members of the genera Acrophotopsis and Dilophotopsis . It was then confirmed by the identical ITS1 sequences of a male and female (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707616FFE7FF13FF59E239A0A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B707618FFE4FF13FE15E61BA271.text	97295B707618FFE4FF13FE15E61BA271.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stethophotopsis Pitts 2000	<div><p>STETHOPHOTOPSIS Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 270–282)</p><p>Stethophotopsis Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000: 31. Type species: Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000. Stethophotopsis: Pitts &amp; Manley 2002: 673. Female description.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females can be recognized by their coloration, having the body entirely pale orange-brown exept for the two separated black cuticular patches on the T2 disc (Figs 270–271). Additionally, the following characters are also present: mandible without ventral tooth basally; mesonotum with simple and brachyplumose setae only; T1 shape narrowly sub-sessile; T2 with coarse areolation, at least basally; and T6 convex without defined pygidial plate. MALE. Males can be recognized by their absence of wings and coloration (Figs 274–275): the body entirely pale orange-brown exept for the two separated black cuticular patches on the T2 disc. The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: mandible with ventral tooth indistinct or absent; mesosternal area armed with large posteriorly-directed triangular tooth on each side; mid-tibia cylindrical with two spurs; and hypopygium wider than long with truncate or weakly convex posterior margin.</p><p>Included species. Only the type species, Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts, 2000, which is known from both sexes.</p><p>Remarks. In 2023, two specimens of St. maculata were collected by KAW and the ITS1 sequence was amplified and sequenced. Pitts &amp; McHugh (2000) suggested that the closest relative of Stethophotopsis was Acanthophotopsis . The distance tree presented here (Fig. 1) supports that hypothesis. In this tree, Stethophotopsis is nested within Acanthophotopsis . We retain Stethophotopsis as a discrete genus, however, for a few reasons. First, this is a distance tree and not a phylogenetic reconstruction, so inferences about monophyly or paraphyly could be misleading. Second, by raw genetic distances, St. maculata is more distant from its “sister” A. evansi than the two included Acanthophotopsis species are from one another. Finally, there are morphological differences between the genera, especially in the wingless nature and mid-tibial morphology of males. Further analyses in the future may provide evidence to sink Stethophotopsis within Acanthophotopsis, but we retain them as discrete genera in this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B707618FFE4FF13FE15E61BA271	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
97295B70761BFFE5FF13FC60E045A1F9.text	97295B70761BFFE5FF13FC60E045A1F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts	<div><p>Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000, ♂ ♀</p><p>(Figs 270–282)</p><p>Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts in Pitts &amp; McHugh, 2000: 31. Holotype male: USA, Arizona, Brown Canyon, Baboquivari Mountains, 6.IX.1958, Stange and Menke (LACM), examined.</p><p>Stethophotopsis maculata: Pitts &amp; Manley 2002: 674. Female description.</p><p>Diagnosis. FEMALE. As for genus. Body length 6.5–9 mm. MALE. As for genus. Body length 7–10 mm.</p><p>Material examined. MEXICO, Sinaloa, Los Mochis, VI.1922 (1 ♀ CASC) ; USA, Arizona, Cochise Co.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.433/lat 32.002)">Mescal Road</a>, 2.8 mi N I-10, 32.002 -110.433, 15–24.VIII.2023, LED pitfall trap, K. Williams and A. Nguyen (1♂ 1♀, CSCA) ; San Pedro River, near Highway 90, 7 mi. E Sierra Vista, 6.VIII.2024, Yunfan Zhang (3♀ 1♂, YZPC) .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Sinaloa and Sonora; USA: Arizona.</p><p>Remarks. Until recently, the preferred habitat and distribution of St. maculata was poorly understood. The two specimens from Arizona are from imprecise localities that span numerous microhabitats (Pitts &amp; McHugh 2000). Brown Canyon Road in Santa Cruz County, Arizona spans over 10 km and rises from roughly 1000 m in elevation to 1450 m. Madera Canyon spans an elevational range of 1200 m to 1700 m in about 5 km. Both sites feature numerous differences in soil type, plant assemblages, vegetative density, and microhabitat. In August 2023, KAW collected one male and one female specimen in a pitfall trap from near Mescal, Arizona. These are the first recorded specimens from a precise georeferenced locality and the northernmost records for this genus and species. They came from an open habitat dominated by sparse short mesquite trees and bunch grasses with predominantly decomposed granite soil (Fig. 283); the elevation at the site was 1240 m. Future efforts to collect Stethophotopsis in Madera Canyon or Brown Canyon would likely bear more results in sparsely vegetated habitats at lower elevations.</p><p>Although this genus belongs to the nocturnal velvet ant tribe, it has been presumed to be diurnal because of the bright coloration. Until now, the only known specimens either did not mention a collecting method or were collected with passive methods. The pitfall traps used to collect the aforementioned recent specimens (Fig. 283) were equipped with a solar LED light, so they collect both diurnal and nocturnal mutillids. In another recent collecting event in 2024, YZ observed and collected a series of St. maculata near the San Pedro River, east of Sierra Vista, Arizona. Multiple females were observed during daylight in the afternoon along with other diurnal species, including Dasymutilla foxi (Cockerell), D. eminenti a Mickel, D. gloriosa (Saussure), and Pseudomethoca praeclara (Blake) . A single male was also collected around the base of a bush at the same time window. The locality of this series was separate from the riparian habitat of San Pedro River, in open shrubland at approximately 1235 m of elevation. The discovery of these specimens actively walking in daylight along with other diurnal species reveals that the species is diurnal, rather than its nocturnal relatives.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97295B70761BFFE5FF13FC60E045A1F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Williams, Kevin A.;Pitts, James P.;Parikh, Grishma R.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Zhang, Yunfan;Bartholomay, Pedro R.	Williams, Kevin A., Pitts, James P., Parikh, Grishma R., Cambra, Roberto A., Zhang, Yunfan, Bartholomay, Pedro R. (2025): Diagnostic review of the Sphaeropthalmini (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of Central and North America, Part 1: minor nocturnal genera. Zootaxa 5702 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5702.1.1
