identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A3750118FFAE1F44FF76F948596E1ED1.text	A3750118FFAE1F44FF76F948596E1ED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichaea saraca-taquerensis Campacci & Silva 2015	<div><p>1. Dichaea saraca-taquerensis Campacci &amp; Silva (2015: 410) . (Figure 1).</p><p>Type:— BRAZIL. Pará: Oriximiná: Porto Trombetas, FLONA Saracá-Taquera, platô Taquera, 31 March 2009, J.B.F. da Silva 2163 (holotype: MG!).</p><p>= Dichaea integrilabia Valsko, Krahl &amp; Chiron (in Krahl et al. 2016: 146), syn. nov.</p><p>Type:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus: “Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais” (PDBFF), Fazenda Porto Alegre, 2°21’19.19”S; 59°57’31.81”W, 21 September 2012, 9 December 2012, J.J. Valsko 111 (holotype: INPA!).</p><p>Description:— Plant epiphytic subpendulous. Stem not swollen into pseudobulb, 6.2–25.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm, compressed or cylindrical, elongated, unbranched, 20–40–leaved. Leaves 2.0–4.1 × 0.3–0.6 cm, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, distichous, conduplicate, apex acute. Inflorescence 1.8–2.5 long, lateral, 1-flowered, floral bract double; external bract 0.2–0.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, ovate, apiculate; internal bract 0.3–0.4 × 0.05 cm, linear, acute. Flower greenish yellow, pedicellate; pedicel + ovary 1.3–2.0 cm long; dorsal sepal 0.6–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 cm, oblong to elliptic, apex obtuse; lateral sepals 0.6–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 cm, oblong to elliptic, asymmetrical, apex obtuse; petals 0.5–0.7 × 0.1–0.3 cm, oblanceolate to elliptic, apex obtuse; lip 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 cm, entire, obovate, concave, apex obtuse; column 0.3–0.4 cm long; pollinia 4. Fruit not seen.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:—The material examined and consulted revealed that D. saraca-taquerensis is restricted to the Brazilian Amazon and occurs in two states (Figure 2). In the state of Amazonas, in the municipalities of Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo, it grows in Dense Ombrophylous Forest in a “terra-firme” vegetation (not flooding environment) in areas de “baixio” (close to streams) and it also occurs near a stream however among in a different vegetation, “campinarana” (on sandy soil). In the Pará state it is also found in Dense Ombrophylous Forest with a “terra-firme” vegetation of the municipalities of Terra Santa and Oriximiná. However, it was also observed in areas of “Platô” (areas higher and usually far from streams).</p><p>Conservation status:—The Area of Occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 20 km ². According to the criteria defined in IUCN Guidelines (IUCN 2022), the threshold for Endangered category (EN) is met (criterion B). Besides the species occurs in five localities (criterion Ba). Three of these localities are within conservation units however the total area of occupancy suffers a continuing decline (criterion Bb) due to deforestation, mostly out of the conservation units but non-only. The total number of mature individuals (criterion D) is estimated to 100. Consequently the taxon may be treated as Endangered (EN category—criteria B2ab[II],D).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:—According to the holotype and protologue of Campacci &amp; Silva (2015), D. saraca-taquerensis presents, as an evident distinctive character when compared to other congeneric species, a lip entire and obovate and an infrastigmatic ligule papillose. Based on these features and after analyzing the holotype and protologue of Krahl et al. (2016), we can note that D. integrilabia presents the same morphology. Consequently, we propose here its synonymization. Having been published a year before, the name D. saraca-taquerensis must be retained.</p><p>Some differences linked to the descriptive terminology used by Campacci &amp; Silva (2015) and Krahl et al. (2016) can be observed in the descriptions of D. saraca-taquerensis and D. integrilabia respectively. However, they do not directly affect the fact that these taxa have the same morphological circumscription: it is only a matter of points of view. Acceptable differences are observed in the color of some flower segments such as: flower whitish with pale greenish nuances in D. saraca-taquerensis (vs. yellowish cream in D. integrilabia), column whitish in D. saraca-taquerensis (vs. cream with a slight pinkish to reddish hue near the apex in D. integrilabia) and an anther cap pinkish in D. saraca-taquerensis (vs. brownish in D. integrilabia). These differences in the color can be due to different stages of flower ripeness or represent some population variation.</p><p>In Campacci &amp; Silva (2015), the leaf of D. saraca-taquerensis is described as oblong-lanceolate whereas Krahl et al. (2016) describe the leaf of D. integrilabia as elliptic. Other differences can be noted in the shape of the flower segments: dorsal sepal elliptic apiculate in D. saraca-taquerensis (vs. lanceolate acute in D. integrilabia), lateral sepals and petals respectively elliptic-lanceolate and lanceolate and lip respectively sub-orbicular and ovate (Campacci &amp; Silva 2015, Krahl et al. 2016). However, based on our analyses, both materials can be best described as having oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate leaves, oblong to elliptic sepals and oblanceolate to elliptic petals. The lip must be mainly described as obovate, wider near the apex than near the base (definition according to Gonçalves &amp; Lorenzi 2007).</p><p>Additional material examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus: Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 31 January 2019, D.R.P. Krahl &amp; A.H. Krahl 360 (INPA!); idem, 07 March 2019, A.H. Krahl &amp; D.R.P. Krahl 1131 (INPA!); Presidente Figueiredo: Cachoeira da Iracema, 18April 2020, A.H. Krahl &amp; D.R.P. Krahl 1445 (INPA!); Pará:Oriximiná: Porto Trombetas, FLONA Saracá-Taquera-MRN, Platô SW4, 16 January 2010, J.B.F. da Silva 3334 (MG!); Terra Santa: Abaocu, 14 March 2018, R. Sousa 27 (MG!); idem, R. Sousa 33 (MG!); idem, R. Sousa 34 (MG!); idem, R. Sousa 35 (MG!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3750118FFAE1F44FF76F948596E1ED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Krahl, Dayse R. P.;Chiron, Guy;Krahl, Amauri H.;Da Silva, João Batista F.;Cantuária, Patrick De C.	Krahl, Dayse R. P., Chiron, Guy, Krahl, Amauri H., Da Silva, João Batista F., Cantuária, Patrick De C. (2024): Notes on taxonomy, distribution and conservation of Dichaea species (Orchidaceae: Zygopetalinae) in Brazilian Amazon. Phytotaxa 638 (3): 277-284, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.638.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.638.3.7
A3750118FFAB1F46FF76FE3E58F319B2.text	A3750118FFAB1F46FF76FE3E58F319B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichaea fusca Valsko	<div><p>2. Dichaea fusca Valsko, Holanda &amp; Krahl (in Valsko et al. 2014a: 134). (Figure 3).</p><p>Type:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus: “Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais” (PDBFF), Fazenda Colosso, 2°24’21”S; 59°52’32”W, 15 February 2006, J.J. Valsko 107 (holotype: INPA!) .</p><p>Description:— Plant epiphytic, cespitose. Stem not swollen into a pseudobulb, 1.9–10.9 × 0.1 cm, elongated, compressed, usually unbranched, 10–40–leaved. Leaves 0.9–1.9 × 0.1–0.3 cm, narrowly elliptical, distichous, forming an angle of about 45° with the stem, conduplicate, apex acute. Inflorescence 0.7–1.2 cm long, lateral, 1-flowered, floral bract double; external bract 0.1–0.3 × 0.1–0.2 cm, ovate, apex apiculate; internal bract 0.2–0.3 × 0.05 cm, lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate. Flower brownish with a whitish lip, pedicellate; pedicel + ovary 0.2–0.5 cm long; dorsal sepal 0.3–0.5 × 0.15 cm, lanceolate, apex acute; lateral sepals 0.3–0.5 × 0.2 cm, lanceolate, apex acute; petals 0.2–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 cm, lanceolate, apex acute; lip 0.3–0.4 × 0.3–0.4 cm, trullate, trilobed; hypochile cuneate and slightly denticulate; epichile rounded and with an entire margin; lateral lobes triangular, asymmetrical, falcate and acute; apical lobe triangular, symmetrical and acute; column 0.1–0.3 cm long; pollinia 4. Fruit not seen.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:—From the material that we examined and referred to we can conclude that D. fusca is restricted to the Brazilian Amazon and occurs in two states. Hitherto it was known through the type material (holotype and paratypes) and some collections from the municipality of Manaus (Amazonas state) deposited in the INPA herbarium. However, from the specimens conserved in the herbarium MG, we could note its geographical expansion in the municipalities of Oriximiná and Terra Santa, both located in the far western part of the Pará state. In these localities D. fusca grows in dense rain-forests among a “terra-firme” vegetation in areas of “baixio” and “platô”. It occurs also among a vegetation of “campinarana”.</p><p>Conservation status:—The Area of Occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 36 km ². According to the criteria defined in IUCN Guidelines (IUCN 2022), the threshold for Endangered category (EN) is met (criterion B). However, the species occurs in nine localities (corresponding to the category Vulnerable [VU] through the criterion Ba), five of them being within conservation units. Even so the total area of occupancy suffers a continuing decline (criterion Bb) due to deforestation, mostly out of the conservation units but non-only. The total number of mature individuals is estimated to 250 which is just the limit between the categories VU and EN (criterion D). Consequently the taxon may be treated as Vulnerable (VU category – criteria B2ab[II],D).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Dichaea fusca has been described by Valsko et al. (2014a) on the basis of material from the municipality of Manaus and has been erroneously and arbitrarily treated as a synonym of D. weigeltii (see Meneguzzo &amp; Hall 2023), the type material of which is from Suriname, as shown in the drawing of the type deposited in the AMES herbarium (AMES00098867! – photography). Besides the presence of D. weigeltii in Brazil (Amazonas) is somewhat questionable. It is based on material deposited in the K herbarium (K000879277! – photography) which was treated as the species holotype according to Meneguzzo &amp; Hall (2023). However, this material contradicts the information contained in the drawing of the type. In the illustration we see that the material is from Suriname and that Weigelt is the collector (C. Weigelt s.n.) and in the material indicated by Meneguzzo &amp; Hall (2023) as holotype we see that the material is probably from Rio Negro (Brazil, Amazonas) and that Spruce is the collector (R. Spruce 1719). Although Reichenbach (1859) does not formally indicate any type material for D. weigeltii in his protologue, we must trust the information contained in the type drawing because (a) it indicates C. Weigelt as the collector and (b) the taxon has been dedicated to him. Furthermore, Reichenbach (1859) confirms that D. weigeltii was collected by Weigelt in Suriname. He writes in his observation: “ Nova videtur species, quam tenemus ab Weigelt in Surinamo lectam et quae sub 1779 “Barra on trees in Forest. Jul. 1851. flowers pink” a Spruceo missa ”. (A new species, which we hold from Weigelt collected in Suriname and which was sent to Spruce under the number 1779 […]).</p><p>Moreover, the material deposited in K (K000879277!), as we could see, clearly corresponds to Dichaea tenuis Schweinfurth (1952: 510) mainly on the basis of the vegetative characters and because it is frequently common in the collection region indicated on the exsiccata when it was determined: "Probably a collection made by Spruce in Rio Negro, Brazil. ". This species is a taxon widely distributed in the Amazon basin (Govaerts et al. 2023) and very common along the Rio Negro, mainly in the Manaus region (Amazonas) (personal observations). In D. tenuis the leaves are patent in relation to the stem, linear and relatively long in comparison to its size (Schweinfurth 1952, 1961), features clearly observed in the material K000879277. Based on these characters present in both specimens AMES00098867 and K000879277, we could decide to treat D. weigeltii and D. tenuis as conspecific. However, the illustration of the lip of D. weigeltii in the former presents some clear differences compared to the illustration of the lip of D. tenuis (see Schweinfurth 1961), differences that prevent us to make such an affirmation.</p><p>Thus, we conclude that D. weigeltii is a taxon needing to be better elucidated and that its real determination should be better investigated before proposing any taxonomic conclusion as, for example, deciding that D. fusca is a synonym. Dichaea fusca is somewhat different from what is proposed in the illustration of D. weigeltii . The leaves of the former are narrowly elliptic (vs. linear in the latter) and arranged at a 45° angle (vs. patent) in relation to the stem. In the former the hypochile is cuneate and broader (vs. oblong and narrower) and the epichile is triangular apiculate concave (v s. anchor-shaped and rather acute) (Reichenbach 1859, Valsko et al. 2014a). Consequently, D. fusca must, for now, be considered as a valid and independent species.</p><p>Additional material examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus: “Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais” (PDBFF), Fazenda Porto Alegre, 2°21’19”S; 59°57’31”W, 17 February 2012, J.J. Valsko 109 (INPA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.030415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5916388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.030415/lat -2.5916388)">BR 174, Km 45</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.030415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5916388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.030415/lat -2.5916388)">Reserva Biológica de Campina</a>, 2°35’29.9”S; 60°01’49.5”W, 20 December 2012, A.H. Krahl &amp; D.R.P. Krahl 404 (INPA!) ; Ramal Vale do Novo Amanhecer, 20 February 2016, A.H. Krahl &amp; J.J. Valsko 547 (INPA!) ; Ramal Castanheira, 24 February, 2019, A.H. Krahl 1112 (INPA!) ; Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 03 May 2019, D.R.P. Krahl &amp; A.H. Krahl 512 (INPA!) ; idem, 12 June 2019, A.H. Krahl &amp; D.R.P. Krahl 1254 (INPA!); idem, 22 February 2020, D.R.P. Krahl &amp; A.H. Krahl 639 (INPA!); Ramal da Usina, 02 February 2022, A.H. Krahl &amp; D.R.P. Krahl 1639 (INPA!) ; Pará: Oriximiná: Porto Trombetas, Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, platô Saracá, 13 March 2018, J.B.F. da Silva 3569 (MG!) ; Terra Santa: Abaocu, ilha do Rio Nhamundá, 14 March 2018, R. Sousa &amp; J.B.F. da Silva 23 (MG!) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3750118FFAB1F46FF76FE3E58F319B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Krahl, Dayse R. P.;Chiron, Guy;Krahl, Amauri H.;Da Silva, João Batista F.;Cantuária, Patrick De C.	Krahl, Dayse R. P., Chiron, Guy, Krahl, Amauri H., Da Silva, João Batista F., Cantuária, Patrick De C. (2024): Notes on taxonomy, distribution and conservation of Dichaea species (Orchidaceae: Zygopetalinae) in Brazilian Amazon. Phytotaxa 638 (3): 277-284, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.638.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.638.3.7
