taxonID	type	description	language	source
A665546356D246510769591F565B15C2.taxon	discussion	The gobioid fish genus Parioglossus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) was erected by Regan (1912) for the type species P. taeniatus, and now has 17 recognized described species. Most of these species inhabit warm temperate to tropical regions of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans; they are normally found around the roots of mangroves, or around algae in estuaries and coastal coral reefs. The general gestalt of members of the genus is exemplified by P. raoi (Fig. 1). Only a few of the species appear to be geographically widespread (Rennis and Hoese, 1985), and one species seems to be confined to fresh water (P. neocaledonicus, Dingerkus and Seret, 1992). Tomiyama (1958, 1959) reviewed the genus and recognized four valid species (P. taeniatus Regan 1912, P. rainfordi, McCulloch, 1921, P. borneensis Koumans, 1953 and P. dotui Tomiyama, 1958). Rennis and Hoese (1985) revisited the genus, recognized 14 valid species (including six new species, and one undescribed as “ P. sp ”) and provided a key to the species. Since then, four additional new species have been described. Parioglossus neocaledonicus was described by Dingerkus and Seret, 1992; P. sinensis by Zhong, 1994, and the “ P. sp ” of Rennis and Hoese was described as P. interruptus by Suzuki and Senou (1994) who, somewhat confusingly, included another but different “ P. sp ” in that paper, characterized by the possession of three (instead of four) pelvic fin rays. This latter species is not included in our analysis. Finally, Williams and Lecchini (2004) described P. galzini from Rapa. Parioglossus belongs to the family Ptereleotridae Bleeker, 1876. Although there has been some controversy as to whether to recognize this higher taxon as a family or a subfamily (see, e. g. Thacker, 2000), that issue is essentially irrelevant to this study. Miller (1971) suggested that Parioglossus shows affinity with Ptereleotris Gill 1863, Oxymetopon Bleeker 1856, Ioglossus Bean in Jordan and Gilbert 1882, and Nemateleotris Fowler 1938, with the closest relative being Ptereleotris. Iogloglossus was later relegated to the synonymy of Pterleotris by Randall and Hoese (1985). Rennis and Hoese (1987), in their description of the new pterleotrine genus Aioliops, provided a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera they included in this subfamily. They concluded that their new genus formed an unresolved basal trichotomy with Nemateleotris on one hand, and a monophyletic grouping of Oxymetopon, Pterleotris and Parioglossus on the other. Within this latter assemblage, their osteological evidence supported the last two genera (each demonstrated to be monophyletic) as the sister group of Oxymetopon. That scheme of relationships is accepted here, and Nemateleotris (1 species) and Ptereleotris (2 species) were selected as sequential outgroups for this study. From these potential candidates, three species were used: Nemateleotris magnifica, Ptereleotris hanae and Ptereleotris microlepis. To date, no hypothesis of the phylogeny for the species of Parioglossus has been proposed. The members of the genus are very similar in meristic and morphometric values. Some of the features, such as the number of head pores, differ dramatically between individuals within certain species. One of the most important key characters used to distinguish between the species is body coloration. It has been suggested that osteological characters of gobioid fishes may be useful in classification (Regan, 1911), as these characters tend to be more stable than external morphology and coloration. The main thrust of this paper is the comparison of both the external morphology and the osteology of the species of Parioglossus to derive a hypothesis of their interrelationships.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
F8CFDCD3BC38D56238762CCD0A9845DC.taxon	description	The following osteological description is based almost exclusively on a 16.5 mm SL male of Parioglossus raoi from Negros, Philippines (ROM 1657 CS), although the prootic region of the skull represents a composite derived from several specimens from that lot. Both the statements made in the descriptions, and the illustrations, were checked against these additional specimens. The Cranium (Figs. 2 - 4) Vomer (medial) toothless; anterior portion enlarged and broader ventrally than dorsally; narrow posterior process of vomer inserts into groove on anteroventral surface of parasphenoid (medial). Ventral portion of mesethmoid (medial) joined with anterodorsal surface of parasphenoid; posterodorsal aspect of mesethmoid overlapped by frontal bones and joined to parasphenoid through cartilage at its posteroventral margin; anterolaterally, mesethmoid joined to lateral ethmoids (which are separated by ethmoid cartilage). Lateral ethmoid forms most of anterior wall of orbit, and has a cartilage-tipped ventrolateral process to which the thin, poorly ossified lacrimal (not figured) attaches; foramen for olfactory nerve lies between lateral ethmoid and mesethmoid. Frontal large, narrowing anteriorly where it bifurcates around posterior portion of mesethmoid; in post orbital region, frontal bears a descending lateral wing, which joins sphenotic and prootic; in supraorbital region, frontal bears a groove for supraorbital canal (Springer, 1983); posterior end of frontal forms a large portion of roof of braincase; it joins pterosphenoid (Fig. 4) ventrally to form dorsoposterior wall of orbit; laterally, it overlaps sphenotic and partially overlaps supraoccipital posterolaterally. Sphenotic joins pterotic and supraoccipital posteriorly and prootic ventromedially; sphenotic smaller than pterotic, and articulates with anteriormost dorsal condyle of hyomandibular. Pterotic joins epioccipital posterolaterally and exoccipital posterodorsally; anteroventrally, pterotic articulates with posterodorsal condyle of hyomandibular, and is partially overlapped by epioccipital dorsolaterally. Epioccipital occupies posterolateral corner of cranial roof and bears a process for attachment to dorsal arm of posttemporal; it is overlapped by supraoccipital dorsally, partially overlaps pterotic anterolaterally, joins its antimere beneath overlapping supraoccipital (medial) posteromedially, and is synchondrally joined with exoccipital posteriorly. Laterally on pterotic and exoccipital a long, deep trough contains the lateral sensory canal. Supraoccipital situated posteromedially on cranial roof, forked anterolaterally with a rounded median anterior projection; small portion of its anterior process overlapped by frontal; extreme posterolateral aspect of supraoccipital slightly overlaps exoccipitals; posterior portion with prominent median posterodorsal flange. Exoccipital forms most of posterior surface of cranium, forming lateral and dorsal margins of foramen magnum; exoccipital possesses condyle which articulates with first vertebra; exoccipitals synchondrally united along dorsal midline; epioccipital meets its antimere anterodorsally and slightly overlaps supraoccipital, joins pterotic laterally and partly ventrolaterally; exoccipital may or may not join intercalar ventrolaterally; thin projections of exoccipital join with similar projections of basioccipital ventromedially. Exoccipital has two foramina, a vagal foramen (Springer, 1983) anteriorly; posterior foramen is possibly a passage for first spinal nerve. Basioccipital (medial) is posteroventral terminus of cranium, articulating with first vertebra; forked anteriorly with most of this portion overlapped by parasphenoid medially, joining with posterior portion of prootic anteriorly; anterolaterally, basioccipital is overlapped by intercalar; posterolaterally, thin projections of basioccipital interdigitate with similar projections of exoccipitals. Intercalar small, overlaps basioccipital, and may meet with exoccipital in some specimens. Prootic (with large trigemino-facial foramen) makes up lateral region of posterior orbit and side of braincase posterior to this; joins with sphenotic anterolaterally, basioccipital posteriorly, pterotic posterolaterally, and is overlapped by parasphenoid ventromedially. Pterosphenoid small, occupies portions of posterolateral wall of orbit, synchondrally joining frontal dorsally and meets prootic and parasphenoid ventrally (Fig. 4). Parasphenoid (medial) constitutes large portion of ventromedial aspect of cranium; anteriorly, groove in parasphenoid receives posterior process of vomer; overlaps prootics laterally and basioccipital posteriorly. Foramen present at base of each parasphenoid dorsal wing, near area of overlap with prootic. Jaws, Suspensorium, Superficial Bones of Head (Fig. 5) Premaxilla with two rows of caninoid teeth, outer row larger than inner row; a short medial ascending process adjoins large, rounded, externally concave articular process; posterior process is lateral to, but much smaller in size than, articular process. Rostral cartilage (medial) replaced at least partially by bone, flattened laterally and attached to upper tip of ascending process of the premaxilla as well as to anterodorsal end of maxilla, overlies vomer. Maxilla with long, flat posterior portion and convoluted anterior head, which articulates with articular process of premaxilla posteromedially and maxillary process of palatine anterolaterally. Dentary with two rows of caninoid teeth, outer row enlarged. Adjacent to last tooth is large coronoid process. Posteriorly on its internal surface, dentary receives dorsal ramus of anguloarticular. Meckels cartilage long, rod-like, extending anteriorly from endosteal process on medial surface of anguloarticular to a point in hollow end of dentary, just anterior to level of a foramen that completely perforates dentary. Posterodorsally, anguloarticular articulates with quadrate. There is no coronomeckelian (sesamoid articular). Retroarticular a small bone joined to ventroposterior end of anguloarticular, and is connected by a ligament to anterior end of interopercle. Hyomandibular with three articular condyles. Anterodorsally, hyomandibular articulates with sphenotic, posterodorsally with pterotic, and posteriorly with opercle. Groove in anterior surface of hyomandibular receives metapterygoid; ventral projecting surface synchondrally joins with posterior head of symplectic. Most of posterolateral surface of hyomandibular overlain by preopercle, which fits into large groove formed by wide, thin posterolateral projection of hyomandibular. At approximate centre of medial surface of hyomandibular lies large foramen, which leads to canal exiting anteroventrally on lateral surface, canal carries the hyomandibular branch of facial nerve (Birdsong, 1975; Freihofer, 1978). Metapterygoid slender and elongate, not reaching quadrate; broadly overlaps, and tightly joined to, posterolateral surface of symplectic ventrally, and anterodorsal surface of hyomandibular posteriorly. No mesopterygoid. Anterior portion of symplectic attaches to the groove on medial surface of quadrate and is overlapped by metapterygoid dorsally; posterior portion delicately joined by cartilage to hyomandibular. Posterodorsal surface of quadrate rimmed with cartilage; anterior portion overlapped by ectopterygoid, a broad groove in the medial surface of quadrate receives anterior portion of symplectic. Short anteroventral condyle unites quadrate with anguloarticular, and very long, blade-like ventroposterior extension joins preopercle in shallow ventral groove. Ectopterygoid very well ossified, plate-like, overlaps quadrate posteriorly and synchondrally joins palatine along its anterior surface. Palatine toothless, “ T ” shaped, ventroposterior portion joins ectopterygoid; anterior portion of palatine bears two arms: anterior-most tipped with cartilage and articulating with maxilla and ligamentously joins ascending process of premaxilla; posterior process articulates with lateral ethmoid and ligamentously joins mesethmoid. Lacrimal (not figured) thin, poorly ossified, attaches to ventrolateral process of lateral ethmaoind posterior to palatine. Opercle with a strong, concave condyle that articulates with posterior condyle of hyomandibular, overlaps subopercle ventrolaterally. Preopercle gently curved, fits into broad shelf of hyomandibular dorsally and into narrow shelf of quadrate anterodorsally; posterior portion of preopercle with trough (not shown) which carries preopercular portion of laterosensory canal system; interhyal attaches firmly to medial surface of preopercle; a medial triangular process meets symplectic and hyomandibular to form a large foramen. Preopercle overlies thin, blade-like interopercle; anteriorly, long and flat interopercle attaches ligamentously to anguloarticular; posteriorly, attaches ligamentously to posterior tip of posterior ceratohyal. Hyoid Arch (Fig. 6) Interhyal ventrally ligamentously bound to, and articulates with, the posterior ceratohyal. Dorsolateral surface of interhyal strongly attached to medial face of preopercle; dorsal tip cartilaginous. Posterior ceratohyal articulated with interhyal posterodorsally; anterior ceratohyal overlapped anteriorly by hypohyals. Anterior ceratohyal has a cartilaginous margin ventrolaterally and posteriorly; posterior ceratohyal has a cartilaginous margin anteriorly, and together forming a synchondral joint. Four branchiostegal rays extend ventrally from anterior ceratohyal, one from posterior ceratohyal; anteriormost branchiostegal arises from slender portion of anterior ceratohyal, is thin, rib-like and smallest; other branchiostegals all blade-like, with one on posterior ceratohyal being largest. Hypohyals overlap anterior ceratohyal laterally, and ligamentously join dorsal head of urohyal (medial) and posterior portion of basihyal (medial). Dorsal hypohyal has long ligamentous connection to hypobranchial 1, and is bound to its antimere via a long medial ligament. Ventral hypohyal ligamentously connected to blade of urohyal posteroventrally, and to base of urohyal and posterior basihyal posterodorsally. Urohyal (medial) consists of dorsal head and posteroventrally projecting broad blade. Dorsal part forked; situated within this concavity of the urohyal base is small cartilaginous basibranchial 1. Branchial Apparatus (Fig. 7) Basihyal (medial) long, broader anteriorly than posteriorly; anterior tipped with cartilage, ligamentously joins hypohyals and urohyal posteriorly. Posterior to basihyal, in straight line, lie basibranchials 1 - 4 (medial). Basibranchials 2 and 3 relatively well ossified with only tips cartilaginous, whereas basibranchials 1 and 5 (see below) entirely cartilaginous. Basibranchial 2 articulates with medial surface of hypobranchial 1. Basibranchial 3 synchondrally joins basibranchial 2 anteriorly; articulates laterally with hypobranchial 2; anterolaterally tipped with cartilage; and joined by long ligament to hypobranchial 3 posteriorly. Basibranchial 4 ligamentously bound to third hypobranchial; lies above anterior cartilaginous tip of ceratobranchial 4. A tiny, rounded, medial, unstained nubbin of cartilage lies on anterodorsal surfaces of cartilaginous anteroventral tips of fifth ceratobranchials (not shown in Fig. 7), which may represent basibranchial 5 (Gill, pers. comm.). Hypobranchials (1 - 3) ligamentously and sequentially joined to each other and articulate with their respective ceratobranchial posterolaterally. Each hypobranchial is cartilaginously tipped. Five pairs of ceratobranchials present. Ceratobranchials 1 - 3 join their respective hypobranchials anteroventromedially; ceratobranchial 4 joins hypobranchial 3 by a ligament and basibranchial 4; ceratobranchial 5 ligamentously bound to ceratobranchial 4 and basibranchial 4. Ceratobranchial 1 with 13 to 15 outer gill rakers; ceratobranchials 2 - 4 with long, bifid-tipped gill rakers suspended in connective tissue; ceratobranchial 5 with large triangular tooth plate. Each of four epibranchials (1 - 4) articulating with posterodorsal tip of its respective ceratobranchial. Epibranchial 1 has 4 - 5 gill rakers; epibranchials 1 and 3 have cartilaginous-tipped uncinate processes. Uncinate process of epibranchial 1 articulates with interarcual cartilage. Interarcual cartilage and epibranchials 2 - 4 articulate with infrapharyngobranchials 2 - 3 (epibranchial 4 posteriorly and a little laterally displaced in Fig. 7). Infrapharyngobranchial 1 absent. Infrapharyngobranchials 2 - 3 have tooth plates fused to bone, which bear cartilaginous processes for articulation with respective epibranchial. Fourth infrapharyngobranchials either fused to third or been lost (the latter is more likely, Gill, pers. comm.); however, fourth toothplate remains as a separate entity. Pectoral and Pelvic Fins and Girdles (Figs 8 - 9) Posttemporal composed of central body, with longer dorsal arm connected to epioccipital and shorter ventral arm joined to intercalar. Supracleithrum extends posteriorly from medial surface of central body of posttemporal; ventromedial surface joins dorsolateral portion of cleithrum ligamentously. Cleithrum forked dorsally. Posteroventromedially, cleithrum with an indentation to receive ventral intercleithral cartilage (medial), which in turn articulates with pelvis through pelvic intercleithral cartilage (medial). Central portion of cleithrum anteriorly flattened with posterior surface bearing groove. Scapulocoracoid cartilage well developed with large scapular foramen dorsally and synchondrally joins cleithrum anteriorly and dorsally, four pectoral radials posteriorly, and merges with coracoid ventrally. Coracoid well-ossified, joins cleithrum. Margin of proximal radials cartilaginous; 16 - 18 fin rays articulate with 15 cartilagenous distal radials, dorsalmost and sometimes ventralmost fin rays articulate directly on posterior faces of proximal radials. Single, sickle-like ventral postcleithrum present (not figured). No dorsal postcleithrum. Large, pelvic intercleithral cartilage (medial) joins medial surface of posteriorly directed processes of cleithrum. Posteriorly, this cartilage continuous with pelvic girdle. Anterior margins of pelvic bone join pelvic intercleithral cartilage anteriorly. Medial portion of pelvic bone dorsally convex; pockmarked with small, irregular openings and not as well ossified nor as substantial as dorsally concave and well-ossified lateral margins. Posterolateral edge of pelvic bone with a cartilaginous margin (often interpreted as a fused pelvic radial) which is straddled by four segmented pelvic fin rays. Single pelvic fin spine attaches to pelvic bone anteroventrolaterally to lateralmost pelvic ray. An antenna-like sub-pelvic process arises posteriorly on ventromedial surface of pelvic bone. Posterior process of pelvis very long, slightly more than 10 % length of entire pelvis. Vertebrae and Unpaired Fins (Fig. 10) Vertebral column made up of 26 vertebrae divided into 10 precaudal and 16 caudal vertebrae; vertebrae 3 - 10 bear ribs; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 - 10; no epicentrals or epipleurals. First precaudal vertebra (first vertebra) bears condyles for articulation with exoccipitals anteriorly. All vertebrae, except compound ural centrum, with neural spines, and at least one foramen. Vertebrae 24 (= PU 3) and 25 (= PU 2) with modified haemal and neural spines continuous with centra. Spines of vertebra 24 are more distally broadened and flattened than those of preceding vertebrae, reach anteromedial margins of procurrent cartilages, and the tips are sometimes bifurcate or trifurcate. Vertebra 25 with a short and broad neural spine, whereas the haemal spine is elongate with broad, flat anterior margin distally articulating with posteromedial margin of ventral procurrent cartilage, and cylindrical posterior margin which articulates with two of ventral caudal rays. Posteriormost vertebral centrum (representing fusion of preural centra 1, and ural centra 1 and 2), and hypurals 3 - 4 fused together; hypural 5 about half the length of hypurals 1 + 2, well separated from ural centrum. Anterior to hypural 5 a single, large epural with a cylindrical core near posterior margin; anterodorsal to epural is dorsal procurrent cartilage. Large, triangular, plate-like element representing fused hypurals 1 - 2 inserting in groove on ventral side of ural centrum. Parhypural ventral to hypurals 1 - 2, well separated from vertebral centrum proximally, with a slender cylindrical core. Anteroventral to parhypural lies enlarged haemal spine of vertebra 25. Typically seven or eight dorsal and seven or eight ventral procurrent rays (unsegmented); one simple, segmented ray inserting on epural and another on hypural 5; 7 branched rays on hypurals 3 - 4; 5 branched rays on hypurals 1 - 2; one branched ray on parhypural; and one simple, segmented ray on last hemal spine (sometimes branched at tip). First dorsal fin with six spines. Pterygiophores of dorsal spines I and II insert in third interneural space, those of III and IV in fourth, V in fifth, and VI in sixth; pterygiophore formula (as defined by Birdsong, 1975) 3 (22110). Second dorsal fin normally consists of one spine and 14 - 17 rays, each element supported by its own pterygiophore except for last two rays, which are counted as one because they are close together and arise from same pterygiophore. Two anteriormost pterygiophores with proximal and medial radials undifferentiated and distal radials absent, remaining elements separate. Posteriormost medial radial with posteromedially directed flange attached to wedge-shaped piece of cartilage straddled by last ray. All other rays straddle distal radials. Interneural space 8 receives first pterygiophore of spine of second dorsal; space 9 second pterygiophore; space 10 third; 11 fourth; 12 fifth and sixth; 13 seventh; 14 eighth and ninth; 15 tenth; position of posterior part of pterygiophore may vary. First pterygiophore of anal fin inserts anterior to first hemal arch; second pterygiophore in first interhemal space posterior to first hemal arch; third and fourth in space between hemal spines 2 and 3; fifth in third; sixth and seventh in fourth; proximal tips of all pterygiophores of medial fins cartilaginous.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
8FC3AE9200CF6F261D45F8A4F85CACE1.taxon	discussion	The structure of the caudal complex, and the shape of the first dorsal fin pterygiophores and of the pectoral fin girdle exhibit considerable intraspecific variation in fishes (Schlueter and Thomerson, 1971; Bruner, 1976; Arratia, 1983; Doyle, 1998). Intraspecific variability may make it unwise to judge a character on the basis of a very small number of specimens (only one or two specimens of some species were available). We examined this variation in one common species of Parioglossus, and use the results as a reference for character selection. Doyle (1998) showed that some characters were inappropriate for use as indicators of phylogenetic relationship in dactyloscopids because of their high intraspecific variability. We found the following characters to be congruent with this limitation: i) within the caudal skeleton, the tips of the spines of vertebra 24 are sometimes bifurcated or trifurcated; ii) the position of the insertion of the posterior second dorsal-fin pterygiophores and posterior anal-fin pterygiophores with respect to the neural and haemal spines may vary; and iii) the length of premaxilla ascending process may be either long or short. These characters are, therefore, deemed unsuitable for the study of phylogeny in Parioglossus. It is important to have some idea of how “ robust ” a character is for the study of phylogeny before one begins character selection. However, due to a limited sample size and lack of detailed ontogenetic data, sources of the observed variation with P. rainfordi remain speculative. Its remains possible that either some potentially informative characters have been excluded because of overestimated variation, or some potentially variable characters were included because of an underestimated variation.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
EE2E78208A41CB8D6C74EB180BED6A5B.taxon	discussion	Variation of Osteology and General Morphology Between Species The vertebral count of the genus: All species in the genus have 10 + 16 vertebrae with rare exceptions (e. g. Kim and Han, 1993, Table 1). According to the original description, males of P. neocaledonicus had 10 + 15 vertebrae versus 11 + 14 in females (although one female was reported with a vertebral count of 11 + 15). The vertebral count was used to distinguish P. neocaledonicus from other species in the genus, especially P. verticalis (which also has 13 vertical bars on the body - Dingerkus and Seret, 1992; Suzuki et al., 1994). However, it appears that, for males, the variation arises from different counting methods (Seret, per. comm.) since the compound ural centrum was excluded from the count by those authors. If true, then females should have a vertebral count of 11 + 15 (= 26) and males have 11 + 16 (= 27). Radiographs of the specimens available to us (4 adults, 3 males and 1 female) show that both females and males have 10 + 16 vertebrae, although the number of vertebrae in females needs further confirmation. Character List and Evolution The characters listed below correspond to the numbering in the data matrix (Appendix 2). For each character, the plesiomorphic and apomorphic state or states are described, and the consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and rescaled consistency index (RC) (Farris, 1989 a, 1989 b) generated by PAUP * (Swofford, 2001) are included. MacClade 4.03 (Maddison and Maddison, 2001) was used to assemble the data matrix and to visualize character change on the cladograms through optimization on the strict consensus tree (Fig. 11). Since there is no reliable evidence available to permit the ordering of multistate characters, all such characters (characters 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 16 and 17) were run unordered to avoid imposing unjustified models of evolution on them. For the same reason, all characters are equally weighted (but see Farris, 1969). For species in which individual variability encompasses more than one of the character states utilized here, the any instance coding protocol of Campbell and Frost (1993) is used. (1). Number of branched caudal fin rays: (0) - branched caudal fin rays 7 + 6; (1) - branched caudal fin rays 6 + 6; (2) - branched caudal fin rays 6 + 5. Nemateleotris magnifica has 6 + 6 branched caudal fin rays; P. nudus and P. philippinus have 6 + 5 such rays; the character state was ambiguous for P. dotui, P. interruptus and P. neocaledonicus as they have 6 - 7 + 6 branched caudal fin rays; based on any instance coding, they were assigned state 1. All other taxa have state 0. Character state 2 evolved once for the ancestor of P. philippinus and P. nudus; character state 1 evolved twice for the ingroup: once for P. interruptus and once for P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus; and once independently for Nemateleotris magnifica. CI = 0.50; RI = 0.50; RC = 0.25. Note, however, that an assignment of character state 0 to P. dotui, P. interruptus and P. neocaledonicus would result in congruence with the strict consensus tree. (2). Scales: (0) - All or most scales imbricate (overlapping each other); (1) - scales all non-imbricate; (2) - no scales. All species except Parioglossus nudus have scales; Nemateleotris magnifica, Ptereleotris microlepis, Parioglossus interruptus, P. palustris, P. taeniatus, and P. verticalis have imbricate scales, conditions for Ptereleotris hanae, Parioglossus marginalis, P. rainfordi, P. raoi and P. triquetrus are ambiguous, they may have both non-imbricated scales and imbricated scales in any given specimen. Based on any instance coding, they were assigned state 1. The remaining species of Parioglossus have non-imbricate scales. Character state 1 evolved once for the ingroup taxa and once independently for Ptereleotris hanae; there is one reversal to imbricated scales in the ancestor of Parioglossus palustris, which then evolved to state 1 after the ancestor of P. taeniatus had seperated. CI = 0.40; RI = 0.40; RC = 0.16. (3). Gill opening: (0) - moderate; (1) - narrow. A moderate gill opening, extending anteroventrally in front of the posterior limit of the branchiostegal membrane, appears to be the plesiomorphic character state. All outgroup taxa as well as P. aporos, P. dotui, P. galzini, P. marginalis, P. neocaledonicus, P. triquetrus and P. verticalis have a moderate gill opening. The other ingroup taxa have a narrow gill opening (extending anteroventrally to below the posteriormost tip of the branchiostegal membrane). It appears that character state 1 evolved twice in this group, once for P. lineatus and once after the ancestor of P. aporos separated. CI = 0.50; RI = 0.89; RC = 0.44. (4). Number of circumorbital pores (terminology follows Rennis and Hoese, 1985): (0) - 3 circumorbital pores (no posterior nasal or anterior interorbital pores); (1) - 4 circumorbital pores (no posterior nasal pore); (2) - 5 circumorbital pores; (3) - no circumorbital pore. Ptereleotris hanae and P. microlepis have three circumorbital pores, Nemateleotris magnifica, Parioglossus interruptus, P. sinensis, and P. taeniatus have four circumorbital pores; P. raoi adults have none to four circumorbital pores (varies intraspecifically and apparently both ontogenetically and geographically; none in very small (ca. 11 mm SL), two pores only in some individuals, and not found elsewhere in the ingroup or outgroup - this state not coded; see Rennis and Hoese, 1985, Table 2 for details); P. aporos and P. nudus do not have any circumorbital pores. All other species of Parioglossus have five circumorbital pores. It seems that from optimization that P. aporos and P. nudus lost head pores independently. Character state 2 evolved only once for the ingroup, and is a potential synapomorphy for Parioglossus; character state 1 evolved once in the ancestor of P. interruptus and then reversed to state 2 for P. formosus. Head pores usually exhibit a constant pattern within a species, and are used as an important character to distinguish species in other gobioids (Miller, 1973). However, as shown above, in P. raoi the head pore pattern is highly variable. Individuals ascribed to this species exhibiting a variable number of pores have been taken in a single collection (consisting of 105 specimens). They are identical in all character states except the pattern of head pores (see also character 5), and they have therefore considered to be the same species (Rennis and Hoese, 1985). CI = 0.50; RI = 0.50; RC = 0.25. (5). Number of preopercular pores: (0) - 3 preopercular pores; (1) - 2 preopercular pores; (2) - no preopercular pores. All outgroup taxa have 3 preopercular pores, and since this state does not occur in the ingroup, polarization is a posteriori. Parioglossus formosus, P. interruptus, P. palustris, P. rainfordi and P. taeniatus have 2 preopercular pores; the character state for P. raoi is ambiguous as it may have no or 2 preopercular pores (see Rennis and Hoese, 1985, Table 2; coded as 2 based on any instance coding); other ingroup taxa have no preopercular pores. When optimized on the cladogram, it seems that character state 2 evolved twice in the ingroup taxa (once in the ancestor of the ingroup, another time in P. sinensis and P. raoi clad), with character state 1 evolved once after the ancestor of (P. nudus, P. philippinus) separated. Two or fewer preopercular pores is a potential character supporting the monophyly of Parioglossus. CI = 0.67; RI = 0.83; RC = 0.56. (6). Rostral cartilage ossification: (0) - rostral cartilaginous; (1) - rostral cartilage replaced, at least in part, by bone. Outgroup taxa and Parioglossus dotui, P. lineatus, P. marginalis, P. neocaledonicus, P. philippinus, P. sinensis and P. triquetrus possess a cartilaginous rostral. The character state for P. verticalis is unknown (based on the optimization, it probably has a cartilaginous rostral); other ingroup taxa have the rostral partially ossified. Character state 1 evolved once for the ingroup before the ancestor of P. galzini had separated, and reversed to a cartilaginous rostral in P. sinensis and P. philippinus independently. CI = 0.33; RI = 0.75; RC = 0.25. (7). Ventral postcleithrum: (0) - ventral postcleithrum present; (1) - ventral postcleithrum absent. A ventral postcleithrum is absent in P. dotui, P. lineatus, P. marginalis, P. neocaledonicus, P. nudus and P. triquestrus; the state for this character is unknown for P. galzini and P. verticalis. Based on the optimization, P. verticalis probably does not have a ventral postcleithrum (state 1) while the character state of P. galzini is difficult to ascertain (information was only available from radiographs). Character state 1 evolved twice independently in the ingroup: once in the ancestor of the unresolved clade Parioglossus triquetrus to P. dotui (Fig. 11) and once for the ancestor of P. nudus. CI = 0.50; RI = 0.80; RC = 0.40. (8). Surrounding anus in females: (0) - anal region pale; (1) - a dark ring around the anus. Parioglossus dotui, P. marginalis and P. neocaledonicus have a dark ring around the anus of females. It seems that character state 1 evolved once for the ingroup taxa and is a synapomorphy that supports the grouping of Parioglossus dotui and P. neocaledonicus in the consensus tree. The presence of the derived state of this character in P. marginalis suggests that it forms the sister group of these two species, as was found in three of the five equally most parsimonious trees, but this relationship collapsed into the polytomy in the consensus tree. Character state for P. verticalis is unknown. CI = 1; RI = 1; RC = 1 if one assumes that P. marginalis forms a clade with P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus. (9). Number of gill rakers on ceratobranchial 1 and epibranchial 1: (0) - the number of gill rakers more than 21; (1) - gill rakers range from 15 to 20; (2) - gill rakers range from 12 to 15 (15 gill rakers could be coded as 1 or 2, depending on those numbers of other specimens of the species). Outgroup taxa have more gill rakers than ingroup taxa, with more than 21 gill rakers (no species has 21 gill rakers); Parioglossus nudus and P. aporos have 12 - 15 gill rakers; other ingroup taxa have 15 - 20 gill rakers. Since the outgroup does not share any of the states found in the ingroup, evidence for phylogenetic reconstruction based on this character is a posteriori. Optimization of this character suggests that character state 2 may have evolved twice independently (in P. aporos and P. nudus). Character state 1 is optimized as a potential autapomorphy for Parioglossus. CI = 0.67; RI = 0.67; RC = 0.44. (10). Ossification of pelvis: (0) - bone; (1) - cartilage. Parioglossus dotui, P. interruptus, P. neocaledonicus, P. nudus, P. philippinus and P. sinensis have a cartilaginous pelvis (condition for P. verticalis is unknown). In all the outgroup taxa and the other ingroup taxa it is ossified. The condition here (and for characters 19 - 22) for P. galzini is inferred from the apparent density of these structures in the radiographs. Optimization of this character suggests that character state 1 evolved four times for the ingroup taxa: P. interruptus, P. sinensis, the ancestor of P. philippinus and P. nudus, and the ancestor of P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus. 0 = 0.25; RI = 0.40; RC = 0.10. (11). Shape of anterior nasal opening: (0) - short tube; (1) - simple pore. The anterior nasal opening of Parioglossus aporos, P. galzini, P. lineatus, P. nudus, P. philippinus, P. rainfordi, P. triquetrus, and P. verticalis is a simple pore whereas all outgroup taxa and the other ingroup taxa have a tubular anterior nasal opening. 0 = 0.50; RI = 0.86; RC = 0.43. (12). Shape of procurrent cartilage: (0) - cylindrical; (1) - more or less irregular in shape (Fig. 11). Nemateleotris magnifica, Ptereleotris hanae, Parioglossus aporos, P. nudus, P. philippinus and P. triquetrus have a cylindrical procurrent cartilage (condition for P. galzini and P. verticalis is unknown, based on the optimization, P. galzini probably has the character state 0). The remaining ingroup taxa and Ptereleotris microlepis have an irregular procurrent cartilage. Character state 1 evolved once in Ptereleotris microlepis and once for the P. rainfordi group. This state is also present in all the species represented in the unresolved basal polytomy except P. triquetrus and possibly P. verticalis (in which the state is equivocal). CI = 0.33; RI = 0.60; RC = 0.20. (13). Presence of lateral stripe: (0) - no lateral stripe; (1) - distinct lateral stripe present (Fig. 1). Parioglossus formosus, P. interruptus, P. lineatus, P. neocaledonicus, P. raoi, P. sinensis and P. taeniatus posses a distinct lateral stripe. The outgroup taxa and other ingroup taxa do not have such a stripe as adults, and only in a few species as juveniles. Character state 1 evolved three times independently among members of the ingroup: once for the ancestor of P. interruptus group; once for P. neocaledonicus (DELTRAN) and once for P. lineatus. CI = 0.33; RI = 0.67; RC = 0.22. (14). Presence of black spot or stripe on caudal fin: (0) - no black spot or stripe on the caudal fin; (1) - black stripe on caudal fin (Fig. 1); (2) - a black spot on caudal fin. The outgroup taxa and P. nudus lack a black spot on caudal fin; P. aporos, P. dotui, P. formosus, P. raoi, P. sinensis, P. taeniatus and P. verticalis have a black stripe on the caudal fin, while in other ingroup taxa a black spot is present. The condition for P. marginalis is coded as “ 1 ", although the stripe in females is broken up into a series of dark spots in a longitudinal row. Character state 1 evolved three times among the ingroup taxa: once each in P. verticalis, P. dotui (DELTRAN), P. aporos and the ancestor of the P. taeniatus group. Character state 2 evolved once among the ingroup taxa, however, based on the information currently available, it is hard to tell when character state 2 evolved, and further outgroups together with phylogenies for the other pterleotrine genera are needed to properly polarize the character states. CI = 0.33; RI = 0.60; RC = 0.20. (15). Elongation of spines of male first dorsal fin: (0) - dorsal fin elongate; (1) - no elongation (Fig. 1). Parioglossus dotui, P. neocaledonicus, P. nudus, P. verticalis and Ptereleotris hanae do not have the first dorsal fin elongated, while all other taxa have state 0. Character state 1 evolved three times in the ingroup taxa, in P. verticalis, in the ancestor of P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus, and in the ancestor of P. nudus. It evolved independently in Ptereleotris hanae. CI = 0.33; RI = 0.50; RC = 0.17. (16). Number of second dorsal-fin rays: (0) - more than 20; (1) - 15 - 19; (2) - 15 or fewer (15 rays could be coded as either 1 or 2, depending on the number in other specimens of the same species). All the outgroup taxa have more than 20 soft fin rays (see character 5 for comment regarding analysis). Parioglossus aporos, P. formosus and P. sinensis have character state 2; the character state for P. neocaledonicus, P. rainfordi, P. raoi and P. taeniatus is ambiguous (individual specimens may have character state 1 or 2), other taxa have character state 1. It is possible that character state 1 evolved once in this group and it is optimized as a potential synapomorphy for Parioglossus. Character state 2 evolved at least twice for this group: once in the ancestor of P. aporos, and once in the ancestor of P. taeniatus group or once for the ingroup taxa after P. taeniatus had separated. Character state 1 is also optimized as one of the potential synapomorphies for Parioglossus. CI = 0.67; RI = 0.75; RC = 0.50. (17). Number of anal-fin rays: (0) - over 20; (1) - 15 - 20; (2) - 15 or fewer. (15 rays could be coded as either 1 or 2, depending on the count from individual specimens of the same species). Outgroup taxa have more rays (more than 20 - see comment under character 5); P. aporos, P. formosus and P. sinensis have the fewest fin rays (state 2), while the character states for P. rainfordi and P. raoi are ambiguous (it could be either state 1 or 2). All other ingroup taxa have character state 1. Character state 1 evolved once in the ingroup and was optimized as the potential synapomorphy for the ingroup taxa. Correlation between the numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays should not be assumed to be true unless it has been tested, and the null hypothesis is that they are not correlated. CI = 0.67; RI = 0.75; RC = 0.50. (18). Dorsal fin pterygiophore formula: (0) - 3 (22110); (1) - 3 (32010). Only the species in Ptereleotris have pterygiophore formula of 3 (32010). It is a presumptive synapomorphy shared by members of Ptereleotris, and was used as such by Rennis and Hoese (1987) to defeine Ptereletris as monophyletic. CI = RI = RC = 1. (19). Ossification of pterygiophores of the first dorsal fin: (0) - pterygiophores ossified; (1) - pterygiophores cartilaginous. Parioglossus dotui, P. neocaledonicus and P. nudus have cartilaginous pterygiophores; all the outgroup taxa and other ingroup taxa have ossified pterygiophores (condition for P. verticalis is unknown). Character state 1 evolved twice for the ingroup taxa: once in the ancestor of P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus and once in P. nudus. CI = 0.50; RI = 0.5; RC = 0.25. (20). Ossification of pterygiophores of second dorsal fin: (0) - pterygiophores ossified; (1) - pterygiophores cartilaginous. All species except Parioglossus neocaledonicus and P. nudus have the pterygiophores of the second dorsal fin ossified. Character state 1 evolved independently in these two species. 0 = 0.50; RI = RC = 0. (21). Ossification of pterygiophores of the anal fin: (0) - pterygiophores ossified. (1) - pterygiophores cartilaginous. All species except P. neocaledonicus and P. nudus have the pterygiophores of anal fin ossified. Character state 1 evolved twice independently for these two species. CI = 0.50; RI = RC = 0. (22). Proximal radials of pectoral fin: (0) - ossified; (1) - cartilaginous. Parioglossus dotui, P. neocaledonicus and P. nudus have cartilaginous radials; character state for P. philippinus is ambiguous, it could be 0 or 1, based on any instance coding, it was assigned state 1; condition for P. verticalis is unknown. All outgroup taxa and other ingroup taxa have ossified proximal radials. Character state 1 evolved twice among the ingroup taxa: once in the ancestor of P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus, and once in the ancestor of P. philippinus and P. nudus. 0 = 0.50; RI = 0.67; RC = 0.33. (23). Elongation of anterodorsal process of preopercle (Fig. 3): (0) - does not reach symplectic; (1) - reaches the anteroventral process of symplectic. Three species have an elongated anterodorsal process of preopercle, i. e. Ptereleotris hanae, Parioglossus philippinus and P. rainfordi. Other ingroup and outgroup taxa share the plesiomorphic condition (condition for P. galzini and P. verticalis unknown, based on optimization, they probably have character state 0). Optimization suggests that the elongated process evolved twice for the ingroup and once independently for P. hanae. CI = 0.33; RI = RC = 0. (24). Branching of posterior anal-fin rays: (0) - about 10 rays branched; (1) - unbranched. Parioglossus aporos, P. interruptus, P. nudus, P. palustris and P. philippinus possess character state 1, while all outgroup taxa and the remaining ingroup taxa have character state zero. Optimization suggests that character state 1 evolved once for the ingroup taxa after the ancestor of P. galzini had separated with two reversals to character state 0, once in the ancestor of P. taeniatus group and once in the ancestor of P. rainfordi. CI = 0.33; RI = 0.50; RC = 0.17. Discussion Five most parsimonious trees were generated with a tree length of 74 steps with a CI = 0.4459; Retention Index (RI) = 0.6168; Rescaled Consistency Index (RC) = 0.2751. The results supported the monophyly of Parioglossus. The strict consensus tree of the five most equally parsimonious trees (Fig. 11) shows the following relationships: a monophyletic Parioglossus; a group containing P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus; and a large, fully resolved group of (P. galzini (P. aporos (P. nudus, P. philippinus,) (P. rainfordi (P. palustris (P. interruptus (P. taeniatus (P. formosus (P. raoi, P. sinensis )))))))). Ptereleotris microlepis and P. hanae are most closely related to each other among the outgroup taxa; however, their relationship with Nemateleotris magnifica and the genus Parioglossus was not resolved by this study. The monophyly of Parioglossus was supported by the following character states: 4 (2), 5 (2), 9 (1), 16 (1) and 17 (1). All these characters exhibited some degree of homoplasy. The Bremer support indices suggest that the cladogram for the ingroup is not a robust one. Nodal support showed that one conflicting step would collapse most nodes except the group of (P. nudus, P. philippinus), two more step will collapse all branches except for the monophyly of Parioglossus. There are several reasons for this. One is that it was not always easy to identify morphological characters that contained phylogenetic information, since “ gobioid fishes have undergone both morphological specialization and degeneration ” (Akihito et al., 2000: 14). Another line of argument is that the high levels of homoplasy may reflect inadequate character description. A better understanding of the ontogeny of the characters (and the their distribution throughout ontogenetic series) might clarify character interpretation, leading to better resolved / supported relationships, as pointed out to us by Gill (pers. comm.). Character optimization also suggests that subsequent character evolution and reversal occur commonly. The current study has a low Consistency Index, which suggests there is a lot of homoplasy present. Other possible reasons include such factors as the early evolution of species in geological time, which makes the tracing of their relationship very difficult (Murphy, per. comm.); or the clade may have speciated very rapidly within a short time frame, which would usually result in a polytomy. The study of Akihito et al. (2000) suggests that the gobioid fish may have evolved rapidly and relatively recently. The current study demonstrated that the osteology of Parioglossus is relatively conservative, except the caudal skeleton, and many putatively informative characters show homoplasy. This makes it more difficult to interpret relationships; other methods may have to be employed to satisfactorily solve the phylogeny of the genus. Despite these caveats, it should be noted that the monophyly of Parioglossus, the sister group status of P. dotui and P. neocaledonicus, and the fully resolved relationships of a monophyletic subgroup of 11 species were recovered in all five most equally parsimonious trees.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
B59BDA076F4AAF3A379515E8275D5DBC.taxon	materials_examined	USNM 260326, paratypes, 4 (10.5 - 15.1); 1 C & S (22). Tandjung Paprekama, Teluk Buton, Indonesia. 5 ° 24 ' 30 " S, 122 ° 37 ' 28 " E. 1 - 8 m. 25 Mar. 1974, Springer et al. AMS I. 24319001, paratype, 1 C & S (21), as above.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
8F8D6C5C1457D4EAA52BB6F151D1E9FD.taxon	materials_examined	OMNH-P 4381, 50 (17.8 - 28.2). Mouth of Urauchi River, right bank, under Urauchi Bridge, north-west of Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands. 2 Jan. 1991, Suzuki et al. OMNH-P 13849, 2 C & S (17.2 - 26.6). Data as above.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
65293AE2E5A09BF2590C9072FFACB92B.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 68849, 11 (9.6 - 25.2), 2 C & S (22 - 25) - ROM 1728 CS. 150 m south of turtle holding tank at Phuket Marine Biological Center, Cape Phanwa, Phuket; Andaman Sea; Malacca Strait; Thailand. 07 ° 48 ' 03 " N, 98 ° 24 ' 58 " E. 0 - 0 M. 9 Nov. 1993. Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
04D69A8D483A3808A51F73F438D79C65.taxon	materials_examined	USNM 375190, holotype, (23.5); USNM 3735191, paratypes, 2 (16.5 - 22.1) and MNHN 2003 - 2680, paratypes, 2 (20.7 - 24.7), radiographs only. Haurei Bay, Rapa, French Polynesia.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
099C8D708367D0A6D87431F1861768BD.taxon	materials_examined	USNM 261551, 9 (8.3 - 23.2), 3 C & S (16.4 - 21.4). On mainland in lee of Samei Island, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. USNM 261554 1, 13.9. Cape Ward Hunt, Papua New Guinea. USNM 261556, 3 (16.5 - 18.4). Batanta Island, Irian Jaya. OMNH - P 4314, 1 (10.0). Mouth of Ohmija River, north of Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, 29 Dec. 1990. Suzuki et al. OMNH - P 13849, 1 C & S (9.2). Data same as above.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
5B447B116491B0316525CDE4D6CD9E2C.taxon	materials_examined	CAS 52779, paratype. 1 C & S (31). Mangrove zone, ca. 3380 m SE of Ngarekeai village, Aracktaoch stream, Babelthuap I. Airai Munic, Palau, Indo-West Pacific, 0 - 0.91 m deep. 7 ° 2324 ” N, 134 ° 3117 ” E. 30 Oct. 1956. Sumang et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
636E25B5E849802C5B348F550BB5BB7D.taxon	materials_examined	AMS I. 25022 - 001, 2 C & S (26.55 - 30.22). Bobbin head, Cowan Creek, NSW, Australia. 33 ° 45 ' S, 151 ° 15 ' E. 1984. Bell.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
77B85CAF68451266B8646FE5A6A1BF3B.taxon	materials_examined	MNHN 1991 - 6860, 2 (13.1 - 13.4), 1 C & S (13.4). Northeast coast, Riviere Tite, Province Nord, New Caledonia. 23 Sept. 1991. Lamarque et al. MNHN 1992.17, 5 (15.8 - 26.0), 1 C & S (21.8). Riviere La Dumbea, southwest coast, Province Sud, New Caledonia. 30 Sept. 1991. Dingerkus et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
F8D7EBABCE5F37220D1C66631F3955A1.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 42576, paratypes 8 (10.1 - 18.7). 11.7 km northwest of Honiara, Guadalacanal Island, Solomon Islands. 09 ° 20 ' S, 159 ° 45 ' E. 18 - 22 m. 14 Mar 1983. Winterbottom et al. ROM 53193, 25 (10.5 - 19.8), 3 C & S (15.5 - 16) - ROM 1731 CS. North side of mouth Bais Bay near main channel; Tanon Strait; Negros Island; Negros Oriental; Philippines. 09 ° 36 ' 54 " N, 123 ° 11 ' 06 " E. 18.3 - 35.1 m deep. 19 May 1987. Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
A6B447004C92204DF6440ED35CB93388.taxon	materials_examined	AMS I. 23936002, 2 C & S (23.5 - 23.7). Darwin Island off east arm, boat ramp, NT Province. Australia. 12 ° 29 ' S, 130 ° 54 ' E. 0 - 2 m. 3 Aug. 1983. Rennis et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
A98E74FB19F8D1A8EC232F7FD4AE1E50.taxon	materials_examined	CAS 36941, 20 of 60 (15.3 - 22.2), 2 C & S (21.5 - 25.0). Prond Bay, at southwest corner of Goh Samed, Gulf of Thailand, Chumphon Prov., Thailand. 10 ° 24 ' 4 " N., 99 ° 17 ' 33 " E. 0 - 3 m, 17 May 1960. Fehlmann et al. CAS 36942, 20 of 68 (11.4 - 24.5), 2 C & S (22.5 - 24.5). Fringing coral reef on northwest side of Goh Maprao; Gulf of Thailand, Chumphon Prov., Thailand. 10 ° 23 ' 24 " N., 99 ° 17 ' 45 " E. 1 - 3.7 m, 18 May 1960. Fehlmann et al. CAS 36950, 20 of 158 (12.5 - 25.2), 2 C & S (25.3 - 39.1). West side of Goh Luem, ca. 3 miles southeast of Prachuap Khiri Khan town, fringing coral reef & rocky shoreline, Gulf of Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. 11 ° 45 ' 30 " N 99 ° 49 ' 52 " E. 0 - 4.6 m, 16 June 1961. Pairojana et al. AMS I. 24322001, 2 C & S (24.01 - 27.14). Data same as CAS 36950. NSMT-P 30652, 5 (20.2 - 22.8). 1 C & S (22.8). Ipponmatsu, Usa, Shikoku, Japan. 17 May 1988, Okamura.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
D42BDC7DC7577FE717AE95025674997D.taxon	materials_examined	ROM: 60872, 5 (21.8 - 38.6), 1 C & S (32.0) - ROM 1732 CS. Moorea; Society Islands; Pacific Ocean. 17 ° 28 ' 29 " S, 149 ° 49 ' 17 " W. 3.1 - 12.2 m. 12 Dec. 1989, Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
CB07058AA0BE88AD88B9C12970FEEA56.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 53202, 7 (10.3 - 27.6). 1 C & S (17) - ROM 1730 CS. Mangrove; Bais Bay, Tanon strait; Negros Island; Negros Oriental; Philippines. 09 ° 33 ' N, 123 ° 09 ' E. 0 - 1.5 m. 16, May, 1987. Winterbottom. AMS IA. 231, 9 (25.7 - 32.1), 2 C & S (26 - 33). Bowen, Qld, Australia, 20 ° 01 ' S, 148 ° 15 ' E. 1921, Rainford. AMS IA 6325 8 (22.6 - 30.0), 2 C & S (30.6 - 31.5). Lindeman Island, Qld, Australia. 20 ° 27 ' S, 149 ° 02 ' E. 1934, Ward. AMS I. 17541004, 1 C & S (23.8). Konedobu, Port Moresby, New Guinea. 9 ° 30 ' S, 147 ° 07 ' E. 0 - 1.0 m. 21, Aug. 1973. Allen et al. AMS I. 22849001, 1 C & S (33.1). Great Kepoel Island. Qld. 23 ° 10 ' S, 150 ° 57 ' E. 0 - 1.0 m. 2 May, 1982. Rennis.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
F7A261DF3E66AD388E9ACDDDEDD4A25E.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 53194, 105 (8.2 - 21.2) 5 C & S (16.5 - 21.0) - ROM 1657 CS. Mangrove; Bais Bay, Tanon strait; Negros Island; Negros Oriental; Philippines. 0 - 1.5 m. 09 ° 33 ' N, 123 ° 09 ' E. 16 May 1987, Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
2342B8613049BCDEA1D806DE0F974487.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 72243, 5 (21.5 - 27.7). 1 C & S (22.3) - ROM 1727 CS. Songao, Fenghua city, Zhejiang Prov., China. 29 ° 33 ' N, 121 ° 38 ' E. 5 Oct. 1993.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
1EEC4522C9DC152304F5A638951EBBCE.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 42979, 6 (17.0 - 24.0), 1 C & S (23.5) - ROM 1729 CS. Creek about 15 km west of Lami, Viti Levu; Fiji. 18 ° 09 ' 20 " S, 178 ° 15 ' 40 " E. 0 - 1 m. 21 Apr. 1983. Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
0AF46123DF5B4C868128E68DF19C0C3F.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 43042, paratypes. 6 (10.2 - 21.8), 1 C & S (18). ROM 1733 CS. Creek about 15 km west of Lami; Viti Levu; Fiji; 18 ° 09 ' 20 " S, 178 ° 15 ' 40 " E. 0 - 1 m. 21 Apr. 1983. Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
053C0A64F88D68C780CEE2C7BF090D23.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 71875, 11 (73.0 - 93.9) 1 C & S (73.0) - ROM 1659 CS. Gulf of Tongking, Haiphong, Vietnam. 20 ° 45 ' 30 " N, 107 ° 04 ' 25 " E. 2.7 - 6.7 m. 2 June 1997. Winterbottom et al.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
BDCDD10950613A27ADDA2F6B6EA09E3E.taxon	materials_examined	ROM 70497, 10 (32.2 - 67.2). 1 C & S (61) - ROM 1658 CS. Indian Ocean, Diego Garcia Atoll, lagoon reef about 1207 m southeast of east point village. Chagos Arch. 7 ° 21 ' 35 " S, 72 ° 28 ' 17 " E. 0 - 2.1 m. 23 June, 1967. Fehlmann.	en	Rui Wang, Richard Winterbottom (2006): Osteology and phylogeny of Parioglossus (Teleostei, Gobioidei), with a revised key to the species. Zootaxa 1131: 1-32, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D252083F-8C5B-4BBE-A926-338A96BD2D04
