identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.text	9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer 1841)	<div><p>Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841)</p> <p>(Figs. 1A, 5 A−C)</p> <p>Plectana globulata Walckenaer, 1841: 151</p> <p>Actinacantha globulata Simon, 1864: 286.</p> <p>Gasteracantha globulata van Hasselt, 1882: 12</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 sub-female (reg. UIR150116- AGLO1), Semenyih., Selangor, coll. Chan ZY, 15 Jan.2016.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adult female A. globulata is differentiated from those of Gasteracantha hasselti and Macracantha arcuata based on the unique bulbous bases from which the middle spines originate.</p> <p>Natural history. A sub-female was collected from a web in the understorey of a primary tropical forest. The species appears to be uncommon and very localised in the Malay Peninsula.</p> <p>Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java).</p> <p>Remarks. The similarities in the morphological descriptions and geographical distribution of A. globulata and Gasteracantha crucigera suggest that they may likely be synonymous (Walckenaer, 1841; Simon, 1864; Bradley, 1877; Chrysanthus, 1971; Dahl, 1914; Yong &amp; Ono, 2009). However, a solid conclusion cannot be made based on the morphology and DNA sequence of only one A. globulata subadult female in its penultimate molt. This limited information may overlook cryptic or sibling species existing between Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea. The recent employment of molecular data has already revealed the existence of species complexes in spider and insect taxa which may well be possible among geographically isolated A. globulata and G. crucigera (Franzini et al., 2013; Gregorič et al., 2015; Yong et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the morphological and molecular characterisation of more specimens of both species are expected to resolve this taxonomic uncertainty.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.text	9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas 1835)	<div><p>Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835)</p> <p>(Figs. 1 B−D, 5A−F)</p> <p>Epeira diardi Lucas, 1835: 70, pl. 149, fig. 4.</p> <p>Gasteracantha pavesi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 282, pl. 26, fig. 4.</p> <p>Gasteracantha diardi Dahl, 1914: 285.</p> <p>Gasteracantha diardi Kolosváry, 1931: 1057, pl. 30, fig. 1.</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR270115- GDIA1 &amp;2), Penang Hill, Penang, coll. Tan J, 31 Oct.2013; 2 females (reg. UIR270115- GDIA3 &amp;4), Gunung Jerai, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 9 June. 2014; 2 females (reg. UIR270115- GDIA5 &amp;6), Kuala Sepetang, Taiping, Perak, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 12 May.2014.</p> <p>Measurements (female). CL = 2.45; CW = 3.72; AL = 6.39; AW = 25.56 (including median spines); TL = 8.80. AS = 1.15; MS = 6.23; PS = 1.58.</p> <p>Interocular distance. AME – AME = 0.21; ALE – AME = 1.44; ALE – ALE = 3.47; PME – PME = 0.26; PLE – PME = 1.36; PLE – PLE = 3.49; ALE – PLE = 0.04; AME – PME = 0.12.</p> <p>Legs. I 10.47 (3.02, 1.40, 2.71, 1.76, 1.58); II 10.16 (3.00, 1.23, 2.39, 1.92, 1.62); III 7.50 (2.68, 0.83, 1.44, 1.51, 1.04); IV 12.80 (5.00, 1.28, 2.72, 2.48, 1.32). Leg formula 4123.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. diardi display tiny angular anterior abdominal spines and well-developed lateral median spines which may be straight or slightly bent backwards (Lucas, 1835; Dahl, 1941). The epigyne of G. diardi is illustrated for the first time in Fig. 6, which is shorter than wide and appears M-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 6C), with two tiny openings that extend internally and a forked septum with two apparent depressions.</p> <p>Intraspecific variation. Two different abdominal patterns of female G. diardi were observed in this study: (i) darkcolored abdomen with three horizontally transverse stripes (white and yellow; Fig. 1C, D) or (ii) without stripes (Fig. 1B). Both morphotypes display similar epigyne structure. Spine curvature and bristles more conspicuous in full adults.</p> <p>RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019</p> <p>Natural history. In Peninsular Malaysia, the dark form of female G. diardi (Fig. 1B) appeared to be prevalent in the highlands, while two striped female individuals (Fig. 1C, D) were collected from the fringes of a mangrove forest. The webs of female individuals were conspicuous and often constructed at 1−2 m above ground. Males not observed.</p> <p>Distribution. China, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.text	9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch 1837	<div><p>Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837</p> <p>(Figs. 1F, 7 A−E)</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasseltii C. L. Koch, 1837: 29, fig. 267</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasseltii Dahl, 1914: 247. 250</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasselti Song, Zhu &amp; Chen, 1999: 281, figs. 168E, F, K, L, Q, R</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasselti Yin et al., 2012: 581, figs. 279a−f</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasselti Sen et al., 2015: 108, figs. 617−621, pl. 21</p> <p>Gasteracantha hasselti Williams, 2017: 249, figs. 1−7</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 female (reg. UIR270115- GHAS1), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 January 2015.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adult female G. hasselti is differentiated from those of Actinacantha globulata and Macracantha arcuata based on the typically attenuated median spines which hardly exceeds half the width of the abdomen.</p> <p>Natural history. A female was collected from a web amid the shrubs of a disturbed forest. Female individuals tend to construct webs in dryer areas. Males not observed.</p> <p>Distribution. India, China, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.</p> <p>Tan et al.: Phylogeny of spiny spiders in P. Malaysia</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.text	9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gasteracantha kuhli C. L. Koch 1837	<div><p>Gasteracantha kuhli C. L. Koch, 1837</p> <p>(Figs. 1E, 8 A−E)</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhlii C. L. Koch, 1837: 20, fig. 262</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhli Dahl, 1914: 262</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhli Yin et al., 2012: 582, figs. 280a−f</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhli Kim &amp; Lee, 2012: 74, figs. 53A−D, pl. 13</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhlii Sen et al., 2015: 108, figs. 622−626, pl. 21</p> <p>Gasteracantha kuhlii Roy, Saha &amp; Raychaudhuri, 2017: 6, figs. 7−12, 167</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 female (reg. UIR0200414- GKUH1), Kepong, Selangor, coll. Tan J, 20 Apr.2014; 1 female (reg. UIR031014- GKUH2), Sungai Tekala, Hulu Langat, Selangor, coll. Tan J, 03 Oct.2014; 1 female (reg. UIR091116- GKUH3), Sungai Relau, Pahang, coll. Tan J, 09 Nov.2016.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. kuhli are tiny (body length 6−8 mm) and display a dorsally white abdomen with several pairs of black patches at the borders which may or may not be interconnected. All three pairs of abdominal spines are short, with the posterior pair similar or slightly longer than that of the median spines.</p> <p>Natural history. Female individuals were collected from conspicuous webs in parks, and disturbed forests. In Peninsular Malaysia, this common species is observed in the lowlands and at high elevations (&lt;1,200 m). Males not observed.</p> <p>Distribution. India, Japan, and Southeast Asia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.text	9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling 1864	<div><p>Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864</p> <p>(Figs. 1I, 9 A−F, 10A, B)</p> <p>Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864: 67, pl. 1, fig. 5 Gasteracantha malayensis van Hasselt, 1882: 13</p> <p>Gasteracantha mengei Dahl, 1914: 270, fig. 10</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype – female, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia, “ Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection ”, no date, BMNH.</p> <p>Others: 1 female (damaged abdomen) (reg. UIR270615- GMEN1), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 June.2015.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. mengei can be differentiated from female G. diardi and G. diadesmia Thorell (see Fig. 4, p. 33 in Roy et al., 2017 and Fig. 615 in Sen et al., 2015) by the somewhat parallel arrangement of its anterior and median spines in dorsal view as well as the inconspicuous posterior spines (Figs. 1I, 9A, 10A). In terms of epigynal structure, the protruding Y-shaped structure of the epigyne in posterior view (Fig. 9D) can be used to distinguish G. mengei from G. diardi.</p> <p>Natural history. One female individual was collected from a large web (~ 1 m) built across two trees near a river in a disturbed forest.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo.</p> <p>Remarks. G. mengei can be confused with G. diardi as the females are similar in terms of size, appearance and geographical distribution. Despite the failure to obtain any DNA data for G. mengei GMEN 1, a cross-check with the holotype specimen (Fig. 10) clearly showed that these two species are different. It is worth noting that the four tiny posterior sigilla (arrow in Fig. 10) observed in the G. mengei holotype (then ‘ G. mengii ’, labelled ‘Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection’ from Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia) were not illustrated or described in Keyserling (1864). This may have led to the incorrect synonymy of two morphologically similar species, namely G. mengei and G. malayensis (Simon, 1864) as the subsequent authors, i.e., Dahl (1914) and van Hasselt (1882) often relied on illustrations for identification. Both Gasteracantha species were also coincidentally from the same type locality of Malacca. These two species are unique within the genus as they both lack conspicuous posterior abdominal spines. However, they can be distinguished based on the presence of the row of four posterior sigilla as well as the angle and position of the median and posterior spines. According to Simon (1864), the two pairs of spines of G. malayensis are ‘straight and parallel’ (p. 285 and Fig. 130 in Simon, 1864), unlike the abdominal spines of G. mengei which are slightly angled towards the posterior (Figs. 9A, 10A). These morphological characters also distinguish the females of these two species from those of G. quadrispinosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 from Australia and New Guinea, a species thought to be conspecific with the former two due to the lack of information on abdominal colors at that time (Pickard-Cambridge, 1879; Dahl, 1914; Chrysanthus, 1971; World Spider Catalog, 2018). Photographic records suggest that both G. malayensis and G. mengei are extant in Peninsular Malaysia and more sampling is required for validation, considering the possibility of ethanol preservation affecting not only the color but also the natural direction of the spines as pointed out by Pickard-Cambridge (1879).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.text	9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793)</p> <p>(Figs. 1G; 11 A−E)</p> <p>Aranea arcuata Fabricius, 1793: 425</p> <p>Gasteracantha arcuata Dahl, 1914: 242, fig. 1</p> <p>Gasteracantha arcuata C. L. Koch, 1837: 34, fig. 270</p> <p>Gasteracantha arcuata Yin et al., 1997: 94, figs. 23a−c</p> <p>Gasteracantha arcuata Song, Zhu &amp; Chen, 1999: 281, figs. 167N−P, 168A, B, O</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR031014- MARC1 &amp;2), Sungai Tekala, Hulu Langat,</p> <p>Selangor, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 3 Oct.2014; 1 female (reg. UIR270615- MARC3), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 June.2015.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adult female Macracantha arcuata is differentiated from those of Actinacantha globulata and Gasteracantha hasselti based on the unique long median spines that are multiple times the width of the abdomen.</p> <p>Natural history. Female individuals were collected in the understorey of disturbed forests, where they resided in an inverted position at the center of their horizontal webs built directly above or near (&lt;2 m) water bodies. The reddishorange abdominal color was observed to fade with age, turning white. The long abdominal spines of females retain some flexibility post-molt and are angled farther apart in gravid and satiated individuals. Males not observed and female populations appeared to be seasonal.</p> <p>Distribution. India, China, and Southeast Asia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.text	9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall 1857)	<div><p>Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857)</p> <p>(Figs. 1H, 12 A−E)</p> <p>Plectana brevispina Doleschall, 1857: 423</p> <p>Gasteracantha brevispina Workman &amp; Workman, 1892: 8, pl. 8</p> <p>Thelacantha brevispina Benoit, 1964</p> <p>Gasteracantha mammosa Barrion &amp; Litsinger, 1995: 554, figs. 341a−e</p> <p>Thelacantha brevispina Yin et al., 2012: 584, figs. 281a−i</p> <p>Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR010214- TBRE1 &amp;2), Penang Hill, Penang Island, coll. Tan J, 1 Feb.2014; 1 female (reg. UIR090614- TBRE3), Gunung Jerai, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 9 June.2014.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Female individuals of T. brevispina are identified based on the two large longitudinally ovoid depressions on the abdomen as well as posterior spines that occur on swollen tubercles.</p> <p>Natural history. In Peninsular Malaysia, female individuals appear to be abundant in the highlands close to human settlements. Sub-females may display lighter and vibrant abdominal coloration. Males not observed.</p> <p>Distribution. Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, Australia and French Polynesia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tan, Ji;Chan, Zi Yang;Ong, Ching Ang;Yong, Hoi Sen	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
