identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
962A87F2FFE53A72FF178EECD7F1FED2.text	962A87F2FFE53A72FF178EECD7F1FED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parascleroderma Kieffer 1904	<div><p>Genus Parascleroderma Kieffer, 1904</p><p>Ceratepyris Kieffer, 1905: 246, 285–287. Synonymised by Argaman (1988: 144).</p><p>Type species: Parascleroderma fulviceps Kieffer, 1904, by original designation.</p><p>Characteristics of the genus. The following significant morphological characters can be added to the diagnosis by Azevedo et al. (2018b).</p><p>Males. Body usually flattened dorsoventrally and elongated, but in some cases robust. Head commonly elongated. Eyes glabrous. Malar space extremely short. Propleuron elongated. Pronotum with modification shaped as of corners (or process) anteriorly or without it, smoothed. Protrochanter elongated. Profemur swollen. Prepectus and notauli distinct. Forewing with intersection veins Rs &amp; M and Sc+ R located far from pterostigma, at distance equal to pterostigma length or longer. Metapectal– propodeal complex from short to long, carinae from faint to distinct. Metatrochanter and metafemur without spines. Sternum VII without deep medi- an notch in its posterior margin (posterior margin straight orslightly incurved and significantly short- er than one-third of sternum width). Hypopygium with long median spiculum and a pair of anteromedial apodemes on sides (short in some cases); posterior margin of hypopygium almost straight or slightly incurved (up to a maximum of half-length of plate without median stalk). Apical part of harpe (paramere) flattened dorsoventrally, lamellar, without angular (or subtriangular) process on medial side, with rounded apex and cowered with setae. Basivolsella well separated from basiparamere, swollen. Cuspis and digitus thin, sometimes sclerotised and elongated (or only its process). Aedeagus from elliptical and subcylindrical to pear-shaped (swollen at base) or bottle-shaped. Apical part of aedeagus entire or noticeably deeply divided.</p><p>Females. Flattened dorsoventrally, wingless. Pronotum and metapectal–propodeal complex elongated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/962A87F2FFE53A72FF178EECD7F1FED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fadeev, K. I.	Fadeev, K. I. (2022): First record of the genus Parascleroderma (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Russia, with the description of two new species. Zoosystematica Rossica (China) 31 (2): 212-226, DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212
962A87F2FFE53A76FCAE8E45D721FEF5.text	962A87F2FFE53A76FCAE8E45D721FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parascleroderma astrakhanicum Fadeev 2022	<div><p>Parascleroderma astrakhanicum sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 2)</p><p>Holotype. Male, Russia, Astrakhan Prov ., Akhtuba Distr., “BBZ [Bogdo–Baskunchak Nature Reserve], #14–065–01 05, E[asterly] of sandstone rocks SE slope of B.[ol’shoe] Bogdo Mountain [48°07′59.3″N 46°49′22.0″E], Merike trap with LED lamp lighting [captured at light in night], 10–11.VII.2014, K.A. Grebennikov leg.” // “? Pseudisobrachium sp., male, K.A. Grebennikov det., 2016” (ZISP).</p><p>Description. Male. Measurements. TL 3.00 mm; LFW 2.30mm;maximum forewing width 0.88mm; hindwinglength 1.60mm;hindwingwidth 0.50mm; LH 0.58 mm (in dorsal view); WH 0.53 mm; WF 0.30 mm; OOL 0.12 mm; LE 0.28 mm; AOL 0.05– 0.06 mm; WOT 0.18 mm; DAO 0.08 mm; POL 0.12 mm; LM 1.17 mm; LP 0.17 mm; WP 0.58 mm; LMPD 0.45 mm; WMPD 0.37 mm; maximum width of sternum VII 0.21 mm; minimum width of sternum VII 0.13 mm; maximum length of genitalia 0.33 mm; maximum width of genitalia 0.23 mm.</p><p>Coloration. Head brown. Clypeus light brown, its anterior margin brown, part around torulus light brown. Mesosoma yellow-brown, metasoma light yellowish brown. Torulus, antenna, palpi, basal parts of mandible and legs pale yellow. Eyes silver. Anteromesoscutum with dark median part. Wings hyaline, veins beige in base and hyaline on plate, pterostigma light brown. Metasoma yellow-brown. Genitalia translucent, yellowish.</p><p>Pubescence. Head with sparse and short erect- ed light setae, those being in length up to half of diameter of anterior ocellus. Body in even sparse light setae. Antenna in dense short light setae, those being in length up to half-width of antennomere.</p><p>Head. Large, directed anteriorly and ventrally, elongated in frontal projection, flattened in lateral projection. Width of head slightly less than width of mesosoma in dorsal view. Posterior corners of head slanted and rounded. Mandible with five apical teeth (at least four teeth distinct). Palpal formula 4 (or 5? – hard to see): 2. Clypeus small; median clypeal carina low. Median clypeal lobe distinctly angular (or wedge-shaped), with slightly incurved lateral margins and rounded apex, pubescent at margins. Lateral clypeal lobes thin, with weak tubercles on sides, without large ledges. Malar space strongly reduced. Ocelli very large (up to 0.30–0.33 times WF), equal-sized, forming an obtuse triangle; vertex with ocelli elevat- ed. Distance between posterior ocellus and occipital carina slightly less than diameter of ocellus. Grooved area, placed in front of anterior ocellus, equal in length to DAO. Occipital carina complet- ed, low. Eyes large, glabrous, partially embedded in ventral side of head. Head with fine microreticulate sculpture and sparse scattered fine pits located at a distance of length of setae. Left antenna with remaining twelve antennomeres (out of 13), right one with only three antennomeres. Ratio of lengths of first five antennomeres 13:5:7:6:6. Antennomeres II–XII elongated, 2.50–2.80 times as long as wide. WH 0.90 times LH. WF 0.56 times WH. WF 1.06 times LE. OOL 0.63 times WOT. POL 1.90–2.30 times AOL. DAO 0.45 times WOT.</p><p>Mesosoma. Slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pronotal flange with fine folded transverse sculpture dorsally. Pronotum smooth, without modification anteriorly, its lateral surfaces concave. Transverse pronotal carina absent. Dorsal pronotal area subtrapezoidal, with fine microreticulate sculpture, anterior border rounded, without corners, posterior border incurved. LP 0.29 times WP. Posterior pronotal margin incurved, without median notch. Propleuron elongated. Prosternum obtuse triangular, large, with slightly incurved posterior margins, 0.46 times as long as wide. Prepectus large. Anteromesoscutum close to elliptical shape, convex. Notaulus narrow, incomplete in median part, not cellular, distinct posteriorly. Parapsidal signum narrow, located posteriorly. Mesoscutum–mesoscutellar sulcus arcuate, with lateral parts equal in width to central part. Metanotal fovea oval. Mesopleuron elongat- ed. Metapectal–propodeal complex elongated, its posterior border rounded. Metapectal–propodeal disc with thin microreticulate polygonal sculpture, that being condensed in median part, with shiny lateral parts, without median carina and transverse posterior carina, and with low lateral carinae. Disc surface with depression made postmortem.</p><p>Wings. Forewing. Vein Rs &amp; M reaching vein Sc+ R at distance equal to pterostigma. Pterostigma large, 0.40 times as wide as long; its posterior side inclined. Poststigmal abscissa of vein R 1 very short, stump-shaped, up to 0.10 length of pterostigma. Vein 2r-rs &amp; Rs long, curved, with two angular inflections: first at distance of pterostigma width, second at posterior end of vein.</p><p>Legs. Protrochanter long, up to one-third of length of profemur.</p><p>Metasoma. Metasoma noticeably flattened dorsoventrally, subpetiolate, smooth and shining. Segment I weakly stalked at base. Tergites with thin strongly elongated transversely folded sculpture; sternums with pubescence on posterior margins. Sternum VII without medial notch on posterior margin. Hypopygium close to trapezoidal shape, narrowed to its posterior margin, with anterior angles curved upwards; posterior margin not incurved; minimal width of hypopygium 0.55 times its maximal width, maximal width ca 1.60 times its maximal length (without length of median spiculum). Hypopygium with long medi- an spiculum equal to length of plate, and a pair of short anteromedial apodemes laterally on anteri- or corners of anterior margin. Posterior margin of hypopygium with short setae up to 0.15 times plate length without spiculum.</p><p>Genitalia 1.45 times as long as wide. Their lateral sides almost straight. Aedeagus shorter than paramere, close to elongated ellipse in shape, its apical quarter clearly with two lobes, but those noticeably not separated, median notch absent. Basivolsella well separated from basiparamere, swollen. Volsella with cuspis and digitus with oblong wedge-shaped processes. Apical part of harpe flattened dorsoventrally, elongated, club-shaped, rounded at apex, with setae at apex and lateral margin.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Comparison. This new species distinctly differs from all the known species of Parascleroderma in the combination of the following characters: (1)the pronotal disc is smoothed, without modification anteriorly; 2) the distinctly enlarged ocelli; (3) the hypopygium is trapezoidal, its posterior margin is not incurved, and the lateral anteromedial apodeme is shortened; (3) the genitalia with almost straight lateral sides (not convex or rounded), aedeagus is elliptical, without a median notch, the harpe is elongated and club-shaped. The species is similar to Parascleroderma fiturcata Argaman, 1988 from Italy in having light brown colour of the body, but differs in the unmodified pronotum anteriorly and poorly developed lateral carinae of the metapectal–propodeal disc. Parascleroderma astrakhanicum sp. nov. is also similar to males of P. cisnora Argaman, 1988 and P. varlinda Argaman, 1988 in the presence of the unmodified pronotal disc anteriorly, but distinguished from them by the light coloration, distinctly enlarged ocelli, straight posterior margin of the hypopygium (not notched), and the shape of the genitalia (in particular, the aedeagus is elliptical and its apical lobe is not noticeably notched medially). This new species differs from P. varlinda in poorly developed lateral carinae on the metapectal–propodeal disc. The differences from another new species from Russia is discussed in the key below.</p><p>In addition, this new species is significantly similar to the species of the genus Afgoiogfa Argaman, 1988 from Somalia in the shape of the genitalia (the club-shaped harpe, elongated elliptical aedeagus which is undivided apically, and the swollen basivolsella), but differs in the not tridentate clypeus and the non-notched posterior margin of the hypopygium.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the region where it was collected, Astrakhan Province.</p><p>Distribution. Russia, Astrakhan Province.</p><p>Host. Unknown.</p><p>Bionomics. This species is nocturnal. According to K. Grebennikov (2016), the specimen was caught from night to morning (22:00–5:00) in a Merike trap by the light of a LED lamp. Habitats of the species are clay steppe and saline land; the dominant plants in the place of collection are Camphorosma sp., Anabasis salsa (C.A.Mey.) Benth. ex Volkens (1893), and Artemisia pauciflora Weber ex Stechm., 1775 (Grebennikov, 2016). The new species was collected in a light trap like P. oriana Argaman, 1988 in Israel (Argaman, 1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/962A87F2FFE53A76FCAE8E45D721FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fadeev, K. I.	Fadeev, K. I. (2022): First record of the genus Parascleroderma (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Russia, with the description of two new species. Zoosystematica Rossica (China) 31 (2): 212-226, DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212
962A87F2FFE13A7AFCAE8E10D593FC52.text	962A87F2FFE13A7AFCAE8E10D593FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parascleroderma austrouralicum Fadeev 2022	<div><p>Parascleroderma austrouralicum sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 3–4)</p><p>Holotype. Male, Russia, Orenburg Prov ., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.726974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.593166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.726974/lat 51.593166)">Saraktashsky Distr.</a>, 35 km SE of Saraktash Settlm., 8 km NNE of Kondurovka Settlm., 51°35′35.4″N 56°43′37.1″E, sweeping over grass, from midday to evening, 7.VIII.2021, K.I. Fadeev leg. (ZISP).</p><p>Description. Male. Measurements. TL ca 2.50mm;LFW 1.60mm;maximum forewing width 0.70 mm; hind wing length 1.25 mm; hind wing width ca 0.33 mm; LH 0.56 mm (in dorsal view); WH 0.51 mm; WF 0.33 mm; OOL 0.25 mm; LE 0.20 mm; AOL 0.07 mm; WOT 0.17 mm; DAO 0.03 mm; POL 0.10 mm; LM 1.06–1.08 mm; LP 0.12 mm; WP ca 0.50 mm; LMPD ca 0.28 mm; WMPD 0.33 mm; maximum width of sternum VII 0.29 mm; minimum width of sternum VII 0.20 mm; maximum length of genitalia 0.42 mm; maximum width of genitalia 0.50 mm.</p><p>Coloration. Head, mesosoma and metasoma almost black. Femur dark brown, antenna brown, tibia and tarsus light brown. Dental margin of mandible red-brown. Wings hyaline, veins beige. Eyes silver. Genitalia semitranslucent, yellow-brown, harpe and terminal parts of volsella dark to black.</p><p>Pubescence. Head covered with sparse short erected light setae in length up to diameter of ocellus. Body covered with sparse light setae. Antenna with dense short light setae in length up to one third of antennomere width.</p><p>Head (detached from body and mounted separately). Subrectangular and elongate, 1.08–1.10 times as long as wide. Posterior corners of head rounded in dorsal view. Mandible with five teeth, inner of them smaller than external. Labial palpi with two segments. Maxillary palpi missing. Clypeus small. Median clypeal carina low; median clypeal lobe with convex anterior margin in frontal view, obtuse, almost arcuate in dorsal view, with small low median rounded callus. Lateral clypeal lobes small, rounded. Frons with barely noticeable frontal line. Ocelli of equal diameter, relatively small, 0.10 times WF, arranged in obtuse triangle. Grooved area placed in front of anterior ocellus, 3.00 times as long as DAO. Posterior ocelli placed near occipital carina approximately at distance of ocellar diameter. Occipital carina low. Eyes medium-sized, glabrous, almost rounded, smaller than in P. astrakhanicum sp. nov., almost not extending to ventral side of head. Head covered with fine microreticulate sculpture and sparse scattered fine pits located at a distance of length of setae. Left antenna with remaining</p><p>12 antennomeres (out of</p><p>13). Ratio of lengths of first five antennomeres</p><p>10.0:3.0:4.5:5.0:4.5. Antennomeres II–XII 1.3–</p><p>1.9 times as long as wide.</p><p>Antennomere XIII long,</p><p>3.00 times as long as wide.</p><p>WH 0.90 times LH. WF</p><p>0.65 times WH. WF 1.65</p><p>times LE. OOL 1.50 times</p><p>WOT. POL 1.50 times</p><p>AOL. DAO 0.19–0.20</p><p>times WOT.</p><p>Mesosoma. Pronotum smoothed, pronotal flange with crudely wrinkled microreticulate sculpture anteriorly. Transverse pronotal carina barely noticeable (visible only in profile). Dorsal pronotal area subtrapezoidal,</p><p>without distinct angles and median furrow (or carina) anteriorly, with thin polygonal fine sculpture;</p><p>its posterior margin with smooth shallow median notch. Lateral margins of pronotal area concave. Propleuron elongated. Prosternum large, obtuse-triangular, 0.50 times as long as wide, with posterior margin slightly incurved. Prepectus large, not cellular or wrinkled. Anteromesoscutum elliptical, convex. Notaulus narrow, distinct, not cellular, its furrows converging and slightly widening posteriorly. Parapsidal signum weakly expressed, narrow. Mesoscutum–mesoscutellar sulcus arcuate, very narrow in median part. Metanotal fovea subtriangular. Metapectal–propodeal complex slightly wider than long, rounded posteriorly, its disk covered with fine microreticulate sculpture, not shiny. Median carina barely outlined in anterior third. Lateral carina low, located in anterior half of disc; transverse posterior carina absent. Left side of metapectal–propodeal complex with dent-shaped damage.</p><p>Wings. Forewing. Vein Rs &amp; M reaching vein Sc+R at distance 1.50–1.60 times longer than pterostigma. Pterostigma smaller than in P. astrakhanicum sp. nov., about 0.60 times as wide as long. Poststigmal abscissa of vein R1 absent. Vein 2r-rs &amp; Rs curved, without angular inflection or fracture.</p><p>Legs. Protrochanter long, up to one third of profemur length. Right metaleg lost, except metacoxa; right mesoleg separated from body.</p><p>Metasoma. Teardrop-shaped and moderately flattened, not longer than mesosoma, moderately petiolate, smooth and shining. Its segments with thin transverse reticulate pattern; tergites with transverse row of setae closer to posterior margin. Sternum VII with strongly incurved anteri- or margin and barely incurved posterior margin. Hypopygium subtrapezoidal, almost W-shaped, with anterior angles curved upwards, narrowed to its posterior margin, posterior margin incurved, posterior angels rounded, lateral margins very slightly incurved. Minimal width of hypopygium about 0.65 times maximal width, maximal width 2.6 times maximal length (without spiculum). Hypopygium with long median spiculum, that being 1.50 times as long as hypopygium, with a pair of long anteromedial apodemes laterally on anteri- or margin. Posterior margin of hypopygium with long setae up to 0.50 times as long as plate (without spiculum).</p><p>Genitalia broad, 1.10 times as long as wide. Their lateral sides convex. Aedeagus slightly shorter than paramere, close to broadly elliptical shape in dorsal view, not bottle-shaped, its apical part with two wedge-shaped lobes with blunt ends, those being noticeably deeply divided (up to third of length) by median notch; lateral sides of aedeagus with groove opposite basivolsella. Basivolsella swollen, volsella of complex shape, close to G-like form; cuspis with sclerotised finger-like process curved inwards and rounded apex; digitus with angular process directed inward in dorsal view and pointed process directed outward in ventral view. Apical part of paramere (harpe) flattened dorsoventrally, sclerotised, with round- ed apex, slightly curved inwards, pubescent at periphery, with very shallow notch on lateral margin near posterior end. Inner margins of basivolsella (directed towards aedeagus) concave.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Comparison. This new species distinctly differs from all the known species of Parascleroderma in the combination of the following characters: (1) the transverse pronotal carina barely noticeable anteriorly; (2) the genitalia broad, with rounded posterior end of the harpe, the latter with a very small notch on the lateral margin near posterior end. The new species has only a weak modification of the anterior margin of pronotum in the form of a transverse carina (in dorsal view) and only a barely noticeable crest (in lateral view), which distinguish this species from European P. fuscipennis (Kieffer, 1905), P. claripennis (Móczár, 1966) and P. sulcatifrons (Kieffer, 1908), which have the highly modified pronotum. The new species is similar to P. fuscipennis and P. claripennis described by Móczár (1966) in the general shape of the genitalia and hypopygium, but has rounded posterior ends of the harpe [vs. angular in P. fuscipennis] and differences in the shape of the apical lobes of aedeagus [vs. translucent and rounded, according to the drawing in Móczár (1966) in P. fuscipennis] and the shape of volsella, in particular, the basivolsella with a notch on the inner margin of the lateral side [vs. non-concave in P. fuscipennis]. The new species is close to P. claripennis in the shape of aedeagus, but has not so long and not pointed posteriorly apical lobes. The rounded posterior end of the harpe in P. austrouralicum sp. nov. resemble that in P. oriana Argaman, 1988 from Israel, but the new species differs from it in the presence of a notch on the lateral margin of the harpe, the shape of aedeagus, in particular, its thicker apical part, and the presence of a barely noticeable modification of the pronotum anteriorly. The new species also resembles Korean P. tetradenticum Lim et Lee S., 2011, but differs from it in the unexpanded middle part of the aedeagus and in the widened, rounded and sclerotised ends of the harpe posteriorly (vs. the harpe is elongated, narrow posteriorly). The new species resembles P. hindola Argaman, 1988 from Israel in the dark coloration and a rounded groove on the median part of posterior margin of pronotum, but differs in the shape of pronotum in profile. The difference from another new species from Russia is discussed in the key below.</p><p>Etymology. The species name reflects finding of it in the Southern Urals and is derived from the Latin word australis (southern) and the name of the Ural Mountains.</p><p>Distribution. Russia, Orenburg Province.</p><p>Bionomics. Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/962A87F2FFE13A7AFCAE8E10D593FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fadeev, K. I.	Fadeev, K. I. (2022): First record of the genus Parascleroderma (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Russia, with the description of two new species. Zoosystematica Rossica (China) 31 (2): 212-226, DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212
962A87F2FFED3A7AFF178CB5D6A1F84D.text	962A87F2FFED3A7AFF178CB5D6A1F84D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parascleroderma Kieffer 1904	<div><p>Key to species of Parascleroderma from Russia (males)</p><p>1. Body brown-orange; mandibles, legs, and antennae yellow. Median clypeal lobe angular. Pedicel long, 2.5 times as long as wide. Eyes large, almost equal in maximum diameter to head in lateral view; ocelli very large, up to 0.30–0.33 width of frons. Pronotum without transverse carina, rounded. Notaulus distinct only posteriorly. Metapectal–propodeal complex elongated. Hypopygium with straight posterior margin and small lateral stalks. Genitalia barely elongated, apical part of aedeagus undivided, distal part of harpe elongated. Body length 3.0 mm............. P. astrakhanicum sp. nov.</p><p>– Body dark or black-brown; mandibles, legs, and antennae dark brown, distally light brown, tarsi yellow-brown. Median clypeal lobe obtuse, almost arcuate in dorsal view, with small low rounded median callus. Pedicel short, 1.5 times as long as wide. Eyes moderate, smaller in maximum diameter than head in lateral view; ocelli small, about 0.1 width of frons. Pronotum with weak transverse carina. Notaulus entirely distinct. Metapectal– propodeal complex wider than its length. Hypopygium with slightly incurved posterior margin and large lateral stalks. Genitalia broad, apical part of aedeagus noticeably divided into two lobes, distal part of harpe flattened and rounded. Body length 2.5 mm ............. P. austrouralicum sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/962A87F2FFED3A7AFF178CB5D6A1F84D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fadeev, K. I.	Fadeev, K. I. (2022): First record of the genus Parascleroderma (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Russia, with the description of two new species. Zoosystematica Rossica (China) 31 (2): 212-226, DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2022.31.2.212
