taxonID	type	description	language	source
9E6C9FD1CEEB5B98B94D227D37B35ABA.taxon	description	Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Proposed English common name: Currulao Nurse Frog Proposed Spanish common name: Rana nodriza de currulao	en	Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy, Ríos-Orjuela, Juan Camilo, Crawford, Andrew J., Cannatella, David C., Tarvin, Rebecca D. (2025): Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. (Anura, Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests. ZooKeys 1226: 139-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.123803
9E6C9FD1CEEB5B98B94D227D37B35ABA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Epipedobates currulao is a small dendrobatid frog (SVL mean = 17.99 mm and SD = 0.95 mm, n = 16 frogs; Tables 1, 2) with uniformly brown dorsal coloration, black sides, a white to yellow oblique lateral stripe, a bright yellow blotch on the anteriodorsal side of thigh and on the upper arm, and a pale-blue or turquoise venter with black mottling (Fig. 2, Suppl. material 3). Calls of E. currulao sp. nov. are long with a call duration of 0.67 – 3.88 s (mean = 2.21, SD = 0.54 s, n = 15) and 22 – 122 pulses per call (mean = 73.98, SD = 18.77, n = 15). They occur in call series of only one call (Tables 3, 4).	en	Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy, Ríos-Orjuela, Juan Camilo, Crawford, Andrew J., Cannatella, David C., Tarvin, Rebecca D. (2025): Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. (Anura, Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests. ZooKeys 1226: 139-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.123803
9E6C9FD1CEEB5B98B94D227D37B35ABA.taxon	description	Description. Coloration of holotype in life (Fig. 2 A – D). Dorsal surfaces dark brown with an oblique lateral stripe extending from the posterior region of the eye to the groin, with metallic orange-yellow coloration in anterior region becoming yellow towards the groin. Groin dark brownish black with a distinct yellow blotch continuing to the anteriodorsal surface of the thigh. Flanks black. Forelimb and hindlimb background dark brown with irregular dark brown spots. Anterior region of the upper arm with yellow blotch similar in color to thigh blotch. Supralabial stripe creamy white, extending from nares to axilla. Ventral surfaces turquoise blue with irregular black spots. Iris copper. Two elongated black spots in the gular region (Fig. 2 C). Coloration of holotype in preservative (Fig. 2 E – K; after two years of preservation in 70 % ethanol). Dorsally black to dark brown, hind limbs dark brown. Lighter brown forelimbs with some dark brown spots. Dorsal blotches yellow in life on forelimbs and thighs become white in preservation. Ventrally pale white with irregular black to dark brown spots. Groin black. Dark gray oblique lateral line extending from the posterior region of the eye to the groin. Pale gray supralabial stripe running from the tip of the face to the axilla. Coloration variation of type series and other populations in life. All individuals in the type series exhibit a uniform dark brown color on the dorsum (Suppl. material 3). The dorsum, head, thigh, and shanks feature a skin texture covered with small and scattered tubercles. Flanks and concealed surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs smooth and solid black. All individuals show an oblique lateral stripe that stretches from the posterior region of the eye to the groin and differs slightly among populations. In the Ladrilleros population (type locality), the oblique lateral stripe displays an orange-yellow color with indistinct edges and stretches from the front part of the groin to the eye and the canthus rostralis, gradually changing from yellow to a more brownish orange hue. In the Anchicayá population, the oblique lateral stripe takes on a yellowish hue and, in most (6 / 8) specimens, it tapers or fragments into patches, gradually disappearing before reaching the eye. In some individuals from Pianguita (3 / 5), the oblique lateral stripe exhibits regular interruptions along its entire length. The groin region is characterized by a dark brown-black color, with a noticeable yellow blotch that extends to the front inner thigh (Suppl. material 3). Most individuals have a paracloacal spot similar in coloration, but smaller and more elongated, on the posterior dorsal surface of the thigh. In the Anchicayá population, these spots are present in only some individuals. Most individuals have a yellow blotch on the dorsal region of the arm that matches the color of the blotch on the anteriodorsal side of the thigh. All individuals exhibit a creamy white to pale turquoise blue upper labial stripe that is notably lighter than the oblique lateral stripe. In some cases, this stripe has a slight iridescent quality and extends from below the nostril to the axilla. Also, in certain individuals, it continues posteriorly as a vaguely defined ventrolateral stripe. The ventral surfaces of the throat, belly, and thighs exhibit a pale turquoise blue to white color with irregular black spots and patterns resembling worm-like lines (vermiculations). In males, the background coloration may be darkened by a diffuse gray pigment located just anterior to the pectoral region and the vocal sac. A few individuals display a diffuse yellowish coloration towards the outer edges of the belly. Full-page plates of images of four E. currulao populations can be seen in the supplementary figures 4 – 6 of López-Hervas et al. (2024) and plates showing images of the type series described herein can be found in Suppl. material 3.	en	Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy, Ríos-Orjuela, Juan Camilo, Crawford, Andrew J., Cannatella, David C., Tarvin, Rebecca D. (2025): Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. (Anura, Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests. ZooKeys 1226: 139-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.123803
9E6C9FD1CEEB5B98B94D227D37B35ABA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet " currulao " is a noun in apposition of masculine gender. It refers to the musical genre that originated on the southern Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador, where E. currulao occurs and also contributes to the local soundscape. Currulao, also known as bambuco viejo, is an Afro-Colombian sounded practice that inspires dancing and transmits the happiness and cultural tradition of this region. It is a symbol of resilience in the face of racial and regional oppression (Abadía 1973; Aristizabal 2002; Birenbaum Quintero 2006, 2019). We named this species in honor of, and as an homage to, this musical genre that represents the culture of the southern Colombian Pacific because: “ la música, como la vida, no se pueden dejar perder ”, which translates to “ music, like life, cannot be allowed to be lost ” (Cruz Hoyos 2016).	en	Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy, Ríos-Orjuela, Juan Camilo, Crawford, Andrew J., Cannatella, David C., Tarvin, Rebecca D. (2025): Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. (Anura, Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests. ZooKeys 1226: 139-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.123803
9E6C9FD1CEEB5B98B94D227D37B35ABA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. occurs in the Department of Valle del Cauca in the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Colombia. These frogs inhabit lowland forests from 0 – 260 m. The type locality is Ladrilleros, Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. We also observed the species in areas close to the type locality including Corregimiento Pianguita and Corregimiento Juan Chaco (La Barra beach) in the municipality of Buenaventura. The distribution towards the western flank of the western mountain range is in the Vereda El Danubio, the upper basin of the Anchicayá River, Dagua, Valle del Cauca. If we assume that the coloration traits of the new species are consistent for all populations of this species, records from iNaturalist would extend the distribution of E. currulao 194 km (132 km) straight line south to the municipality of Timbiquí, Cauca (see iNaturalist observations No. 135253843 and 85214439 and Fig. 1). Because individuals of this species were previously assigned to E. boulengeri, we recommend further exploration and inspection of museum specimens to better understand the geographic distribution of this species.	en	Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy, Ríos-Orjuela, Juan Camilo, Crawford, Andrew J., Cannatella, David C., Tarvin, Rebecca D. (2025): Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates currulao sp. nov. (Anura, Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests. ZooKeys 1226: 139-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1226.123803
