identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9D372C78452BFFBAFF72D498D510FE60.text	9D372C78452BFFBAFF72D498D510FE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus scitus Yoshida & Hirowatari 2014	<div><p>Psammoecus scitus Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari, 2014</p><p>[Japanese name: Yotsumon-semaru-hiratamushi] (Figs 1 A, B, 2 and 3)</p><p>Identification. The examined larvae were collected with adults of P. scitus and there were no other adults of Psammoecus species. The identification was confirmed by rearing some of these larvae to adult stage. Last instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.59–0.67 mm (n=8).</p><p>Body (Figs 1 A, 2A). Elongate. Head reddish-brown basally, frontal arm white, antennae blackish, bases and apices of 2nd and 3rd antennomeres white, 1st somewhat lightened. Thorax and abdomen blackish-brown, darker toward posterior apex, lightened around lateral, anterior and posterior margins of each segment, 10th abdominal segment reddish-brown, lighter toward apex.</p><p>Head (Figs 2 A, 3A–E). Transversely oblong. Frontal arms U-shaped (Fig. 3 A). Antennae elongate; 1st antennomere stout; 2nd antennomere less than three times longer than 1st, maximum width near apex, sensorium around apex of inner margin comparatively long and thick; 3rd antennomere less than three times longer than 1st, very short fine seta on apex (Fig. 3 B). Mandibles triangular, with three closely spaced teeth on the apex of right mandible, with four closely spaced teeth on the apex of left mandible; a long triangular prostheca on inner margin of anterior 1/5, maximum width in basal half; molae on bases of inner margins with many small strong cuticular spines, base of inner margin of left mandible protruded with several fine cuticular spines (Fig. 3 C, D). Maxilla longitudinally oblong, stipes dorsally with many moderately dense small spines on middle, with four long teeth near apex on ventral, inner margin of mala with relatively thick and long setae in a longitudinal row, anterior three setae thick; maxillary palpus with three palpomeres, 1st palpomere short, 2nd about 2.5 times longer than 1st, 3rd about 1.5 times longer than 2nd with several very small spines on apex (Fig. 3 E). Six stemmata on each side (Fig. 3 A).</p><p>Thorax and abdomen (Figs 2 A, 3G). Shape easily deformed according to posture. Prothorax subquadrate; meso-, metathorax and 1st to 4th and 8th abdominal segments relatively wide, 5th to 7th subquadrate, 9th absent, 10th elongate, posterior angles of 8th protruding a little. A pair of long fine lateral setae and some medium length setae on lateral segments, it on 1st comparatively short. Legs elongate; trochanter quadrate, with a few medium length setae; femur with a long seta and a few short to medium length setae very sparsely; tibiotarsus thin, some medium length and many short moderately dense setae; claw a little more than 0.5 times as long as tibiotarsus, with two short setae (Fig. 3 F).</p><p>Specimens examined. 8 exs. (including one slide-mounted).</p><p>Pupa. Body length: 2.30–2.58 mm (n=6).</p><p>Body (Fig. 2 B, C). Moderately flattened. Surface white (immature) to yellowish-brown, antennae, anterior and lateral portions of pronotum, wing pads and lateral portions of abdomen somewhat darkened (Fig. 1 B).</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 2 B, C). Prothorax transversely oval, dorsal surface enlarged, a pair of oblong pits on anterior portion gradually shallower toward posterior portion, lateral portions with furrows, shallow furrow along the posterior margin, a small tooth on each anterolateral margin, lateral margins with three large teeth, posterior angles protruding a little. Mesothorax transversely oblong, with furrow along anterior margin, shallow longitudinal furrow at the middle extending to 6th tergite, posterior portions near bases of each wing pad depressed, with several longitudinal furrows on each basal wing pad. Metathorax comparatively longitudinally large, surface uneven, furrow on middle anterior portion comparatively deep.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 2 B, C). First to 6th abdominal segments transversely oblong, 7th triangular, 8th segment transverse, 9th small; posterior angles of 3rd to 6th segments protruding a little, with several short teeth; anterior angles of 4th to 7th segments ventrally with sockets for teeth of immediately anterior segments (teeth of 3rd and 6th in Fig. 2 B fitting into sockets of segments immediately posterior). Large protuberance on each lateral portion of 2nd to 7th and 9th segments; protuberance I on positioned posteriorly and triangular, II positioned mid-laterally, enlarged in apical half, apex pointed posterolaterally, III positioned anteriorly, II, IV and V similar in shape, positioned between anterior angles and mid-laterally, mostly enlarged, bases narrowed, apices pointed posterolaterally, VI positioned at anterior angles, mostly enlarged, apices pointed almost laterally, VII on bases of lateral portions, similar to shape of II and III. Eighth tergite with longitudinal ridge in the middle; middle of posterior margin and right posterolateral margin pointed. Ninth segment completely divided into tergite and sternite, sternite bilobed.</p><p>Specimens examined. 6 exs. (including one slide-mounted).</p><p>Biology. The larvae of this species were collected from dead leaves of Japanese pampas grass Miscanthus sinensis Andersson with their adults.</p><p>In the laboratory, we observed that the pupae fixed their body by attaching the apex of abdomen to dead leaves in the petri dish. The posterior three abdominal segments were covered with the exuvium of last instar larva. In particular, the posterior two abdominal segments were tightly enveloped with the exuvium of 10th abdominal segment (Fig. 1 B). Surface of immature pupa was mostly white.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D372C78452BFFBAFF72D498D510FE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoshida, Takahiro;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Yoshida, Takahiro, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2015): Larval and pupal morphology of three species of the genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae) in Japan with reference to the number of larval instars. Zootaxa 3937 (1): 90-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.4
9D372C78452DFFB6FF72D1ACD7E1FEF5.text	9D372C78452DFFB6FF72D1ACD7E1FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus simoni Grouvelle 1892	<div><p>Psammoecus simoni Grouvelle, 1892</p><p>[Japanese name: Hababiro-semaru-hiratamushi] (Figs 1 C, D, 4–7)</p><p>Identification. The examined larvae were obtained by rearing adults of P. simoni . Identifications of these larvae were confirmed by comparing 658 bp fragments of mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (COI) among the larvae and adults of this species and other Psammoecus species in order to exclude the possibility of contamination of eggs of other taxa from dead leaves provided as substrate. Genetic differences among species were 15.17–17.25%, and the larvae were grouped with P. simoni, which confirmed the identification (Table 1). Recently, other studies performed identification of larvae by such a molecular-based method (e.g. Hayashi &amp; Sota 2010).</p><p>1st instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.22–0.26 mm (n=92).</p><p>Body (Figs 1 C, 4A). Translucent, apices and molae of mandibles and region containing gut darkened.</p><p>Standard error (%) Thorax and abdomen (Fig. 4 A). Shape easily deformed according to posture. Prothorax subquadrate, maximum width around anterior margin; meso- and metathorax rounded; 1st to 7th abdominal segments transversely oblong, 7th segment widest posteriorly, 8th trapezoidal, maximum width near posterior margin, 9th absent, 10th elongate. Pubescence composed of some medium length and short setae, a pair of long fine lateral setae on 3rd to 8th segments, positioned in each maximum width of segment. Legs elongate; trochanter quadrate, with a several short setae near anterior margin; femur with several medium length to long setae and some short sparse setae; tibiotarsus moderately thin, a few medium length and many short setae densely; claw more than 0.5 times as long as tibiotarsus, with two short setae.</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparations of two specimens.</p><p>2nd instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.29–0.32 mm (n=36).</p><p>General morphology (Fig. 4 B). Very similar to 1st instar larvae. Length of a pair of long fine lateral setae of abdominal segments relative to body length shorter than that on 1st instar larvae.</p><p>Head (Figs 4 B, 5A–F). Transversely oblong. Frontal arms U-shaped (Fig. 5 A). Antennae relatively stout and rounded; 1st antennomere stout and short; 2nd antennomere more than twice longer than 1st, maximum width at anterior 1/3, anterior portion narrowed gradually, sensorium around apex of inner margin moderately long and thick; 3rd antennomere comparatively thick, less than twice longer than 1st, with relatively short seta on apex (Fig. 5 B). Mandibles triangular, with three teeth on the apex of right mandible, with four closely spaced teeth on the apex of left mandible; a triangular prostheca on inner margin of anterior 1/4, maximum width in apical half; molae with many small strong cuticular spines, base of inner margin of left mandible protruded roundly with several fine cuticular spines (Fig. 5 C, D). Maxilla longitudinally oblong, dorsally with many but relatively sparse, small spines near base of stipes, with four long teeth near apex ventrally, inner margin of mala with relatively long setae in a longitudinal row; maxillary palpus with three palpomeres, 1st palpomere short, 2nd less than twice longer than 1st, 3rd about three times longer than 2nd with a few very small spines on apex (Fig. 5 E).</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparations of two specimens.</p><p>3rd instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.36–0.42 mm (n=42).</p><p>General morphology (Fig. 6 A). Length of a pair of long fine lateral setae of abdominal segments relative to body length shorter than that of 2nd instar larvae.</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparations of two specimens.</p><p>4th instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.45–0.52 mm (n=28).</p><p>General morphology (Fig. 6 B). Thorax and abdomen comparatively more sclerotized than previous instar larvae.</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparations of two specimens.</p><p>Last instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.56–0.63 mm (n=12).</p><p>General morphology (Fig. 6 C). Very similar to 4th instar larvae.</p><p>Head (Figs 6 A, 7A–F). Transversely oblong. Frontal arms U-shaped (Fig. 7 A). Antennae elongate; 1st antennomere stout; 2nd antennomere more than twice longer than 1st, maximum width at anterior 1/3, sensorium around apex of inner margin short; 3rd antennomere less than twice longer than 1st, a long seta on apex (Fig. 7 B). Mandibles triangular, with three closely spaced teeth on the apex of right mandible, with four closely spaced teeth on the apex of left mandible; a triangular prostheca on inner margin of anterior 1/4, maximum width around basal 1/4; molae with many small strong cuticular spines, base of inner margin of left mandible comparatively widely protruded with several fine cuticular spines (Fig. 7 C, D). Maxilla longitudinally oblong, stipes dorsally with many dense small spines on middle, with four long teeth near apex ventrally, inner margin of mala with relatively long setae in a longitudinal row; maxillary palpus with three palpomeres, 1st palpomere short, 2nd about twice longer than 1st, 3rd more than twice longer than 2nd with several very small spines on apex (Fig. 7 E). Six stemmata on each side (Fig. 7 A).</p><p>Thorax and abdomen (Figs 6 A, 7G). Shape easily deformed according to posture. Prothorax subquadrate, maximum width around anterior margin; meso- and metathorax subquadrate, maximum width around half; 1st to 7th abdominal segments transversely oblong, 7th segment widest posteriorly, posterior angles pointed, 9th absent, 10th elongate. A pair of long fine lateral setae and some medium length and short setae on thorax and 3rd to 8th segments, a pair of long setae positioned in each maximum width of segment, no long setae on 1st and 2nd segments, some short setae around posterior margins of 10th. Legs elongate; trochanter quadrate, with a few short to medium length setae; femur with a few long seta and some short to medium length sparse setae; tibiotarsus thin, some short to medium length setae sparsely; claw a little more than 0.5 times as long as tibiotarsus, with two short setae.</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparations of two specimens.</p><p>Biology. It was inferred through DNA methods that the adults had laid their eggs on dead leaves during rearing. Thus all developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of the Psammoecus species seem to inhabit the same environment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D372C78452DFFB6FF72D1ACD7E1FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoshida, Takahiro;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Yoshida, Takahiro, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2015): Larval and pupal morphology of three species of the genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae) in Japan with reference to the number of larval instars. Zootaxa 3937 (1): 90-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.4
9D372C784521FFB7FF72D0FAD524FE45.text	9D372C784521FFB7FF72D0FAD524FE45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus hiranoi Yoshida & Hirowatari 2013	<div><p>Psammoecus hiranoi Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari, 2013</p><p>[Japanese name: Herimon-semaru-hiratamushi] (Fig. 8)</p><p>Identification. The examined larvae were collected from a dead branch with adults of P. hiranoi and no other Coleopteran species were collected from this dead branch.</p><p>Last instar larva. Head capsule width: 0.65 mm (n=1).</p><p>Body (Fig. 8 A). Translucent, 1st and 2nd antennomeres except apex of 2nd, apices and molae of mandibles and region containing gut darkened.</p><p>Head (Fig. 8 A–G). Transversely oblong. Frontal arms U-shaped (Fig. 8 B), elongate; 1st antennomere comparatively elongate; 2nd antennomere more than twice longer than 1st, maximum width at anterior 1/4, gradually thickening anteriorly, sensorium around apex of inner margin short and thick; 3rd antennomere thin, comparatively short but longer than 1st, a short seta on apex (Fig. 8 C). Mandibles triangular, with three teeth on the apex of right mandible, with three closely spaced teeth and a protuberance on the apex of left mandible; a prostheca on inner margin of anterior 1/4, narrowing around apex immediately; molae with many small strong cuticular spines, base of inner margin of left mandible slightly protruded with a few fine cuticular spines (Fig. 8 D, E). Maxilla longitudinally oblong, comparatively narrow, stipes dorsally with many very small spines on middle transverse area, with three long teeth near apex ventrally, inner margin of mala with relatively long setae in a longitudinal row; maxillary palpus with three palpomeres, 1st palpomere short, 2nd less than twice longer than 1st, 3rd twice longer than 2nd with a few small spines (Fig. 8 F). Six stemmata on each side (Fig. 8 B).</p><p>Thorax and abdomen (Fig. 8 A, I). Shape easily deformed according to posture. Prothorax subquadrate, maximum width around anterior margin; meso- and metathorax transverse, maximum width around in basal half; 1st and 2nd abdominal segments short, 3rd to 8th subquadrate, 9th absent, 10th elongate. A pair of long fine lateral setae and some medium length and short setae on thorax and 3rd to 8th segments, a pair of long setae positioned in each maximum width of segment, no long setae on 1st and 2nd segments, short sparse pubescence on 10th. Legs elongate; trochanter triangular, with a few short to medium length setae; femur with a long seta and some short to medium length very sparse setae; tibiotarsus thin, with some short to medium length sparse setae; claw less than 0.5 times as long as tibiotarsus, with two short setae.</p><p>Specimens examined. Slide preparation of one specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D372C784521FFB7FF72D0FAD524FE45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoshida, Takahiro;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Yoshida, Takahiro, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2015): Larval and pupal morphology of three species of the genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae) in Japan with reference to the number of larval instars. Zootaxa 3937 (1): 90-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.4
