taxonID	type	description	language	source
F67C5061225B5531BC03498FC7E82391.taxon	etymology	Etymology. - From Greek - Trypes = hole, and - soma = body, Tryposoma = hole inhabiting, since all known Tryposoma species in East Africa stay in earth holes during the daytime and emerge in the evening and night hours only. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.	en	Cadena-Castaneda, Oscar J., Hemp, Claudia (2024): Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33 (1): 59-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670
F67C5061225B5531BC03498FC7E82391.taxon	description	Description. - The specimens under study are large in size, measuring between 28 and 40 mm. Coloration in life ranges from yellow to reddish-brown or golden brown, with darker brown pigmentation observed on the posterior margins of the tergites. The hind femora exhibit a bright yellow color that slightly darkens to yellow-brown on the dorsum and apex. Preserved specimens (pinned) display a darker brown coloration (Figs 1, 4, 5). Head. The head is dorsally and frontally smooth, with the frontal region being higher than wide. Laterally, it appears widened, and the fastigium is twice as broad as the first antennal segment (Figs 2 A, 5 A). The eyes are frontally elevated, and the ocelli are conspicuous, with rounded lateral ocelli and an ovoid front ocellus (Figs 2 B, 5 B). The scapus and pedicellus are unarmed, and the antennae exceed the length of the body. The mandibles and maxilla exhibit symmetry without any sexual specialization (Figs 2 A, 5 A). The ventral process extends beside the base of the labial segment in front of the base of the lacinia. The palpi are thin, elongated, fully pilose, and dilated at the apex (Figs 2 B, 5 B). Thorax. The pronotum is slightly wider than it is long (Figs 1 A, 5 B) and does not cover the mesonotum (Fig. 1 B). The lateral margin of the pronotum is slightly rounded, and the pronotal disc displays a slight curvature at the anterior and posterior margins (Figs 1 B, 5 A). The pronotal lateral lobe has a nearly straight dorsal margin with a slight convexity at the ventral margin. The ventral edge of the mesopleuron forms a weakly projecting rounded flap (Figs 2 B, 5 B). The prosternum bears a pair of short cone-like processes. The mesosternum is bispinose, with horizontally compressed spines and slightly backward-bent apices. The metasternum features thorn-like processes with acute backward-bent tips and a broad laterally compressed base. Wings are absent. Legs. The fore coxae is equipped with one prominent lateral spine having a broad and pointed base. The fore and mid femora display several small tubercles from the base to the apex along with two longitudinal parallel carinae at the ventral margin. The fore and mid tibiae possess spines along the dorso- and ventrolateral margins. A tympanum is present on both sides of the fore tibia. The hind femur exhibits 14 - 16 distinct chevron ridges well-separated by a medial groove that extends from the base to the distal edge of the chevron area (Figs 1 A, 5 B). The apical spurs of the hind tibia are fully movable within insertion rings. The dorsal subapical pair is relatively short, the prolateral apical spur is slightly shorter than the metatarsus, and the retrolateral apical spur reaches the midpoint of the second tarsomere. A short ventroapical pair and an even shorter subapical ventral pair are present. Abdomen. Male individuals have minute pegs on the first six abdominal tergites that very likely serve as a stridulatory area (Fig. 2 B). The sternites broaden distally. Tergite 9 exhibits posterior undulations. Tergite 10 is characterized by two well-sclerotized hooks moderately separated by a narrow, medial, and membranous area dorsally (Figs 2 C, 5 C). The epiproctus is rounded and has a width equal to its length. The paraprocts lack modifications and are relatively short, with each apex turned dorsal and featuring two very short spinous hooks (Figs 2 D, 5 C-E). The cerci are setose, thin, and elongated (Figs 2 C-E, 5 E). The subgenital plate is broad at the base, with the corners close to the tergite. It extends as a rounded bulbous plate with a weakly emarginate posterior notch. The styles are short and divergent, emerging before the apex of the subgenital plate (Figs 2 E, 5 C-E). Male genitalia: The surface of the dorsal lobe (dl) displays numerous ovoid microstructures (Fig. 3 A). The posterior border of the dl projects toward the anterior margin and tapers into a lingual fold in its last section, curving backward and downward (Fig. 3 C). The titillatory sclerite (TS) and the titillator (ti) form a peduncular system with medium-sized denticulate structures, which are surrounded ventrally and laterally by the lateral folds of the dorsal lobe (ldl) (Fig. 3 A). A thin and ribbon-shaped sclerotized plate (Sp. dl) is present on the dl and forks at the apex (Fig. 3 A, C). The upper folds of the ventral lobe (up. vl) have a rounded distal margin while the lower folds of the ventral lobe (lw. vl) are membranous and possess an angled posterior margin (Fig. 3 B). The ejaculatory duct (ejd) is wide and lacks sclerotic structures, and the ejaculatory vesicles (ejv) are rounded and of medium size (Fig. 3 B). The ventral sclerite (VS) internally covers the TS, and the fore fold of the dorsal lobe (fdl) forms a " U " - shaped fold surrounding the base of the TS (Fig. 3 C). Female individuals have far fewer and sparser pegs on the stridulatory area. They possess an elongated ovipositor that is as long as the hind femur. The ovipositor exhibits a slight upward curve and has a sharp apex (Figs 2 F, 5 F). The cerci are thin and medium-sized, and the subgenital plate is subtriangular with a wavy or acute apex (Figs 2 G, 5 G).	en	Cadena-Castaneda, Oscar J., Hemp, Claudia (2024): Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33 (1): 59-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670
F67C5061225B5531BC03498FC7E82391.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. - All recorded species of the genus Tryposoma gen. nov. in East Africa are nocturnal, living within closed forest from lowland to montane forests. During the day, they hide in holes dug into the ground (Fig. 6 A). At night, they emerge from their shelters and are found on the forest floor among leaf litter or perched on low vegetation (Fig. 6 B). It is noteworthy that all Tryposoma species and populations in this region are seasonal, with adult individuals being observed during the warm period of the year, typically spanning from December to April, the first wet period of the year.	en	Cadena-Castaneda, Oscar J., Hemp, Claudia (2024): Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33 (1): 59-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670
F67C5061225B5531BC03498FC7E82391.taxon	distribution	Distribution. - Africa, Northeast Tanzania, restricted to forest of the montane zone of the North Pare Mountains.	en	Cadena-Castaneda, Oscar J., Hemp, Claudia (2024): Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33 (1): 59-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670
F67C5061225B5531BC03498FC7E82391.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. - Tryposoma brachyurum comb. nov.: Originally described as Libanasa brachyura Karny, 1928. Holotype ♀ nymph. labelled (1) Libanasa brachyura det Karny Type (in Karny's hand) (2) Coll. Karny (handwritten) (3) Coll. Karny (printed) (NHMW) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There is also a so called " allotype " that is a very small female nymph (NHMW). 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ nymph, 1 ♀ nymph, Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, Tanzania 39 ° 3 ' E, 6 ° 57 ' S. Coll. FRONTIER Tanzania, Jan-Feb. 1991 (ZMUC). 1 ♂ nymph, 3 ♀♀ nymphs, Kambai Forest Reserve, Muheza District, (Tanga Region), Tanzania. 4 ° 59 ' S, 38 ° 41 ' E. coll. FRONTIER Tanzania, Jan-Feb 1991 (ZMUC). 86 ♂♂ and 75 ♀♀ specimens (and 23 nymphs) of Tryposoma brachyurum coming from the following localities: East Usambara Mts (Zigi trail, Amani Nature Reserve, Nilo forest reserve, Magoroto Estate), West Usambara Mts (Mazumbai, Ndelemai, and Magamba forest reserves), (CCH). Tryposoma kilomeni comb. nov.: Originally described as Libanasa kilomeni Hemp & Johns, 2015. Holotype ♂. Tanzania, North Pare Mountains, Kindoroko forest reserve, 7 ° 50 ' 44.5 " S, 36 ° 53 ' 00.2 " E, montane forest, 1750 m, January 2015. Paratypes 4 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ and 5 nymphs, same locality as holotype.	en	Cadena-Castaneda, Oscar J., Hemp, Claudia (2024): Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33 (1): 59-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670
