taxonID	type	description	language	source
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 A, 5 A−C)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 sub-female (reg. UIR 150116 - AGLO 1), Semenyih., Selangor, coll. Chan ZY, 15 Jan. 2016.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult female A. globulata is differentiated from those of Gasteracantha hasselti and Macracantha arcuata based on the unique bulbous bases from which the middle spines originate. Natural history. A sub-female was collected from a web in the understorey of a primary tropical forest. The species appears to be uncommon and very localised in the Malay Peninsula.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java).	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104A35248A67E7C9226CF988.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The similarities in the morphological descriptions and geographical distribution of A. globulata and Gasteracantha crucigera suggest that they may likely be synonymous (Walckenaer, 1841; Simon, 1864; Bradley, 1877; Chrysanthus, 1971; Dahl, 1914; Yong & Ono, 2009). However, a solid conclusion cannot be made based on the morphology and DNA sequence of only one A. globulata subadult female in its penultimate molt. This limited information may overlook cryptic or sibling species existing between Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea. The recent employment of molecular data has already revealed the existence of species complexes in spider and insect taxa which may well be possible among geographically isolated A. globulata and G. crucigera (Franzini et al., 2013; Gregorič et al., 2015; Yong et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the morphological and molecular characterisation of more specimens of both species are expected to resolve this taxonomic uncertainty.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 B−D, 5 A−F)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR 270115 - GDIA 1 & 2), Penang Hill, Penang, coll. Tan J, 31 Oct. 2013; 2 females (reg. UIR 270115 - GDIA 3 & 4), Gunung Jerai, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 9 June. 2014; 2 females (reg. UIR 270115 - GDIA 5 & 6), Kuala Sepetang, Taiping, Perak, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 12 May. 2014.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	description	Measurements (female). CL = 2.45; CW = 3.72; AL = 6.39; AW = 25.56 (including median spines); TL = 8.80. AS = 1.15; MS = 6.23; PS = 1.58. Interocular distance. AME – AME = 0.21; ALE – AME = 1.44; ALE – ALE = 3.47; PME – PME = 0.26; PLE – PME = 1.36; PLE – PLE = 3.49; ALE – PLE = 0.04; AME – PME = 0.12. Legs. I 10.47 (3.02, 1.40, 2.71, 1.76, 1.58); II 10.16 (3.00, 1.23, 2.39, 1.92, 1.62); III 7.50 (2.68, 0.83, 1.44, 1.51, 1.04); IV 12.80 (5.00, 1.28, 2.72, 2.48, 1.32). Leg formula 4123.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. diardi display tiny angular anterior abdominal spines and well-developed lateral median spines which may be straight or slightly bent backwards (Lucas, 1835; Dahl, 1941). The epigyne of G. diardi is illustrated for the first time in Fig. 6, which is shorter than wide and appears M-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 6 C), with two tiny openings that extend internally and a forked septum with two apparent depressions. Intraspecific variation. Two different abdominal patterns of female G. diardi were observed in this study: (i) darkcolored abdomen with three horizontally transverse stripes (white and yellow; Fig. 1 C, D) or (ii) without stripes (Fig. 1 B). Both morphotypes display similar epigyne structure. Spine curvature and bristles more conspicuous in full adults. RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Natural history. In Peninsular Malaysia, the dark form of female G. diardi (Fig. 1 B) appeared to be prevalent in the highlands, while two striped female individuals (Fig. 1 C, D) were collected from the fringes of a mangrove forest. The webs of female individuals were conspicuous and often constructed at 1 − 2 m above ground. Males not observed.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104B35228AA9E791219CF909.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 F, 7 A−E)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 female (reg. UIR 270115 - GHAS 1), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 January 2015.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult female G. hasselti is differentiated from those of Actinacantha globulata and Macracantha arcuata based on the typically attenuated median spines which hardly exceeds half the width of the abdomen. Natural history. A female was collected from a web amid the shrubs of a disturbed forest. Female individuals tend to construct webs in dryer areas. Males not observed.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104D352189F0E5712555FF67.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, China, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia. Tan et al.: Phylogeny of spiny spiders in P. Malaysia	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 E, 8 A−E)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 1 female (reg. UIR 0200414 - GKUH 1), Kepong, Selangor, coll. Tan J, 20 Apr. 2014; 1 female (reg. UIR 031014 - GKUH 2), Sungai Tekala, Hulu Langat, Selangor, coll. Tan J, 03 Oct. 2014; 1 female (reg. UIR 091116 - GKUH 3), Sungai Relau, Pahang, coll. Tan J, 09 Nov. 2016.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. kuhli are tiny (body length 6 − 8 mm) and display a dorsally white abdomen with several pairs of black patches at the borders which may or may not be interconnected. All three pairs of abdominal spines are short, with the posterior pair similar or slightly longer than that of the median spines. Natural history. Female individuals were collected from conspicuous webs in parks, and disturbed forests. In Peninsular Malaysia, this common species is observed in the lowlands and at high elevations (<1,200 m). Males not observed.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E352189CAE69D2455FAB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, Japan, and Southeast Asia.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 I, 9 A−F, 10 A, B)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype – female, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia, “ Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection ”, no date, BMNH. Others: 1 female (damaged abdomen) (reg. UIR 270615 - GMEN 1), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 June. 2015.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female individuals of G. mengei can be differentiated from female G. diardi and G. diadesmia Thorell (see Fig. 4, p. 33 in Roy et al., 2017 and Fig. 615 in Sen et al., 2015) by the somewhat parallel arrangement of its anterior and median spines in dorsal view as well as the inconspicuous posterior spines (Figs. 1 I, 9 A, 10 A). In terms of epigynal structure, the protruding Y-shaped structure of the epigyne in posterior view (Fig. 9 D) can be used to distinguish G. mengei from G. diardi. Natural history. One female individual was collected from a large web (~ 1 m) built across two trees near a river in a disturbed forest.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104E35208A99E7FD2263F9B8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. G. mengei can be confused with G. diardi as the females are similar in terms of size, appearance and geographical distribution. Despite the failure to obtain any DNA data for G. mengei GMEN 1, a cross-check with the holotype specimen (Fig. 10) clearly showed that these two species are different. It is worth noting that the four tiny posterior sigilla (arrow in Fig. 10) observed in the G. mengei holotype (then ‘ G. mengii ’, labelled ‘ Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection’ from Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia) were not illustrated or described in Keyserling (1864). This may have led to the incorrect synonymy of two morphologically similar species, namely G. mengei and G. malayensis (Simon, 1864) as the subsequent authors, i. e., Dahl (1914) and van Hasselt (1882) often relied on illustrations for identification. Both Gasteracantha species were also coincidentally from the same type locality of Malacca. These two species are unique within the genus as they both lack conspicuous posterior abdominal spines. However, they can be distinguished based on the presence of the row of four posterior sigilla as well as the angle and position of the median and posterior spines. According to Simon (1864), the two pairs of spines of G. malayensis are ‘ straight and parallel’ (p. 285 and Fig. 130 in Simon, 1864), unlike the abdominal spines of G. mengei which are slightly angled towards the posterior (Figs. 9 A, 10 A). These morphological characters also distinguish the females of these two species from those of G. quadrispinosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 from Australia and New Guinea, a species thought to be conspecific with the former two due to the lack of information on abdominal colors at that time (Pickard-Cambridge, 1879; Dahl, 1914; Chrysanthus, 1971; World Spider Catalog, 2018). Photographic records suggest that both G. malayensis and G. mengei are extant in Peninsular Malaysia and more sampling is required for validation, considering the possibility of ethanol preservation affecting not only the color but also the natural direction of the spines as pointed out by Pickard-Cambridge (1879).	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 G; 11 A−E)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR 031014 - MARC 1 & 2), Sungai Tekala, Hulu Langat, Selangor, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 3 Oct. 2014; 1 female (reg. UIR 270615 - MARC 3), Sungai Sedim, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 27 June. 2015.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult female Macracantha arcuata is differentiated from those of Actinacantha globulata and Gasteracantha hasselti based on the unique long median spines that are multiple times the width of the abdomen. Natural history. Female individuals were collected in the understorey of disturbed forests, where they resided in an inverted position at the center of their horizontal webs built directly above or near (<2 m) water bodies. The reddishorange abdominal color was observed to fade with age, turning white. The long abdominal spines of females retain some flexibility post-molt and are angled farther apart in gravid and satiated individuals. Males not observed and female populations appeared to be seasonal.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, China, and Southeast Asia.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 H, 12 A−E)	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA. 2 females (reg. UIR 010214 - TBRE 1 & 2), Penang Hill, Penang Island, coll. Tan J, 1 Feb. 2014; 1 female (reg. UIR 090614 - TBRE 3), Gunung Jerai, Kedah, coll. Tan J and Chan ZY, 9 June. 2014.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female individuals of T. brevispina are identified based on the two large longitudinally ovoid depressions on the abdomen as well as posterior spines that occur on swollen tubercles. Natural history. In Peninsular Malaysia, female individuals appear to be abundant in the highlands close to human settlements. Sub-females may display lighter and vibrant abdominal coloration. Males not observed.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
9A6DF50C104F35208A84E1C02550F8EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, Australia and French Polynesia.	en	Tan, Ji, Chan, Zi Yang, Ong, Ching Ang, Yong, Hoi Sen (2019): Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 32-55, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003
