identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9B5187B1FA05FF96FE89E908377291B6.text	9B5187B1FA05FF96FE89E908377291B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sicarius rugosus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1899)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sicarius rugosus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 A-D)</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Males of  S. rugosus (Fig. 1A) are distinguished by the very short bulb with a long curved embolus (Figs. 1 C-D; Magalhaes et al. 2017: Figs. 60A-C). Females (Fig. 1B) are distinguished by having few short and robust branches in the spermathecae, in addition to the absence of ventral branches (see Magalhaes et al. 2017: Figs. 60E-J). </p>
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                 Material examined.   Guatemala: Department of Zacapa: municipality of Cabañas:  Aldea El Arenal ,  Natural Reserve for the  Conservation of Heloderma , 1 male (UVGC 0008481), 15/01/2021, Jiichiro Yoshimoto, collected with light trap  ;  same data (14.883333, -89.783333, elevation: 510 m), 1 immature (UVGC 0008482), 29/03/2021, K. Herrera, found under a rock ;   same data (14.883333, -89.783333, elevation: 510 m), 1 immature found under a log (UVGC 0008483) 29/03/2021, department of El Progreso,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.129074/lat 14.817281)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.129074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.817281">Momoto Dormido Biological Station</a>
                 (14.8172805, -90.1290766, elevation: 842 m), 1 female (not collected, photographed, Fig. 1B), 04/01/2023, K. Herrera, found next to a cement block near the “Momoto Dormido” Biological scientific station  . 
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            <p>Distribution. Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (WSC 2024) and now recorded to Guatemala (Fig. 2). New country record.</p>
            <p> Natural history. The specimens were collected in fragments of xeric and dry forest (seasonal dry forest) in the departments of El Progreso and Zacapa. The vegetation of the area is characterized by a thorny shrubland (mainly consisting of small shrubs, columnar cacti, and creeping cacti) and a tall dry forest (large trees reaching up to 25 m in height, such as the dry forest oak  Bucida macrostachya or yaje  Leucaena spp. ) (Ariano et al. 2017). Females of  Sicarius rugosus were found living in areas with a human-related structures, in particular under nylon tarps (Fig. 3) and construction material discarded. Males were found under dry logs, in El Progreso and Zacapa. The soil from where the spiders were collected was sandy, very rocky and with abundant leaves and dry branches on the ground. Males and females of this species were collected between 12:00 h and 23:30. In the case of males, it is very likely that during the afternoon and night they are active in search of females as well as in obtaining food. Regarding the female, she was found in her shelter, which could indicate that during the day she takes shelter and at night she is more active. </p>
            <p> Comments. The documentation of  S. rugosus from Guatemala represents the northernmost record for the species. The specimens of  S. rugosus were found alive in human-related infrastructure, making it possible potential incidents with people. These results are similar to those of the species in Honduras, where Cubas-RodrÍguez &amp; Brescovit (2024) mentioned that  S. rugosus was found few meters from houses and in proximity to cattle. </p>
            <p> It seems that  S. rugosus could be considered a synanthropic or at least hemisynanthropic species, given its background in Honduras and Guatemala. In the case of Costa Rica and El Salvador, as far as we know, they have not been found near human dwellings, although in Guatemala it seems that this species is found in inter-domiciliary habitats, since it was found near a house, which is within the Momoto Dormido refuge, said refuge is at a distance of one kilometer from a large community known as “El Jute”. </p>
            <p> Future studies are needed to address this aspect in order to know if these encounters are actually fortuitous, if they are related to the construction of houses, buildings, in habitats frequented by  S. rugosus or if this species can actually be considered synanthropic, since current data from Honduras (Cubas-RodrÍguez &amp; Brescovit 2024), as in Guatemala, are few, because  S. rugosus has been recorded in one or two locations in these countries, this could be influenced by the poor dispersion that these spiders present (Magalhaes et al. 2017), or by the great lack of arachnological studies. </p>
            <p> Finally, our findings expand the distribution range of  S. rugosus to five Central American countries. Magalhaes et al. (2021) predicted a distribution from southernmost area of Chiapas (Mexico), north of Costa Rica. Since then, we have reported new populations in Honduras (Cubas-RodrÍguez &amp; Brescovit 2024) and Guatemala (this paper). Following the prediction, it could be possible to find the species lives in the border regions of dry forest between Guatemala and Chiapas (Mexico). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B5187B1FA05FF96FE89E908377291B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cubas-Rodríguez, Alex M.;Herrera-Jordan, Katherinne	Cubas-Rodríguez, Alex M., Herrera-Jordan, Katherinne (2024): First record of Sicarius rugosus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Guatemala. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 517-523, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.12, URL: http://zoobank.org/dbac8af8-b074-40f1-8047-024fe2f7a705
