identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9A0C87C8FFDBFF98FF4BFF3BFE63FE48.text	9A0C87C8FFDBFF98FF4BFF3BFE63FE48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima Latreille 1804	<div><p>Lamprima Latreille, 1804</p><p>Lamprima Latreille, 1804a: 150 .</p><p>Type species. Lethrus aeneus Fabricius, 1792, by monotypy.</p><p>Neolamprima Gestro, 1875: 997; Nagel 1922: 16 (synonymy).</p><p>Type species. Neolamprima adolphinae Gestro, 1875, by monotypy.</p><p>Description. Length. Male 13–60 mm (usually 20–45 mm) including mandibles, mandibles 10–38% of overall length (Figs 1–14); female 13–27 mm including mandibles, mandibles 5–9% of overall length (Figs 15–20). Dorsal surface without scales or visible setae; venter setose, setae simple.</p><p>Head. Male without dorsal tubercles on head, anterior of head concave or truncate (Figs 21–32); genae welldeveloped anterior to eyes but not laterally expanded, at most slightly anteriorly angulate in males; female head not narrowed compared with male; temples short but slightly angulate, shallowly grooved or notched to accommodate anterior angles of pronotum; head deeply inserted into pronotum which almost reaches eyes (Figs 33–44); eyes undivided, reniform, with shallowly concave anterior and posterior margins, the anteroventral margin sharp and linear, forming the outer edge of the antennal groove; antennae not geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, with 3 antennomere club, the club antennomeres entirely densely setose and often closely appressed; antennomere 7 cupuliform, with thin lateral lobe and 6 slightly asymmetric (male) or with thin lobe (female); male mandibles as long as or longer than head and usually densely internally setose in male (not L. imberbis); male mandible without basal dorsal tooth; each female mandible with only one dorsal cusp, with large strongly incurved basal ventral tooth, overlapping at tips; penultimate labial palpomere angulate on inner margin in male, not angulate in female; labium broad, approximately one third width of head; mentum solid and punctate, apex truncate; pregula flat; lateroventral grooves present between eyes and sides of buccal cavity for retention of scape.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 1–44) convex with angulate (most males) to rounded sides, broadest slightly posterior to middle, without prominent anterior or posterior angles; anterior of pronotum broadly margined; middle of prosternal process concealed between procoxae, apex flat. Scutellum almost equilateral triangular. Elytra nonstriate but may have irregular, shallow grooves, with scattered shallow simple concave punctures, surface of interspaces smooth and shiny to dull and wrinkled but always with finely microreticulate microsculpture, usually slightly granulose in males (Figs 54–57). Elytral humeri not spined. Elytral epipleurae hidden from above, transversely strigose. Hindwings fully developed. Anterior field of mesoscutum strongly and closely punctate; scutellum semicircular to heart shaped; mesanepisternum with sparse, large punctures; posterior half mesepimeron, visible parts of metanepisternum, metepimeron and sides of metaventrite with dense, small punctures (partly coalescent, interspaces less than diameters) and setae; mesoventral process almost parallel-sided to junction with metaventrite, abruptly elevated anterior to this (Figs 58–61); metanepisternum with elevated lobe at anterior angle locking into small depression on elytral epipleuron. Profemur without anterior ridge; male protibia (Figs 62–75) with expanded blade- or fan-like flat spur, except L. imberbis with narrowly elongate, triangular, curved spur; female protibial spur narrowly elongate triangular; male protibia without secondary teeth between major teeth; female protibia without subsidiary teeth between large teeth on outer edge; male metatibia without setose excavation on inner edge, usually with spines on outer edge; tarsal empodium prominent, with paired divergent thin tufts of apical setae.</p><p>Abdomen. Ventrites not laterally ridged and without basal transverse grooves.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 76–88; unique male of L. imberbis undissected). Phallobase fusiform or spindle-shaped and uniformly sclerotised, with the apical margins rounded laterally and with V-shaped excavations dorsally (shallower) and ventrally (deeper); apical half of dorsal surface with at least a few small raised spicules, which may form irregular oblique ridges. Parameres about 2/5 length phallobase, symmetrical, with preapical setal tuft on ventral surface and incurved pointed tip; ventral inner edge of parameres soft, irregularly ridged, with the surface either inflated towards the penis or collapsed laterally, depending on preservation of the specimen; penis symmetrical, in two visible parts: basal 2/3 darkly sclerotised, rigid and narrowly conical between parameres, obliquely ridged at base; apical third thinly sclerotised and usually translucent, as a thin straight cylinder; endophallus, if everted, of similar width to apex of penis but soft and flexible, apically contracting to long, thin flagellum.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 89–94; L. imberbis unknown). Tergite IX with acute to broadly rounded translucent apex; pleurite IX and sternite IX well developed as elongate sclerites; hemisternites flat and apical halves elongate rectangular with truncate apices, gonostyli flat, inverted-trapezoidal in shape, inserted on middle of membranous apex of hemisternites; spermathecal duct coiled and convoluted, spermatheca sclerotised, variable in shape from tear-drop to hook; spermathecal gland smaller than spermatheca, glandular duct longer than spermatheca.</p><p>Larval diagnosis. The following diagnosis is based on published descriptions of L. aurata larvae (Alderson 1975 [as L. varians]; Lawrence 1981). The larva is similar to the lamprimine Phalacrognathus W.J. Macleay, 1885 (Wood et al. 1996).</p><p>Head: antenna with 3 antennomeres; second antennomere without setae or sensory spots, apex slightly produced beyond base of third antennomere, the latter elongate but much smaller than second. Left mandible without incisor teeth between 2–3 apical teeth and mola; epipharynx trapezoidal, with dense, long setae on apical margin and dense, short setae on sides, apex of median area with transverse row of 6 short, blunt pegs and row of 4 circular sensilla proximal to this, epitorma absent. Legs without distal claw, last 3 segments short and broad and densely setose; tibiotarsus reduced to an ovate lobe, length equal to width at base; mesocoxal stridulatory file (pars stridens) with a single line of about 50 quadrate to slightly transverse dense ridges, granulose towards base, and placed in a field of minute granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file (plectrum) a single line of 45–60 closely placed transverse ridges or granules, increasing in size from base to apex. Anal area of abdomen with two adjacent pear-shaped and minutely but densely setose lobes, without ovate pads, their bases subtending about 90° in ventral view, separated from 10th segment by a dorsal lobe, which is triangular, glabrous and unsculptured; 10th abdominal segment not foreshortened dorsally, ventral apex triangularly excavate, raster confined to apical quarter, consisting of dense, minute, inwardly-directed setae.</p><p>Ecology and natural history. The following notes mostly concern the common and widespread species L. aurata (Fearn 1996, 2015, 2016) and the Lord Howe endemic L. insularis (Reid 2004) . Lamprima adults are commonly diurnal and are often found on flowers, where they may mate. Adult males snip off the apical shoots of living plant material to provide sap flows. They have been recorded feeding on many genera, both native and exotic, listed by family as follows: Asparagaceae: Lomandra; Asteraceae: Ozothamnus; Casuarinaceae: Casuarina; Fabaceae: Acacia, Virgilia; Malvaceae: Lavatera; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus, Leptospermum, Melaleuca; Pinaceae: Pinus; Proteaceae: Banksia; Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia; Rosaceae: Photinia, Prunus; Salicaceae: Populus (Fearn 1996, 2015; Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017). Feeding by the males of Lamprima with elongated mandibles (most L. adolphinae and some L. aurata) has not been described. Female mandibles are apparently non-functional, therefore females fly to the male feeding sites to lap up sap released by males. Feeding sites are used for male-male aggression and for copulation. Fearn (1996) noticed a 3: 1 male to female sex ratio in the field, which is corroborated by the male biased material of most species in collections. Olliff (1889) noted that male L. insularis were much more common than females. In contrast, the material available for L. insularis has a roughly 1:1 sex ratio, but were mostly collected by breaking open logs, so does not represent typical field activity of the species. Adults will also feed on soft fruits (Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017). Oviposition is usually underground, the females tunnelling into soil around partly buried decaying wood. There is a great variety of larval host genera, including exotics: Araucariaceae: Araucaria; Arecaceae: Howea; Casuarinaceae: Allocasuarina, Casuarina; Celastraceae: Elaeodendron; Fabaceae: Acacia; Lauraceae: Cryptocarya; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus, Syzygium; Oleaceae: Olea; Salicaceae: Salix (Fearn 1996; Reid 2004; Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017). Lamprima aurata larvae are usually in decaying roots and buried timber in Tasmania (Fearn 1996) but they prefer standing timber in northern Queensland rainforest (Wood et al. 1996). Lamprima insularis larvae usually inhabit fallen timber on or above ground level in the subtropical rainforests of Lord Howe Island (Reid 2004). In wetter areas Lamprima larvae may be better able to survive above ground, or less able to survive below ground, but there may be a trade-off between humidity and temperature, as L. aurata avoids cool temperate rainforests in Tasmania (Fearn 1996). In logs and stumps the larvae generally bore upwards. Pupation is in a chamber, usually just beneath the wood surface but sometimes in adjacent soil (Fearn 1996). In Tasmania the entire life cycle is at least three years but it may be 1–2 years in Queensland (Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017). In captivity, the life cycle of L. adolphinae is 9–14 months (Levet 2016).</p><p>There are numerous photographs and several videos of Lamprima species on the Internet (for example: Anonymous 2017a), showing: different colour varieties, mating, fighting between males, feeding, rearing methods, larvae and pupae. In copulation and precopulation the protibial spurs of the males have little function. They may scrape lightly over the pronotum of the female as the prothoracic legs are moved backwards and forwards, but this activity seems erratic and brief. In male-to-male combat, each male uses its mandibles to try to embrace the mandibles of the other, so longer mandibles provide a wider net for the embrace. Once one male has enclosed and squeezed together the mandibles of its rival, it shakes the whole animal quickly to one side to unbalance it, then abruptly to the other side, letting go at the end of this second swing. The rival can be flung a few centimetres (see video by Kan 2016). The elongate mandibles of L. adolphinae allow males to grab wayward appendages of rivals rather than gripping the whole head. In fights, the protibial spurs may be used as braces against the substrate and this activity might be their primary function.</p><p>The international pet trade is heavily involved in rearing Lamprima species, with goals including production of enlarged mandibles and unusual colour varieties. This may extend the range of variation for each species given here, which is based on field-collected specimens.</p><p>Lamprima is widespread in Australia (Fig. 95), occupying almost the entire eastern edge of the continent from Cooktown in northern Queensland to Tasmania and most of the south coast from Mallacoota west to Perth, with an 850 km gap at the Nullarbor Plain. Lamprima occurs up to 400 km inland on the mainland. Lamprima also occurs on two oceanic islands, Norfolk and Lord Howe and a single species is widespread on mainland New Guinea (Fig. 95). In New Guinea it occurs up to 2800 m.</p><p>Conservation. Conservation status and threats are discussed under each species. In general Lamprima species are extremely popular with stag beetle collectors and most species are being, or have been, reared in commercial quantities in eastern Asia and probably Europe and North America. One species, L. imberbis, is of considerable concern as it has not been collected for 100 years.</p><p>Comparison with other genera of Lampriminae . There are four other genera of Lampriminae, all monotypic. The New Zealand genus Dendroblax White, 1846, is unmistakably different from Lamprima, with a dynastine-shaped body, densely punctate, non-metallic, reddish-brown upper surface, venter with long setae and minimal sexual dimorphism (Holloway 2007). The Australian endemic Homolamprima W.J. Macleay, 1885, is relatively easily distinguished from Lamprima by: mesometaventrite junction anteriorly bilobed; apex prosternal process elevated; male protibia with large narrow spines. Homolamprima is also much flatter than any Lamprima species (Macleay 1885b). The South American genus Streptocerus Fairmaire, 1850, is similar to Homolamprima but differs from it and all other Lampriminae by the antennal club having four antennomeres (Paulsen 2010).</p><p>Lamprima is morphologically most similar to the northern Australian endemic Phalacrognathus Macleay, 1885, although this is not supported by an analysis of four gene regions (Kim &amp; Farrell 2015). Most species of Lamprima can easily be distinguished from Phalacrognathus by male protibia with spur expanded as a flat blade and female protibia without subsidiary teeth between large teeth on outer margin. In Phalacrognathus, the male protibia has a simple spur (as in female) and the female protibia has small subsidiary teeth present between the large teeth on the outer margin. However, Lamprima imberbis, with unknown female, is unusual in Lamprima for its male mandibles lacking internal setae, male protibiae with narrow spurs and without a setal tuft and elytra broadly explanate. It shares these characters with Phalacrognathus, but differs from that genus by: genae prominent anterior to eyes; eyes anteriorly concave; antennomere 7 with flat lateral lobe; temples prominent and notched to accommodate anterior angles of pronotum; male mandible without basal dorsal tooth; anterior of pronotum broadly margined; middle of prosternal process concealed by procoxae; sides of male elytra not crenulate; male protibia without secondary teeth between major teeth; protibial spur on a lobe. All of these characters are common to other male Lamprima and justify placement of L. imberbis in Lamprima .</p><p>Included species. The most recent peer-reviewed checklist of Lamprima species (Moore &amp; Cassis 1992) lists seven in Australia (Table 1), of which Lamprima insularis is unique to Lord Howe Island and Lamprima aenea is unique to Norfolk Island. One non-Australian species of Lamprima is known, from New Guinea: L. adolphinae, as catalogued by Benesh (1960). The mainland Australian species listed by Moore &amp; Cassis (1992) are L. aurata, L. imberbis, L. latreillii, L. micardi and L. varians . Lamprima micardi is supposedly endemic to Western Australia and L. varians was described from South Australia. The other species, L. aurata, L. imberbis and L. latreillii, were described from the eastern coastal region of Australia, from northern Queensland to Tasmania.</p><p>Lamprima Author Date Type Hope in Parry Harold Macleay Boileau Nagel 1930 Benesh Moore &amp; Krajcik This work species rank locality Westwood 1864, 1868 1885a 1913 1960 Cassis 2001 2017</p><p>name 1845 1870 1992</p><p>L. adolphinae Gestro 1875 NG - - - L. - L. L. - L. L. adolphinae adolphinae adolphinae adolphinae adolphinae</p><p>L. aenea Fabricius 1792 NI L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea L. aenea Fabricius 1802 NI L. L. aenea L. aenea - - - - L. aurata - L. aenea &amp; sensu schreibersi L. aurata</p><p>Schreibers</p><p>L. aenea Fabricius 1805 NI &amp; - L. aurata - L. aurata - - L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. aenea &amp; sensu NH L. aurata</p><p>Donovan</p><p>L. aenea Boisduval 1835 NH - L. L. latreillii L. latreillii - - L. latreillii - L. latreillii L. aurata latreillii</p><p>L. amplicollis Thomson 1862 SQ - L. L. latreillii L. latreillii - - L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. aurata latreillii</p>L. fulgida Thomson 1862 NH - L. - - - - L. latreillii - L. latreillii L. aurata splendens<p>……continued on the next page</p><p>Lamprima Author Date Type Hope in Parry Harold Macleay Boileau Nagel 1930 Benesh Moore &amp; Krajcik This work species rank locality Westwood 1864, 1868 1885a 1913 1960 Cassis 2001 2017</p><p>name 1845 1870 1992</p><p>L. imberbis Carter 1926 NSW - - - - - L. imberbis L. L. L. L. imberbis imberbis imberbis imberbis L. insularis Hope 1845 WA L. micardi - nomen - L. micardi - L. micardi - L. micardi nomen nudum nudum L. insularis W.J. 1885a LHI - - - L. insularis - L. insularis L. L. L. L.</p><p>Macleay insularis insularis insularis insularis L. insularis Boileau 1913 not - - - - L. micardi - - - - L. aurata given</p>L. krefftii W.J. 1871 CQ - - - L. krefftii - L. latreillii ? L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. aurata MacLeay L. latreillii W.S. 1819 NSW L. latreillii L. L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. aurata Macleay latreillii L. lulua Kriesche 1940 NG - - - - - - adolphinae - L. L. adolphinae adolphinae L. W.J. 1885a NQ - - - L. - L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. aurata mandibularis Macleay mandibulari s L. mariae Lea 1910 Tas - - - - - L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. micardi Reiche 1841 WA L. micardi L. L. micardi L. micardi L. micardi L. micardi L. micardi L. micardi L. micardi L. aurata micardi L. minima W.J. 1885a SA - - - L. minima - L. varians L. varians L. varians L. micardi L. aurata Macleay<p>……continued on the next page</p>Lamprima Author Date Type Hope in Parry Harold Macleay Boileau Nagel 1930 Benesh Moore &amp; Krajcik This work species rank locality Westwood 1864, 1868 1885a 1913 1960 Cassis 2001 2017 name 1845 1870 1992 L. pygmaea W.S. 1819 AUS - L. L. latreillii L. latreillii - - L. latreillii L. latreillii L. latreillii L. aurata MacLeay latreillii L. rutilans Erichson 1842 Tas - L. aurata L. rutilans L. rutilans - L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata L. aurata<p>L. viridis Erichson 1842 not - L. aenea L. aenea ? - L. aurata L. aurata L. aenea L. aenea L. aurata given</p><p>There are good male characters for diagnosing L. aenea, L. adolphinae, L. imberbis and L. insularis . There remain the Lamprima species, excluding L. imberbis, described from mainland Australia and Tasmania. It has already been noted that Matthews (1984) treated L. varians and L. aurata as one species in South Australia ( L. aurata) and Moore (1984, 1986) suggested that L. aurata and L. latreillii were variants (“overlapping subspecies”) of one species in southeastern Australia, even though these were originally separated by dorsal punctation and structure of thoracic ventrites (Macleay 1885a). Lamprima micardi in Western Australia and L. varians from South Australia were originally distinguished from eastern Australian Lamprima by their narrower male protibial spurs (Reiche 1841; Burmeister 1847) but the presence of intermediates blurs their distinction. We have examined more than 400 specimens of Lamprima from throughout southern and eastern Australia and conclude that these represent just one species, L. aurata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFDBFF98FF4BFF3BFE63FE48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
9A0C87C8FFD2FF9DFF4BFD7EFB21FA7C.text	9A0C87C8FFD2FF9DFF4BFD7EFB21FA7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima adolphinae (Gestro 1875) : Nagel 1922	<div><p>Lamprima adolphinae (Gestro 1875)</p><p>(Figs 1, 15, 21–22, 33, 45–46, 54–55, 62, 76, 89, 95)</p><p>Neolamprima adolphinae Gestro, 1875: 997 (type locality: Hatam, Arfak Mountains).</p><p>Lamprima adolphinae: Nagel, 1922: 16 .</p><p>Lamprima adolphinae olivacea Nagel, 1930: 88 (type locality: Komba, Finisterre Mountains); Krajcik 2001: 25 (junior synonym of L. adolphinae).</p><p>Lamprima adolphinae lulua Kriesche, 1940: 39 (type locality: New Guinea); Krajcik 2001: 25 (junior synonym of L. adolphinae).</p><p>Neolamprima adolphinae chalciditis Didier &amp; Séguy, 1952: 222 (type locality: New Guinea); Krajcik 2001: 25 (junior synonym of L. adolphinae).</p><p>Neolamprima adolphinae bohni Darge &amp; Séguy, 1953: 252 (type locality: New Guinea); new synonym</p><p>Material examined (about 350; locality data only; * = specimen dissected). Indonesia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.96666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.96666/lat -1.15)">Arfak</a> [1°09'S 133°58'E] (AMS, CMNC) ; 6 ♂, Irian Jaya, xii.2003 (AMS); Wissell Lakes (CMNC) ; Papua New Guinea: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.3333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.9/lat -6.3333335)">Aiyura</a>, Eastern Highlands [6°20'S 145°54'E] (ANIC, NAIC) ; Bulolo, Morobe (AMS) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.1666665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.75/lat -6.1666665)">Chuave</a>, Simbu [6°10'S 145°45'E] (NAIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9833336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.31667/lat -5.9833336)">Daulo</a>, Eastern Highlands [5°59'S 145°19'E] (NAIC) ; Finschhaven (ANIC) ; Frigano [ Habu River] (ANIC) ; Goroka (CMNC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.9/lat -6.1833334)">Gumine</a>, Simbu [6°11'S 144°54'E] (NAIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.23334/lat -5.85)">Hagen</a>, Western Highlands [5°51'S 144°14'E] (NAIC) ; Kage [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.75/lat -6.2166667)">Kerowagi</a>], Simbu [6°13'S 144°45'E] (NAIC) ; Kainantu (ANIC) ; Kaironuk (ANIC) ; 1 ♂ *, Komba [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.11667/lat -6.116667)">Kumbip</a>], Morobe [6°07'S 147°07'E] (AMS, ANIC, CMNC) ; Lumi (ANIC) ; Mendi, Southern Highlands (AMS, ANIC) ; Menyamya (ANIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.5166664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.61667/lat -6.5166664)">Moke</a>, Eastern Highlands [6°31'S 145°37'E] (NAIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.01666/lat -10.616667)">Monono</a> [10°37'S 150°01'E?] (NAIC) ; Mount Giluwe, Southern Highlands (AMS) ; Mount Kaindi (CMNC) ; Okapa (CMNC) ; Sirunki (ANIC) ; Tari (ANIC) ; 1 ♀ *, Tomba, Western Highlands (AMS) ; Wabag (ANIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6666665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.5/lat -5.6666665)">Wahgli</a>, Western Highlands [5°40'S 144°30'E] (CMNC, NAIC) ; Wareo, Morobe (AMS) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.3333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.38333/lat -7.3333335)">Wau</a>, Morobe [7°20'S 146°23'E] (AMS, ANIC, CMNC, NAIC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.25/lat -8.55)">Woitape</a>, Central Province [8°33'S 147°15'E] (NAIC) .</p><p>Description. Male: length 24¯ 60 mm; cylindrical, pronotum slightly broader than elytra; colour: usually pronotum and elytra entirely dull metallic bronze or green, head bronze-black, antennae and tarsomeres darker, almost black, tibiae slightly lighter bronze coloured than femora, and all except base of outer margins of mandibles purplish black; less often pronotum and elytra yellowish green or bluish green; head purplish red, tibiae coppery red or purplish red; rarely pronotum and elytra blue. Pronotum minutely, densely, rugosely microreticulate; reticulations obscured by dense micropunctures and dull (with a metallic sheen but not shiny); elytra slightly shinier, microreticulate; reticulations flat and distinct; anterior half of head shallowly microreticulate, shiny, basal half often duller; upper surfaces of pronotum and elytra apparently glabrous, but each puncture with minute simple seta arising from anterior edge.</p><p>Head: sides and apex with sparse, inconspicuous setae; head length slightly less than half width; sides convergent, from small but angularly projecting temples, along feebly convex eyes, to usually slightly convex genae and right-angled (small males) to acute anteriorly projecting anterior angles (large males); projecting temples broadly grooved in lateral view. Anterior margin truncate to concave, vertically declivous to labrum; dorsum with two smooth ridges from anterior angles to midline of base of head where they meet at about 100°; area subtended by these ridges strongly punctate, punctures varying greatly in density but not confluent; area between ridges and sides of head also strongly punctate. Antennomere 2 transverse to quadrate; 3–4 elongate (lengths 1.5–2.0x widths); 5 usually elongate, rarely quadrate; 6 transverse to quadrate, rarely ridged on anterior edge; 7 cupuliform with lateral extension about as wide as antennomere, Mandible length 21–37% of overall length; inner faces of mandibles almost entirely densely setose; mandibles straight sided in large males, slightly convex in small males, almost symmetrical, approximately equal in length; two types of mandible: small males (Figs 22, 46), with mandible mostly straight in lateral view, apical 1/3 turned upwards, upper edge sharply keeled, preapical dorsal acute tooth about ¼ from tip, apex bifid with two acute teeth, inner (lower) margin with broad acutely tipped lobe 1/3 from apex and irregular short projections between lobe and apex; large males (Figs 21, 45), with mandibles strongly curved from base to apex in lateral view, upper edge rounded in basal half, preapical dorsal tooth migrated to extreme apex of mandible, which therefore has 3 acute teeth, apical third of upper surface either smooth or irregularly toothed before apex, inner (lower) margin with small acute or blunt tipped lobe ½–1/3 from base, sometimes finely serrate edged just before lobe, and with 5–15 irregular, often partly fused, peg-like projections beyond this lobe; mandibles laterally smooth, finely punctate and setose at base; mentum flat, closely punctate and setose.</p><p>Thorax: pronotum strongly convex, faintly dimpled near lateral angles, shape typical for Lamprima, almost hexagonal but sides slightly concave anterior to greatest width at just behind middle; anterior margin truncate with slightly protruding anterior angles, basal margin strongly sinuate, anterior and posterior angles obtuse, anterior margin narrower than basal margin, margination complete, laterally without crenulation, Punctures of disc indistinct, much smaller than on head, more-or-less obliterated by surface sculpture, separated by about 3–6 diameters, punctures only distinct at margins. Hypomeron finely and closely punctate in posterior half, shallowly wrinkled in anterior half, with mostly recumbent setae; prosternum strongly and densely punctate, with mostly recumbent setae; scutellum semicircular to heart-shaped, with sparse, small punctures. Elytra with or without small tubercle at base of epipleural upper margin, slightly expanded posterior to humeri, then contracted to rounded apices, sides narrowly explanate in posterior 2/3; elytral base often distinctly bevelled to accommodate base of pronotum; elytral disc minutely and sparsely punctate, punctures similar to or smaller than on pronotal disc and separated by 5–10 diameters, and shallowly, irregularly strigose, the deeper grooves mostly longitudinal; mesometaventral process with scattered, recumbent setae, and shiny, apex blunt, approximately 80° in lateral view, sides usually slightly concave. Protibia with pair of curved, elongate apical teeth, outer wider than inner, and external margin with 3–5 well-spaced triangular approximately right-angled teeth, confined to apical half of tibia in large specimens; inner lobe of protibia large and rounded, with basal dense tuft of convergent red setae and anterior greatly expanded spur (width 65–80% of length); upper surface of protibia with scattered punctures on inner half and an irregular line of punctures on outer half, short recumbent setae arising from punctures, plus tuft of elongate setae at tarsal insertion; mesotibiae and metatibiae with 0–5 minute, external teeth.</p><p>Abdomen: sides of ventrites I–V similar to pterothoracic venter, with dense, small punctures (partly coalescent, interspaces less than diameters) and setae; middle third of ventrites more sparsely punctate (insterspaces = several diameters), surface microreticulate, dull; apex ventrite V truncate to shallowly concave. Genitalia: apical half of phallobase dorsally with irregular short oblique ridges or tubercles either side of shallow median groove, apical margin with V-shaped notch, deepened at base; venter of phallobase smooth, apex more deeply notched; parameres setose dorsally, tips triangular but usually incurved; penis with oblique basal ridges, apex of penis beyond apices of parameres.</p><p>Female. As male, except: length 18¯ 24 mm; pronotum and elytra brilliantly shiny, without evident microsculpture, bronze, dark brown, green, coppery or blue, head generally bronze-black or similar in colour to pronotum; pronotum more strongly and densely punctate, punctures almost as large as on head, interspaces 1–3 puncture diameters on pronotal disc; pronotum narrower than elytra; head with 75–90° anterior angles, apices of smooth ridges rounded not projecting. Antennomere 3 elongate, 4–6 transverse, 6 with sharp outer ridge; dorsally visible part of mandibles shorter than head; mandibles in dorsal view with elongate-rectangular (rarely triangular) dorsal tubercle from base to almost half mandible length, remainder of dorsal surface excavate with sharp outer edge; pronotum margins distinctly crenulate on apical half but basal half complete or with &lt;5 shallow notches. Outer edge protibia with 6–8 triangular teeth, generally increasing in size from base to apex, inner edge without internal lobe, spur elongate triangular; outer edges mesotibiae and metatibiae with 5–7 prominent spines; venter shiny, otherwise similar to male; apex ventrite V rounded; apex tergite IX transparent, attenuated and sharp or narrowly rounded; gonocoxite transverse, with both inner and outer edges expanded from base; spermatheca tapered from blunt apex to base, slightly bent, spermathecal duct long and densely coiled.</p><p>Taxonomy. Lamprima adolphinae was first described in 1875. However, 40 years earlier, L. fulgida Boisduval, 1835, was described from the island of Waigeo, west of New Guinea. Since all records of L. adolphinae show that it is endemic to New Guinea and other species of Lamprima are unknown there, it might be assumed that L. fulgida is the oldest name for this insect. Reiche (1841) placed all hitherto described species of Lamprima, including L. fulgida, under the name L. aenea . Burmeister (1847) and Thomson (1862) accepted the validity of L. fulgida, but the latter did not follow the rule of priority. Parry (1864) queried the status of L. fulgida, suggesting it was a junior synonym of L. aurata . Following Parry (1864), L. fulgida has always been treated as a junior synonym of L. aurata (Harold 1868; Macleay 1885a; Boileau 1913; Benesh 1960; Moore &amp; Cassis 1992). Type material of L. fulgida seems to be missing, except for a possible female syntype in the Hope collection, Oxford, examined by Boileau who identified it as L. aurata (Boileau 1913: 216) . Boisduval's description of the male is in comparison with L. aenea . The male of L. fulgida was golden-green with a coppery-red head, larger and had shorter mandibles (Boisduval 1835: 231). This is much more like L. aurata than L. adolphinae, therefore we agree with the synonymy of L. fulgida with L. aurata .</p><p>Like other species of Lamprima, L. adolphinae shows some variation in colour and these variants have been named. These colour forms have no taxonomic validity and are therefore all treated here as junior synonyms of L. adolphinae . Krajik (2001) has already made the formal synonymy of three names. Lamprima adolphinae is also a senior synonym of L. adolphinae bohni Darge &amp; Séguy, 1953 .</p><p>Lamprima adolphinae in New Guinea has two male mandible forms, like Lamprima males in northern Queensland (Lea 1929). However both forms in New Guinea are distinguishable from their counterparts in northern Queensland by constant differences in the male mandibles and by the male genitalia. We have no doubt that Lamprima adolphinae is a valid species although the females are almost identical to those of Lamprima aurata and L. insularis .</p><p>Natural history and distribution. The major male appears to be the dominant form in collections, but this may reflect collector bias. Lea (1929) noted considerable variation in male mandible development in this species and the small mandible form occurs throughout its range. Levet (2016) provides notes on rearing L. adolphinae, recommending a temperature regime of 20–28 °C.</p><p>Lamprima adolphinae is largely montane, from 500 m to high elevation, for example 2800 m on Mount Giluwe. Most sites are in the cloud forest zone, 1000–2500 m (Levet 2016). The few lowland sites may only indicate the lowland ports from which specimens have been supplied to collectors (e.g., Fak Fak: Levet 2016). Lamprima adolphinae is widespread on the island of New Guinea (Fig. 95). On the distribution map we have included records of L. adolphinae from Ononge, Admisibil and Walmak, all photographed on a website (Anonymous 2017c).</p><p>Conservation status. Lamprima adolphinae is widely distributed in New Guinea and does not appear to be under immediate threat, although it dominates the commercial trade in Lamprima species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFD2FF9DFF4BFD7EFB21FA7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
9A0C87C8FFD4FF85FF4BF9A5FF5BFAB3.text	9A0C87C8FFD4FF85FF4BF9A5FF5BFAB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima aenea (Fabricius 1792)	<div><p>Lamprima aenea (Fabricius, 1792)</p><p>(Figs 2, 16, 23, 34, 47, 63, 77, 90)</p><p>Lethrus aeneus Fabricius, 1792: 2 (type locality: Norfolk Island); Fabricius 1801:2.</p><p>Lucanus aeneus: Schreibers 1802: 185 .</p><p>Lamprima aenea: Latreille 1804b: 240 .</p><p>Lamprima schreibersi Hope in Westwood, 1845: 3 (unnecessary replacement name for L. aenea Fabricius sensu Schreibers) (junior synonym L. aenea).</p><p>Lamprima subrugosa Hope in Westwood, 1845: 28 (type locality: New Holland [p. 3]); Thomson 1862: 393 (junior synonym L. aenea).</p><p>Material examined (* = specimen dissected). Norfolk Island: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ / ex Macleay Museum collection (ANIC) ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ / xii.2010, ex collection R de Keyzer / (AMS); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ * / K27757 [Norfolk Island]/ (AMS); 1 ♂*/ ii.1947, Mrs A Greenwood / (AMS); 1 ♀ / Norfolk Island National Park, 29.02S 167.57E, berlesate, pine area, 8.iv.1984, J.E. Feehan (ANIC) .</p><p>Description. Male. Length 26¯ 30 mm; relatively flat compared with other Lamprima species, pronotum slightly broader than elytra; entirely metallic bronze, green or bluish green, except antennae and tarsomeres darker, almost black, and inner faces, upper margins and tips of mandibles dark purple; if pronotum green head usually more bronzed or coppery; pronotum and upper surfaces of tibiae distinctly reticulately microsculptured and relatively dull (with a metallic sheen but not shiny), head and elytra shinier with indistinct microsculpture; upper surfaces of pronotum and elytra apparently glabrous, but each puncture with minute simple seta arising from anterior edge.</p><p>Head: sides and apex with scattered, erect setae; head length approximately half width; sides convergent from small but angularly projecting temples, along feebly convex eyes, then parallel-sided to obtuse anterior angles; projecting temples notched in lateral view; anterior of clypeus transversely ridged before concave margin; dorsum with two smooth ridges from anterior angles to midline of base of head where they meet at about 100°; area subtended by these ridges strongly and closely punctate, except two smooth tubercles at sides of anterior margin; area between ridges and sides of head also strongly punctate. Antennomere 2 quadrate, 3–4 elongate, 5 quadrate to slightly elongate, 6 transverse and ridged on anterior edge, 7 cupuliform; mandible length 11–13% of overall length; inner faces of mandibles almost entirely densely setose; mandibles relatively curved, almost symmetrical, right usually slightly longer than left; upper surfaces with small, blunt tooth about 2/3 along dorsolateral ridge, tips bent inwards and strongly upwards; mandibles laterally smooth and finely punctate; ventral surface of mandibles with single prominent elongate blunt tooth or lobe 1/3 from apex and sometimes 1–2 small secondary teeth beyond this; mentum convex, closely punctate and setose.</p><p>Thorax: shape of pronotum typical for Lamprima, almost hexagonal but sides slightly concave anterior to greatest width at just behind middle, anterior margin truncate with slightly protruding anterior angles, basal margin strongly sinuate, anterior and posterior angles obtuse, anterior margin narrower than basal margin, lateral margination complete, without crenulation; distinctly punctate, punctures much smaller than on head and separated by 1–4 diameters, anterior of disc more closely punctate than posterior. Pronotal disc even convex, each side with a small dimple; hypomeron coarsely and densely punctate, with mostly recumbent setae; prosternum strongly and densely punctate with erect setae; scutellum semiovate with sparse small punctures; base of epipleural upper margin simple. Elytra slightly expanded posterior to humeri, then contracted to rounded apices, sides narrowly explanate in posterior 2/3; elytra usually distinctly bevelled at base to accommodate base of pronotum; elytral surfaces irregularly, longitudinally, transversely and obliquely grooved, but usually with one distinct longitudinal groove near suture from base of elytron almost to apex; surface between grooves distinctly punctate, punctures larger than on pronotal disc but smaller than on head, and separated by 1–4 diameters; meso-metaventral process with scattered recumbent setae and shiny, apex blunt, 80–90° in lateral view. Protibia with pair of curved apical teeth, inner elongate, outer much wider, and external margin with 5–7 well-spaced, triangular and approximately right-angled teeth diminishing in size to base; protibia expanded from base to apex, inner margin almost straight to abrupt contraction at dense tuft of convergent, red setae and narrowly expanded blade-like spur (width 32–42% of length), spur with 1–3 small denticles on outer edge; upper surface of protibia with dense, small punctures on inner half and an irregular line of small punctures on base of outer half, short recumbent setae arising from punctures, plus tuft of elongate setae at tarsal insertion; mesotibiae and metatibiae with 0–4 tiny, external teeth.</p><p>Abdomen: sides of ventrites I–V similar to pterothoracic venter, with dense, small punctures (partly coalescent, interspaces less than diameters) and setae; middle third of ventrites more sparsely punctate (interspaces 1– 3x diameters), surface microsculpture as dorsum; apex ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: phallobase dorsally almost evenly smooth and convex, apical half slightly with a few microspicules beside shallow median groove, apical margin with V-shaped notch deepened at base; venter of phallobase with scattered microspicules, apex more deeply notched; parameres setose dorsally, tips triangular but incurved; penis with oblique basal ridges, thinly sclerotised apex not reaching apices of parameres (80% length of parameres).</p><p>Female. As male, except: length 23–27 mm; upper surfaces shiny, colour dark bronze, green or blue, with head usually brassier, pronotum sometimes black; head with approximately 100° anterior angles; antennomeres 4–5 transverse; dorsally visible part of mandibles shorter than head; mandibles in dorsal view with slightly elongaterectangular or triangular dorsal tubercle from base to about third mandible length, remainder of dorsal surface excavate with sharp outer edge. Pronotum conspicuously strongly and densely punctate, interspaces 0.5–2.0x puncture diameters on pronotal disc, shiny, not distinctly microsculptured; pronotum not broader than elytra; pronotum lateral margins entirely crenulate, basal half may be more irregularly notched. Elytra with grooves and punctures deeper and denser; protibiae narrower, outer edge with 8–10 triangular teeth, generally increasing in size from base to apex; outer edges mesotibiae and metatibiae with 4–7 prominent spines; apex ventrite V rounded; apex of tergite IX transparent and evenly rounded; gonostylus transverse, inner edge convex, as long as basal width, outer edge strongly expanded; spermatheca with blunt apex, strongly bent, spermathecal duct short and loosely coiled.</p><p>Taxonomy. Fabricius first described this species from Norfolk Island specimens in the Joseph Banks collection (Fabricius 1792: 2). Norfolk Island had been visited by Cook and his naturalist George Forster in 1774, but was first settled by Europeans in 1788. Schreibers (1802) redescribed this species to correct errors in Fabricius' original description and to place it in the genus Lucanus Scopoli, 1763 . Schreibers' description was partly based on the same material as Fabricius (in the collection of Joseph Banks) and was not the description of a new species, although he also noted and illustrated an unnamed variety. Hope, in Westwood (1845), wrongly provided a nomen novum ( L. schreibersi) for Schreibers' description. Parry (1864) compounded this error by placing L. schreibersi as a junior synonym of L. aurata, an action followed by Benesh (1960), who wrongly attributed the synonymy to Macleay (1885a). Moore &amp; Cassis (1992) correctly noted that L. schreibersi was an unnecessary nomen novum, but they placed it under L. aurata instead of L. aenea . Lamprima schreibersi is hereby reaffirmed an objective junior synonym of L. aenea .</p><p>Donovan (1805) noted that this species (as Lucanus aeneus) was abundant in the "environs of the English settlement at New South Wales " [i.e., Sydney], as well as Norfolk Island. His two illustrations of the species (Donovan 1805: plate 1) clearly show a male of L. aenea and a male of L. aurata . Latreille (1817) was the first to formally separate the two species. Lamprima viridis Erichson 1842, a species lacking a type locality, was synonymised with L. aenea by Reiche (1853), an action followed by Parry (1864), Harold (1868), de Lisle (1975) and Moore &amp; Cassis (1992), but rejected by W.J. Macleay (1885a), Nagel (1930) and Benesh (1960). However, Reiche (1841; 1853) was of the opinion that all Lamprima species with expanded male protibial spurs formed a single species, L. aenea, including L. viridis . We reject synonymy of L. aenea with any other species from the Australian mainland or Tasmania. The description of L. viridis indicates that it is a junior synonym of L. aurata (q.v.). Lamprima subrugosa Hope in Westwood, 1845, had only a short existence as a valid species, being synonymised with L. aenea by Thomson (1862), an action accepted by all subsequent authors including ourselves. Boileau confirmed the synonymy by examining the male holotype in OXUM (Boileau 1913: 217).</p><p>Natural history and distribution. Nothing has been recorded about the natural history of this species. Lamprima aenea is endemic to Norfolk Island, 1400 km east of the Australian mainland.</p><p>Conservation status. Norfolk Island is 35 km 2 in area but has largely been cleared for agriculture (Green 1994). Approximately 13% of the main island is reserved as National Park (460 ha), with a few small reserves outside this. Lamprima aenea is found in this park, but its distribution on the rest of island is unknown, unlike that of L. insularis on Lord Howe Island (Fig. 73), and therefore the adequacy of the current reserve system is also unknown. Lamprima aenea is rare in Australian collections. However, it has been illegally harvested by Japanese dealers (the two dealers convicted in 2004 of illegally harvesting 900 Lamprima insularis from Lord Howe Island had visited Norfolk Island on a previous trip to Australia) and L. aenea is established in the Asian “pet” trade (Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017). We strongly recommend that a survey is made of L. aenea on Norfolk Island, to provide a management plan for the species. The species should be regarded as vulnerable (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012) based on endemicity to a small island, fragmentation of habitat and harvesting pressure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFD4FF85FF4BF9A5FF5BFAB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
9A0C87C8FFCCFF84FF4BFACEFB79FB42.text	9A0C87C8FFCCFF84FF4BFACEFB79FB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima aurata Latreille 1817	<div><p>Lamprima aurata Latreille, 1817</p><p>(Figs 5–14, 16–19, 25–32, 36–44, 48–51, 56–61, 66–75, 78–82, 84–88, 91–93, 95, 97–111)</p><p>Lucanus aeneus sensu Schreibers 1802 partim, nec Fabricius 1792; Donovan 1805: [unpaginated]; Erichson 1842: 109 ( L. fulgida Boisduval); Parry 1864: 69 ( L. latreillii).</p><p>Lamprima aurata Latreille, 1817: 278 (type locality: New Holland); Boisduval 1835: 230 (junior synonym L. aenea); Reiche 1841: 51 (variety of L. aenea); Parry 1864: 69 (valid).</p><p>Lamprima cuprea Latreille, 1817: 279 (type locality: not given); W.S. MacLeay 1819: 101 (junior synonym L. aurata); Hope in Westwood 1845: 3 (junior synonym L. aenea); Parry 1864: 69 (junior synonym L. latreillii); Harold 1868: 944 (junior synonym L. aenea); W.J. Macleay 1885a: 131 (junior synonym L. aurata).</p><p>Lamprima latreillii W.S. MacLeay, 1819: 101 (type locality: not given); Boisduval 1835: 231 (junior synonym L. aenea); Reiche 1841: 51 (variety of L. aenea); Erichson 1842: 108 (valid); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima pygmaea W.S. MacLeay, 1819: 101 (type locality: not given); Boisduval 1835: 231 (junior synonym L. aenea); Reiche 1841: 51 (variety of L. aenea); Parry 1864: 69 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima fulgida Boisduval, 1835: 231 (type locality: Waigeo); Reiche 1841: 51 (variety of L. aenea); Erichson 1842: 108 (valid); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. latreillii); Thomson 1862: 393 (valid); Parry 1864: 69 (junior synonym L. aurata); Harold 1868: 944 (junior synonym L. aurata).</p><p>Lamprima micardi Reiche, 1841: 51 (type locality: Swan River); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima viridis Erichson, 1842: 109 (type locality: not given); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. aenea); W.J. Macleay 1885a: 131 (not junior synonym L. aenea); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. aurata); de Lisle 1975: 265 (junior synonym L. aenea).</p><p>Lamprima rutilans Erichson, 1842: 109, 170 (type locality: Vandiemensland); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. latreillii); Thomson 1862: 393 (valid); Parry 1870: 105 (junior synonym L. aurata); Macleay 1885a: 134 (valid); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. aurata).</p><p>Lamprima splendens Erichson, 1842: 108 (type locality: not given); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. latreillii); Thomson 1862: 393 (junior synonym L. fulgida); Parry 1864: 69 (valid); Parry 1870: 105 (junior synonym L. aurata); Macleay 1885a: 133 (valid); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. latreillii).</p><p>Lamprima latreillei: Erichson 1842: 108 [misspelling].</p><p>Lamprima tasmaniae Hope in Westwood, 1845: 27 (type locality: Van Dieman's Land); Parry 1864: 69 (junior synonym L. latreillii).</p><p>Lamprima tasmanniae: Hope in Westwood, 1845: 3 (misspelling).</p><p>Lamprima nigricollis Hope in Westwood, 1845: 28 (type locality: Western Australia); Parry 1870: 105 (junior synonym L. micardi); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima purpurascens Hope in Westwood, 1845: 28 (type locality: Western Australia); Harold 1868: 944 (junior synonym L. micardi); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima sumptuosa Hope in Westwood, 1845: 28; Parry 1870: 105 (junior synonym L. micardi); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima varians Burmeister, 1847: 415 (type locality: Adelaide); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. micardi); Thomson 1862: 393 (junior synonym L. fulgida); Parry 1864: 70 (valid); Harold 1868: 944 (junior synonym L. micardi); Parry 1870: 105 (valid); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima cultridens Burmeister, 1847: 416 (type locality:?Western New Holland); Reiche 1853: 83 (junior synonym L. micardi); Harold 1868: 943 (valid); Macleay 1885a: 133 (junior synonym L. varians); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima amplicollis Thomson, 1862: 410 (type locality: Moreton Bay); Parry 1864: 69 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima krefftii W.J. MacLeay, 1871: 173 (type locality: Gayndah); Nagel 1930: 87 (variety of L. aurata); Benesh 1960: 48 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima violacea W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 138 (type locality: Botany Bay); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima mandibularis W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 139 (type locality: Herbert River, Queensland); Nagel 1930: 87 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima latreillei [sic] variety sericea W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 132 (type locality: Herbert River, Queensland); Benesh 1960: 48 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima nigripennis W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 137 (type locality: New Holland); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima minima W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 138 (type locality: South Australia); Nagel 1930: 88 (junior synonym L. varians); Krajcik 2001: 26 (junior synonym L. micardi); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima aurata mariae Lea, 1910: 131 (type locality: Maria Island, Tasmania); Nagel 1930: 87 (junior synonym L. aurata).</p><p>Lamprima coerulea Boileau, 1913: 216, plate 9 (type locality: not given; junior synonym L. latreillii); new synonym</p><p>Lamprima insularis Boileau, 1913: 217 (type locality: not given; junior synonym L. micardi); new synonym</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFCCFF84FF4BFACEFB79FB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
9A0C87C8FFF4FFBCFF4BF908FB1CF829.text	9A0C87C8FFF4FFBCFF4BF908FB1CF829.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima imberbis Carter 1926	<div><p>Lamprima imberbis Carter, 1926</p><p>(Figs 3, 52, 64)</p><p>Lamprima imberbis Carter, 1926: 59 (type locality: Dorrigo).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype (Fig. 6): ♂ "/ Dorrigo W Heron / ♂ type / Lamprima imberbis Carter / Lamprima imberbis Cart. N.S. Wales Type I.15895 / SAMA Database no 25-034446 /" (SAM).</p><p>Description. Male. Length 23 mm; pronotum slightly narrower than elytra; upper surface entirely dark bronzebrown, except mandibles, apices femora, tibial teeth and tarsomeres dark purple or bluish black; head, pronotum and elytra shiny, not distinctly reticulately microsculptured (but note that the only specimen is dull from surface accretion of dirt); upper surfaces of pronotum and elytra apparently glabrous, but each puncture with minute simple seta arising from anterior edge.</p><p>Head: sides and apex with scattered erect setae; head length approximately half width; sides convergent from small but angularly projecting temples, along feebly convex eyes, then head parallel sided to obtuse anterior angles; projecting temples notched in lateral view; clypeus with deeply concave anterior margin; dorsum with two smooth ridges from anterior angles to midline of base of head where they meet at about 100°; area subtended by these ridges strongly and closely punctate, except two smooth tubercles at sides of anterior margin; area between ridges and sides of head also strongly punctate. Antennomere 2 slightly elongate, 3–4 elongate, 5 quadrate, 6 transverse, 7 cupuliform or at least broadly expanded on one side; mandible length 16% of overall length; inner faces of mandibles glabrous; mandibles bent inwards one third from base, almost symmetrical, right slightly longer than left; upper surfaces with large, erect, elongate tooth about 2/3 along dorsolateral ridge, tips almost straight, not bent upwards; mandibles laterally smooth with sparse, small punctures; ventral inner edge untoothed, finely crenulate in apical half.</p><p>Thorax: shape of pronotum typical for Lamprima, strongly arched, almost hexagonal, broadest just behind middle, anterior margin truncate with protruding anterior angles, basal margin strongly sinuate, anterior and posterior angles obtuse, anterior margin much narrower than basal margin, lateral margination crenulate except anterior quarter; distinctly punctate, punctures as large as on head and separated by 1–3 diameters, anterior of disc more closely punctate than posterior; pronotal disc evenly convex, each side with a small dimple. Hypomeron densely punctate, with mostly recumbent setae; scutellum semiovate with sparse, small punctures; base of epipleural upper margin slightly produced; elytra slightly expanded posterior to humeri, then contracted to rounded apices, sides broadly explanate in posterior 2/3; elytra distinctly bevelled at base to accommodate base of pronotum; elytral surfaces sparsely and shallowly longitudinally grooved and more densely but more shallowly, transversely wrinkled, with one distinct longitudinal groove near suture from base of elytron almost to apex; surface between grooves distinctly punctate in basal third, punctures large but smaller than on pronotal disc, and separated by 1–4 diameters, becoming much smaller and sparser on apical half. Elytral humeri prominent so hindwings probably fully developed; meso-metaventral process apex blunt, 100° in lateral view; protibial spur curved, narrowly elongate, and external margin with 4 acute teeth diminishing in size from apex to base; protibia almost parallel-sided from base to apex if teeth are ignored; inner margin gently curved to distally directed truncate lobe with spur articulated from beneath lobe; apex of lobe with few pale setae, not converging into a tuft; spur simple, elongate-conical; upper surface of protibia with two irregular rows of large, setose punctures, separated by a shallow ridge; mesotibiae and metatibiae with 2–4 small external teeth.</p><p>Abdomen: sides of ventrites I–V similar to pterothoracic venter, with dense, small punctures and setae; middle third of ventrites more sparsely punctate, surface microsculpture as dorsum; apex ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: not examined.</p><p>Female. unknown.</p><p>Taxonomy. This distinctive species is known only from its male holotype. Nagel (1930: 87) suggested L. imberbis was most similar to L. aurata (as L. varians), but he cannot have seen Carter's specimen. Lamprima imberbis differs from all other Lamprima by the structure of the mandibles and protibial spurs, and due to its similarity to Phalacrognathus, discussed above, we hypothesise that it is the sister species to all other Lamprima .</p><p>Distribution and conservation status. Lamprima imberbis was described from a single specimen labelled “Dorrigo”, a town on the Dorrigo Plateau, an area extensively logged in the early 20th century (Carter 1933). The collector, William Heron, was an amateur who supplied museums, and for many years was resident of the town of Bellingen (Daniels 2004), just below the Dorrigo escarpment. Heron seems to have used the appellation “Dorrigo” to refer to anywhere on or near the Dorrigo plateau, not just the vicinity of the town of that name. There is still considerable mature native forest around the edges of the extensive plateau, but almost all the once extensive rainforest on basalt has been cleared (Adam 1987). Numerous collectors have searched for this species and failed to find it. Although it could be argued that the status of L. imberbis is still “data deficient”, we think that this category is an excuse to do nothing for the conservation of most invertebrates. Lamprima imberbis should be regarded as at least endangered (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012), if not already extinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFF4FFBCFF4BF908FB1CF829	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
9A0C87C8FFF6FFA1FF4BFF3BFD8EFEDB.text	9A0C87C8FFF6FFA1FF4BFF3BFD8EFEDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprima insularis W. J. Macleay 1885	<div><p>Lamprima insularis W.J. Macleay, 1885</p><p>(Figs 4, 20, 24, 35, 53, 65, 83, 96)</p><p>Lamprima insularis W.J. Macleay, 1885a: 137 (type locality: Lord Howe Island).</p><p>Material examined. Types (lectotype, here designated, three paralectotypes): Lamprima insularis (4): 1 ♂ "/ Lord Howe I / syntype / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney / lectotype Lamprima insularis Macleay, designated Reid, Smith &amp; Beatson 2018 " (ANIC); 1 ♂, 2 ♀ "/ Lord Howe I / syntype / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney / paralectotype Lamprima insularis Macleay, designated Reid, Smith &amp; Beatson 2018" (ANIC).</p><p>Other material (346: * = specimen dissected): Lord Howe Island: 1 ♀, Macleay Museum collection (AMS) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, K27898 (AMS); 2 ♂, xii.1921, R. Baxter (AMS); 1 ♀, 3.i.1922, A. Musgrave (AMS); 1 ♂*, 3 ♀, 1 ♀*, T. Kingston (AMS); 1 ♂, 23.ix.1971, G.A. Holloway (CMNC); 2 ♂, 17–31.v.1980, S. &amp; J. Peck (CMNC); 172 ♂, 1 ♂*, 139 ♀, xii.2002, Ushijima &amp; Chikakura (AMS); 1 ♀, Boatharbour Trail, near Blinkeys Beach, 14.ii.2001, G. Milledge (AMS) ; 1 ♀ *, Intermed [iate]. H[ill]., rotting scalybark, 16.i.1979, T Kingston (AMS) ; 1 ♂, Kims Lookout, 18.ii.2001, G. Milledge (AMS) ; 1 ♂, Lagoon Road, 3.v.1979, T. Kingston (AMS) ; 1 ♂, Lagoon Road, 200 m north Middle Road junction, 21.ii.2001, M. Shea (AMS) ; 1 ♀, Little Island, on rocks, 1.ii.1979, T. Kingston (AMS) ; 1 ♀, Middle Beach, 26.iii.1979, T. Kingston (AMS) ; 1 ♀[elytron], junction Mulley Drive and Lagoon Road, rotting Howea belmoreana, 11–14.v.2003, C. Reid (AMS); 2 ♀, behind Salmon Beach, 10.ii.2017, Jenkins, Shaw &amp; Jensen (AMS) ; 1 ♂, Salmon Beach creek, 15.i.1979, T. Kingston (AMS) ; 1 ♂, Salmon Beach southwest end, on Lagunaria, 4.xii.2000, C. Reid (AMS) ; 1 ♀, Soldiers Creek, malaise trap, 7–15.ii.2017, C. Reid (AMS) ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Soldiers Creek, rotting H. belmoreana stem, 7.ii.2017 (AMS) ; 1 ♂ [head only], Stevens Reserve, sifting leaf litter, 5.ii.2017, Jenkins, Shaw &amp; Jensen (AMS) ; 1 ♂ [elytron], Stevens Reserve, rest of specimen to D. Hawks, 23.ii.2001, G. Milledge (AMS) ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Stevens Reserve, Cryptocarya trinervia [sic], 11–14.v.2003, C. Reid (AMS) ; 1 ♀, Stevens Reserve, under Araucaria bark, cut log, 18.ii.2017, C. Reid (AMS) ; 1 ♀, Valley of Shadows, rotting Cryptocarya trinervia [sic], 11–14.v.2003, C. Reid (AMS) .</p><p>Description. Male. Length 18¯ 33 mm; cylindrical, pronotum slightly broader than elytra in large specimens, narrower in small specimens; usually entirely metallic green except antennae and tarsomeres darker, almost black, and inner faces of mandibles and extreme tips dark purple; less often elytra and head green but with slight bronze reflection, or entirely green with bronze reflection; rarely head and pronotum bluish green (1 old specimen seen, colour possibly an artefact of preservation) or head and pronotum greenish black and elytra dark green (Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2016: 55); “almost violet” and “pale-bluish green” recorded by Olliff (1889: 84) but it is not clear whether he is referring to males, or females, or both; tarsi and antennae occasionally red; whole upper surface minutely reticulately microsculptured and relatively dull (with a metallic sheen but not shiny); upper surfaces of pronotum and elytra apparently glabrous, but each puncture with minute, simple seta arising from anterior edge.</p><p>Head: sides and apex with scattered, erect setae; head length approximately half width; sides convergent and almost straight, from small but angularly projecting temples, along feebly convex eyes, to obtuse anterior angles; projecting temples grooved in lateral view; anterior margin concave; dorsum with two smooth ridges from anterior angles to midline of base of head where they meet at about 100°; area subtended by these ridges strongly and closely punctate, except two smooth tubercles at sides of anterior margin; area between ridges and sides of head also strongly punctate, but less closely and often more finely than middle of head. Antennomere 2 transverse, 3–5 elongate, 6 transverse and ridge on anterior edge, 7 cupuliform; mandible length 13–19% of overall length; inner faces of mandibles almost entirely densely setose; mandibles relatively straight sided (except one dwarf male with rounded mandibles), almost symmetrical, right usually slightly longer than left; upper surfaces without teeth, with dorsolateral ridge throughout, tips concave but not bilobed, bent inwards; mandibles bent upwards in apical third, laterally smooth and finely punctate; ventral surface of mandibles with single prominent 80° tooth ¼ from apex; mentum flat, closely punctate and setose.</p><p>Thorax: shape of pronotum typical for Lamprima, hexagonal, broadest just behind middle, anterior margin truncate with slightly protruding anterior angles, basal margin strongly sinuate, anterior and posterior angles obtuse, anterior margin narrower than basal margin, lateral margination complete, without crenulation, but almost effaced at middle; mostly distinctly punctate, punctures separated by about 2–4 diameters, anterior of disc impunctate or minutely so; pronotal disc even convex. Hypomeron finely and densely punctate, with mostly recumbent setae; prosternum strongly and densely punctate with erect setae; scutellum semiovate with sparse, small punctures; elytra with small tubercle at base of epipleural upper margin, slightly expanded posterior to humeri, then contracted to rounded apices, sides narrowly explanate in posterior 2/3; elytra usually distinctly bevelled at base to accommodate base of pronotum; elytral surfaces finely and sparsely punctate, punctures distinctly smaller than pronotal disc and separated by 3–6 diameters, and shallowly longitudinally and transversely strigose; meso-metaventral process glabrous or with scattered recumbent setae, and shiny, apex blunt, approximately 80° in lateral view. Protibia with pair of curved elongate apical teeth, outer wider than inner, and external margin with 4 well-spaced triangular approximately right-angled teeth; inner lobe of protibia large and rounded, with basal dense tuft of convergent red setae and anterior greatly expanded spur (width 65–80% of length); upper surface of protibia with scattered punctures on inner half and an irregular line of punctures on outer half, short recumbent setae arising from punctures, plus tuft of elongate setae at tarsal insertion; mesotibiae and metatibiae with 1–3 small external teeth.</p><p>Abdomen: sides of ventrites I–V similar to pterothoracic venter, with dense, large punctures (partly coalescent, interspaces less than diameters) and setae; middle third of ventrites more sparsely punctate (insterspaces = several diameters), surface microsculpture as dorsum; apex ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: apical half of phallobase dorsally with irregular, short, oblique ridges or tubercles either side of shallow median groove, apical margin with V-shaped notch deepened at base; venter of phallobase smooth, apex more deeply notched; parameres setose dorsally, tips triangular but often incurved; penis with oblique basal ridges, thinly sclerotised apex level or almost level with apices of parameres.</p><p>Female. As male, except: length 16¯ 22 mm; head, pronotum and elytra more strongly and densely punctate, interspaces 1–3 puncture diameters on pronotal disc, shiny, not distinctly microsculptured, and colour dark olivegreen; pronotum not broader than elytra; head with approximately 90° anterior angles; antennomeres 3–5 transverse; dorsally visible part of mandibles shorter than head; mandibles in dorsal view with slightly elongaterectangular (rarely triangular) dorsal tubercle from base to almost half mandible length, remainder of dorsal surface excavate with sharp outer edge. Pronotum lateral margins not distinctly crenulate or at most crenulate on apical half and with &lt;5 notches on basal half; outer edge protibia with 6–8 triangular teeth, generally increasing in size from base to apex, inner edge without internal lobe; outer edges mesotibiae and metatibiae with 4–6 prominent spines; venter shiny, otherwise similar to male; apex ventrite V rounded; apex of tergite IX transparent and evenly rounded. Gonostylus almost quadrate, inner edge straight, slightly longer than basal width, outer edge only slightly expanded; spermatheca tapered from blunt apex to base, slightly bent, spermathecal duct long and densely coiled.</p><p>Taxonomy. In 2004, the validity of this species was challenged in a magistrate's court as part of the defence of two Japanese collectors, but the challenge was rejected based on the distinct male morphology and head colour. However, to provide greater stability for this species we designate a lectotype.</p><p>Natural history and distribution. The observed or recorded larval hosts of Lamprima insularis include a wide range of timber types: Araucaria heterophylla (Araucariaceae), Cryptocarya triplinervis (Lauraceae), Elaeodendron curtipendulum (Celastraceae), Howea belmoreana, H. forsteriana (Arecaceae), Olea paniculata (Oleaceae), and Syzygium fullagarii (Myrtaceae), the first of which is exotic on Lord Howe (Wilson 1994). Communal male sap-feeding sites have not been observed in this species, but an early reference "males are sometimes found in great numbers clinging to the limbs of low growing shrubs" (Olliff 1889: 84) suggests such activity. The species does not seem to have been observed in such numbers since then. One male was recently collected on shoots of Lagunaria patersonia (Malvaceae) and this coastal shrub is a possible adult host.</p><p>Lamprima insularis was noted as present “throughout the rainforests on Lord Howe Island” (Hangay &amp; de Keyzer 2017: 54), but it is a lowland species, absent from above 500 m (C.A.M.R., personal observations 2001– 2017; Fig 96). It has not been collected from the small offshore islands in the region, including Blackburn Island, Roach Island and Balls Pyramid. This distribution reflects the dependence of L. insularis on large logs, particularly of Cryptocarya triplinervis, which is a lowland subtropical rainforest species. In the lowlands, L. insularis is absent from unwooded habitats, such as sand dunes, open fields, golf fairways and low heathland on ridgetops. It is possibly also absent from the high rainfall cliff shelves at the southern end of the island, but there has been little collecting in these inaccessible areas (Cassis et al. 2003). In wet conditions, such as the summer of 2001–2002 (Anonymous 2017b: 523 mm rain from October to December, 2001), adults and larvae of L. insularis can be found breeding in narrow stems, such as fallen palms 10–20 cm in diameter (C.A.M.R., personal observations). In contrast, in dry conditions such as the summer of 2016–2017 (Anonymous 2017b: 165.4 mm rain from October to December, 2016), the fallen palm stems had dried out and no adults or larvae were found in them (C.A.M.R., personal observations). Narrow stemmed hosts, such as palms, should therefore be considered secondary, only utilised under suitable conditions.</p><p>Conservation status. Lamprima insularis should be regarded as Vulnerable (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012) based on endemicity to a small island (about 14 km 2), limited suitable habitat and harvesting pressure from collectors.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0C87C8FFF6FFA1FF4BFF3BFD8EFEDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reid, Chris A. M.;Smith, Kindi;Beatson, Max	Reid, Chris A. M., Smith, Kindi, Beatson, Max (2018): Revision of the genus Lamprima Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Zootaxa 4446 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.2.1
