identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9F4787E4B94AB61DFC76FB19FD04D118.text	9F4787E4B94AB61DFC76FB19FD04D118.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius scaber Birula 1900	<div><p>Euscorpius scaber Birula, 1900</p> <p>(Figures 2–20; Tables 1–2)</p> <p>Euscorpius scaber Birula, 1900: 18–19.</p> <p>REFERENCES:</p> <p>Euscorpius scaber: Birula, 1917a: 105, 129, 198, 211; Birula, 1917b: 167; Werner, 1938: 173; Fet, 1986: 5 (under question).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus s.str.: Kinzelbach, 1975: 30, 32 (in part; Thasos; Mt. Athos).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus scaber: Soleglad, 1976: 299; Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2007: 419; Tropea &amp; Rossi, 2012: 27, 30; Tropea et al., 2012: 75.</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus: Kinzelbach, 1982: 61 (in part: Thasos); Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000: 358 (in part: Mt. Athos).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus carpathicus: Kritscher, 1993:</p> <p>384 (in part: Chalkidiki; Mt. Athos; Thasos).</p> <p>Euscorpius mesotrichus: Kritscher, 1993: 386 (in part; Chalkidiki).</p> <p>Euscorpius “ carpathicus ” scaber: Fet et al., 2004: 52;</p> <p>Kaltsas et al., 2008: 234.</p> <p>(yellow icon with ‘+’) and other distributions (red icons, E. scaber only) are shown. Maps on left show detail of the species’ type localities</p> <p>Greece proper and the island of Crete with the ranges of the three species indicated by yellow rectangles.</p> <p>Type material: Lectotype ♂ (designated here): Greece: Chalkidiki Peninsula, Mount Athos, 7 (19) May 1886, leg. A. N. Kharuzin (ZMMSU Tb-33) (Fet, 1986). See Fig. 2 for the labels from the type series vial (ZMMSU Tb-33). Birula (1900: 18) mentioned only 5 specimens in ZMMSU collection, among them one ♂ with 11/11 pectinal teeth (our lectotype) and one ♀ with 8/8 teeth.</p> <p>Geographic range. Greece: Mount Athos; Central Macedonia: Chalkidiki, Thessaloniki; East Macedonia and Thrace: Thasos Island. See map in Fig. 1.</p> <p>History of Study</p> <p>Syntypes of E. scaber were brought to Russia in 1886 by A.N. Kharuzin from the Greek Orthodox monastic community of Mt. Athos (Agion Oros), Chalkidiki Peninsula. Birula (1900) described a new species along with another, distinctly different species, E. koschewnikowi Birula, 1900 (see Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002, for a detailed redescription of the latter). Euscorpius scaber was largely forgotten in reviews until Kinzelbach (1975) listed it, under question, as a synonym of his “ E. mesotrichus ”. Fet (1986) published pectinal and trichobothrial statistics of Birula’s types from ZISP and ZMMSU but was unsure of their taxonomic status. Birula (1917a: 212) wrote “Unfortunately, we have no information whatever about the scorpion fauna on bigger islands of the northern Aegean Sea, e.g. Thasos, Lemnos…” Only many years later, Kritscher (1993) first collected a very large series on Thasos Island, listed as E. carpathicus. Here, we identify this Thasos population as E. scaber Birula, 1900.</p> <p>Fet &amp; Sissom (2000) indicated that Fet (1986) synonymized E. scaber with E. carpathicus; however, in fact Fet (1986) only noted that its status (species or subspecies) was still uncertain. This species immediately differs from most other forms previously included under “ carpathicu s” in a very high male pectinal teeth number and pronounced metasomal granulation and carination, all observed by Birula (1900) in his detailed original description. Birula (1900: 16; 1917a: 212), who assigned high value to metasomal carination, contrasted E. scaber with its heavy carination (“all seven carinae well deve- loped and granulated”), to E. carpathicus (sensu lato) with less pronounced carinae, and further to E. koschewnikowi, with obsolete carinae (as well as forms related to E. germanus, now subgenus Alpiscorpius). Later (Birula, 1917b: 167–168), he even introduced formal names for this three groups as “sections” (Sectio) of subgenus Euscorpius s.str.: Scabri, Carpathici, and Germani. These “sections”, which we today would call “complexes” or “species groups”, have not been used since, and are not available nomenclatural units under the current Code.</p> <p>As already mentioned, our species delimitation approaches using sequence data (Parmakelis et al., in press) validated E. scaber as a distinct evolutionary entity, which is here further confirmed by morphological description.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small (below 30 mm), brown in color species; legs and chelicerae lighter; slight variegated patterns on carapace. Species heavily granulated (hence the name “ scaber ”, scabrous). Pronounced metasomal cari- nae, most with some granulation, including the single ventromedian carinae on segments II–IV. Strong scalloping on male chela. Pedipalp patellar external trichobothria numbers: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4 and et = 5–6 (usually 6); ventral aspect of patella 8. Pectinal tooth counts: females 7–8 (usually 8), males 10–11; the latter is an unusually high number for subgenus Euscorpius s.str.</p> <p>MALE. The following description is based on the lectotype male from Mt. Athos, Greece. Measurements of the lectotype, two paralectotypes, and a specimen from Thasos are presented in Table 2. See Figures 3–6 for dorsal and ventral views of the male lectotype and two female paralectotypes.</p> <p>COLORATION. Carapace, chelae, and patellae dark brown; femur, tergites, metasoma, and telson brown; legs and chelicerae light brown; leg coxae and sternum dark brown; genital operculum, pectines, basal piece, and sternites yellow. Slight variegated patterns on carapace.</p> <p>CARAPACE (Fig. 7, paralectotype female). Anterior edge slightly convex with a very narrow slight median indentation; slight granulation on lateral edges below lateral eyes, otherwise, smooth and lustrous, lacking any indication of carinae. There are two lateral eyes. Median eyes and tubercle are small to medium in size, positioned slightly anterior of middle with the following length and width ratios: 0.423 (anterior edge to medium tubercle middle / carapace length) and 0.167 (width of median tubercle including eyes / width of carapace at that point).</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Tergites I–VII essentially smooth; tergite VII lacking lateral and median carinal pairs. Sternites III–VII smooth and lustrous; VII lacking lateral and median carinae. Stigmata are very small, narrow elliptical.</p> <p>METASOMA (Fig. 12, paralectotype female). Segment I slightly wider than long in ratio 0.967. Segments I–IV: dorsal carinae are granulate; dorsolateral carinae weak to obsolete with slight granulation proximally on I–III, smooth proximally on IV; lateral carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae slightly granulated; single ventromedian carina obsolete on I, slightly visible and smooth on II, irregularly granulated on III, and granulated on IV. Segment V: dorsolateral carinae rounded and granulate; lateral carinae obsolete, ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae crenulate to serrulate. Anal arch with 15 small granules. Intercarinal areas generally smooth except for the ventral surface of segment V which is covered with scattered granules.</p> <p>TELSON (Fig. 15, paralectotype female Fig. 8). Vesicle swollen and elongated, with short highly curved aculeus. Vesicle essentially void of granules, very lustrous. Vesicular tabs smooth.</p> <p>PECTINES (Fig. 17, paralectotype female Fig. 13). Medium-developed segments exhibiting length / width ratio 2.047 (length taken at anterior lamellae / width at widest point including teeth). Sclerite construction complex, three anterior lamellae and 6/7 middle lamellae; fulcra of medium development. Teeth number 11/11. Sensory areas developed along distal aspect on all teeth, including basal tooth. Basal piece large, with subtle shallow indentation along anterior edge, length / width ratio 0.500.</p> <p>GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 17, paralectotype female Fig. 13). Sclerites triangular, separated for the entire length. Genital papillae present, protruding significantly between the sclerites (see discussion on female below).</p> <p>STERNUM (Fig. 17, paralectotype female Fig. 13). Type 2, posterior emargination present, modestlydefined convex lateral lobes, apex visible but not conspicuous; slightly longer than wide.</p> <p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 14 paralectotype female). Following description is based on paralectotype female. Movable finger dorsal edge with two small subdistal (sd) denticles; ventral edge smooth; serrula not visible. Ventral distal denticle (vd) conspicuously longer than dorsal (dd). Fixed finger with four denticles, median (m) and basal (b) denticles conjoined on common trunk; no ventral accessory denticles present.</p> <p>PEDIPALPS (Fig. 16, paralectotype female Figs. 9–11). Well-developed chelae, moderately carinated, strong scalloping on chelal fingers. Femur: Dorsointernal dorsoexternal, and ventrointernal carinae serrated, ventroexternal rounded, nearly obsolete. Dorsal surface covered with medium-size granules, ventral surface granulate on proximal 2/3, internal and external surfaces rough with rows of 6 to 7 and 13 serrated granules, respectively. Patella: Dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae serrated, dorsoexternal rounded and granulated, ventroexternal granulated, and externomedian carina obsolete. Dorsal and ventral surfaces covered with medium-sized granules; external surface covered with large granules; internal surface smooth with welldeveloped DPS and near obsolete VPS. Chelal carinae: Complies with the “10-carinae configuration”. Digital (D1) carina strong, slight traces of low-profile granulation; sub-digital (D2) essentially obsolete, represented by 2 small granules; dorsosecondary (D3) obsolete, area quite flat; dorsomarginal (D4) rounded, with medium-sized granules; dorsointernal (D5) highly rounded and covered with granules; ventroexternal (V1) strong, slight traces of low-profile granulation, curving to external condyle of movable finger; ventromedian (V2) obsolete; ventrointernal (V3) strong, but very rounded and smooth; external (E) irregularly developed with coarse granulation. Chelal finger dentition (paralectotype female Fig. 11): Median denticle (MD) row groups in straight line; 6/6 ID s fixed finger and 7/7 on movable finger; 6/6 OD s on fixed and movable fingers; 4/4 and 4/4 IAD s on fixed and movable fingers, respectively. Trichobothrial patterns (paralectotype female Fig. 19): Type C, neobothriotaxic: chela ventral = 4/4; patellar eb = 4/4, eba =4/4, esb = 2/2; em = 4/4, est = 4/4, et = 6/6; patellar ventral = 9/9.</p> <p>LEGS (Fig. 18). Both pedal spurs present on all legs, lacking spinelets; tibial spurs absent. Tarsus with delicate single row of spinules on ventral surface, terminating distally with two closely grouped spinules. Unguicular spine well-developed and pointed.</p> <p>HEMISPERMATOPHORE (FIG. 20). Hemispermatophore typical of subgenus. Well-developed truncal flexure, lamina with a conspicuous basal constriction, terminus highly tapered, curving towards the external edge. Median projection with both primary and secondary acuminate processes. Primary acuminate process, a complex structure, has three irregular shaped lobes visible from the internoventral perspective and appears flat from a strict dorsal view. The secondary process is simple and reduced to a single pointed spine. The internal lobe exhibits seven irregularly sized tines in its crown.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. The adult female exhibits a subtle proximal gap and movable finger lobe on the chela, whereas they are well developed in the male; the genital operculum sclerites in the female are connected along the middle, not separated as in the male; genital papillae are absent in the female, present in the male. The pectinal tooth counts are smaller in the female, 6–10 (7.85) as compared to 9–13 (10.53) in the male, a 34.1 % difference in the means (see Table 1). The telson vesicle in the female is not as swollen as it is in the male; the telson length compared to its depth is 3.182 in the female and 2.607 in the male, exhibiting a 22 % difference. The chelal palm in the female is not as swollen as it is in the male, the chelal length compared to its width and depth is 2.965 and 2.601 in the female, and 2.636 and 2.390 in the male, a 12.5 % and 12.2 % difference, respectively. Finally, the carapace is relatively longer in the female, dominating in all possible morphometric ratios when compared to 23 other morphometrics, the largest difference, when the carapace is compared to the vesicle depth, exhibited a 41.8 % mean value difference.</p> <p>Variation. In addition to the type material of E. scaber, we examined 14 specimens mostly from Chalkidiki Peninsula, and a very large series from Thasos Island (120 specimens, most collected by E. Kritscher in summer 1975). Pectinаl teeth number in males usually varied between 10 (52.8 %) and 11 (37.7 %), with distribution 9 (1), 10 (28), 11 (20), 12 (3), 13 (1) [n=53], mean 10.53, SD = 0.72. Pectinаl teeth number in females was usually 8 (71.7.0%), with distribution 6 (4), 7 (40), 8 (152), 9 (14), 10 (2) [n = 212], mean 7.85, SD = 0.61. Number of ventral patellar trichobothria (Pv) was usually 8 (87.2 %), with distribution 7 (20), 8 (238), 9 (10), 10 (5) [n = 273], mean 7.96, SD = 0.33. Number of external terminal patellar trichobothria (et) was usually 6 (84.0%), with distribution 4 (1), 5 (37), 6 (216), 7 (2), 8 (1) [n = 257], mean 5.86, SD = 0.41.</p> <p>Material examined. GREECE. Mount Athos (Agion Oros): 1 ♂ (lectotype, designated here), 7 (19) May 1886, leg. A. N. Kharuzin (ZMMSU Tb-33); paralectotypes, same label as lectotype, 1 ♀ (ZISP 1034), 1 ♂ im., 1 ♀, 4 ♀ im. (ZMMSU Tb-33); 27 June 1936, leg. D. Papazov, 2 ♂ (NMNHS 324), 2 ♀ (NMNHS 325), 1 ♀ im., 4 im. (NMNHS 323); Karyes (“ Karye), 24 July 1976, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♀ (NHMW 15980); Koutloumousiou Monastery (“ M. Koultumuosiv ”), 24 July 1976, leg. E. Kritscher, 3 ♀ (NHMW 15981 /1-3). Central Macedonia: Chalkidiki Peninsula, Kassandra, 7 August 1988, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♀ sbad. (NHMW 15.978); Chalkidiki Peninsula, 5 km W of Marmaras, 14 July 1976, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♂ im., 1 ♀ (NHMW 15.979 /1-2); Chalkidiki Peninsula, Ierissos, 15 July 1976, leg. E. Kritscher, 2 ♂ (NHMW 16.033 /1-2); Thessaloniki, Rentina, 21 August 2009, leg. F. Šťáhlavský, 1 ♀ (VFPC). East Macedonia and Thrace: Thasos Island: Thasos, 19 May 1999, leg. M. E. Braunwalder, 1 ♀ (VFPC), 2 ♀ (NHMC 10.617, 8.1.1.70); Thasos, Agios Panteleimon, 872 m, 7 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 5 ♂, 51 ♀ (NHMW 16.012 /1-54, 16.013/1-2); Thasos, Kallirachi, 15 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 2 ♀ im. (NHMW 16.018 /1-2); Thasos, Limenaria, 21 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♂, 1 ♂ sbad. (NHMW 16.023 /1-2); Thasos, 3 km S of Makriammos, 20 July 1975, E. Kritscher, 1 ♀ im. (NHMW 16.021); Thasos, Maries, 9 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 2 ♂ sbad., 5 ♀ (NHMW 16.017 /1-7); Thasos, Panagia, 24 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ im. (NHMW 16.025 /1-2); Thasos, Potamia, 23 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♀ (NHMW 16.024); Thasos, Rachoni, 6 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♀ sbad. (NHMW 16.011); Thasos, Limenas (= Thasos town), 2 May 1942, leg. B. Petrov, 3 ♀ (NMNHS 322); Thasos, Thasos town, 6 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♂ im. (NHMW 16.010.4); Thasos, Thasos town, 13 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 1 ♂ im. (NHMW 16.017); Thasos, Thasos town, 17 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 4 ♀ (NHMW 16.020 /1-4); Thasos, Theologos, 16 July 1975, leg. E. Kritscher, 4 ♀ (NHMW 16.019 /1-2, 16.022/1-2); Thasos, N of Skala Sotiras, pine forest, 40°43′18″N, 24°33′42″E, 12 May 2005, leg. V. Fet &amp; S. Fet, 6 ♂, 23 ♀ (VFPC); Thasos, Sotiras, pasture, 13 May 2005, leg. S. Fet, 3 ♀ (VFPC).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4787E4B94AB61DFC76FB19FD04D118	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fet, Victor;Soleglad, Michael E.;Parmakelis, Aristeidis;Kotsakiozi, Panayiota;Stathi, Iasmi	Fet, Victor, Soleglad, Michael E., Parmakelis, Aristeidis, Kotsakiozi, Panayiota, Stathi, Iasmi (2013): Three more species of Euscorpius confirmed for Greece (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 165: 1-27
9F4787E4B945B606FEEEFBBBFAC5D7CA.text	9F4787E4B945B606FEEEFBBBFAC5D7CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius candiota Birula 1903	<div><p>Euscorpius candiota Birula, 1903</p> <p>(Figures 21–32; Tables 1–2)</p> <p>Euscorpius candiota Birula, 1903: 298–299.</p> <p>REFERENCES:</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus: Penther, 1906: 61; Roewer, 1928: 452; Roewer, 1943: 236 (in part; Crete); Vachon, 1948: 63; Stathi &amp; Mylonas, 2001: 289 (in part; Crete); Kovařík, 2002: 13 (in part; Crete).</p> <p>Euscorpius candiota: Birula, 1917a: 129, 198; Birula, 1917b: 168, 210; Werner, 1938: 173; Di Caporiacco, 1950: 182, 188; Kinzelbach, 1982: 63–64 (in part; Crete); Bonacina, 1983: 9; Fet, 1986: 6 (under question).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus candiota: Kinzelbach, 1975: 36– 37, fig. 12, 16 (in part; Crete); Valle, 1975: 219; Lacroix, 1991: 19; Kritscher, 1993: 384–385 (in part; Crete); Fet &amp; Braunwalder, 2000: 19; Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000: 362; Gantenbein et al., 2001: 302; Fet et al., 2003a: 368; Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2007: 419; Vignoli &amp; Salomone, 2008: 196, fig. 4; Fet, 2010: 7; Tropea &amp; Rossi, 2012: 27, 30; Tropea et al., 2012: 75.</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus “Subgroup A 3”: Fet, 2000: 53 (in part; Crete).</p> <p>Euscorpius “ carpathicus candiota ”: Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002: 3; Fet et al., 2002: 142; Fet, 2003: 272; Fet et al., 2003b: 151; Fet et al., 2003c: S250.</p> <p>Euscorpius “ carpathicus ” candiota: Fet et al., 2004: 52; Kaltsas et al., 2008: 234.</p> <p>Type material: Lectotype (designated here) ♀, Greece, Crete, Candia (now Heraklion), 24 October (8 November) 1898, leg. Dr. Bogolyubov (ZISP 947); paralectotypes, 8 ♂ and 14 ♀, same label as lectotype (ZISP 947). Birula (1903) listed 8 ♂ and 18 ♀. Fet (1986) in 1985 examined in ZISP the entire syntype series; of these only 5 ♀ were available on loan for current study. See Fig. 21 for labels accompanying the loaned type specimens (ZISP 947).</p> <p>Geographic range. Greece: Crete (Heraklion). See map in Fig. 1.</p> <p>History of Study</p> <p>Birula (1903, 1917a, 1917b) considered Euscorpius candiota an endemic insular species, which he compared to topotypical E. carpathicus from Banat in Romania (then “southern Hungary ”) as well as to E. tauricus (C. L. Koch, 1837) from Crimea. Interestingly, Birula (1903) did not even mention two mainland Greek Euscorpius he just described previously (Birula, 1900), E. koschewnikowi and E. scaber, probably since E. candiota was very distinct from both in morphology, primarily in granulation and metasomal carination.</p> <p>In a lumping trend that prevailed in following decades, Penther (1906: 61) synonymized E. candiota with E. carpathicus. Vachon (1948: 64–66) studied a series from Crete and noted high variation within the island; he also considered Birula’s species a synonym of E. carpathicus, specifically of a subspecies he called E. carpathicus mesotrichus Hadži, 1929, an unavailable name (a junior homonym of E. italicus mesotrichus Hadži; see Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000).</p> <p>Birula’s name E. candiota had a special position in Kinzelbach’s unsubstantiated hypothesis of hybridogenic speciation within subgenus Euscorpius. Kinzelbach (1975) maintained that E. candiota (or E. carpathicus candiota) is an “intermediate”, hybrid form between E. carpathicus and “ E. mesotrichus ”. The hy- pothesis was erroneously based on a correct discovery by Kinzelbach (1975) that two species of Euscorpius s.str. were sympatric in Thessaly (e. g. see below under E. ossae, which is sympatric with E. sicanus on Mt. Ossa). There is, however, no support for hybridization, and no phylogenetic indication that E. candiota, or any other Euscorpius species, has a hybridogenic origin. Kinzelbach (1975) recognized E. carpathicus (with 8 or less ventral patellar trichobothria) and “ E. mesotrichus Hadži ” (with 10 or more ventral patellar trichobothria). We know today that each of these two taxa sensu Kinzelbach (1975) in fact contains many separate species, some still undescribed. To accommodate “inter- mediate populations” (which ranged from 8 to 11 ventral patellar trichobothria), Kinzelbach (1975) assumed that those are hybrids between his two species, and designated them as “subspecies E. carpathicus candiota Birula ”. Such taxonomic assignment broadened the range of a “mixed form” across Greece from Crete to Kerkyra.</p> <p>Fet (1986) published pectinal and trichobothrial statistics of Birula’s types from ZISP and ZMMSU but was unsure of their taxonomic status. Kritscher (1993) was the first to collect a very large series on Crete (NHMW), which he addressed as E. carpathicus candiota. Fet &amp; Sissom (2000) limited E. c. candiota to Crete; they listed it as a subspecies of E. carpathicus but noted that its status was still uncertain.</p> <p>Gantenbein et al. (2001), using 16S rDNA markers, first demonstrated that “western” populations of from France (E. “ carpathicus ” niciensis) and Italy (now E. concinnus) were genetically distant from “eastern” E. carpathicus candiota Birula (Crete). Same reasoning was used by Fet (2003) to illustrate an isolated position of the Crimean E. tauricus (C. L. Koch, 1837). The species delimitation approaches (Parmakelis et al., in press) validated as a distinct evolutionary entity a population from the Dionysades (satellite islands located northeast of Crete) as belonging to “ E. candiota complex”. The exact taxonomy of Euscorpius on Crete proper remains unresolved. Additional 16S DNA marker data (unpublished) from within Crete show a potential diversification of this clade, which likely includes the northern population of E. candiota redescribed here from type locality (Heraklion).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium sized (about 40 mm), brown in color species; pedipalps dark orange. Metasomal carinae on segments II–IV smooth to obsolete. Pedipalp patellar external trichobothria numbers: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4 and et = 6 to 7; ventral aspect of patella 9 to 10. Pectinal tooth counts: females usually 7, males 8 to 9.</p> <p>FEMALE. The following description is based primarily on the lectotype female from Candia (now Heraklion), Crete, Greece, with some structures described from a paralectotype female. Measurements of the lectotype female are presented in Table 2. See Fig. 22 for the dorsal and ventral views of the lectotype female. Lectotype female, an adult, has the right pedipalp detached, chela detached from femur and patella, 2 legs detached, and mesosoma slightly damaged.</p> <p>COLORATION. Carapace and metasoma dark brown; tergites brown; pedipalp dark orange; telson yellow, aculeus red; legs yellow-orange; genital operculum, pectines, and basal piece yellow; and sternites brown. No patterns present.</p> <p>CARAPACE (Fig. 23). Anterior edge slightly convex; slight granulation on lateral edges below lateral eyes, otherwise, smooth and lustrous, lacking any indication of carinae. There are two lateral eyes. Median eyes and tubercle are small to medium in size, positioned slightly anterior of middle with the following length and width ratios: 0.422 (anterior edge to medium tubercle middle / carapace length) and 0.160 (width of median tubercle including eyes / width of carapace at that point).</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Tergites I–VII smooth and lustrous; tergite VII lacking lateral and median carinal pairs. Sternites III–VII smooth and lustrous; VII lacking lateral and median carinae. Stigmata are very small, narrow elliptical.</p> <p>METASOMA (Fig. 24). Segment I wider than long in ratio 0.861. Segments I–IV: dorsal carinae are smooth with subtle granulation distally; dorsolateral carinae smooth to obsolete; lateral carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae obsolete on I–II, weak and smooth on III– IV; single ventromedian carina obsolete. Segment V: dorsolateral carinae rounded and rough; lateral carinae obsolete; ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae irregularly granulate. Anal arch lined with minute granules. Intercarinal areas generally smooth except for the distal ventral surface of segment V which is covered with scattered granules.</p> <p>TELSON (Fig. 27). Vesicle slightly swollen and elongated, with moderately curved aculeus. Vesicle essentially void of granules, very lustrous. Vesicular tabs smooth.</p> <p>PECTINES (Fig. 30, paralectotype female). Mediumdeveloped segments exhibiting length / width ratio 2.222 (length taken at anterior lamellae / width at widest point including teeth). Sclerite construction complex, three anterior lamellae and 5 middle lamellae; fulcra of medium development. Teeth number 7/7. Sensory areas developed along distal aspect on all teeth, including basal tooth. Basal piece large, length / width ratio 0.541.</p> <p>GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 30, paralectotype female). Sclerites triangular, wider than long, connected for most of their length. Genital papillae absent.</p> <p>STERNUM (Fig. 30, paralectotype female). Type 2, posterior emargination present, moderately defined convex lateral lobes, apex visible but not conspicuous; wider than long, width to length ratio 0.80.</p> <p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 29, paralectotype female). Movable finger dorsal edge with two small subdistal (sd) denticles; ventral edge smooth; serrula not visible. Ventral distal denticle (vd) conspicuously longer than dorsal (dd). Fixed finger with four denticles, median (m) and basal (b) denticles conjoined on common trunk; no ventral accessory denticles present.</p> <p>PEDIPALPS (Figs. 25–26, paralectotype female Fig. 28). Well-developed chelae, moderately carinated, medium scalloping on chelal fingers. Femur: Dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae serrated, dorsoexternal and ventroexternal crenulated. Dorsal surface scattered with small granules, ventral surface smooth except for a proximal cluster of small granules, internal surface with a line of 13+ granules, and external surface smooth. Patella: Dorsointernal carinae irregularly granulate, ventrointernal crenulate, dorsoexternal with lowprofile granules, ventroexternal granulated, and externomedian carina irregularly granulated. Dorsal and ventral surfaces essentially smooth; external surface rough; internal surface smooth with well-developed DPS and near obsolete VPS. Chelal carinae: Complies with the “10-carinae configuration”. Digital (D1) carina strong, smooth, slight traces of low-profile granulation; subdigital (D2) essentially obsolete, represented by 3 small granules; dorsosecondary (D3) obsolete, area quite flat; dorsomarginal (D4) smooth with large low-profile scattered granules; dorsointernal (D5) rounded to obsolete; ventroexternal (V1) strong, granulated, curving to external condyle of movable finger; ventromedian (V2) obsolete; ventrointernal (V3) strong, but very rounded and smooth; external (E) strong medially, rough. Chelal finger dentition (paralectotype female Fig. 28): Median denticle (MD) row groups in straight line; 6 ID s fixed finger and 7 on movable finger; 6 OD s on fixed finger and 7 on movable finger; 4 and 5 IAD s on fixed and movable fingers, respectively. Trichobothrial patterns (Fig. 32): Type C, neobothriotaxic: chela ventral = 4/4; patellar eb = 4/4, eba =4/4, esb = 2/2; em = 4/4, est = 4/4, et = 6/6; patellar ventral = 9/10.</p> <p>LEGS (Fig. 31, paralectotype female). Both pedal spurs present on all legs, lacking spinelets; tibial spurs absent. Tarsus with delicate single row of nine spinules on ventral surface, terminating distally with one pair of spinules. Unguicular spine well-developed and pointed.</p> <p>HEMISPERMATOPHORE. Hemispermatophore unknown for this species.</p> <p>Variation. We examined in detail only a lectotype and four paralectotype females of E. candiota from Candia (now Heraklion), Crete. In addition, all 23 syntypes (8 ♂ 14 ♀, ZISP 947) were scored for trichobothria and pectinal teeth number by the first author years ago in ZISP (Fet, 1986: 6). This putative species, or forms closely related to it, are widespread and common across Crete; however, the full assessment of variation (and redescription of males) within the island will be a subject of a separate study by our research group using molecular and morphological data (in progress).</p> <p>Within the syntype series (Fet, 1986), variation was as follows. Pectinаl teeth number in males varied unequally between 8 (31.2 %) and 9 (68.8 %), with distribution 8 (5) and 9 (11) [n=16], mean 8.69, SD = 0.48. Pectinаl teeth number in females was usually 7 (86.7 %), with distribution 5 (2), 6 (1), 7 (26), and 8 (1) [n=30], mean 6.87, SD = 0.57. Number of ventral patellar trichobothria (Pv) varied almost equally between 9 (52.1 %) and 10 (45.8 %), with distribution 8 (1), 9 (25), and 10 (22) [for n=48 as reported by Fet, 1986: 6; should be n=46], mean 9.44, SD = 0.54. Number of external terminal patellar trichobothria (et) varied almost equally between 6 (43.5 %) and 7 (54.3 %), with distribution 5 (1), 6 (20), and 7 (25) [n=46], mean 6.52, SD = 0.55. Also, in two cases, number of external subterminal patellar trichobothria (est) was aberrant 3, otherwise (in 44 pedipalps, or 95.7 %) it was “standard” 4 [n = 46].</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4787E4B945B606FEEEFBBBFAC5D7CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fet, Victor;Soleglad, Michael E.;Parmakelis, Aristeidis;Kotsakiozi, Panayiota;Stathi, Iasmi	Fet, Victor, Soleglad, Michael E., Parmakelis, Aristeidis, Kotsakiozi, Panayiota, Stathi, Iasmi (2013): Three more species of Euscorpius confirmed for Greece (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 165: 1-27
9F4787E4B958B60FFC82F9A8FD3FD49D.text	9F4787E4B958B60FFC82F9A8FD3FD49D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius ossae Di Caporiacco 1950	<div><p>Euscorpius ossae Di Caporiacco, 1950, stat. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 33–48; Tables 1–2)</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus ossae Di Caporiacco, 1950: 202.</p> <p>REFERENCES:</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus tergestinus: Simon, 1885: 214.</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus s.str.: Kinzelbach, 1975: 30, 36 (in part; Mt. Ossa).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus ossae: Bonacina, 1983: 5; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 1991: 19, figs. 66, 76, 86; Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2007: 419; Tropea &amp; Rossi, 2012: 28, 30, 31; Tropea et al., 2012: 75.</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus: Michalis &amp; Dolkeras, 1989: 261 (in part: Larissa); Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000: 357 (in part; Mt. Ossa).</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus complex, Mt. Ossa population (GenBank AY193824): Fet, 2003: 272.</p> <p>Euscorpius “ carpathicus ” ossae: Fet et al., 2004: 52; Kaltsas et al., 2008: 234.</p> <p>Type material: Lectotype ♂ (designated here), partial (MZUF, Coll. No. 181, Cat. No. 5982, “ syntypus ”), Greece, Thessaly, Mt. Ossa [“ Tessaglia, Mte. Ossa ”], from Paris Museum [“Museo di Parigi ”], no date, no collector. See Fig. 33 for the labels accompanying lectotype. Paralectotypes: 3 ♀, not found (see Notes).</p> <p>Geographic range. Greece: Thessaly, Mt. Ossa (Kissavos) mountain range. See map in Fig. 1.</p> <p>History of Study</p> <p>The work of Di Caporiacco (1950) was one of the most comprehensive studies of Euscorpius ever published, with validation of many old taxa as subspecies, and description of many new subspecies. However, Di Caporiacco (1950) was mainly concerned with populations from Italy, and had a very limited material available from Greece.</p> <p>Euscorpius carpathicus ossae has rarely been mentioned in literature. Kinzelbach (1975: 36) listed this Euscorpius carpathicus ossae under question as a synonym of his “ E. carpathicus ”. In Parmakelis et al. (in press), using different species delimitation methods, E. ossae was always supported as a distinct entity, which is here further confirmed by morphological description.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium sized (about 40 mm), brown in color species; pedipalps and metasoma dark mahogany in color. Metasomal carinae in general very underdeveloped. Conspicuous scalloping on male chela. Pedipalp patellar external trichobothria numbers: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4 and et = 5–6 (usually 5); ventral aspect of patella 7–8 (usually 7). Pectinal tooth counts: females 7–8 (usually 7), males usually 9.</p> <p>MALE. The following description is based on two males from Mt. Ossa, Thessaly, Greece, including the lectotype. Note, in the lectotype only the metasoma, telson, and pedipalps exist for this specimen, therefore the description of the carapace, mesosoma, chelicerae, legs, and hemispermatophore is based on the second topotypic male (NHMC 2203). Measurements of the lectotype male (partial) and a female are presented in Table 2. See Fig. 34 for the dorsal and ventral views of the female.</p> <p>COLORATION. Pedipalps dark mahogany in color, carinae and finger dentition dark brown to black. Metasoma and its carinae dark mahogany. Telson vesicle yellowish brown with two darker irregular wide stripes on ventral surface; aculeus dark brown.</p> <p>CARAPACE (Fig. 42). Anterior edge slightly convex with a very narrow slight median indentation; slight granulation on lateral edges below lateral eyes, otherwise, smooth and lustrous, lacking any indication of carinae. There are two lateral eyes. Median eyes and tubercle are small to medium in size, positioned slightly anterior of middle with the following length and width ratios: 0.418 (anterior edge to medium tubercle middle / carapace length) and 0.172 (width of median tubercle including eyes / width of carapace at that point).</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Tergites I–VII essentially smooth; tergite VII lacking lateral and median carinal pairs. Sternites III–VII smooth and lustrous; VII lacking lateral and median carinae. Stigmata are very small, narrow elliptical.</p> <p>METASOMA (Fig. 38). Segments very lustrous, segment I wider than long, carinae in general very underdeveloped. Segments I–IV: dorsal carinae weak with scattered low profile granules proximally; dorsolateral carinae essentially obsolete to vestigial and smooth; dorsal (I–IV) carinae terminate with a very small blunted spine; lateral carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae obsolete to vestigial on I, and weak, smooth and rounded on II–IV; ventromedian carina obsolete. Dorsolateral carinae of segment IV terminate at articulation condyle. Segment V: dorsolateral carinae obsolete to rounded; lateral carinae obsolete; ventrolateral and single ventromedian carinae irregularly granulate with weak scattered granules. Intercarinal areas of segments I–V smooth.</p> <p>TELSON (Fig. 37, female Fig. 40). Vesicle elongated and symmetrically swollen, with short curved aculeus. Vesicle essentially void of granules. Small subaculear tubercle with pair of small setae present at vesicle/ aculeus juncture. Vesicular tabs very weak and smooth.</p> <p>PECTINES (Fig. 46, female Fig. 41). Medium-developed segments exhibiting length / width ratio 2.00 (length taken at anterior lamellae / width at widest point includeing teeth). Sclerite construction complex, three anterior lamellae and 4/5 middle lamellae; fulcra of medium development. Teeth number 9/9. Sensory areas developed along distal aspect on all teeth, including basal tooth. Basal piece with wide shallow indentation along anterior edge, length / width ratio 0.413.</p> <p>GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 46, female Fig. 41). Sclerites triangular, separated for entire length. Genital papillae present, protruding significantly between the sclerites (see discussion on female below).</p> <p>STERNUM (Fig. 46, female Fig. 41). Type 2, posterior emargination present, modestly-defined convex lateral lobes, apex visible but not conspicuous; slightly longer than wide.</p> <p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 45). Following description is based on non-type topotypic male. Movable finger dorsal edge with two small subdistal (sd) denticles; ventral edge smooth; serrula not visible. Ventral distal denticle (vd) conspicuously longer than dorsal (dd). Fixed finger with four denticles, median (m) and basal (b) denticles conjoined on common trunk; no ventral accessory denticles present.</p> <p>PEDIPALPS (Figs. 35–36, female Fig. 39). Welldeveloped chelae, with medium length fingers, heavily carinated, conspicuous scalloping on chelal fingers: well-developed lobe on movable finger, positioned distal of midpoint in ratio 0.634; strong proximal gap present on fixed finger. Femur: Dorsointernal and dorsoexternal carinae serrated, ventrointernal heavily serrate, ventroexternal rounded with scattered granulation. Dorsal and ventral surfaces finely granulate, internal surface with a row of nine serrated granules, and external surface with a row of 18 serrated granules. Patella: Dorsointernal carina crenulated to serrated; ventrointernal granulated to crenulated, dorsoexternal granulated, and ventroexternal rounded weakly crenulated, and externomedian carina irregularly granulate. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rough with some marbling; external surface marbled with exteromedian carina; internal surface smooth with well-developed DPS which is distally bifurcated and minimal VPS. Chelal carinae: Complies with the “9- carinae configuration”. Digital (D1) carina strong, lustrous, with elongated flat granules; sub-digital (D2) essentially obsolete with two small granules; dorsosecondary (D3) essentially obsolete with flat rounded marbled area; dorsomarginal (D4) rounded, irregularly granulated; dorsointernal (D5) essentially obsolete with flat rounded marbled area; ventroexternal (V1) strong lustrous with elongated flat granules, terminating at external condyle of movable finger; ventromedian (V2) obsolete; ventrointernal (V3) rounded and smooth; external (E) irregularly granulated medially, marbled distally. Chelal finger dentition (Fig. 44): Median denticle (MD) row groups positioned in straight line on fingers, small gap present at each OD location; 6/6 ID s on fixed finger and 7/7 ID s on movable finger; 5/5 IAD s on fixed and movable fingers; 6/6 OD s on fixed finger and 7/7 OD s on movable finger. Trichobothrial patterns (Fig. 47): Type C, neobothriotaxic. Chela with 26/26 (left/right) trichobothria; femur with 3/3; and patella with 30/30 (i.e., eb series 4/4, eba 4/4, esb 2/2, em 4/4, est 4/4, et 5/5, and ventral 7/7).</p> <p>LEGS (Fig. 43). Both pedal spurs present on all legs, lacking spinelets; tibial spurs absent. Tarsus with single row of stout spinules on ventral surface, terminating distally with a single pair of stout spinules. Unguicular spine well-developed and pointed.</p> <p>HEMISPERMATOPHORE (FIG. 48). Lamina with a conspicuous basal constriction, terminus strongly tapered and curving towards the external edge. Well-developed truncal flexure present. Median projection with two highly sclerotized acuminate processes, the primary and secondary. The primary acuminate process has a rounded terminus from the dorsal and ventral perspectives but is somewhat flat from the internodorsal view. The smaller secondary acuminate process, which is positioned at the base of the primary acuminate process, is quite narrow and its terminus is pointed. The internal lobe projecting from the internal edge of the trunk exhibits a crown comprised of eleven small irregularly sized tines whose termini are slightly sclerotized, and one elongated tine which is located on the ventral side.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. The adult female exhibits a subtle proximal gap and movable finger lobe on the chela, whereas they are well developed in the male; the genital operculum sclerites in the female are connected along the middle, not separated as in the male; genital papillae are absent in the female, present in the male. The pectinal tooth counts are smaller in the female, 6–8 (7.25) as compared to 8–10 (9.07) in the male, providing a 25.1 % difference in the means (see Table 1). The telson vesicle in the female is not as swollen as it is in the male, the telson length compared to its depth is 3.233 in the female and 2.404 in the male, exhibiting a 34.5 % difference. The chelal palm in the female is not as swollen as it is in the male, the chelal length compared to its width and depth is 2.957 and 2.588 in the female, and 2.580 and 2.375 in the male, a 14.6 % and 9.0 % difference, respectively.</p> <p>Variation. In addition to the lectotype male of E. carpathicus ossae, we examined 50 specimens from Mt. Ossa, mostly collected in July 2001 by Prof. M. Mylonas (NHMC) and his students. Of these, 27 specimens were scored for pectinal teeth and trichobothria numbers. Pectinаl teeth number in males usually was 9 (78.6 %), with distribution 8 (1), 9 (11), 10 (2) [n=14], mean 9.07, SD = 0.48. Pectinаl teeth number in females usually varied between 7 (62.5 %) and 8 (30.0%), with distribution 6 (3), 7 (25), 8 (12) [n = 40], mean 7.25, SD = 0.54. Number of ventral patellar trichobothria (Pv) usually varied between 7 (65.4 %) and 8 (27.3 %), with distribution 6 (2), 7 (36), 8 (15), 9 (2) [n = 55], mean 7.29, SD = 0.60. Number of external terminal patellar trichobothria (et) usually varied between 5 (61.8 %) and 6 (36.4 %), with distribution 4 (1), 5 (34), 6 (20) [n = 55], mean 5.36, SD = 0.52.</p> <p>Material examined. GREECE. Thessaly: Larissa, lectotype ♂, Mt. Ossa, no date, no collector (MZUF, Coll. No. 181, Cat. No. 5982); Mt. Ossa, no date, no collector, 4 ♀ (MNHNP RS 3765, 6792–6795); Mt. Ossa, NE slope, 500 m, 20 April 1968, leg. J. Martens, 2 ♂, 1 ♂ sbad. (SMF); Mt. Ossa, 500–700 m, 20 April 1968, leg. J. Martens, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (SMF); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.683332/lat 39.8)">Mt. Ossa</a>, mountain refuge, 1550 m, N39°48', E22°41', 29 July 2001, leg. S. Simaiakis, 2 ♀, 1 ♂ (NHMC 2204); Mt. Ossa, summit, 1980 m, 29 July 2001, leg. M. Mylonas, 2 ♂ (NHMC 2205); Mt. Ossa, 1100 m, 30 July 2001, leg. S. Simaiakis, 2 ♂ (NHMC 2203); Mt. Ossa, 1030 m, near Karytsa, 30 July 2001, leg. M. Mylonas, 1 ♀ (NHMC 2208); Mt. Ossa, Karytsa – Anatoli, 18 km before <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.75/lat 39.783333)">Anatoli</a>, N39°47', E22°45', 31 July 2001, leg. S. Simaiakis, 4 ♂, 8 ♀ (NHMC 2212); Mt. Ossa, 700 m, 7 km before Anatoli, 31 July 2001, leg. M. Mylonas, 3 ♀ (NHMC 2214); Mt. Ossa, Anatoli – Spilia, 5 km before <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.666666/lat 39.75)">Spilia</a>, 1150 m, N39°45', E22°40', 31 July 2001, leg. M. Mylonas; 5 ♀ (one with embryos) (NHMC 2215; E. sicanus in the same vial); Mt. Ossa, 29–30 July 2002, leg. M. Mylonas, 1 ♀ (NHMC); Melivoia, near Larissa, 13 August 1986, leg. K. Michalis &amp; P. Dolkeras, 1 ♀ (ZMH); Stomion, near Larissa, 12 August 1986, leg. K. Michalis &amp; P. Dolkeras, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (ZMH).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4787E4B958B60FFC82F9A8FD3FD49D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fet, Victor;Soleglad, Michael E.;Parmakelis, Aristeidis;Kotsakiozi, Panayiota;Stathi, Iasmi	Fet, Victor, Soleglad, Michael E., Parmakelis, Aristeidis, Kotsakiozi, Panayiota, Stathi, Iasmi (2013): Three more species of Euscorpius confirmed for Greece (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 165: 1-27
