identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
987D9873E31CC353FF21F865762EFBF0.text	987D9873E31CC353FF21F865762EFBF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloneis mendosina Frenguelli 1934	<div><p>Caloneis mendosina Frenguelli (slides of series #319 and associated unmounted material) (Figs 1–15, Table 1)</p> <p>According to Frenguelli (1934) the nominal variety of C. mendosina and the var. minor differ by dimensions, valvar outline and stria density. The ranges of length of the valves given in the protologue were 81–190 μm for C. mendosina var. mendosina and 58–64 μm for C. mendosina var. minor. Nevertheless, in the original material we found a continuous range of valve lengths between 46 and 106 μm (n = 14) and also a continuous range of stria density between 11 and 14 striae in 10 μm (n = 14). Larger specimens as those described by Frenguelli were not found in the analyzed material and the stria density was consistently higher than described by Frenguelli (1934, Table 1). All analyzed specimens showed rectangular frustules, 13–29 μm in depth (n = 9), with obliquely reinforced corners, almost always lying in girdle view (Figs 1–5, 10, 13). The valves are linear-panduriform in outline, with the central undulation narrower than the distal undulations, and broadly apiculate apices which are slightly protracted (Figs 6–8, 11). Small specimens are less panduriform, with cuneiform apices (Fig. 9). Valve length 46–106 μm (n = 14), valve width 9–14 μm (n = 7). The valve face is flat, narrow, depressed in the central area and slightly raised toward the poles (Figs 11, 12), merging gently into a deep mantle. The valve mantle, with a curved proximal region and a vertical distal region, is deep, much shallower near the apices, and mostly unperforated (Figs 1–5, 9–13). The overlap between valve mantles of the epivalve and hypovalve forms the figure of a clepsydra as described by Frenguelli in the protologue of the nominal variety (Figs 2, 5). The central nodule is elliptical, asymmetric (Figs 1–8). The axial area is lanceolate, narrow near the apices and distinctly widened toward the central area (Figs 8, 11, 12, 14). The central area is large, forming a symmetrical, broad fascia (Figs 3–14). The striae are alveolate, radial throughout the valve (Figs 6–9, 11, 12, 14), 11–14 in 10 μm (n = 14), and ending shortly onto the mantle (Figs 10, 13, 15). The outer layer of each alveolate stria appears eroded in all found specimens and the inner ingrowths of silica are opened by an elliptical aperture located at the apical junction of valve face and mantle (Figs 11, 12, 14, 15, arrowheads). The raphe is filiform, with slightly curved branches deflected in the same direction as the central fissures (Figs 8, 9, 11, 12, 14). The central fissures are distantly spaced, dug out on the central area and end in expanded drop-like pores, and weakly unilaterally bended toward one margin of the valve (Figs 6–8, 11, 12, 14). The terminal raphe fissures on the external face are deflected in the same direction, as a continuous arch to one side of the apex finishing close to the valve margin (Figs 14, 15). The girdle bands were absent in the analyzed material (Figs 9–15), possibly due to the oxidizing treatment. Taking into account the continuous range of size and stria density, and the ultrastructural similarities between smallest and largest specimens, we consider both taxa to be conspecific. Thus, we recommend that Caloneis mendosina var. minor should be considered a heterotypic synonym with Caloneis mendosina.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/987D9873E31CC353FF21F865762EFBF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sunesen, Ines;Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A.;Sar, Eugenia A.	Sunesen, Ines, Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A., Sar, Eugenia A. (2017): A re-investigation of three Frenguelli’s Caloneis taxa (Pinnulariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Argentina. Phytotaxa 305 (3): 165-178, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4
987D9873E31EC35DFF21F92D74D2FD34.text	987D9873E31EC35DFF21F92D74D2FD34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloneis quilinensis , Frenguelli & Cordini 1937	<div><p>Caloneis quilinensis Frenguelli (slides of series #310 and associated unmounted material) (Figs 16–54, Table 1)</p> <p>Specimens observed were slightly shorter and narrower and had a higher stria density than those described in the protologue of Frenguelli in Frenguelli &amp; Cordini (1937: 96) (Table 1). They all have rectangular frustules, with rounded, obliquely reinforced corners, almost always lying in girdle view, 8–18 μm in depth (n = 49) (Figs 16–25, 37, 42). The valves are linear-elliptic to linear-panduriform with a triundulated margin; the central undulation is slightly narrower than the distal undulations and the apices are cuneate to broadly apiculate (Figs 29–36, 50, 51). Valve length 39–81 μm (n = 95), valve width 7.5–16.0 μm (n = 25). The valve face is flat, narrow, gently depressed in the central area and slightly raised toward the poles (Figs 38, 39, 50, 51), merging gently into a deep mantle. The valve mantle, with a curved proximal region and a vertical distal region, is deep, much shallower near the apices, and mostly unperforated (Figs 26–28, 40, 48, 49, 52). The overlap between the valve mantles forms the figure of a clepsydra (Figs 18, 19). The central nodule is elliptical, asymmetric (Figs 32, 35, 53). The axial area is fusiform-lanceolate, narrow near the apices and gradually widening toward the central area (Figs 31, 32). The central area is large, forming an asymmetrical, broad fascia (Figs 29–36, 45). The raphe is filiform, with slightly curved branches deflected in the same direction as the central fissures. The central external raphe fissures are dug out on the central area and end in drop-like pores (Figs 30–32, 38, 39, 41, 44). The terminal external raphe fissures are deflected in the same direction as a continuous arch to one side of the apex (Figs 30, 31, 38, 39, 46), and finish close to the margin of the mantle (Figs 38, 39, 46, 48, 49, 52 arrowheads). Internally, the raphe is seen as continuous at the central area, slightly undulate near a subtle, asymmetrical, central nodule (Figs 50, 51, 53), and end distally in small helictoglossae (Fig. 54, arrowhead). Pseudosepta surrounding both poles are very short (Figs 50, 54, arrows). The striae are alveolate, continuing shortly onto the mantle (Figs 43, 45, 49). Each stria has an outer areolate layer, multiseriate (3–4 poroids rows) (Figs 43, 45–47, 49) and an inner ingrowth of silica opening by an elliptical aperture (Figs 50, 51, 53, 54). These apertures are aligned and located at the junction of valve face and mantle (Figs 50, 51). The girdle is composed of two bands. The valvocopulae is open at one pole (Figs 39, 41, 42, 46–48), with one row of elongate poroids in the pars exterior (Figs 45, 46). The copula is wide, segmental, unstructured, occupying the gap left at the pole that close the full circumference of the valve mantle (Figs 39, 42, 47, arrows).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/987D9873E31EC35DFF21F92D74D2FD34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sunesen, Ines;Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A.;Sar, Eugenia A.	Sunesen, Ines, Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A., Sar, Eugenia A. (2017): A re-investigation of three Frenguelli’s Caloneis taxa (Pinnulariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Argentina. Phytotaxa 305 (3): 165-178, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4
987D9873E312C359FF21FA8B76F2FC38.text	987D9873E312C359FF21FA8B76F2FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloneis mendosina Frenguelli 1934	<div><p>Comparison of Caloneis mendosina with morphologically related species (Table 2)</p> <p>Caloneis mendosina is similar to C. silicula and associated varieties based on the observations of Cleve (1894). Krammer &amp; Lange-Bertalot (1986) revealed that the most similar taxon to Caloneis mendosina is C. silicula f. peisonis (Grunow) Krammer in Krammer &amp; Lange-Bertalot (1985: 22; 1986: 88, pl. 172, fig. 8). The comparison between the LM figures of both taxa shows that they have similar valve forms, e.g., linear-elliptic to linear-panduriform with triundulated outline, and apices are cuneate; nevertheless, the central undulation is narrower than distal undulations in C. mendosina and wider in C. silicula f. peisonis (Table 2). SEM illustrations of C. mendosina and C. silicula f. peisonis (Cocquyt 1999: 427, figs 1–8, 24, 26–29) provide more information on similarities and differences between the two taxa. Both taxa are similar in having a deep valve mantle, robust and narrower toward the poles and two girdle bands, an opened valvocopula and a segmental copula (Cocquyt 1999: figs 26–29). Nevertheless, in C. mendosina the valve surface is narrow and flat with a curved proximal region and a vertical distal region merging gently into a deep mantle, while in C. silicula f. peisonis the valve surface is wide and flat curving abruptly into a deep mantle. This causes the frustules of C. mendosina to orientate in girdle view, while frustules of C. silicula f. peisonis are commonly lying in valve view. Also the terminal and central raphe fissures are slightly curved, deflected in the same direction in C. mendosina, whereas in opposite directions in C. silicula f. peisonis.</p> <p>Other two freshwater species that show similarities with Caloneis mendosina are C. columbiensis Cleve (1894: 51, pl. 3, fig. 4) described from Columbia River and C. nipponica Skvortzow (1936: 267, pl. 2, fig. 7, pl. 3, fig. 9, pl. 4, fig. 15) described from diatom clay of Biwa Lake. They are similar in the linear-panduriform, triundulated valve outline. C. columbiensis pictured by Cleve (1894) and Metzeltin et al. (2005, figs 12–14) differs from C. mendosina in having the central undulation wider than the distal undulations; denser striae, straight toward the distal undulations becoming radial at the apices; and relatively narrower fascia barely longer than the central nodule (Table 2). Caloneis nipponica pictured by Skvortzow (1936) and lectotypified by Ohtsuka &amp; Tuji [2002: 244, figs 1, (Lectotype, slide 30000136), 2] also agree with C. mendosina in having a central undulation narrower than distal undulations, broad fascia, striae radiate throughout the valve and terminal external raphe fissures deflected toward one side of the apex in the same direction as the central external raphe fissure (Table 2). Both taxa show subtle differences in stria density, 17–18 in 10 μm in C. nipponica vs 10–16 in 10 μm for C. mendosina. Unfortunately, LM and SEM descriptions of the frustule in girdle view are not available for Caloneis nipponica, thus a comparison cannot be completed. However, considering that C. mendosina was erected earlier than C. nipponica the ultrastructural analysis of the later was not imperative for determining the correct epithet of the taxon and was beyond the scope of this study.</p> <p>Despite the fact that not many species in the genus Caloneis have been analyzed with SEM, it is possible to detect two groups of species with triundulated outline based on the depth of the valve mantle. One group including the species C. fasciata (Lagerstedt) Cleve (pictured by Antoniades et al. 2009, figs 4–6), C. fusus Hamilton &amp; Antoniades in Antoniades et al. (2009, figs 50–58), C. schumanniana (Grunow) Cleve and C. lewisii Patrick (pictured by Stancheva et al. 2009, figs 39–42 and 43, 44 respectively) is characterized by a shallow valve mantle almost regular in depth around the valve. The second group includes C. australis Zidarova, Kopalová &amp; Van de Vijver (2016: 40, figs 13–17), C. mendosina (this study), C. silicula f. peisonis (pictured by Cocquyt 1999, figs 26–29) and is characterized by having a deep valve mantle, slightly or abruptly shallower at the apices. Among the mentioned species C. mendosina is the only one that shows a mantle with curved proximal region and vertical distal region.</p> <p>Caloneis laticingulata Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot &amp; García-Rodríguez (2005: 29, pl. 156, figs 1–8) was described based on LM. Metzeltin et al. (2005, fig. 8) shows that this species clearly belongs to the second group and is similar with C. mendosina having a broad girdle, reinforced angles, and a clepsydra shape due to the overlapping of epivalve and hypovalve mantles and valvocopulae. However, C. laticingulata can be distinguished from C. mendosina by the valve outline, linear lanceolate with a central undulation and cuneate apices, and by the central and terminal external raphe fissures bent in opposite directions (Table 2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/987D9873E312C359FF21FA8B76F2FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sunesen, Ines;Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A.;Sar, Eugenia A.	Sunesen, Ines, Tardivo Kubis, Jonas A., Sar, Eugenia A. (2017): A re-investigation of three Frenguelli’s Caloneis taxa (Pinnulariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Argentina. Phytotaxa 305 (3): 165-178, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.3.4
