taxonID	type	description	language	source
943E87C0FFEFFFB7FEC36C4CFC85F66C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Arachnoplecta architectonica n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB7FEC36C4CFC85F66C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Greek arachne: spider; and plecta: hunting net. Feminine gender.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB7FEC36C4CFC85F66C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Plagiacanthidae with initial spicule consisting of long and equally developed apical, dorsal, and primary lateral spines, and a shorter ventral spine, all of them originating in a short median bar. Apical, dorsal and primary lateral spines non-bladed but with four netlike structures radiating in two perpendicular planes. Each plane net-like structure supported at its base by a bar closely aligned to the spine representing one blade in a four-bladed spine. Ventral spine simple, with straight branches diverging also in four perpendicular directions.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB7FEC36C4CFC85F66C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Arachnoplecta n. gen. differs from all other plagiacanthids described so far by having four net-like structures around each spine in two perpendicular planes.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB7FF0B6DC2FDD6F128.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Plagiacantha Claparède, 1856.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB5FCDD6B17FE9FF14C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 54908, 54909, 54912, 54915; stub Mue 22 / 17; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74375 (Figs 7; 8). PARATYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2090.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB5FCDD6B17FE9FF14C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin architectonicus: architectonic, according to its architectural design.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB5FCDD6B17FE9FF14C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens of which only the holotype is complete, both from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of spines 270 - 280, thickness of spines 5, maximum thickness of spines including blade-forming bars 17, span 490.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB5FCDD6B17FE9FF14C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Tetrahedral skeleton as with genus, formed by the apical, dorsal, and primary lateral spines, and by a system of net-like planes. Apical, dorsal, and primary lateral spines equal in length. Apical spine straight, and dorsal and primary lateral spines slightly curved downwards. In the central part of skeleton all spines simple, cylindrical and slender. In the proximal part, at about the same distance from the median bar, apical, dorsal, and both primary lateral spines give rise to four bars aligned to the spines. These bars diverge slightly over a short distance to run strictly parallel in the median part of the spines. Finally they converge to form a pseudo four-bladed structure in the distal part. Each of the four blade-forming bars connected to spines by short bars arising slightly obliquely at subequal distances from the main spines. This results in longitudinal rows of tetrahedral meshes proximally and medially, and small circular to elliptical pores distally. On the middle portion of main spines these short bars radiate slightly obliquely from the central axis and continue beyond the blade-forming bars to form part of the net-like planes. From the nodes of the blade-forming bars arises also bars parallel with the edges of the tetrahedron extending between spines in the plane of the radiating bars. Both types of bars intersect forming rhomboidal to tetrahedral meshes in each plane of the four blades. Spatial position of net-like planes in the skeletal architecture depends on the type of spine; on A it is different from that on D, and the two L. On the apical spine two net-like blades are in the latero-dorsal part forming an angle of 45 ° with the dorsal part of the sagittal plane. These blades join one blade of spine D and one blade of each primary lateral spine in two symmetrical places, noted here ADr and ADl, forming a triple junction. The other two blades of the apical spine form angles of 45 ° with the sagittal plane, but in the ventral part. Proximally they are supported by two proximal branches of the apical spine, and meet branches of the ventral spine directed latero-apically. Dorsal spine and the two primary lateral spines develop two of their four-bladed structures in three planes corresponding to the three lateral faces of the pyramid these spines outline. These structures leave in the basal part of the skeleton a wide pyramidal space. In the apical direction the other two blades of the dorsal spine and one blade of each primary lateral spine join two blades of the apical spine in ADr and ADl, whereas the other blade of the two primary lateral spines join the ventral spine. Ventral spine simple, without blade-forming bars but with straight branches radiating approximately in four perpendicular directions.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEFFFB5FCDD6B17FE9FF14C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The planiform net-like structures of this species resemble those of the Tertiary or Quaternary species Plectaniscus cortiniscus Haeckel, 1887, but the planiform structures of the latter are simpler, forming six diagonal planes at 120 ° between each pair of spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB5FF066C71FE2DF1DD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Tetrarchiplagia arborescens Dumitrica, 1982; original designation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB3FECB6CC3FD28F639.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58432; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74376 (Fig. 9 A).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB3FECB6CC3FD28F639.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin ramosus: branched.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB3FECB6CC3FD28F639.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of apical spine 140 - 235 (av. 195), of dorsal spine 190 - 245 (av. 225), of primary lateral spines 160 - 245 (av. 210), of ventral spine 20 - 75 (av. 50), of median bar 4 - 6; distance of first verticil from MB on D and L 30 - 50 (av. 40), on A 55 - 80 (av. 65).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB3FECB6CC3FD28F639.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Spicule with apical, dorsal, ventral, and both primary lateral spines originating in a very short median bar. A, D, and L stout, long, subequal, with a number of verticils oriented at about right angles to the spines, and generally decreasing in length to the distal part of the spines. Ventral spine small, thin, directed obliquely upward, distally slightly curved downwards when longer. Apical spine straight with three verticils of which the first has generally five branches, the second three, rarely more, and the third two or three. Branches of first and second verticils with one or two verticils of spinules. Dorsal and primary lateral spines equal, longer than A, and curved downward. They bear four verticils of which the first has generally three branches, the second two or three, and the third and fourth two branches. Branches of first verticil, rarely of the second, bear spinules. Except V all spines increase slowly in diametre to the last verticil, then taper distally.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEDFFB3FECB6CC3FD28F639.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Tetrarchiplagia ramosa n. sp. resembles somehow the Triassic species T. verticillata Dumitrica, 1982 and T. abietinoides Dumitrica, 1982 by having verticils of three or four branches, but differs from both by the number of verticils, size of branches, presence of spinules on some branches, etc. Together with the following species, this is the first Jurassic species of the family Plagiacanthidae so far described bridging the preexisting long gap between the Middle Triassic and the Paleogene. It is noteworthy, however, that they are not the only species of the family occurring in the Jurassic. Work in progress of the senior author proves that, although much sparser than in the Middle Triassic, at least three more species occur in the Lower and Middle Jurassic. D	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FF256A35FB11F52C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2089 (Fig. 10).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FF256A35FB11F52C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From its occurrence in the Tithonian. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of D and L 190 - 200, of spinules 90 - 100, of V 40.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FF256A35FB11F52C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Spicule with a thin, relatively short ventral spine and with A, D and L massive, arranged according to the diagonals of a tetrahedron. Apical spine broken off in both specimens available but, by comparison with other species having D and L with the same type of branching, it might be straight and have a verticil of three spinules. Median bar very short. Spines D and L equal, slightly curved downward, gently tapered distally, and provided with two long spinules in a Vshaped position. Secondary lateral spines missing.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FF256A35FB11F52C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Although the species is only represented by two incomplete specimens, it is well distinguished from the other Mesozoic species of Tetrarchiplagia so far described (Dumitrica 1982 a). Family SETHOPERIDAE Haeckel, 1881,	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FC8B6B22FB2EF2ED.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Turriseiffelus invalidus n. gen., n. sp. ETYMOLOGY. — From its resemblance with the Eiffel Tower in Paris. KNOWN RANGE. — Bajocian to early Tithonian.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FC8B6B22FB2EF2ED.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Mono- and dicyrtid nassellarians with a hemispherical cephalis including an initial skeleton consisting of median bar, apical, dorsal, ventral, and primary lateral spines, and the arches AL, AD, LD and LV (or LL), the last two forming four collar pores. Ventral spine short. Dorsal spine short in most cases. Primary lateral spines, exceptionally dorsal spine, extended outside cephalis into three-bladed feet. Apical spine extended into a three-bladed horn. Blades of both apical horn and feet perforated, bearing one or more longitudinal rows of rounded rectangular meshes. Cephalic and thoracic wall, when present, reticulate, formed of crossing bars.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFEBFFB3FC8B6B22FB2EF2ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE8FFB1FF226C60FDB7F76C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58105; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74377 (Fig. 11 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin invalidissimus: the most invalid, the most infirm, since by comparison to Turriseiffelus invalidus n. gen., n. sp. it is lacking the fragile apical horn in most specimens. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 11 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length without apical horn 120 - 175 (av. 155), of cephalis 50 - 70 (av. 60), of feet 80 - 120 (av. 105), of apical horn 27 - 60 (av. 42), total width 110 - 170 (av. 140), width of cephalis 70 - 85 (av. 75).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE8FFB1FF226C60FDB7F76C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test composed of a hemispherical cephalis and two feet. Initial skeleton with arches AL, AD, DL, and LV. Apical spine prolonged externally into a three-bladed horn with one, exceptionally two, rows of tetragonal meshes. Ventral spine, at least in one specimen, with a verticil of four branches at the level of the cephalic wall of which two form the arches LV and two tend to connect the arches AL. Cephalis with large meshes closed by small bars arranged in rosettes. Central rod of the feet straight, accompanied by three slightly curved bars. Bars and central rod connected by lateral branches of the rods, partly continuous beyond the bars to form a pectinate structure. Distally the bars around the central rod of each foot tend to come closer to the rod and finally join it forming size-decreasing meshes. Thoracic skirt composed of a coarse net-like or rosette-like meshwork.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE8FFB1FF226C60FDB7F76C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The species is compared to T. invalidus n. gen., n. sp., see under the latter species.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFB1FEC86A62FC51F0ED.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 57101; stub Mue 22 / 19; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74378 (Fig. 12 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin invalidus: invalid, infirm, since by comparison to Eiffel Tower this species has only two feet. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 520 - 535, length of apical horn 210 - 230 (av. 220), of cephalis 65 - 95 (av. 85), of feet 240 - 320 (av. 275), total width 230 - 345, width of cephalis 85 - 117 (av. 100).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFB1FEC86A62FC51F0ED.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test composed of a bell-shaped cephalis, an apical horn, and two feet diverging at about 60 °. Proximal part of the feet connected by a skirt forming a conical thorax. Initial skeleton as described for the genus but with an arch between the primary lateral spines instead of arches between the ventral spine and the primary lateral spines. In basal view this arch forms a trapezoidal outline with the primary lateral spines. Arch not connect- ed to the ventral spine which has an upper position and which bears some branches before merging in the cephalic wall. Apical horn and feet three-bladed. Blades formed by three bars regularly aligned and connected to a central rod which represents extension of the apical and primary lateral spines respectively, leaving regular rectangular pores. Two blades of the apical horn connected to the outer blades of the feet and to the arches AL. The inner blades of the feet are connected to the slightly curved thoracic skirt. Usually well preserved blades of apical horn and external blades of feet with two ranges of thorns. Apart from the connection zone to feet, thoracic skirt formed by a dense meshwork of small bars, mostly resulting in rosette-like structures. Part of cephalic and thoracic wall usually double-layered, both layers with rosette-like structures. Distalmost parts of feet splitted off to thorn-like projections, as the three bars aligned to the central rod diverge.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFB1FEC86A62FC51F0ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Turriseiffelus invalidus n. gen., n. sp. differs from Turriseiffelus invalidissimus n. gen., n. sp. mainly by the presence of only one row of pores along apical horn and feet. It differs from both T. invalidissimus n. gen., n. sp. and T. yaoi n. gen., n. sp. by the practical absence of arches VL, presence of an arch LL, and by a bunch of spines at the distal end of feet. Minor differences concern the presence of a dense, thin-layered cephalic wall in T. invalidus n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFAFFC9B6D97FC90F7F9.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2091 (Fig. 13).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFAFFC9B6D97FC90F7F9.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is dedicated to Prof. Akira Yao (Osaka City University, Japan) who provided a residue from his famous IN 7 sample in which the species was found.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFAFFC9B6D97FC90F7F9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Right side of the Kiso river, east of Unuma, Kagamihara City, Gifu Prefecture, inner zone of Southwest Japan (35 ° 24 ’ 1 ’’ N, 136 ° 57 ’ 41 ’’ E) (Ichikawa & Yao 1976). TYPE HORIZON. — Sample IN 7, manganese-carbonate nodule embedded in red siliceous mudstone which grades upsection into grey siliceous mudstone. OCCURRENCE. — Unuma echinatus Assemblage-zone (Yao et al. 1980), Unitary Association Zone 3 dated as early-middle Bajocian (Yao & Baumgartner 1995). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from the type horizon. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length of skeleton 320, length of apical horn 135, of cephalis 60, of feet 125 - 135.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFAFFC9B6D97FC90F7F9.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test composed of a bell-shaped cephalis, a long apical horn and two feet. Initial skeleton with MB, a long, thick apical spine and primary lateral spines, short dorsal and ventral spines, and arches AL, AD, LD, and LV. Cephalic wall thin, reticulate, consisting of intercrossing bars forming triangular or quadrangular meshes of variable size. Apical spine extended into a long horn, and primary lateral spines into long feet, all of them three-bladed. Blades with a longitudinal row of rounded quadrangular pores. One blade of apical horn aligned with arch AD, the other two with arches AL and the external blade of the feet. One of the lateral blades of feet aligned with arch LD, the other with arch LV. Feet straight, diverging from one another at an angle of about 40 °. Thorax incomplete, short, similar to the cephalis in structure, and represented by only its proximal part formed by a short downward prolongation of the wall of the cephalis and extended between the latter and the lateral blades of the feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFE9FFAFFC9B6D97FC90F7F9.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Turriseiffelus yaoi n. gen., n. sp. resembles T. invalidus n. gen., n. sp. from which it differs by the presence of arches LV instead of arches LL, and by missing the distal bunch of spines of the feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF7FFAFFCD86C6EFB9AF1D9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Poulpus De Wever in De Wever, Sanfilippo, Riedel & Gruber, 1979.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF7FFACFCE16CC6FEEEF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Saitoum pagei Pessagno, 1977; original designation. KNOWN RANGE. — Jurassic-Cretaceous.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF7FFACFCE16CC6FEEEF2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS For many monocyrtid lower Tithonian species from the material we studied in the present paper it is difficult to establish whether they belong to the genus Poulpus or to the genus Saitoum. Some of them have the arches Al rather well marked on the surface and sometimes the arch AV is weakly sketched. In other species of comparable morphology, especially when the cephalic wall is thick, these arches are not visible. As De Wever (in De Wever et al. 1979) remarked, the members of the genus Poulpus are superficially similar to Saitoum pagei, the type species of the genus Saitoum, the only difference is that the genus Poulpus has the three arches Al and AV marked as depressions on the surface of the cephalis, whereas Saitoum has no arches. In order to better understand the differences between the two genera we also examined some specimens of S. pagei from our material and found that this species has also the three arches Al and AV. They are very weak on some segments as compared to those of Poulpus and are marked externally by three longitudinal constrictions so that the cephalis of S. pagei is three-lobate in apical view. Takemura (1986) showed also a well marked arch AV in Saitoum levium De Wever, 1981. Therefore Poulpus could be considered a junior synonym of Saitoum. In order to preserve it we think that a better distinction between the two genera could be the presence or absence of the apical horn: the genus Poulpus could be characterized by the absence of the apical horn and Saitoum by its presence. In all the three Triassic species initially assigned to Poulpus, the type species included, the apical horn is absent. Other Triassic species assigned to this genus are also characterized by the absence of the apical horn, or when it is present it looks like a very short thorn. Saitoum, on the contrary, has always a rather well developed apical horn. A character common to both genera is also the absence of verticils of spines on feet. Saitoum was described without a distal velum. Our well preserved material proves that a velum is almost always present, its absence being due to poor preservation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFACFC8D6980FB1CF08C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58130, 58131; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74379 (Fig. 14 A, B).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFACFC8D6980FB1CF08C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin ambiguus: ambiguous.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFACFC8D6980FB1CF08C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 45 - 65 (av. 55), of feet 35 - 50 (av. 45), of apical horn 35, of ventral or secondary lateral spines 12 - 14, width of cephalis 55 - 75 (av. 65).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFACFC8D6980FB1CF08C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis very small, globular. Initial skeleton with well marked arches AV and AL. Apical horn long, three-bladed. Wall of cephalis thin, rather smooth, with rounded pores of very variable size. Ventral spine and secondary lateral spines of the initial spicule prolonged outside cephalic wall into short, three-bladed spines. Axobate short but present. Feet curved, threebladed, strongly diverging. Due to the arches of the initial skeleton the spines V and l have one blade upward directed, and the feet one blade downward directed.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFACFC8D6980FB1CF08C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The systematic position of this species is uncertain. Morphologically it resembles the species of Saitoum but has the secondary lateral spines extended outside which is a character of the genus Takoum. However, Takoum has no arch AV.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFADFCE56C00FE15F6AC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 13741, 13742; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74378 (Fig. 14 E, F).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFADFCE56C00FE15F6AC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin bi: two; and corniculatum: having small horns.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFADFCE56C00FE15F6AC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 55 - 58, of feet 95 - 105, of apical horn 30 - 37, of ventral spine 20 - 30, width of cephalis 70.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFADFCE56C00FE15F6AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis very small, low, trapezoidal in lateral view, with long apical horn and ventral spine, and three long curved feet. Apical horn straight, three-bladed, strongly eccentric and inclined dorsally. Ventral spine well developed but shorter than the apical. Cephalic wall with small pores of variable size and irregular arrangement; usually size of pores decreases apically. Feet long, strongly divergent and curved inwardly. Lower border of cephalis simple.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF4FFADFCE56C00FE15F6AC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Morphologically, this new species is very close to S. pagei from which it differs by having a well developed ventral spine, a low cephalis, and pores without protruding rims.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFEEF6A20FB17F5EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58491; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74381 (Fig. 14 H). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin curtus: short; and pes: foot. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 70 - 78 (av. 73), of feet 30 - 45 (av. 35), of apical horn 31 - 37 (av. 35), width of cephalis 75 - 95 (av. 80).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFEEF6A20FB17F5EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis very small, subspherical, with very slen- der apical horn and feet. Cephalic wall with sparse circular or elliptical pores, each pore with a protruding rim. Ditreme present. Apical horn, slender, needle-like, three-bladed proximally, half as long as diametre of cephalis. Feet slender, strongly divergent and curved downwards. They are practically bladeless but some specimens show very low blades or a triangular cross section proximally. Lower border of cephalis with a thin rim. Axobate short.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFEEF6A20FB17F5EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS S. curtipes n. sp. resembles S. labeosum n. sp. in having a subglobular cephalis with the same system of pores with protruding rims, but differs from this species by being less robust, by having apical horn and feet slender and the latter strongly divergent and curved. It is morphologically closed to S. reticulatum n. sp. from which it differs by having shorter and slender feet and rims of pores not connected to form a reticulum.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFCF568E0FC58F1CD.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58450; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74382 (Fig. 14 K). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin delicatus: fine. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 40 - 50 (av. 45), of feet 35 - 45 (av. 40), of apical horn 34 - 41 (av. 53), width of cephalis 45 - 60 (av. 55).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFCF568E0FC58F1CD.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis very small, globular with slender, cylindrical apical horn and feet. Initial skeleton with arch AV well marked by a constriction. Arches Al less marked. Cephalic wall thick with rounded pores of various size. Thin-walled specimens with larger pores, thick-walled specimens with small pores due to a superimposed deposition of silica. Apical horn straight, long, gently tapering. Feet straight, long, strongly divergent. Ventral spine very short, three-bladed, pyramidal. Thick-walled specimens with remains of a very delicate velum.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFADFCF568E0FC58F1CD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The species is questionably assigned to Saitoum because of the constriction along the arch AV. Although it has cylindrical apical horn and feet S. (?) delicatum n. sp. does not seem to be closely related to S. curtipes n. sp., S. elegans De Wever, 1981, or S. labeosum n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFABFC856CF4FE89F70C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58465, 58466; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74382 (Fig. 15 A, B). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin differtus: full. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN MM). — Length of cephalis 50 - 60, of feet 30 - 35, of horn 25 - 30, width of cephalis 60 - 65.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFABFC856CF4FE89F70C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, thick-walled with very small pores and surface covered by a pustulate layer. Apical horn stout, about as long as half the width of the cephalis, three-bladed, pointed, with thick blades. Ventral spine extremely short. Arch AV probably present, not visible from outside. Feet strongly divergent, stout, pointed, slightly curved. They are approximately as long as the apical horn, three-bladed, with thick blades and narrow grooves. Velum short, only partly preserved.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF5FFABFC856CF4FE89F70C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Saitoum differtus n. sp. differs from the other species of the genus by short, stout, and strongly divergent feet, and the cephalic wall covered by a pustulate layer.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFABFEC46A80FCECF0EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 38490, 38491; stub Hob 32; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74384 (Fig. 15 D, N). ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named for Dr. Klaus- Peter Winter, Geological and Palaeontological Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. TYPE LOCALITY. — Horstberg, northern quarry, about 1 km NNE of Mühlheim, 2.5 km S of Solnhofen. TYPE HORIZON. — Sample Hob 32, 40 cm limestone bed, about 1.5 m below limestones with well preserved ammonites. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Of the 15 photographed specimens a single specimen comes from the rich material of sample Mue 22, where the species is extremely rare. All the other specimens were found in the samples Mue 9, SB 3, Hob 32, and Hob 52. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 67 - 78 (av. 73), of feet 55 - 72 (av. 63), of apical horn 40 - 60 (av. 50), width of cephalis 74 - 80 (av. 76).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFABFEC46A80FCECF0EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, robust, thick-walled, generally poreless except for a few very small pores scattered here and there, three pores at the base of the apical horn, one above each foot, and the pores of the ditreme. Ditreme around the ventral and secondary lateral spines, the former with a much more protruding rim than the latter. Surface densely pustulate. Apical horn long, conical, sometimes with thickened base. Feet slightly longer than apical horn, oval or elliptical in cross section, slightly curved and weakly divergent. Their distal ends pointed, usually with a weak keel on the external side. Distal part of cephalis slightly constricted, bearing a very thick, expanded but short lobe between feet. Elements of initial spicule very robust, flattened laterally. Velum very thin and very rarely preserved.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFABFEC46A80FCECF0EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFA9FC9A6DE0FF46F16C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 23086; stub Mue 9; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74385 (Fig. 15 F).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFA9FC9A6DE0FF46F16C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin labeosus: thick-lipped. TYPE LOCALITY. — From the same section as Mue 22. TYPE HORIZON. — Sample Mue 9, from the central part of a 20 cm thick limestone bed, non-silicified apart from small silicified lenses, 50 cm above a conspiceous silicified limestone bed with well preserved ammonites.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFA9FC9A6DE0FF46F16C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 specimens of which six from sample Mue 9, two from Mue 6, three from Mue 22, one from sample SB 3, one from sample Hob 11, and three from sample Hob 32. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 75 - 95 (av. 80), of feet 65 - 85 (av. 75), of apical horn 30 - 60 (av. 40), width of cephalis 80 - 95 (av. 85).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFA9FC9A6DE0FF46F16C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, thick-walled, with pores surrounded by thick protruding rims. Collar border between dorsal and primary lateral feet thick, protruding. Initial spicule robust with MB strongly swollen basally, but with A thin inside the cephalic cavity. Apical horn long, generally thin, three-bladed, with thick blades and very narrow grooves. Distal end of ventral spine surrounded by a wide ditrema with protruding rim placed above the thickened cephalic border. Feet usually as long as the diametre of cephalis or shorter, downward directed or slightly divergent and slightly curved. They are massive or rounded triangular in cross section proximally and medially, and sensibly three-bladed distally, with one external and two internal blades. When well preserved, cephalis continues distally in a very delicate velum. In very few specimens where the velum is well preserved it is closed distally.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF3FFA9FC9A6DE0FF46F16C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS By the shape of cephalis and length and curvature of feet Saitoum labeosum n. sp. may be compared with S. dercourti Widz & De Wever, 1993 from which it differs by having pores with thick protruding rims, a different collar border, and massive feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FEC46C60FB03F72C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60023, 60024; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74386 (Fig. 15 J, M).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FEC46C60FB03F72C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin macilentus: thin. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nine illustrated specimens, all from the type horizon (sample Mue 22).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FEC46C60FB03F72C.taxon	description	DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 40 - 60 (av. 50), of feet 40 - 65 (av. 55), of apical horn 34 - 42 (av. 36), width of cephalis 45 - 70 (av. 60). DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular to hemispherical, smoothsurfaced, with pores of variable size and arrangement. Apical horn long, three-bladed, blades thin, gently pointed distally. Arches Al and AV well marked. Ventral spine very short, three-bladed. Feet long, three-bladed, strongly diverging and curved, tapering distally. No velum or remains of a velum visible in the specimens available.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FEC46C60FB03F72C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Saitoum macilentum n. sp. may be compared to the Middle Jurassic Poulpus sp. of Takemura (1986) in having rather large pores and diverging, curved feet. Among the specimens assigned to this species some are different in the degree of divergence of feet or the thickness of cephalic wall.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FCFA6AA0FB52F1C4.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five specimens from sample Mue 22. OCCURRENCE. — Late Bajocian to early Tithonian according to Baumgartner et al. (1995). Worldwide.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA9FCFA6AA0FB52F1C4.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The specimens from sample Mue 22 are complete, preserving the apical horn and a velum-like structure descending from the distal rim of the cephalis.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA7FC896CC0FDE4F054.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 13753; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74387 (Fig. 16 C).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA7FC896CC0FDE4F054.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin reticulatus: reticulate. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone to basal Berriasian (Matsuoka 1998).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA7FC896CC0FDE4F054.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 11 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22), one specimen from sample Mue 6, three specimens from sample Mue 9. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 60 - 70 (av. 65), of feet 75 - 90 (av. 80), of apical horn 40 - 60 (av. 50), width of cephalis 70 - 80 (av. 75).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA7FC896CC0FDE4F054.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, short, with small pores surrounded by thin protruding rims. Most rims interconnected by ridges forming a reticulum on the surface of cephalis. Base of cephalis without thick border. Apical horn long, tapered, threebladed, with blades thin, separated by deep groves. Feet divergent, curved, gently tapered distally, and three-bladed, the odd blade internal. External blades separated by large, rounded grooves as prolongations of a wide cephalic pore. Remains of a very thin velum preserved in some specimens.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF1FFA7FC896CC0FDE4F054.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Saitoum reticulatum n. sp. resembles S. pagei in general shape of cephalis and superficial ornamentation, but differs essentially from it in having much shorter and less curved feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FC426D20FBFBF12F.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from sample Mue 22.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FC426D20FBFBF12F.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species has short, three-bladed, strongly pointed apical horn and feet. Cephalic wall with small spines and irregular surface. Feet are very divergent, slightly recurved distally.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FEC46CC0FB2EF78C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60015 - 60017; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74388 (Fig. 16 F-H).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FEC46CC0FB2EF78C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin virgula: thin rod; and spina: spine.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FEC46CC0FB2EF78C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 65, of apical horn 40, width of cephalis 70.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FEC46CC0FB2EF78C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, thin-walled, smooth-surfaced, with circular or subcircular pores of various size; some pores rather wide, others very small. All pores with slightly protruding rim. Apical horn long, slender, needle-like with circular cross section. Axobate present, short. Arches Al and AV rather well marked. Ditreme present on both sides of ventral and secondary lateral spines. Feet moderately long, straight, strongly divergent, three-bladed, and pointed.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA7FEC46CC0FB2EF78C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Although we have only a single specimen of this species it is very different from the other species so far described to be considered a new species. Its cephalis with rather wide pores with protruding rims and straight divergent feet makes it close to Poulpus oculatus De Wever, 1982, but this species has a long three-bladed apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA4FC9F6CA2FD81F76C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Saitulpus retrospina n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA4FC9F6CA2FD81F76C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name is formed from part of Saitoum and part of Poulpus, because this new genus combines characters of the two genera.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA4FC9F6CA2FD81F76C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Test monocyrtid with a globular cephalis, a well developed apical horn and feet, all bearing usually one or more verticils of spines. Initial cephalic skeleton with arches AV and Al forming longitudinal constrictions, and arches VL, Ll, and lD forming the base of cephalis. Without well marked ditreme.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFFFFA4FC9F6CA2FD81F76C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FECE6A62FBF0F548.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60056; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74389 (Fig. 16 K). ETYMOLOGY. — From its occurrence in the Upper Jurassic. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 45, of feet 45 - 50, of apical horn 50, of spines on feet 8 - 14, width of cephalis 40 - 60.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FECE6A62FBF0F548.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis highly globular, raised dorsally toward the apical horn. Apical horn long, three-bladed, with a distal verticil of three short spines, and an axial pointed spine. Arch AV probably present. Ventral spine very short, three-bladed, pyramidal. Pores polygonal, irregular in size and arrangement, separated by narrow intervening bars. Feet strongly divergent, three-bladed, slightly torsioned in clockwise direction and bearing a distal verticil of short spines directed obliquely. Beyond the verticil feet terminate in a pointed axial spine which is slightly three-bladed.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FECE6A62FBF0F548.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The morphology of this species is rather similar to that of some Middle Triassic species of the genus Baratuna (Dumitrica 1991).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FC8C6842FBA6F1CC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60092; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74390 (Fig. 17 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin retro: back; and spina: spine. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Seven specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 36 - 41 (av. 38), of feet 30 - 55 (av. 40), of apical horn 32 - 46 (av. 36), of spines on feet 16 - 32 (av. 21), width of cephalis 46 - 51 (av. 48).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FC8C6842FBA6F1CC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis very small, globular, thin-walled, with pores of various size, arrangement, and shape, most of them rounded polygonal. Apical horn and feet three-bladed, usually slightly torsioned, with a verticil of three secondary spines. Spines long, recurved, with denticles or very small thorns on the external, convex side. Beyond the verticil distal ends of apical horn and feet point- ed, shorter than the proximal portion between cephalis and verticil. Arches Al marked by a weak constriction. Ventral spine very short outside cephalic wall, inclined about 45 ° above the horizontal plane of shell. Arch AV not well marked.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFCFFA4FC8C6842FBA6F1CC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The species is very well distinguished from the other species of the genus by the long, recurved spines on feet and apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FCCF6802FB7DF64D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudopoulpus yamatoensis Takemura, 1986; original designation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FCCF6802FB7DF64D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS As noted by Dumitrica (1991), by its morphology, the Jurassic genus Pseudopoulpus seems to be a junior synonym of the Middle Triassic genus Baratuna.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FEEA6B42FE85F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58454, 58455; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74391 (Fig. 17 F, G).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FEEA6B42FE85F2EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin spina: spine; and pes: foot.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FEEA6B42FE85F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 40, of feet 65, of apical horn 50, width of cephalis 60.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FEEA6B42FE85F2EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis hemispheric with wide, rounded polygonal (triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal) pores. Arches Al well marked forming constrictions along cephalis. Apical horn about as long as cephalis, three-bladed, with a verticil of three spines toward the distal end. Distal end of horn beyond the verticil short, three-bladed, pointed. Ventral and secondary lateral spines not prolonged outside wall. Feet long, three-bladed; lateral blades with two pairs of spines, inner blade without spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FEEA6B42FE85F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Although the description of the species is only based on holotype, because of its rarity, the species is very well individualised. It differs from S. neojurassicus n. gen., n. sp. and S. retrospina n. gen., n. sp. especially by having feet with two pairs of spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA5FD226982FB12F49C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Tripedurnula Dumitrica, 1991.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA2FCD26B42FD16F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 33758, 33760; stub Mue 22 / 8; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74392 (Fig. 18 A, B). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin crassus: thick; and spinosus: spiny. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 10 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 135 - 240 (av. 190), length of apical horn 35 - 90 (av. 60), of cephalis 75 - 120 (av. 95), of feet 55 - 90 (av. 75), of secondary horns 35 - 60 (av. 45); total width 120 - 200 (av. 155), width of cephalis 85 - 115 (av. 100).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA2FCD26B42FD16F2EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular with a distinctly visible dorsal lobe and with the ventral part inflate. Apical part of the cephalis with a stout apical horn and two or three stout secondary horns which are directed obliquely, shorter than the apical horn. Secondary horns generally aligned with primary lateral spines and, when three, also with the ventral spine. Feet short, straight or slightly curved outward, rapidly tapering. All feet and horns three-bladed, with additional long grooves on the blades. Ventral spine short, needle-shaped or pyramidal, well above the cephalic base. MB, D, V, and L with small spongy appendages, MB sometimes even completely wrapped up in a spongy tissue. Cephalic base slightly constricted, bordered by the collar ring formed of the arches Dl, Ll, and VL, exceptionally completely closed by a spongy tissue. Pores of cephalis pentagonally or hexagonally framed, with nodes at vertices giving the surface a knobby aspect.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFDFFA2FCD26B42FD16F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The main differences between Pseudopoulpus crassispinosus n. sp. and the species described by Takemura (1986) are the same as for P. tenuihirsutus n. sp. P. crassispinosus n. sp. differs from P. tenuihirsutus n. sp. mainly by having three completely three-bladed horns on the apical part and robust feet with additional grooves developed on blades.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFAFFA2FD356C02FB0BF2ED.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from sample Mue 22. OCCURRENCE. — The species was described from the early Tithonian, Zone 4, subzone 4 beta of Pessagno et al. (1987, 1993) and Pessagno & Hull (1996) of Antarctic Peninsula (Kiessling 1999). In the early Tithonian at Mühlheim (sample Mue 22) the species is extremely rare but perfectly similar to the Antarctic type specimens.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA3FF2C6982FB9BF50C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 31417; stub Mue 22 / 4; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74424 (Fig. 18 G). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin tenuis: thin; and hirsutus: bristly. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Six specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 280 - 320 (av. 295), length of apical horn 25 - 105 (av. 60), of feet 95 - 165 (av. 135), of secondary horns 35 - 85 (av. 55), of cephalis 110 - 135 (av. 125); total width 235 - 285 (av. 255), width of cephalis 125 - 150 (av. 140).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA3FF2C6982FB9BF50C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Well rounded globular cephalis with three straight diverging feet and three or more secondary horns on the apical part. Apical horn and secondary horns long and thin, three-bladed at the base, rounded in cross-section, and curved in the median and distal parts. Ventral spine short, thin, and close to the base of cephalis. Cephalic base constricted, strengthened by an ovate basal ring formed of the arches VL, Ll, and Dl. Arches Al strongly pronounced on the inner side, connecting A and l below the apical part of the cephalis. Externally they are marked by a slight constriction and by a row of pores at the boundary with the slightly protruding dorsal lobe. Inside cephalic cavity D, V, and especially L bear small branched, spongy appendages which sometimes are so robust that they curve the bars. Feet slightly constricted at their bases, with maximum width in the median part. Grooves of feet narrow and deep; at the most proximal part additional shallow grooves may develop. Cephalic wall with irregularly arranged pores. Pores hexagonally or pentagonally framed, with small nodes at vertices which very rarely give rise to small thorns. Smaller pores especially in the centre of the dorsal lobe.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA3FF2C6982FB9BF50C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pseudopoulpus tenuihirsutus n. sp. differs from the two species described by Takemura (1986) by having secondary horns on the apical part of the cephalis and a less inflated ventral part. From P. crassispinosus n. sp. it differs by the morphology of feet, apical horn and secondary spines. Whereas P. tenuihirsutus n. sp. gives a rather fragile impression, P. crassispinosus n. sp. is much more compact. Moreover, the dorsal lobe is more pronounced in the latter species.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA3FCE96882FC60F66F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Takoum hexagonum Takemura, 1986; original designation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA1FC836B62FED6F54C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58132 - 58134; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74393 (Fig. 19 A-C).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA1FC836B62FED6F54C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named for Dr. Atsushi Takemura, to honour his contribution to the knowledge of the initial structures of many Jurassic nassellarians.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA1FC836B62FED6F54C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 15 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of cephalis 42 - 51 (av. 48), of apical horn 26 - 32 (av. 29), of dorsal spine 33 - 60, of primary lateral spines 35 - 95 (av. 60), of secondary lateral spines 35 - 47 (av. 39), width of cephalis 52 - 65 (av. 59).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA1FC836B62FED6F54C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, hemispherical, low, with rounded pores of various arrangement and size, decreasing generally in size apically. Surface of cephalis rough due to some small thorns. Apical horn, dorsal spine, primary and secondary lateral spines long, straight, three-bladed proximally, circular in cross section medially and distally. Sometimes they are covered by very tiny thorns. Dorsal, secondary and primary lateral spines extended laterally. Ventral spine very short, hardly extended outside shell wall, directed obliquely upward. Arches Al, Dl, Ll and LV well marked, whereas arch AV seems to be missing.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFFBFFA1FC836B62FED6F54C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Takoum takemurai n. sp. has the initial cephalic structure of T. hexagonum type but differs from this species in having a very short cephalis. The cephalis of T. hexagonum is very high, wider apically than basally, and the ventral spine is as long as the other spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FC9A6AA2FBA1F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Acuticassis gotica n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FC9A6AA2FBA1F2EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin acutus: pointed, acute; and cassis: helmet. Feminine gender.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FC9A6AA2FBA1F2EC.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Test monocyrtid with a large rounded conical cephalis bearing an apical horn and three feet. Initial spicule formed of MB and spines A, D, V, two L and two l. Spines free inside cephalic cavity and connected by the arches AV, Al. lD, Ll and LV in the cephalic wall. Spine A extended into an apical horn, spines D and the two L extended into basal feet. Cephalic wall reticulate with arches of various diametre and length.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FC9A6AA2FBA1F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Although the family is only known in the Middle and Upper Triassic (Kozur & Mostler 1979, 1981), the system of arches of this new genus resembles that of Nabolella Petrushevskaya, 1981 and Fuelopicyrtis Kozur & Mostler, 1981. From the former genus, Acuticassis n. gen. differs by the lack of a thoracic skirt, from the latter by having only three feet and no secondary spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FF1F6842FDB9F76C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Tripedocorbis ramulispinus Dumitrica, 1991; original designation. RANGE. — Middle Anisian-lower Tithonian, although no species was described within the long interval between these two extremes.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FF1F6842FDB9F76C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Tripedocorbis was known so far only in the middle Anisian. The new lower Tithonian species (T. tardus n. sp.) described below, with all characters of the genus, suggests that its range is much longer than initially known.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FEDA6A62FBCAF5EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60084, 60086; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74394 (Fig. 19 G, H).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FEDA6A62FBCAF5EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin tardus: late.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FEDA6A62FBCAF5EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Height of cephalis without feet 68 - 85, maximum diametre 57 - 58, length of feet 50 - 58.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FEDA6A62FBCAF5EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis inverted conical, open apically, with pores variable in size, shape and arrangement, most of them triangular to tetragonal by intersection of bars of various thickness and directions. Initial spicule with spines A, V, D, L, l, and a small Ax, united by the arches Al, Dl, Ll, and LV. D and L prolonged into thin massive, straight strongly divergent feet armed with small spinules radiating obliquely. Apical spine prolonged along the dorsal part of the cephalic wall up to its apex and shortly beyond it. Ventral spine extended outside cephalic wall. Secondary lateral spines short, not prolonged beyond cephalis.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFF9FFA1FEDA6A62FBCAF5EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Tripedocorbis tardus n. sp. may be compared to the middle Anisian species T. (?) gratiosus Dumitrica, 1991 by its general shape and by having an apically open cephalis, but differs from it by a shorter ventral spine, longer feet armed with spinules, and by the lack of transverse ribs.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58426 - 58428; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74395 (Fig. 20 A, B, H).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin goticus: Gothic, for the Gothic outline of the test.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nine specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 230 - 300 (av. 265), length of cephalis 135 - 175 (av. 160), of apical horn 60 - 80 (av. 70), of feet 35 - 110 (av. 60), width of cephalis 140 - 165 (av. 150).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis rounded conical with the wall supported by the primary arches forming well marked ridges interconnected by secondary ridges of various directions and lengthes. Pores polygonal, commonly triangular and quadrangular, resulting from connecting bars between ridges. Initial spicule thin, with a long median bar. Apical horn long, straight, with three wide blades at its base directed and connected to the arches AV and Al. Blades perforated by polygonal pores similar to those of the cephalic wall. Feet straight, threebladed, aligned to D and L, and diverging at an angle of about 45 ° to the axis of shell. V and l marked outside by very short vertices. Base of cephalis with a broad, slightly expanded rim connected to the blades of the feet. Inner part of rim slightly constricted, with remains of a probably thin and short postcephalic velum.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS See under the genus. Superfamily FOREMANELLINACEA Dumitrica, 1982	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	description	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Dicyrtid nassellarians whose initial spicule has no dorsal spine and whose apical and ventral spines are usually extended outside test wall into long horns. Cephalis small. Thorax much larger than cephalis, bell-shaped, conical or cylindrical, simple or with one or more external circumferential ridges, with or without thoracic skirt (Dumitrica in De Wever et al. 2001).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9FFEEE6980FB08F68C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Originally the family was described as comprising monocyrtid nassellarians with cephalic wall prolonged into a velum. This velum is, however, a true thorax similar to the thorax of the family Neosciadiocapsidae Pessagno, 1969. The family should therefore be considered as comprising dicyrtid rather than monocyrtid nassellarians. Until present the family was reduced to the genus Cuniculiformis De Wever, 1982. In this paper we also include the genus Cassideus Pessagno, 1969 in this family for the reasons presented below.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9DFCEC6A02FB8CF7ED.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cassideus riedeli Pessagno, 1969; original designation. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Dicyrtid, conical, helmetshaped Cuniculiformiidae with two long, three-bladed cephalic horns representing prolongations of apical and ventral spines of the initial spicule. Initial spicule without dorsal spine. Cephalis small, perforate. Thorax conical proximally, flaring distally to form broad thoracic skirt. Boundary between conical thorax and flaring skirt marked at the inner side by an imperforate circumferential ridge. Thoracic wall coarsely perforate, pores alternate, arranged in circumferential rows. Thorax with or without one or more external circumferential ridges. Without thoracic velum.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9DFCEC6A02FB8CF7ED.taxon	description	RANGE. — Tithonian or older to Cenomanian.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC7FF9DFCEC6A02FB8CF7ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Cassideus was erected for two lower Cenomanian species characterised by a dicyrtid, helmet-shaped test with two long primary horns (apical and ventral) and a conical, distally flaring thorax forming broad thoracic skirt. It was originally included within the family Neosciadiocapsidae Pessagno, 1969 but, according to the original remarks, it differed from all other Neosciadiocapsidae genera by possessing two primary horns and by lacking a cephalopyle and a thoracic velum. The absence of the velum was supposed to be due to preservation. Based on a basal view of a paratype of the type species (Pessagno 1969: pl. 27, fig. 1), the genus was considered as possessing the dorsal spine. The presence of this spine in Cassideus created initially problems in the assignation of our three new species to this genus because, although their morphology was of Cassideus type, none of them has the D spine. In this situation we were tempted to assign them to the genus Cuniculiformis De Wever, 1982, but this genus has no thoracic skirt. The best solution would have been to erect a new genus for our species, a genus that would have combined the morphology of the genus Cassideus with the initial cephalic structure of the genus Cuniculiformis, or to make our own investigation of cephalic structure on the two species of the genus Cassideus (C. riedeli and C. yoloensis). Our attempt to find in the lower Cenomanian type sample (NSF 350 of Pessagno 1969) the two species failed, but we succeeded in finding two specimens of Cassideus yoloensis in the upper Albian sample NSF 884 of Pessagno (1977 b). Their investigation has shown that none of these specimens has the D spine. How then could be interpreted the presence of this spine in C. riedeli, the type species of the genus? Several answers were possible: 1) this species certainly has the D spine; if so, its morphology did not correlate with what we knew from the other species assigned herein to this genus and from the other species of the genus Cuniculiformis, that is especially the presence of the two long cephalic horns; 2) normally C. riedeli has no D spine, its presence in the specimen illustrated is an anomaly; 3) Cassideus riedeli and C. yoloensis are not congeneric; this possibility would have been strange because all the other characters answer perfectly the definition of the genus; and 4) the paratype that shows the D spine and that is illustrated as C. riedeli does not belong to this species and genus. It is this last possibility that we consider the solution of the problem. The specimen illustrated by Pessagno (1969: pl. 27, fig. 1) in a basal view and which shows a dorsal spine does not represent Cassideus riedeli but Petasiforma glaskockensis Pessagno, 1969. This is the only neosciadiocapsid species occurring in the type sample and possessing several circumferential ridges similar to those of Cassideus riedeli. In our attempt to solve this problem we found a well preserved specimen of P. glaskockensis in the type sample (NSF 350) and studied it thoroughly. In basal view the cephalic structure is perfectly the one illustrated by Pessagno in what he considered C. riedeli: a well developed dorsal spine and a rather long axobate. There is another argument in favour of our idea. The specimen illustrated by Pessagno shows the apical part of the cephalis broken off. C. riedeli, with its robust apical and ventral horns and ribs on cephalis could not break like that specimen. Only P. glaskockensis, with its thin, fragile cephalic wall, could show such a break. Thus, the genus Cassideus has no dorsal spine and must be transferred from the Neosciadiocapsidae to the family Cuniculiformiidae. Its definition is herein emended accordingly. It derived probably from the genus Cuniculiformis by acquiring a thoracic skirt and an internal circumferential ridge separating the two segments.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC5FF9BFCF16AE2FE82F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 45646, 45649; stub Mue 22 / 16; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74396 (Fig. 21 A, B).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC5FF9BFCF16AE2FE82F1EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin prefix bi: two; and annulatus: having rings.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC5FF9BFCF16AE2FE82F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 illustrated specimens and tens of not illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 155 - 180 (av. 170), total width 160 - 225 (av. 195), length of cephalis 25 - 55 (av. 40), of apical horn 25 - 45 (av. 35), of ventral horn 30 - 85 (av. 55), diametre of collar ridge 50 - 70 (av. 60), of proximal thoracic circumferential ridge 80 - 100 (av. 90), of thorax at the boundary with thoracic skirt 85 - 130 (av. 110), distance between collar ridge and proximal thoracic ridge 15 - 25 (av. 20), and between the latter and the boundary with thoracic skirt 45 - 70 (av. 55).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC5FF9BFCF16AE2FE82F1EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Conical to hat-shaped test. Cephalis small, hemispherical at the top, increasing rapidly in diametre towards the boundary with the thorax. Horns three-bladed proximally, non-bladed distally. Apical horn often distinctly curved in ventral direction in the non-bladed portion. Ventral horn straight or slightly curved upwards, variable in length but generally longer than apical horn. Boundary between cephalis and thorax not marked externally. It is above the former of the two circumferential ridges. This ridge may be rather distinct or weakly marked, partly reduced to a circumferential row of knobs. Main part of thorax high conical, commonly with a well pronounced ridge at the proximal part, separated from the former ridge by a concave belt with three to four transverse rows of alternate pores. Rarely, this ridge reduced to a circumferential shoulder. Distal part of thorax strongly flaring, forming a thoracic skirt which lies in the horizontal plane or may be undulate. Internally the boundary between high conical part and skirt marked by a thick circular rim which can be interpreted as a lumbar septal partition. Usually thorax circular in transversal section throughout, but in some specimens it may be slightly compressed laterally. Cephalic wall with small, irregularly arranged pores on the apical part and more or less regularly arranged in circumferential rows on the distal part. Thoracic pores rounded to longitudinally ovate, arranged in alternate transversal rows. On the thoracic skirt circular bars separating the transversal rows of pores often thicker than the bars separating the pores in each row. Velum absent.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC5FF9BFCF16AE2FE82F1EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Cassideus biannulatus n. sp. resembles very much C. riedeli and C. yoloensis. From both it differs especially by having two circumferential ridges on the thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF9BFED06CE2FB52F14C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58119; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74397 (Fig. 21 E). PARATYPES. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2100 - 2101.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF9BFED06CE2FB52F14C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named for Prof. Patrick De Wever (MNHN) to honour his valuable contribution to the knowledge of Mesozoic and Paleozoic radiolarians.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF9BFED06CE2FB52F14C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Height of test without horns 118 - 125, of proximal part 47 - 50, of middle and distal part of thorax 55 - 65, of skirt 20 - 30, diametre of thorax at the boundary between proximal and middle part 65 - 75, at the boundary with skirt 90 - 92, maximum diametre of skirt 118 - 130, length of apical and ventral horns 60 - 65.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF9BFED06CE2FB52F14C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test high, conical, with apical and ventral horns robust. Apical horn curved, obliquely upward directed, ventral horn straight or very weakly curved, inclined about 30 ° above the horizontal plane. Both bladed proximally and massive medially and distally. Cephalis with small pores, externally undistinguished from the proximal part of thorax with which it forms a low cone. Middle and distal part of thorax high conical to subcylindrical, straight or weakly constricted medially, well separated from the proximal part and thoracic skirt by the change in outline, and having nine to 10 transverse rows of alternate pores. Thoracic skirt expanded at an angle of about 50 ° below the horizontal plane and bearing four to six transverse rows of alternate pores.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF9BFED06CE2FB52F14C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Cassideus deweveri n. sp. resembles C. biannulatus n. sp. by having a rather similar shape and two robust horns but differs from it by being slightly higher, by the lack of two circumferential thoracic ridges, and by the less expanded thoracic skirt.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF98FCF16C42FF6DF1AC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 57120, 57121; stub Mue 22 / 19; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74398 (Fig. 21 G, H). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin scalae: scale; and conus: cone. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22) and others not illustrated. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 150, length of apical horn 25, length of ventral horn 25 - 30, total width 195 - 215 (av. 205), width of cephalis 25 - 35 (av. 30), of the thorax above the thoracic skirt 130 - 135 (av. 132).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF98FCF16C42FF6DF1AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Conical to hat-shaped test. Cephalis small, perforate, undistinguished externally from thorax. Apical horn directed obliquely upward, curved in ventral direction. Ventral horn straight, directed obliquely upward. Both horns three-bladed proximally, rapidly tapering to a circular crosssection. Apical horn slightly longer than ventral horn. Thorax wide-conical, its proximal part with four to six pore rows, without circumferential ridges. Main part of thorax scalariform, usually with five circumferential ridges separated by concave areas with two rows of alternate pores. Circumferential depressional bars separating the two transverse rows of pores in each concave area are circumferential ridges on the interior surface, resulting in a zigzag outline. Pores wide, rounded hexagonal, alternate, separated by thin intervening bars. Thoracic skirt horizontal or slightly subhorizontal with four to five transverse rows of pores. Pores alternate or partly in square pattern, decreasing in size distally. Internally the boundary between the conical part of thorax and the skirt marked by a thick composite circular rim which can be interpreted as a lumbar septal partition.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC3FF98FCF16C42FF6DF1AC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new species differs from C. biannulatus n. sp. by having a conical thorax, shorter horns, and by the high number and distribution of circumferential ridges. Its thorax is morphologically closer to C. riedeli in having a great number of transverse ridges but differs in that the ridges are very uniformly distributed.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF98FF056F22FE2DF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cuniculiformis plinius De Wever, 1982; original designation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF98FD286D82FB1AF091.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Foremanellina Dumitrica, 1982.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF99FC8E6C02FE99F76C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Sanniopileus stultus n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF99FC8E6C02FE99F76C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin sannio: fool; and pileus: cap, pointing out the resemblance to a fool’s cap. Masculine gender.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF99FC8E6C02FE99F76C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Test dicyrtid with cephalis having all spines of the initial spicule (A, V, Lr, Ll, lr, ll) extend- ed externally into long three-bladed spines. D absent. The two L steeply inclined, attached to the thoracic wall. Thorax conical, widely open distally, with surface covered by transverse ridges.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC0FF99FC8E6C02FE99F76C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF99FF386A62FB52F68C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 44785, 44788; stub Mue 22 / 14; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74399 (Fig. 23 E, F).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF99FF386A62FB52F68C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin stultisissimus: most mad.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF99FF386A62FB52F68C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length with spines 95 - 115 (av. 105), length of cephalothorax 80 - 140 (av. 105), of cephalis 35, of thorax 30 - 60 (av. 45), of apical horn 18 - 26, of ventral and secondary lateral spines 25 - 45 (av. 35), of primary lateral spines 35 - 65 (av. 50), of secondary lateral spines 50; total width with spines 80 - 140 (av. 105), width of cephalis 50, of thorax 60 - 75 (av. 65).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF99FF386A62FB52F68C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test short, conical, spiny. Apical, ventral and secondary lateral spines of the initial spicule extended outside test wall into horns directed obliquely upward and laterally. Horns bladed, pointed. The two primary lateral spines directed obliquely downward, bladed and pointed but connected to the thoracic wall on most part of their length. A varying number of accessory spines (four to eight), similar in morphology to the other spines, arise from the thorax at different levels and are directed laterally downward. Cephalis and proximal part of thorax with polygonal (triangular of quadrangular) pores separated by bars. Most part of thorax with rather irregular transverse ridges. One or two rows of triangular or quadrangular pores between ridges. Distal part of thorax wide open.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF99FF386A62FB52F68C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species differs from Sanniopileus stultus n. gen., n. sp. by having a number of secondary spines arising from about two or more levels of the thorax with angles equal to the primary lateral spines. Secondary spines arising from a proximal level resemble the primary lateral spines in length and angles, those arising from a distal level are shorter.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF97FC826A02FD1AF00C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 42183, 42184; stub Mue 22 / 10; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74400 (Fig. 23 A, B). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin stultus: foolish, mad. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 15 illustrated specimens and many others not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 165 - 270 (av. 195), length of cephalothorax 125 - 140 (av. 130), of cephalis 30 - 45 (av. 35), of thorax 85 - 100 (av. 90), of apical horn 35 - 55 (av. 40), of ventral and secondary lateral spines 35 - 75 (av. 45), of primary lateral spines 90 - 195 (av. 125), total width 170 - 180 (av. 175), width of cephalis 43 - 52 (av. 48), of thorax 80 - 95 (av. 85).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF97FC826A02FD1AF00C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis hemispherical, well rounded, with small pores irregularly distributed. All spines threebladed. Apical horn subaxial, straight but slightly curved at the base. Base of horn V a little above bases of horns lr and ll. Ventral and secondary lateral horns strongly curved at the base to achieve a subhorizontal direction, forming right angles with the axis of test. Collar boundary marked by the arches Ll forming a small ridge on the surface of test. Ridge runs below the arches VL to connect, on the ventral part, the bases of horns Lr and Ll. Thorax short, conical with irregular circumferential ridges. Most ridges not continuous, either fading out or being attached to the previous ridge. Several ridges on the proximal part of the thorax slightly garland-shaped, fixed between the insertions of the primary lateral spines. On the inner side of thorax only very few ridges are visible. Circumferential band between ridges concave in outline, usually with one, rarely two circumferential bars parallel with ridges. These bars and ridges interconnected by a system of bars in a zigzag pattern forming triangularlyframed pores. Usually these zigzagged bars arranged to form a system of rosettes centred on the circumferential bars. This regular pattern commonly disturbed in the zones where the ridges disappear. Spines Lr and Ll protruding the test wall at the collar boundary. They are threebladed with an inner blade directed towards the centre of test, and two outer blades. Proximal parts of these spines connected to the test wall through the inner blade, distal parts free, slowly tapering. Spines Lr and Ll of variable length, either ending above the thoracic aperture or reaching far beyond it. Distal part of thorax wide open.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC1FF97FC826A02FD1AF00C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS By its morphology this species differs significantly from all the Foremanellinidae so far described.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FD396F02FBCEF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Acropyramis Haeckel, 1881.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FF666D82FDC6F09C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Neosciadiocapsa Pessagno, 1969.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FF076C02FE7AF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Reticulotubulus foremanae Takemura, 1986; original designation.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FF076C02FE7AF2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Reticulotubulus is herein provisionally assigned to the family Neosciadiocapsidae due to its ventral tube and the helmet-conical to hatshaped test. It differs from other neosciadiocapsids by missing a velum.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FCC06982FC6AF18C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58111 - 58114; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74401 (Fig. 24 A, B, I, J).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FCC06982FC6AF18C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin tintinnabulum: small bell.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FCC06982FC6AF18C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Seven illustrated specimens and many others not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 160 - 225 (av. 180), length of apical horn 30 - 40 (av. 35), of cephalis 25 - 40 (av. 35), of thorax 105 - 160 (av. 130), width of cephalis 35 - 55 (av. 50), of median part of thorax 95 - 120 (av. 105), of distal part 150 - 190 (av. 170).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FCC06982FC6AF18C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test bell-shaped composed of two segments. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a slender triradiate apical horn. Ventral spine connected to the two primary lateral spines by strong arches VL, not attached distally to test wall but continued into a ventral tube. Ventral tube long, latticed, cylindrical. Primary lateral spines and dorsal spine run shortly along the proximal interior wall of thorax. Collar stricture absent, the cephalis passing gradually into thorax, which is bell-shaped, having an expanded proximal part and a wide conical distal part, both separated by a wide concave portion. Distalmost part of thorax not preserved, but it seems to be ragged. Test fragile with very small pores on the cephalis and rounded hexagonal pores, increasing in size distally and alternately disposed in longitudinal rows, on the thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCFFF97FCC06982FC6AF18C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Reticulotubulus tintinnabulum n. sp. resembles sensibly R. foremanae from which it differs by missing a collar stricture.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FF2E6982FED2F57C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cornutella clathrata Ehrenberg, 1838; by monotypy.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FEE16862FDBFF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 45641; stub Mue 22 / 16; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74402 (Fig. 24 D).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FEE16862FDBFF2EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Arbitrary combination of letters.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FEE16862FDBFF2EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 illustrated specimens and many other specimens not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 180 - 235 (av. 210), length of apical horn and cephalis 50 - 130 (av. 85), of conical part of thorax 50 - 75 (av. 60), of inflated part 45 - 90 (av. 70); maximum width of cephalis at collar boundary 15 - 30 (av. 20), of conical part of thorax 45 - 65 (av. 60), of distal part 130 - 180 (av. 150).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FEE16862FDBFF2EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test high conical with a widely inflated distal part. Cephalis very small, imperforate with a straight apical horn and a short ventral spine, both massive, circular in cross section. Collar boundary not marked outside. Thorax slowly increasing in diametre up to the distal part which is widely inflated, convex in outline as if moulding a spherical calotte. Most proximal part of thorax with infilled pores. Main part of thorax net-like with hexagonally framed pores arranged alternately in commonly 12 longitudinal rows. Size of pores gradually increasing distally. Distal part of test usually not completely developed, without rim, irregular, with thinner bars as if individuals died before completion. Only one specimen of about 20 shows a complete, garlandshaped terminal rim. In this specimen, however, the regular hexagonal pore pattern is strongly disturbed in the terminal pores.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FEE16862FDBFF2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Cornutella tella n. sp. differs from all species of Cornutella so far described by its expanded distal part resembling a spherical calotte.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FCF26982FB72F14C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Tertonium n. gen. RANGE. — Lower Pliensbachian-Tithonian.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FCF26982FB72F14C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Dicyrtid nassellarians with small cephalis and large conical thorax. Thorax with an indefinite number of circumferential ridges separated by two or more rows of alternate pores. Initial spicule with MB, A, V, two L, two l, and D. L and l sometimes prolonged outside test wall.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF95FCF26982FB72F14C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This family is erected to define a group of Jurassic species resembling somehow the Parvicingulidae Pessagno, 1977 by the presence of circumferential ridges separated by rows of transverse pores, but differing from them in that these ridges do not correspond to internal planiform partitions which are missing. The large postcephalic segment is therefore interpreted herein as representing a single chamber – the thorax. This group of species seems to predominantly occur in the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian. Hull (1997: 174, pl. 51, figs 1, 2, 20) illustrated two undetermined and undescribed species from this interval in California, and Kiessling (pers. comm.) found a species in the lower Tithonian of the Antarctic Peninsula. A species assignable to this family was also illustrated by Takemura (1986), Hattori (1989), and Yao (1997) as Parvicingula (?) obesa Takemura, 1986 from probably Bajocian manganese concretions (Unuma echinatus Zone) of Japan, and a specimen assignable to Toritenum n. gen. was found by us in the very rich material from the lower Pliensbachian of Turkey partly studied by De Wever (1982).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF92FC876C42FD39F56C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Tertonium rectum n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF92FC876C42FD39F56C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Name formed by an arbitrary combination of letters. Neuter gender. RANGE. — Early Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF92FC876C42FD39F56C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Broadly conical to four-sided tentshaped test with D, L and V prolonged downward along thorax and extended into spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCDFF92FC876C42FD39F56C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Tertonium n. gen. differs from Toritenum n. gen. in having D, L and V prolonged along thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF92FF366860FBF3F00C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58406; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74403 (Fig. 25 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin curvus: curved; and cornum: horn. OCCURRENCE. — Upper lower Kimmeridgian? (Subzone 2 alpha 2, Hull 1997) to early Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Eight illustrated specimens and many others not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 505 - 655 (av. 575), length of apical horn 140 - 200 (av. 165), of thorax 320 - 455 (av. 385), of upper thorax 105 - 175 (av. 130), of lower thorax 205 - 300 (av. 255), total width 370 - 515 (av. 400), width of upper thorax without spines 235 - 275 (av. 255), of lower thorax 240 - 315 (av. 275).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF92FF366860FBF3F00C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test large, composed of a conical proximal part including cephalis and upper thorax, and a cylindrical distal part. Cephalis and upper thorax with a double-layered wall. Apical horn thick, threebladed, with two blades on the dorsal part and one on the ventral part. Blades with broadened rim, separated by deep grooves. Horn with the proximal part straight, vertical, and the distal part pointed, strongly curved in dorsal direction at about its middle part. At this point the ventral blade gives rise to a ventrally directed thorn. Cephalis conical externally, perforated by small pores irregularly distributed within the meshes of the outer layer. Collar boundary marked by the onset of spinal prolongations on the outer surface (V, D, the two L). Upper thorax widely conical, rounded in cross section. Spinal prolongations are first integrated in the thoracic wall, with only the outer blade appearing at the surface. This blade is still connected to the neighbouring pore frames of the spongy outer layer of the wall. Lateral blades of the spinal prolongations are covered by the spongy layer, and appear late, usually at the level of a strong circumferential ridge. Beyond this ridge the spines are free, threebladed, straight, and directed obliquely downward at an angle of about 45 °. Lower part of thorax generally cylindrical with wavy outline due to some circumferential ridges and / or constrictions. Outer layer of the wall still present on the upper part of this segment. Pores small, alternately disposed in circumferential rows, two, three or more in each interval between ridges. Distal part of thorax always corroded in our specimens.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF92FF366860FBF3F00C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Tertonium curvicornum n. gen., n. sp. differs from T. rectum n. gen., n. sp. by having a curved apical horn, shorter and straight spines diverging from the upper part of thorax, and by a cylindrical, spineless lower thorax. The specimen illustrated by Hull (1997) from the upper lower Kimmeridgian of the Taman Formation, eastcentral Mexico, might be related to this species, but it differs from the latter by seemingly having only two or three spines on thorax, and in having a segmented thorax with deep segmental constrictions. Since the apical horn of the Mexican specimen is broken, it is impossible to know whether it was originally curved or straight.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF93FC856D80FB98F52C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 45630, 45633; stub Mue 22 / 16; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74404 (Fig. 25 D, E).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF93FC856D80FB98F52C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin rectus: straight. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone to upper Tithonian, subzone 4 beta.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF93FC856D80FB98F52C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nine illustrated specimens and many others not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 645 - 710, total width 565 - 780 (av. 655), length of upper thorax without spines 110 - 215 (av. 170), of lower thorax 145 - 215 (av. 185), maximum width of upper thorax 235 - 345 (av. 285), of lower thorax 240 - 290 (av. 270), length of apical horn 190 - 325 (av. 240), of spines of upper thorax 170 - 345 (av. 270), of spines of lower thorax 210.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF93FC856D80FB98F52C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test composed of a small cephalis and a twopartite thorax. Cephalis short-conical externally, porous, partly covered by the broad base of a long three-bladed apical horn. Pores of cephalis small, open within irregular areas formed by a network of transversal and longitudinal ridges. The latter ridges coalesce apically to form the three blades of the apical horn. Boundary between cephalis and thorax marked at the inner side by weak arches, and on the outer surface by the onset of the four spines – D, V, and two L at the top of the thorax. Upper part of thorax rapidly increasing in width, rectangular in cross section, forming a well marked pyramid whose edges are represented by the downward prolongations of the ventral, dorsal, and primary lateral spines. At the base of this upper part these prolongations emerge from the test wall forming four long three-bladed spines. Spines recurved and distally pointed. Lower part of thorax slowly increasing in diametre, rectangular in cross section with edges formed by four secondary spines arising from the thoracic wall and extended distally into three-bladed spines. Compared to the primary spines, these spines are straight and less divergent. Wall of thorax thin, supported by continuous circumferential ridges. Ridges follow each other at irregular intervals and correspond internally to grooves. Wall between ridges convex externally with variable number (two to six) of transverse rows of alternate pores. Especially on the upper part of thorax ridges bear small thorns, probably remains of an external spongy layer.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCAFF93FC856D80FB98F52C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Tertonium rectum n. gen., n. sp. differs from T. curvicornum n. gen., n. sp. especially by having four spines on the lower thorax. Although its distal part is missing, the specimen illustrated by Hull (1997) from the upper Tithonian of the California Coast Ranges is rather similar to the specimens from the sample Mue 22. The preserved part of that specimen only differs from our specimens in having straight primary spines extended from the upper thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF93FC876846FC3CF14C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Toritenum hirsutum n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF93FC876846FC3CF14C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name is an anagram of the genus Tertonium n. gen. Neuter gender. KNOWN RANGE. — Lower Pliensbachian to lower Tithonian.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF93FC876846FC3CF14C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Test conical with or without a well developed apical horn, with the spines of the initial spicule not protruding. Thorax with a variable number of circumferential ridges separated by depressionary intervals bearing transverse rows of pores. Distal part of thorax widely open.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF93FC876846FC3CF14C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new genus resembles Tertonium n. gen. from which it only differs by not having the spines D, V, and the two L of the initial spicule extended outside. The genus is rather well represented in the lower Tithonian assemblage of sample Mue 22. A species assignable to this genus was illustrated by Takemura (1986), Hattori (1989), and Yao (1997) as Parvicingula (?) obesa Takemura, 1986 from probably Bajocian manganese concretions (Unuma echinatus Zone) of Japan. Another species was illustrated by Kiessling (1999: pl. 15, figs 1, 2) as Eucyrtidium (?) sp. from the lower Tithonian of Antarctic Peninsula, and the oldest but not yet described was found by us in the lower Pliensbachian fauna of Turkey partly studied by De Wever (1982).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF91FCFA6C74FF74F04C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 54980; stub Mue 22 / 17; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74405 (Fig. 26 D). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin corpulentus: corpulent, fat, stout. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Six illustrated specimens and about 20 not illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length without apical horn 305 - 440 (av. 375), length of apical horn 20 - 130 (av. 65), of cephalis 45 - 47 (av. 55), of thorax 250 - 380 (av. 315), maximum width of cephalis 75 - 115 (av. 90), of thorax 240 - 280 (av. 265).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF91FCFA6C74FF74F04C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test large, conical proximally, cylindrical medially with a slightly widening distal end. Cephalis hemispherical with a moderately long, slender apical horn. Pores of cephalis very small, irregularly disposed. Collar boundary above the first circumferential ridge of the thorax and well marked by a sudden change in outline from subcylindrical to wide-conical. Thorax large, increasing rapidly in diametre up to one third of its length, then cylindrical medially, and increasing again distally. Wall thin with six to 12 rather closely spaced circumferential ridges separated by commonly two to five transverse rows of alternate pores. Ridges of proximal part, especially, with fine thorns.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFCBFF91FCFA6C74FF74F04C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Morphologically Toritenum corpulentum n. gen., n. sp. is very close to T. hirsutum n. gen., n. sp. from which it only differs by being thicker, by having a thin and short apical horn, a well marked cephalis, closer ridges, and a wider distal end.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF91FEDA6D40FBD7F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 45636; stub Mue 22 / 16; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74406 (Fig. 26 A).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF91FEDA6D40FBD7F1EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin hirsutus: hirsute, hairy. OCCURENCE. — Early Middle Jurassic of Japan (Hattori 1989), early Tithonian (Hybonotum Zone).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF91FEDA6D40FBD7F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 15 illustrated specimens and many others not illustrated from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 465 - 560 (av. 505), length of apical horn 90 - 120 (av. 105), width of cephalis measured on the first circumferential ridge 75 - 120 (av. 95), maximum width of test 200 - 265 (av. 225). DESCRIPTION Test highly conical composed of a short conical cephalis and a very long conical to cylindrical thorax. Cephalis with small pores distributed irregularly and a long, robust three-bladed apical horn in axial position. Transition between cephalis and apical horn gradual in both outline and superficial ornamentation, longitudinal ridges on the cephalis coalescing gradually on the blades of the horn. Collar boundary marked by a circumferential ridge. V, D, and the two L shortly prolonged on the inner surface of thorax but not visible on the outer surface. Proximal part of thorax rapidly increasing in diametre, middle and distal parts commonly cylindrical or even slightly tapering distally. Thorax usually with seven to 10 or more circumferential ridges separated by concave bands. Ridges on proximal part usually rather close to each other, with two to four transverse rows of alternate pores between two ridges. Median and distal parts with larger intervals between ridges, which may have seven to 10 transverse rows of alternate pores. Pores small and rounded. Cephalis and proximal part of thorax, especially, covered by numerous small thorns, size and frequency of thorns decreasing distally.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF91FEDA6D40FBD7F1EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF91FD3E6C97FB35F279.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Ultranapora Pessagno, 1977.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF8FFCF46F13FD23F0B6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Anaticapitula clauda n. gen., n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF8FFCF46F13FD23F0B6.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin anas: duck; and capitulus: small head. Feminine gender. KNOWN RANGE. — Lower Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. DIAGNOSIS. — Highly ovate dicyrtid test with bladed apical horn and thorax prolonged into a thin-walled terminal tube. Cephalis and thorax continuous externally, without collar stricture. Initial spicule with A, V, D, two L, two l, and a long Ax. Cephalis and thorax with a superimposed network of strong ridges. With or without feet representing external extensions of L and D. Feet, when present, with an outer blade and two lateral blades.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFC9FF8FFCF46F13FD23F0B6.taxon	discussion	REMARKS By its general shape and the tubular prolongation of the thorax this genus shows characters in common with the genus Rhopalosyringium Campbell & Clark, 1944. A comparable axobate was illustrated by De Wever (1982) in the Lower Jurassic species Ovum pertusum De Wever, 1982. Jacus (?) anatiformis De Wever, 1982, described from the lower Pliensbachian of Turkey, is also almost identical to A. pennata n. gen., n. sp. and, although De Wever (1982) did not mention the presence of Ax in his species, a small light-grey spot opposite to the ventral spine, representing probably a small Ax, is visible in a broken specimen figured by him (De Wever 1982: pl. 11, fig. 13). Jacus (?) italicus Jud, 1994 described from the Lower Cretaceous (Jud 1994) has a morphology similar to J. (?) anatiformis and should also be assigned to the genus Anaticapitula n. gen. From Napora, Anaticapitula n. gen. differs by having a well developed Ax in the initial spicule, thorax continuous with the velum, no crown of spines on the apical horn, and a much larger cephalis.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8FFEC46C02FD4FF0ED.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 28320; stub Mue 22 / 1; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74407 (Fig. 27 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin claudus: lame, without feet. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22) and from other samples. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian from the Solnhofen area, southern Germany and early Berriasian from western Pacific (Mariana Trench).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8FFEC46C02FD4FF0ED.taxon	description	DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 170 - 210 (av. 185), length of apical horn 30 - 55 (av. 45), maximum width 85 - 105 (av. 95), width of the thoracic constriction 65 - 85 (av. 70), of basal rim 70 - 110 (av. 90). DESCRIPTION Highly ovate to ovoid main test comprising the cephalis and the thorax. Distal part of thorax tubular, slightly increasing in diametre distally. Initial spicule as for the genus, with Ax much thinner than the other spines and curved when completely preserved. Apical horn pyramidal, subaxial with three broad blades; two blades originated in the top of cephalis, the third connect- ed to the dorsal spine and extending as a rib along the surface of test. Cephalic and thoracic wall covered by broad longitudinal and diagonal ridges that are melting distally to form a superimposed outer layer with few small pores. Terminal tube bearing very small, irregularly scattered pores.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8FFEC46C02FD4FF0ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Anaticapitula clauda n. gen., n. sp. differs from all other species of Anaticapitula n. gen. by lacking feet. The specimen illustrated by Matsuoka (1998) as Artostrobium (?) sp. A may be well compared to the specimens from the Solnhofen area.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8DFCE76DE2FD27F06C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 34989; stub Mue 22 / 6; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74408 (Fig. 27 C). ETYMOLOGY. — From its German type locality. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 11 illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 180 - 220 (av. 200), of apical horn 45 - 60 (av. 50), of feet 65 - 95 (av. 80), of cephalis 35 - 40 (av. 38), of thorax with terminal tube 55 - 80 (av. 65), width of cephalis 60 - 65 (av. 62), of thorax with feet 105 - 130 (av. 120), of terminal tube measured at the distal rim 45 - 60 (av. 50).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8DFCE76DE2FD27F06C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test conical with well rounded hemispherical cephalis and inflated thorax. Cephalis with slightly curved, three-bladed apical horn. Surface of cephalis with a system of irregularly arranged ridges. On the lower part of cephalis some ridges aligned along the arches of the initial skeleton. Initial spicule with A, V, D, two L, and two l. Ax moderately long, simple. Arches Dl, Ll, and VL clearly expressed on the inner side of test. Thorax either rounded or triangular in cross section, its distal part tapering, leaving a rounded triangular aperture. Thoracic wall double-layered; inner layer thin, perforated by small pores; outer layer with a superimposed system of strong pore frames, partly fused to irregular ridges. Distal part of thoracic wall poreless forming a short terminal tube or a velum. In some specimens it is separated from thorax by a transversal ridge, and in very few specimens it is closed distally. Feet three-bladed with the external blade emerging from the collar suture, and the two lateral blades arising from the distal part of thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD7FF8DFCE76DE2FD27F06C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Anaticapitula germanica n. gen., n. sp. differs from A. pennata n. gen., n. sp. by a well distinct cephalis, a very short terminal tube, and much longer feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8DFECC6D62FC44F72C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 31632; stub Mue 22 / 4; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74409 (Fig. 27 E). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin pennatus: winged. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22), and two specimens from sample Mue 6. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 200 - 240 (av. 220), length of apical horn 60 - 80 (av. 70), of feet 25 - 50 (av. 40), of cephalis 30 - 40 (av. 35), of thorax without terminal tube 50 - 65 (av. 55), of terminal tube 50 - 75 (av. 60), diametre of cephalis 70 - 100 (av. 80), of thorax with feet 130 - 160 (av. 145), of terminal tube 55 - 90 (av. 75).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8DFECC6D62FC44F72C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test short cylindrical with a robust three-bladed apical horn and three three-bladed feet arising at the level of the collar boundary. Initial spicule with moderately long Ax. Cephalis thick-walled, covered with a robust external layer forming polygonal (usually triangular to quadrangular) meshes, size of meshes decreasing distally. Feet with the two lateral blades connected to the test at the lower part of thorax. Feet short, divergent, slightly curved, and rapidly tapering, their distal ends above the base of the terminal tube. The latter is short, cylindrical to slightly triangular in cross section.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8DFECC6D62FC44F72C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS A. pennata n. gen., n. sp. was compared to A. clauda n. gen., n. sp. under the latter species. From Jacus (?) anatiformis it differs in being shorter, in having a shorter terminal tube and a slightly different superficial ornamentation. Although De Wever (1982) described his species as having a large ventral pore, this pore is not visible in none of the original figures.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8AFC896AA2FE92F00C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 45668; stub Mue 22 / 16; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74410 (Fig. 27 G). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin tenerus: young. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nine specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 240 - 280 (av. 260), total width 135 - 155 (av. 145), length of apical horn 60 - 80 (av. 75), of feet 110 - 125 (av. 115), width of cephalis 65 - 85 (av. 70), of terminal tube 60 - 80 (av. 70).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8AFC896AA2FE92F00C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test consisting of cephalis and cylindrical thorax. Cephalis globular with a robust, three-bladed apical horn and three curved three-bladed feet. Initial spicule as described for the genus, with Lr, Ll, and D prolonged into the three feet, and V and lr and ll expressed outside test wall as three pointed nodes situated approximately at the middle height of cephalis or a little above, between the feet. Arches Al, AV, Dl, Ll, and LV of the initial skeleton expressed outside test wall by ridges. Apical horn slightly subaxial, pointed distally, with broad blades, each blade united at the surface of cephalic wall with one of the three pointed nodes marking the arches Al and AV. Feet equal, longer than apical horn, divergent proximally and strongly curved distally. They are three-bladed, one blade external and usually united with one of the pointed nodes, the other two blades lateral. At the inner side their axis makes a pair of larger pores in the proximity of the arches. Cephalic wall with more or less regular and pronounced ridges and pores very small, scattered in the depressions among ridges. Thorax velum-like, thin-walled, attached to cephalis and feet proximally, free distally and tubular with rounded triangular cross-section. Pores of this segment very small, dense and irregularly distributed.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD5FF8AFC896AA2FE92F00C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD2FF8AFF366D82FD49F72D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Napora bukryi Pessagno, 1977; original designation. RANGE. — Lower Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD2FF8AFF366D82FD49F72D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The study of the initial spicule of the species Napora modesta n. sp. in transmitted light showed that the cephalic initial skeleton consists of MB, V, A, two L, two l, D, and the arches VL, Ll, lD, Al. The arch AV is absent, but an arch AD seems to exist because one of the three blades of the apical horn has a dorsal direction.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD2FF8BFCAB6A5FFD14F7EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 42556; stub Mue 22 / 11; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74411 (Fig. 28 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin aranea: spider, spider’s web. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Eight specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 400 - 570 (av. 480), length of apical horn with the crown of spines 120 - 185 (av. 160), of cephalis 30 - 35 (av. 32), of thorax 100 - 110 (av. 105), of velum 65 - 90 (av. 75), of feet 150 - 255, width of cephalis 42 - 50 (av. 45), of thorax 115 - 165 (av. 145).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD2FF8BFCAB6A5FFD14F7EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, globular to hemispherical with pustulate surface. Apical horn three-bladed with two to three verticils of three branches in the planes of blades. Branches strongly ramified usually in the planes of blades, and connected in the same planes by a system of parallel or subparallel bars forming a network resembling a spider’s web. Ventral spine very short externally, bladed, pyramidal. Collar suture well marked outside by a slight constriction and the absence of pustules. Thorax bell-shaped, slightly constricted distally, approximately three times the width of the cephalis. Pores small, usually irregularly arranged on the proximal part, and larger, arranged in transverse rows on the distal part. Transverse rows separated by more or less distinct transverse ridges. Surface of thorax rough, with small thorns on pore frame vertices. Feet long, three-bladed, straight or slightly curved outward or inward. Velum thin, delicate, as long as or shorter than thorax. It is triangular in cross section, usually with quadrangular pores disposed in transverse rows between transverse ridges.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD2FF8BFCAB6A5FFD14F7EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF8BFED26AE3FC67F72D.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58511; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74412 (Fig. 28 C). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin avis: bird; and rostrum: beak. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nine illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 220 - 295 (av. 250), length of apical horn 40 - 50 (av. 45), of cephalis 25 - 45 (av. 30), of thorax 50 - 90 (av. 60), of velum 25 - 50 (av. 35), of feet 75 - 150 (av. 100), width of cephalis 35 - 60 (av. 45), of thorax 95 - 145 (av. 110).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF8BFED26AE3FC67F72D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis globular, practically imperforate with a three-bladed apical horn. Proximal half of horn thick and strongly expanded at the upper part where blades end up with a crown of very small subsidiary spines, two to three for each blade. Distal part of horn conical, pointed, approximately as long as proximal part. Ventral spine well expressed outside, pyramidal, many-bladed. Boundary between cephalis and thorax difficult to establish outside because there is no visible stricture and the thoracic wall covers the lower part of cephalis. Thorax conical to pyramidal with about five transversal rows of wide pores. Pores alternately arranged, polygonally framed. Transversal ridge above the second basal row of pores sometimes very high. Feet broad, strongly divergent and curved, robust, external ridge forming a longitudinal ridge along thorax. Velum short slightly lobate, with very small pores.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF8BFED26AE3FC67F72D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species resembles Napora schaudibergensis n. sp. in general characters but differs by having a much wider thorax and feet much more divergent and much more curved inward. Some specimens have a very strong transversal rib on thorax. The apical horn is also thinner than that of N. schaudibergensis n. sp.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF89FC936AA3FE90F6CC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58905; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74413 (Fig. 28 F). ETYMOLOGY. — From the latinized Rumanian word bondoc: short and stout. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 145 - 175 (av. 170), length of apical horn 40 - 50 (av. 45), of cephalothorax 65 - 80 (av. 75), of feet 45 - 65 (av. 60), width of apical horn 20 - 30 (av. 25), of cephalis 39 - 47 (av. 42), of thorax 70 - 85 (av. 80).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF89FC936AA3FE90F6CC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test small, pyramidal, robust. Cephalis globular, imperforate with a very stout, short apical horn. Horn three-bladed with thick blades and deep, narrow groves in the proximal half, and pyramidal in the distal part. Ventral spine well developed outside, pyramidal with several blades. Thorax short pyramidal, thick-walled, with generally four transverse rows of polygonally framed, rounded pores. Feet usually as long as thorax, tapering distally, slightly divergent and curved. External ribs of feet prolonged from cephalis along thorax where they form the three edges of the pyramid. Velum not preserved in our specimens but its remains are visible on the proximal part of the lateral blades of feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD3FF89FC936AA3FE90F6CC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species differs from Napora boneti Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh, 1986 by having stouter apical horn and feet, external blade of feet much higher on the thorax, feet shorter. From Napora cruda Yang, 1993 it differs by the lack of subsidiary grooves on the proximal part of apical horn. All these three species are otherwise rather close morphologically.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF89FEF96BFFFF4EF1EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five specimens from sample Mue 22, two specimens from sample Mue 6. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone, Solnhofen area, Germany; early Tithonian of east-central Mexico and lower Berriasian from Mariana Trench (SW Pacific).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF89FEF96BFFFF4EF1EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The specimens from the Mühlheim Member have the same type of cephalis, thorax, and feet as those of N. burckhardti, but the apical horn is always three-bladed distally and its middle part is swollen, with subsidiary spines. In N. burckhardti the distal part of the apical horn is circular in cross section and the middle part has no subsidiary spines.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF86FEE16C83FD82F58C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 54928; stub 22 / 17; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74414 (Fig. 28 I). PARATYPES. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2092, Gg 2001 / 2094 - 2097.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF86FEE16C83FD82F58C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin cristatus: crested. OCCURRENCE. — Early Tithonian (Hybonotum Zone) to late Tithonian (Zone 4 of Pessagno et al. 1984).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF86FEE16C83FD82F58C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 10 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22), one specimen from sample Mue 9. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 215 - 265 (av. 245), length of apical horn 50 - 65 (av. 60), of cephalis 20 - 30 (av. 25), of thorax 50 - 65 (av. 55), of velum 60 - 65 (av. 62), of feet 85 - 130 (av. 110); total width 125 - 155 (av. 135), width of cephalis 40 - 50 (av. 45), of thorax 85 - 95 (av. 90).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF86FEE16C83FD82F58C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, imperforate and smooth, well distinguished from thorax. Apical horn long and very slightly curved ventrally, three-bladed, with a crown of three small spines at the distal part of blades. Blades unequal, the dorsal blade shorter than the two blades aligned with the primary lateral spines. Consequently the three small spines from the distal part of the blades arise at two levels, the spine on the dorsal blade is nearer to the cephalis than the other two. Apical horn pointed beyond the crown of spines. Ventral spine short externally, beak-shaped. Thorax pyramidal with four to five transversal rows of large pores. Feet slightly divergent, straight or slightly curved, often with one or two teeth on the distal part of blades. Distal part gently tapering and usually slightly recurved. Length of feet equal somehow with the height of cephalothorax or longer. Velum very delicate and short, connecting the proximal half of the inner blades of the feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD1FF86FEE16C83FD82F58C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Napora cristata n. sp. is quite probably the forerunner of the Cretaceous species Napora praespinifera Pessagno, 1977. The apical horn of both species is almost identical but in N. cristata n. sp. it is shorter, thicker, and only some blades have two subsidiary spines. The thorax of this new species has also fewer and larger pores, and feet are usually slightly recurved distally and have at least one small spine on each blade. The velum is much more robust and longer in N. praespinifera and is preserved in even poorly preserved specimens, whereas in the well preserved specimens of N. cristata n. sp. it is delicate and short. Possibly the differences between these two species are only of subspecies level. Anyway, N. praespinifera, N. cristata n. sp., and Napora (Ultranapora) sp. A and sp. B of Pessagno (1977 b) represent a rather closely related group of species.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF86FED66B03FE81F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 60035, 60036; stub Mue 22 / 23; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74415 (Fig. 28 L, M).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF86FED66B03FE81F2EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin divaricatus: straddled. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Length of apical horn 40 - 45, of cephalis 20 - 45, of thorax 50 - 70, of feet more than 80 - 90; diametre of cephalis 33 - 40, of thorax 100 - 130 (dimensions based on holotype and the specimen illustrated by Hull [1997], from sample SM- 48, Tithonian, Stanley Mt.).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF86FED66B03FE81F2EC.taxon	description	OCCURRENCE. — Lower Tithonian, Hybonotum Zone from Solnhofen area, Germany, upper lower to upper Tithonian, Stanley Mountain, California. DESCRIPTION Cephalis bulbous, imperforate with a slender apical horn bearing three subsidiary spines and a short distal horn. Ventral spine short, bladed, at the base of cephalis. Thorax wide, short pyramidal with three to four transverse rows of wide alternate pores separated by transversal costae on the middle and distal parts, and small, irregularly arranged pores on the proximal part. Feet wide diverging, curved, slender, about as long as thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF86FED66B03FE81F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The specimen from our material resembles rather perfectly the Tithonian specimen illustrated by Hull from which it only differs by having a long- er apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF87FC846DA3FEA7F7CC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 54934; stub 22 / 17; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74416 (Fig. 29 C). PARATYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2093.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF87FC846DA3FEA7F7CC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named in honour of Dr. Atsushi Matsuoka (Niigata University, Japan) for his valuable contributions to the knowledge of Mesozoic radiolarians.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF87FC846DA3FEA7F7CC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Seven specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 180 - 225 (av. 205), length of apical horn 42 - 53 (av. 48), of cephalis 23 - 31 (av. 26), of thorax 30 - 45 (av. 35), of feet 75 - 110 (av. 90), total width 100 - 135 (av. 120), width of cephalis 35 - 45 (av. 40), of thorax 70 - 90 (av. 75).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF87FC846DA3FEA7F7CC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis large, globular, imperforate, with a thick three-bladed, gently tapering apical horn. At its middle part the horn bears on each blade two or three very small subsidiary spines. Distal part of horn also three-bladed. Dorsal blade extended downward on cephalic surface, lateral blades have their base on the top of cephalis. Ventral spine well developed externally, manybladed, pyramidal. Thorax pyramidal, well separated from cephalis externally, generally with five transverse rows of pores of which the distal ones are well marked. Feet longer than cephalothorax, slightly diverging and curved with distal end pointed. External blade of each foot forms a rib along thorax. Velum not preserved but some remains prove that it was originally present.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDEFF87FC846DA3FEA7F7CC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new species resembles especially Napora lomoalta but differs from it by having simple blades on apical horn, cephalis practically imperforate and well distinguished from thorax, and feet curved.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FEED6AC3FCB7F6AC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58514; stub Mue 22 / 21; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74417 (Fig. 29 E). PARATYPES. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2098 - 2099.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FEED6AC3FCB7F6AC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin modestus: modest.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FEED6AC3FCB7F6AC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 130 - 185 (av. 160), length of apical horn 30 - 50 (av. 40), of cephalis 20 - 25 (av. 22), of thorax 30 - 45 (av. 35), of feet 50 - 75 (av. 60), total width 80 - 145 (av. 115), width of cephalis 20 - 35 (av. 30), of thorax 60 - 90 (av. 75).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FEED6AC3FCB7F6AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis relatively large, hemispherical, entirely perforate, with small, usually quadrangular pores arranged in oblique rows. Apical horn slender, distinctly three-bladed, with a distinct verticil in the middle part giving rise to three well developed spines arising almost perpendicularly to the axis of the apical horn. Thorax broadly conical, widely opened, thin-walled, commonly with quadrangular, unequal pores arranged in more or less distinct transverse rows, especially in the distal part. Feet strongly diverging, slender, curved inward, shorter or longer than height of cephalis and thorax. Outer blades of feet well pronounced on the thoracic wall. All blades of feet more or less dentate.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FEED6AC3FCB7F6AC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new species is well distinguished from all the other species of Napora so far described by its denticulate feet, thin-walled thorax, and the presence of one verticil of long spines on the apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FCED6A23FCB7F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — More than 100 specimens from sample Mue 22, and from other samples. OCCURRENCE. — Lower to upper Tithonian of Antarctica, California, east-central Mexico, Solnhofen area (Germany).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDFFF87FCED6A23FCB7F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species is the most frequent ultranaporid in the sample Mue 22. It was also found in sample Mue 6, but represents a rare faunal element in several other samples from different sections of the Mühlheim Member. Our well preserved material shows a well developed velum, which is the only difference from the type material. Remnants of such a velum were also illustrated by Hull (1997). Some specimens bear also two subsidiary spines on each blade of the apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FEE36983FD33F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 13759; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74418 (Fig. 29 J).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FEE36983FD33F1EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin pyramis: pyramid.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FEE36983FD33F1EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four illustrated specimens of which two from the type horizon (sample Mue 22), one specimen from sample Mue 9, and another one from sample Hob 32. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 175 - 195 (av. 185), length of apical horn 43 - 49 (av. 47), of cephalis 23 - 37 (av. 30), of thorax 45 - 60 (av. 55), of feet 53 - 61 (av. 58), total width 105 - 120 (av. 115), width of cephalis 38 - 45 (av. 41), of thorax 90 - 100 (av. 95).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FEE36983FD33F1EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test subpyramidal with a robust, apical horn. Proximal part of apical horn three-bladed; blades thick externally, broader terminally, each one with two very short thorns or only with a transversal blade; distal part conical, generally longer than the proximal part. Cephalis globular, smooth, poreless. Ventral spine very weakly marked externally. Thorax well distinguished from cephalis, subpyramidal, with four or six transverse rows of circular pores. Pores usually in square pattern distally, decreasing in size proximally and infilled toward the collar stricture. Feet usually shorter than thorax, very slightly curved, their external blade forming edges on the distal part of thorax. Velum very short when present.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FEE36983FD33F1EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species is very close to Napora burckhardti from which it differs by short and rather straight feet and a pyramidal thorax. From N. pyramidalis Baumgartner, 1984 it differs in having a distinct smooth cephalis and a pronounced collar stricture because of the sudden inflation of the thorax.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FF316C9EFCD1F2EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 27809; stub Mue 22 / 1; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74419 (Fig. 29 N). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Schaudiberg quarry, type locality of the species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 14 illustrated specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22) and one illustrated specimen from sample Hob 32. DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 205 - 285 (av. 245), length of apical horn 36 - 56 (av. 45), of cephalothorax 65 - 100 (av. 75), of feet 100 - 145 (av. 120), total width 113 - 162 (av. 132), width of thorax 70 - 120 (av. 88).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FF316C9EFCD1F2EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, weakly marked, practically imperforate. Apical horn very robust, short, three-bladed proximally with wide, externally expanded, rounded ridges and deep, narrow grooves. Distally it terminates into a conical or pyramidal axial spine which is as long as or long- er than proximal, bladed part. At the boundary between the two parts the blades may develop a crown of very short subsidiary spines, usually two or three for each blade, or a transversal blade. Ventral spine well developed externally, bladed, pyramidal, arising from the collar stricture. Thorax robust, hemispherical to conical with five transverse rows of pores. Pores quadrangularly to hexagonally framed, intervening bars thick with nodes at vertices. Feet long, slightly diverging and inwardly curved, commonly twice as long as to three times longer than thorax. Velum usually preserved, well differentiated from thorax by its delicate wall with transverse rows of pores. Distal part of velum well marked by a rim, three-lobate.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDDFF85FF316C9EFCD1F2EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF82FEE56983FED9F2ED.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 54922; stub Mue 22 / 17; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74420 (Fig. 30 A). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin timidus: shy, because of its hidden cephalis. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 350 - 395 (av. 370), length of apical horn 35 - 50 (av. 40), of cephalothorax 135 - 140 (av. 138), of velum 65 - 100, of feet 175 - 195 (av. 185), total width 230 - 260 (av. 250), width of thorax 165 - 175 (av. 170).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF82FEE56983FED9F2ED.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Test bell-shaped with cephalis hidden in the thoracic wall and cavity. Due to this position of the cephalis the slightly pyramidal ventral spine seems to originate in the upper part of thorax. Apical horn short, thin by comparison to the shell, three-bladed, with truncated, expanding blades distally and a central thorn, together forming a crown-like structure. Thorax thick-walled, robust, large hexagonal and pentagonal pore frames with vertices strengthened by small nodes. Pores alternately arranged in five to six transversal rows. Feet robust, diverging proximally and curving inward distally. Outer blades of feet broader than lateral blades. Thoracic velum finely porous, thin-walled, connected to thoracic aperture and to the proximal part of the feet by numerous fine bars. Aperture of the velum wide open, triangular.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF82FEE56983FED9F2ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The specimens from Mue 22 are morphologically very close to N. collieri Hull, 1997 by having the blades of the apical horn extended on the surface of cephalis up to the proximal end of thorax, a comparable apical horn and curved feet, but differ by the external blade being broad- er, thorax less rounded, apical horn thinner, and cephalis hidden in the thorax. By their broad external blade the feet of our specimens resemble those of N. latissima Takemura, 1986 and N. triangularis.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF83FC8B6BA2FEB8F10D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Poculinapora poculigera n. gen., n. sp. ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin poculum: cup; and Napora. RANGE. — Tithonian so far as known.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF83FC8B6BA2FEB8F10D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Dicyrtid nassellarians with a small cephalis and a large subglobular thorax. Cephalis with a well developed hollow apical horn. Apical tube subaxial between the two blades aligned with the primary lateral spines of the initial skeleton. Thorax with a large circular or triangular aperture and three threebladed feet, one blade external, two blades lateral. Thoracic velum usually present.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDAFF83FC8B6BA2FEB8F10D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Except for the hollow apical horn, the morphology and structure of the cephalis, thorax and feet of this new genus are similar to those of the genus Napora. In fact, this genus could be defined as Napora with hollow apical horn. Four new species (P. marsupiala n. gen., n. sp., P. poculigera n. gen., n. sp., P. spathulipes n. gen., n. sp., and P. tripartita n. gen., n. sp.), all of them from the very rich sample Mue 22, are assigned to this genus. A fifth species, Napora espinosa Hull, 1997, also Tithonian in age, shows very clearly the same character along the ventral groove (Hull 1997: pl. 45, fig. 19) (Fig. 32 A) and should be assigned to this new genus. All these five species have a rather similar globular thorax and a well distinct cephalis. Before discussing the hollow structure of the apical horn one should mention that the three blades and grooves of the apical horn of Napora are generally aligned approximately with the three feet. Accordingly, there are two blades, herein called lateral, aligned with the two feet representing prolongations of the primary lateral spines of the initial spicule, one blade, herein called dorsal, aligned with the dorsal spine and foot, one ventral groove opposite to the dorsal foot, on the direction of the ventral spine, and two latero-dorsal grooves between the dorsal and lateral blades. In four species (Poculinapora espinosa n. comb., P. marsupiala n. gen., n. sp., P. poculigera n. gen., n. sp., and P. spathulipes n. gen., n. sp.) (Fig. 32 A, C-F) the tube of the apical horn is certainly situated along the ventral groove which is closed in the ventral part. It represents the prolongation of the cephalic pore open in this area in front of the apical horn. In P. tripartita n. gen., n. sp. the tube would seem to be axial, at least on the distal portion. Because this position is difficult to explain it seems that in this case the axis of the horn (prolongation of the apical spine) is strongly displaced dorsally. The tube is a simple hollow in P. marsupiala n. gen., n. sp., P. spathulipes n. gen., n. sp., and P. espinosa n. comb. In P. tripartita n. gen., n. sp. and some specimens of P. poculigera n. gen., n. sp. the tube, or at least its distal end, seems to be subdivided by some septa or bars radiating from the axis. The genus Poculinapora n. gen. undoubtedly derived from a species of Napora by developing a tube along the ventral groove. A species susceptible to be such an ancestor could be Napora pacifica that is the most frequent species of Napora at this stratigraphic level and that has the thorax and feet rather similar to those of Poculinapora n. gen., and an apical horn with a rather variable distal part.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF83FF3D6C82FCC6F0AC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58165; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74421 (Fig. 30 D). PARATYPES. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2115 - 2116.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF83FF3D6C82FCC6F0AC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin marsupialis: marsupial.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF83FF3D6C82FCC6F0AC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Six specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length of test 290 - 345 (av. 320), length of apical horn 80 - 100 (av. 90), of cephalis 25 - 40 (av. 35), of thorax 55 - 61 (av. 59), of feet 130 - 160 (av. 145), total width 140 - 195 (av. 165), width of cephalis 37 - 40 (av. 39), of thorax 90 - 100 (av. 95).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF83FF3D6C82FCC6F0AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, globular, practically imperforate and slightly pustulate. Apical horn long, slightly curved dorsally. Dorsal blade of horn well marked, separated from the other two blades by two deep grooves. These blades are free in the distal half and connected in the proximal half around the groove forming a tube. Distal part of the tube obliquely cut. Thorax hemispherical, thickwalled, well separated from cephalis, with three or four transverse rows of pores on the inflate part. Pores arranged especially in square pattern and decreasing in size apically. Thoracic velum thinwalled, short, partly preserved, uniting laterally the feet in their proximal part. Feet long, slightly curved and slightly divergent. Lateral blades of feet with subparallel borders or even slightly broader distally. External blade tapering distally.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF83FF3D6C82FCC6F0AC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Poculinapora marsupiala n. gen., n. sp. is well distinguished by its dorsally curved and obliquely cut apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF81FCFA6C22FBE6F6EC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 58169, 58170; stub Mue 22 / 20; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74422 (Fig. 30 F, I). PARATYPES. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2117 - 2118.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF81FCFA6C22FBE6F6EC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin poculum: cup; and gero: to bear, to have.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF81FCFA6C22FBE6F6EC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length of shell 275 - 320 (av. 305), length of apical horn 57 - 64 (av. 59), of cephalis 37 - 40 (av. 38), of thorax 59 - 64 (av. 60), of feet 140 - 155 (av. 150); total width 175 - 220 (av. 205), width of cephalis 38 - 44 (av. 41), of thorax 105 - 115 (av. 110).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF81FCFA6C22FBE6F6EC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, globular, imperforate, smooth or slightly pustulate, separated from thorax by a shallow constriction. Apical horn straight or slightly curved, inverted pyramidal, having a wide cavity with triangular transverse section. Border of this cavity (distal end of horn) straight, thin, without spines but frayed due to corrosion. Inner space of this cavity simple or divided by a longitudinal septa. Thorax hemispherical with pustulose surface and pores arranged in four to six transverse rows; in distal rows they are arranged in a square pattern, in proximal rows alternate. Size of pores decreases apically. Feet long, divergent, and curved. Lateral blades of feet expanded distally, external blade tapered distally. Feet connected proximally by a thin postthoracic velum with quadrangular meshes.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFDBFF81FCFA6C22FBE6F6EC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new species differs from P. marsupialis n. sp. and P. tripartita n. gen., n. sp. by having no terminal spine on the apical horn and by the funnelshaped distal part of the apical horn.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD9FFFFFCE66BE2FE34F66C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2119 (Figs 31; 32 C). PARATYPE. — MNHN, bât. de Géologie, No. Gg 2001 / 2120 (Fig. 32 E).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD9FFFFFCE66BE2FE34F66C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin spathula: spatula; and pes: foot.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD9FFFFFCE66BE2FE34F66C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two specimens from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length of shell with horn and feet 300 - 330, of apical horn 60, of cephalis 35, of thorax 70 - 75, of feet 130 - 150; width of cephalis 40 - 60, of thorax 95 - 130.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD9FFFFFCE66BE2FE34F66C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, globular, imperforate with a weakly pustulate surface. Apical horn triradiate with very short subsidiary spines and a short distal spine. Dorsal blade with a pair of subsidiary spines arising a little lower than on the two lateral blades. Tube along ventral groove funnel-like with oblique border, lower ventrally and higher dorsally. Ventral spine thick externally, below the collar stricture or almost not marked. Thorax thick-walled, hemispherical, with five to seven transverse rows of circular pores. Pore frames thick with strong nodes at vertices. Nodes free or interconnected by a spongy network covering the thorax and cephalis. Feet long, three-bladed, slightly diverging and slightly curved with distal ends rounded, spathulate. Velum well developed between feet.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFD9FFFFFCE66BE2FE34F66C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Morphologically Poculinapora spathulipes n. gen., n. sp. is close to P. poculigera n. gen., n. sp. from which it differs by having a short ventral horn and subsidiary spines on blades. Feet of both species are rather similar but the spatula of the feet of this new species is wider. By the morphology of the apical horn, that still preserves the crown of subsidiary spines of Napora, this species and P. espinosa n. comb. seem to be the most primitive of the genus Poculinapora n. gen. The species is based on the holotype and paratype; the former is longer and narrower, the latter is shorter, thick- er, and has the cephalis and thorax covered with a layer of spongy fabric.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFA7FFFFFECB6B62FCA2F62C.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Photo No. 30851; stub Mue 22 / 3; Musée de Géologie, Lausanne, No. 74423 (Figs 30 C; 32 B).	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFA7FFFFFECB6B62FCA2F62C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin tripartitus: having three parts, divided into three.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFA7FFFFFECB6B62FCA2F62C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen from the type horizon (sample Mue 22). DIMENSIONS (IN µM). — Total length 437, length of apical horn from base to the verticils of spines 72, of cephalis 37, of thorax 75, of velum 95, of feet 200 - 230, diametre of cephalis 50, of thorax 110, of velum 130.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFA7FFFFFECB6B62FCA2F62C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Cephalis small, globular with a pustulate surface. Apical horn long, three-bladed, increasing in width distally, and divided into three straight, long, strongly divergent, three-bladed spines lying in the planes of the blades of the horn. One blade of these distal spines continues one of the blades of the apical horn, the other two connect two blades of the other two spines forming an inverted pyramidal or conical cavity. This cavity seems to be divided, at least distally, into three compartments by three longitudinal septa or radial bars radiating from the axis of the horn toward the interradial zones. Ventral spine very short externally. Collar suture well marked externally by a constriction and the absence of pustules. Thorax globular, subhemispherical, with the distal part slightly constricted, and with very small, circular pores. Surface of thorax rough, pustulate or spiny. Feet long, three-bladed, slightly divergent, and slightly curved inward. Velum very delicate, about as long as thorax, and connected on almost its whole length to the lateral blades of the feet. It has quadrangular or triangular meshes aligned usually in transverse rows.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
943E87C0FFA7FFFFFECB6B62FCA2F62C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This new species, from which we have only one specimen, resembles Napora aranea n. sp. and N. pacifica in having a similar cephalis and thorax, but differs from them in having the feet slightly curved inward and especially in having the apical horn with the structure as described above.	en	Dumitrica, Paulian, Zügel, Peter (2003): Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5372196
