identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
99248790FF976669FF48F88E32DD1CFE.text	99248790FF976669FF48F88E32DD1CFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus Simon 1892	<div><p>Charinus Simon, 1892</p><p>Type species: Phrynus australianus L. Koch, 1867, by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99248790FF976669FF48F88E32DD1CFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira;Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2016): Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Zootaxa 4072 (2): 185-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.2.3
99248790FF94666CFF48FF6D329C1C5B.text	99248790FF94666CFF48FF6D329C1C5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus caatingae	<div><p>Charinus caatingae sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 1–11)</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: Várzea Nova: Fazenda Jurema cave (11º03 23.51"S, 41º05 34.47”W): Female holotype: 21.I.2012, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 3918); Female paratypes: 02.I.2008, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 3919; ISLA 3920; ISLA 3921; ISLA 4104); Female paratypes: 07.I.2014, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4996; ISLA 4997). Male unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. Charinus caatingae differs from others species of the genus by having the following combination of characteristics: anterior margin of the carapace slightly elongated with 8 strong setae; lateral eyes underdeveloped, being reduced by only an eyespot; tritosternum with 1 apical pair and 2 median pair of strong setae; pedipalpal femur with 5 dorsal spines (4 can be found) and 5 ventral (4 can be found), pedipalpal patella with 5 dorsal spines (can be found one more basal of reduced size) and 3 ventral (can be found one more basal of reduced size), and pedipalpal tarsus with 3 dorsal spines on the cleaning organ; female gonopods sucker-like, with length similar to the width, opening rounded, edges with a small fold and a pronounced bottleneck below these.</p><p>Description. Carapace (Figs. 1–3): Flattened. Ratio length/width slightly more than 3/4. Anterior margin slightly elongated, with corners flattened downwards; 8 strong setae on the anterior margin projected upwards, the central two located directly in front of the median eyes tubercle. Frontal process triangular in shape, with thickened apex, length similar to the width and not visible in dorsal view. Carina begins at the corners of the anterior margin and extends from the coxa of legs II to the corners of the posterior margin. Median eyes developed, with low tubercle, located in a small depression. Lateral eyes underdeveloped, without pigmentation (little pigmentation in juvenile) and with 1 small posterior seta. Frontal hump present at each side, starting just at the front of the lateral eyes and ending in a depression located at each side; fovea located posterior to the center, from which radiate two pairs of furrows in anterior and posterior orientation like an X; median depression located on each side between these two pair of furrows; a thin furrow follows medially from the median eye tubercle and reaches the posterior margin. Punctuations in lines and spots, more dense in the anterior region.</p><p>Sternum (Fig. 5): Tri-segmented, with all segments sclerotized and convex. Tritosternum projected anteriorly, elongated and cone-shaped, with one apical and two medial pairs of strong setae, and some setulae in the base. Second segment (tetrasternum) slightly conical shaped, with one strong seta at each upper corner and some setulae encircling the base. Third segment (pentasternum) a little more flattened than the second, with one strong seta at each upper corner and few setulae encircling the base. The segments are separated from each other approximately by the diameter of the tetrasternum.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 1): Oblong, with punctuations distinguishable.</p><p>Chelicera (Fig. 4): Cheliceral furrow of the basal segment with 4 inner teeth. The distal tooth is bifid, the distal cusp being larger than the proximal. Teeth length: IV&gt;Ia&gt;Ib=II&gt;III. Claw with 8 denticles (can be found up to 10). Strong setae located distally on the dorsal side of the chelicera.</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs. 6–8): Trochanter: Ventral spiniform apophysis pointed forwards with a series of strong setiferous tubercles. 2 spines aligned on the prolateral face, the first being near to the medial region, and the second above the projection of the apophysis and close to the femur. First spine is slightly thinner than the second one. Second spine and the spine AI of the ventral femur are subequal in some specimens. One or two strong setae of basal location to the first spine and three aligned between the two spines. Dorsal series of strong setae. Femur: Strong dorsal setae. 5 dorsal spines (4 can be found) of sizes: F1&gt;F2&gt;F3&gt;F4&gt;F5. 5 ventral spines (4 can be found) of sizes: FI&gt;FII&gt;FIII&gt;AI&gt;FIV. Patella: Strong dorsal setae between the spines. 5 dorsal spines (can be found one more basal of reduced size) of sizes: 1&gt;2&gt;3&gt;A1&gt;4&gt;5. Strong ventral setae. 3 ventral spines (can be found one more basal of reduced size) of sizes: I&gt;II&gt;III. The spines III and IV (when present) are generally pointed forward. Tibia: Strong dorsal setae. 2 dorsal spines, spine 2 being approximately twice larger than the spine 1. One strong ventral setae in the basal portion of the ventral spine. 1 ventral spine located in the distal half of size slightly smaller than dorsal spine 1. Tarsus: Several strong dorsal setae and long ventral setae. 3 dorsal spines on the cleaning organ in ascending order of size, the third being three times larger than the first spine (Fig. 8). Cleaning organ occupies about half the length of the article. Claw: Long with sharp curved tip.</p><p>Legs: All densely setose. Femur lengths: I&gt;III&gt;II&gt;IV. Leg I: Tibia with 23 articles and tarsus with 41 articles. Leg IV (Fig. 9): Basitibia with 4 pseudo-articles. One trichobothrium located proximally on the last article. Distitibia with 3 trichobothria positioned proximally and 15 trichobothria positioned distally; frontal and caudal series with 6 trichobothria each. Basitibia-distitibia length: DT&gt;BT1&gt;BT4&gt;BT2=BT3. Ratio tarsus/metatarsus is approximately 3/4. Tarsus composed of 4 segments.</p><p>Measurements (total specimens=7): Total length: 8.29 mm (5.29–12.60). Cephalothorax: Length: 3.10 mm (2.32–4.54); Width: 4.03 mm (2.96–5.70). Pedipalp: Femur: 2.24 mm (1.38–4.21); Patella: 2.43 mm (1.48–4.75); Tibia: 1.13 mm (0.78–1.89); Tarsus: 0.86 mm (0.62 – 1.38); Claw: 0.70 mm (0.52–1.06). Measurements (fullygrown specimens=4): Total length: 9.91 mm (8.84–12.60). Cephalothorax: Length: 3.60 mm (3.08–4.54); Width: 4.69 mm (3.88–5.70). Pedipalp: Femur: 2.80 mm (2.02–4.21); Patella: 3.05 mm (2.11–4.75); Tibia: 1.35 mm (1.08–1.89); Tarsus: 1.01 mm (0.84 – 1.38); Claw: 0.81 mm (0.64–1.06).</p><p>Color: Body light brown with reddish chelicerae (Fig. 11 E). In alcohol (Fig. 1): Body yellowish brown in general. Some specimens exhibit slightly reddish coloration on the carapace, pedipalps, chelicerae and legs.</p><p>Genitalia: Female (Fig. 10): Rounded genital operculum margin with few scattered setae. Gonopods suckerlike, barrel shaped and with length similar to the width. Gonopods opening rounded; edges with a small fold and a pronounced bottleneck below these. Gonopods separated from each other by a distance smaller than its diameter and positioned from the margin of the operculum by a distance larger than its length.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ caatingae ” is treated as a noun in apposition and refers to the biome (Caatinga) where the species inhabits.</p><p>Natural history. The Fazenda Jurema cave belongs to the Una limestone group (Fig. 27), and is located in the Caatinga biome, which is the only semi-arid biome occurring in Brazil (Fig. 11 A) (De Oliveira et al. 2012). It comprises a relatively small cave (around 100 meters long), with a single small entrance. The cave conduit descends in a considerable slope reaching the final chamber, in which the phreatic level is observed. Specimens were mainly found in this final portion of the cave. Many other caves were sampled in the area, and specimens of C. caatingae were only found in the Fazenda Jurema cave, which suggests that the species is endemic to this single locality. Potential preys include crickets ( Endecous sp.) and moths ( Tineidae).</p><p>The external vegetation was partially removed for the establishment of corn and manioc crops. In the first visit to the cave (in 2008), apparently the entrance had not been modified by human activities (Fig. 11 B). However, in 2014, the last visit to the area, we asserted that an electric pump was installed inside the cave to pump water for crop irrigation (Fig. 11 D). Among the anthropogenic impacts, we can emphasize electric light installation and modifications in the surrounding area near the cave entrance (Fig. 11 C). Due to all these harsh influences inside and outside the cave, it is likely that this species is severely threatened. Accordingly, urgent actions are required in this cave in order to protect this endangered species and its natural habitat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99248790FF94666CFF48FF6D329C1C5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira;Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2016): Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Zootaxa 4072 (2): 185-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.2.3
99248790FF936663FF48F8B332E81BF9.text	99248790FF936663FF48F8B332E81BF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus iuiu	<div><p>Charinus iuiu sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 12–26)</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: Iuiu: Lapa do Baixão (14º23 8.13"S, 43º37 35.06”W): Female holotype: 07.VIII.2013, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4097); Female paratypes: 07.VIII.2013, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4098; ISLA 4099; ISLA 4101); Male paratype: 07.VIII.2013, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4100). BRAZIL: Bahia: Iuiu: Toca Fria (14º32´53"S, 43º32´10"W): Female paratype: 07.VIII.2013, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4103); Male paratype: 07.VIII.2013, leg. R. L. Ferreira (ISLA 4102).</p><p>Diagnosis. Charinus iuiu differs from others species of the genus by having the following combination of characteristics: Anterior margin of the carapace with 6 strong and elongated setae; frontal process triangular in shape, longer than wide and with a thickened apex; chelicera claw with 10 denticles; pedipalp densely setose with femur with 4 dorsal spines (3 can be found) and 5 ventral (4 can be found), and patella with 6 dorsal spines (5 are found in smaller specimens) and 3 ventral; female gonopods sucker-like, with length larger than the width, opening rounded and a posterior slit to the upper region of each structure, edges with a fold and a small bottleneck below these; male gonopods with several long lobes (LoL2 and LoL1) emerging from the Fi.</p><p>Description. Carapace (Figs. 12–14): Flattened. Ratio length/width slightly less than 3/4. Portions above the coxae of leg I slightly curved upwards. Anterior margin rounded, with corners flattened down; 6 strong and elongated setae on the anterior margin projected upwards, the central two located directly in front of the median eyes tubercle. Frontal process triangular in shape, with thickened apex, longer than wide and visible in dorsal view. Carina begins at the corners of the anterior margin and extends from the coxa of legs II to the corners of the posterior margin. Median eyes developed, with low tubercle slightly divided between the two eyes, and located in a small depression. Lateral eyes developed, with internal pigmentation and one seta posterior to each triad. Frontal hump present at each side, starting just at the front of the lateral eyes and ending in a depression located at each side; fovea located posterior to the center, from which radiate two pairs of furrows in anterior and posterior orientation like an X; median depression located on each side between these two pair of furrows; a thin furrow follows medially from the median eye tubercle and reaches the posterior margin. Punctuations in lines and spots, more dense in the anterior region.</p><p>Sternum (Fig. 16): Tri-segmented, with all segments sclerotized and convex. Tritosternum projected anteriorly, elongated and cone-shaped, with one apical pair, one medial and one basal pair of strong setae, and several setulae in the base. Second segment (tetrasternum) rounded, with one strong setae at each upper corner and several setulae encircling the base. Third segment (pentasternum) slightly smaller than the second, with one strong seta at each upper corner and several setulae encircling the base. The segments are separated from each other approximately by the diameter of the tetrasternum.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 12): Oblong, with punctuations distinguishable.</p><p>Chelicera (Fig. 15): Cheliceral furrow with 4 inner teeth in the basal segment. The distal tooth is bifid, with the distal cusp slightly larger than the proximal. Teeth length: IV&gt;Ia&gt;Ib=II&gt;III. Claw with 10 denticles. Strong setae located distally on the dorsal and on the surface of the inner side of the chelicera.</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs. 17–19): Trochanter: Ventral spiniform apophysis pointed forwards with a series of strong setiferous tubercles. 2 subequal spines aligned on the prolateral face, the first being close to the medial region and the second above the projection of the apophysis and close to the femur. Three strong setae, on average, of basal location to the first spine and three or four setae aligned between the two spines. Femur: Many strong dorsal setae along the segment. 4 dorsal spines (3 can be found) of sizes: F1&gt;F2&gt;F3&gt;F4. 5 ventral spines (4 can be found) of sizes: FI&gt;FII&gt;FIII&gt;AI&gt;FIV. Patella: Densely setose. 6 dorsal spines (5 are found in smaller specimens) of sizes: 1&gt;2&gt;3&gt;A1&gt;4&gt;5. 3 ventral spines of sizes: I&gt;II&gt;III. Tibia: Densely setose with long ventral setae. 2 dorsal spines, spine 2 being almost three times larger than spine 1. 1 ventral spine located in the distal half slightly larger to almost twice the size of dorsal spine 1. Tarsus: Densely setose with long ventral setae. 2 spines above the cleaning organ, the second being two to three times larger than the first spine (Fig. 19). Cleaning organ occupies about half the article length. Claw: Long with sharp curved tip.</p><p>Legs: All densely setose. Femur lengths: I&gt;III&gt;II&gt;IV. Leg I: Tibia with 23 articles and tarsus with 41 articles. Leg IV (Fig. 20): Basitibia with 4 pseudo-articles. One trichobothrium located proximally on the last article. Distitibia with 3 trichobothria positioned proximally and 15 trichobothria positioned distally; frontal and caudal series with 6 trichobothria each. Basitibia-distitibia length: DT=BT1&gt;BT4&gt;BT3&gt;BT2. Ratio tarsus/metatarsus is approximately 3/4. Tarsus composed with 4 segments.</p><p>Measurements (total specimens=7): Total length: 9.80 mm (6.64–13.92). Cephalothorax: Length: 3.22 mm (2.43–3.97); Width: 4.46 mm (3.19–5.57). Pedipalp: Femur: 2.50 mm (1.20–3.72); Patella: 2.79 mm (1.51–4.00); Tibia: 1.34 mm (0.8–1.75); Tarsus: 1.01 mm (0.68–1.32); Apotele (claw): 0.68 mm (0.44–0.94). Measurements (fully-grown specimens=4): Total length: 11.71 mm (10.40–13.92). Cephalothorax: Length: 3.69 mm (3.46–3.97); Width: 5.12 mm (4.59–5.57). Pedipalp: Femur: 3.15 mm (2.48–3.72); Patella: 3.48 mm (2.72–4.00); Tibia: 1.62 mm (1.32–1.75); Tarsus: 1.18 mm (1.01–1.32); Apotele (claw): 0.79 mm (0.62–0.94).</p><p>Color: Body grayish brown, abdomen with lighter coloring and reddish chelicerae (Figs. 26 C–26D). In alcohol (Fig. 12): Body reddish brown with the abdomen yellowish brown.</p><p>Genitalia: Female (Fig. 21): Rounded genital operculum margin with many strong setae. Gonopods suckerlike, barrel shaped and with length larger than the width. Gonopods opening rounded and with a posterior slit to the upper region of each structure. Gonopods edges with a fold and a small bottleneck below these. Gonopods separated from one another by a distance slightly smaller than the diameter of each one and from the margin of the operculum by a distance slightly larger than its length. Male (Figs. 22–25): Margin of GO rounded with a few scattered setae. Genitalia wider than long. Fi exceeds the genital operculum margin, with sclerotized bands surrounding each side. Several long lobes (LoL2 and LoL1) emerge from each side of the gonopod tube. A pair of lobes (LoD) located dorsally in the interior of the gonopod (Fig. 24). A pair of small lobes (LaM) located medially and ventrally to the Fi (Fig. 25).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ iuiu ” is treated as a noun in apposition and refers to the municipality where the species inhabits.</p><p>Natural history. The specimens were found in “Lapa do Baixão” and in “Toca Fria” caves, both located in Iuiu municipality (Bahia state, Brazil), belonging to the Bambuí limestone group (Fig. 27). Some other caves in the area were also inventoried, but specimens were only found in these two caves, which are located around 18 km apart from each other. This area is located in the domains of the Caatinga biome (Fig. 26 A). The surroundings of the entrance in both caves are severely impacted, mainly by human activities such as agriculture, extensive cattle and goat breeding. Such activities have resulted in a rather fragmented landscape, where remaining vegetation is mainly associated with the tops of outcrops (inappropriate areas for human use).</p><p>The main population of Charinus iuiu was found in Lapa do Baixão cave, which comprises a labyrinthic cave in which some inner chambers become flooded during rainy periods. The only known entrance (with small dimensions - 1m 2) is located at the bottom of a subsidence sinkhole, which makes the cave atmosphere quite isolated from the external environment. Many roots, which constitute an important nourishment source for the hypogean fauna, were observed inside the cave (Fig. 26 B). Specimens of C. iuiu were mainly observed in deeper zones within the cave, and potential prey includes especially crickets ( Endecous sp.). Fortunately, this cave has not been visited by anyone except the research team, so it is quite preserved.</p><p>Two specimens were found in Toca Fria cave. This cave comprises the biggest known cave in the Iuiu municipality. It has around 2 km of labyrinthic galleries with many connections to the external environment. The huge number of entrances (with distribution spread along the cave) promotes a higher influence of the external climate (which is mainly dry) on the cave atmosphere. Accordingly, most areas within this cave are dry. The specimens were found under rocks on the cave floor. The Toca Fria cave is regularly visited by locals, exhibiting some impacts (such as trampling and graffiti) arising from these visits.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99248790FF936663FF48F8B332E81BF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira;Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2016): Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Zootaxa 4072 (2): 185-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.2.3
99248790FF9D6663FF48FED234D31F65.text	99248790FF9D6663FF48FED234D31F65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus	<div><p>Key to the Brazilian species of Charinus (modified version of that present by Miranda &amp; Giupponi (2011))</p><p>1 Median eyes absent.................................................................................. 2</p><p>- Median eyes present................................................................................... 3</p><p>2 Female gonopods conical with an apical sucker-like prehensile structure; basitibia of leg IV with four pseudoarticles (Bahia: Carinhanha, Serra do Ramalho, Zé do Bastos Cave)................................................ C. troglobius</p><p>- Female gonopods rounded, cushion-like with an apical sharp edge partially covering the atrium of the seminal receptacle; basitibia of leg IV with three pseudoarticles (Rondônia: Porto Velho)..................................... C. vulgaris</p><p>3 Second and third sternal sclerites flattened and twice as wide as long (Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins)...... C. montanus</p><p>- Second and third sternal sclerites convex and rounded........................................................ 4</p><p>4 Distitibia of the leg IV with 16 trichobothria (Espírito Santo: Serra)................................... C. brasilianus</p><p>- Distitibia of the leg IV with 18 trichobothria................................................................ 5</p><p>5 Patella of the pedipalp with 2 ventral spines.................................................................6</p><p>- Patella of the pedipalp with 3 or more ventral spines.......................................................... 7</p><p>6 Lateral eyes triads with pigmentation (Bahia: Santa Luzia, Gruta Pedra do Sin Cave)....................... C. acaraje</p><p>- Lateral eyes triads without pigmentation (Rio Grande do Norte: Felipe Guerra, Buraco Redondo Cave).......... C. potiguar</p><p>7 Median eyes tubercle indistinct (Minas Gerais: Itacarambi, Olhos d’Água Cave).......................... C. eleonorae</p><p>- Median eyes tubercle distinct........................................................................... 8</p><p>8 Lateral eyes underdeveloped (Bahia: Várzea Nova: Fazenda Jurema Cave).......................... C. caatingae sp. n.</p><p>- Lateral eyes developed................................................................................ 9</p><p>9 Patella of the pedipalp with 3 ventral spines............................................................... 10</p><p>- Patella of the pedipalp with 4 or 5 ventral spines........................................................... 11</p><p>10 Femur of the pedipalp with 3 or 4 dorsal spines (Bahia: Iuiu: Lapa do Baixão Cave)....................... C. iuiu sp. n</p><p>- Femur of the pedipalp with 5 or 6 dorsal spines (Minas Gerais: Arcos: Gruta da Cazanga)..................... C. jibaossu</p><p>11 Tarsus of the pedipalp with 3 dorsal spines (Bahia: Gentio do Ouro, Encantados Cave)...................... C. mysticus</p><p>- Tarsus of the pedipalp with 2 dorsal spines (São Paulo: Ilha Bela)....................................... C. asturius</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99248790FF9D6663FF48FED234D31F65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira;Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes	Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2016): Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Zootaxa 4072 (2): 185-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.2.3
