identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A137222CFFE813700399FD43FEE4E25D.text	A137222CFFE813700399FD43FEE4E25D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eleutherolaimus Filipjev 1922	<div><p>Genus Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>(emended from Leduc and Zhao 2023)</p><p>Body slender and cylindrical. Anterior sensilla are usually arranged in three circles: six inner labial papillae and two successive circles of four setae located lateroventrally and latero-dorsally. The pattern may be supplemented with two mediolateral setae in pre- or postamphidial positions as well as one medioventral seta and one mediodorsal seta, resulting in 4 + 2 + 4, 4 + 6, or 6 + 4. Amphidial fovea circular, usually interrupted posteriorly. Buccal cavity cylindrical, with parallel cuticularised walls. Pharynx slender, without a distinct posterior bulb. Cardia elongate. Excretory pore in vicinity of nerve ring. Female reproductive system didelphic, with two opposed outstretched ovaries. Male reproductive system with two opposed testes, spicules ventrally curved, gubernacular apophyses dorsocaudally oriented. Tail conical with rounded tip, conico-cylindrical or cylindrical.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A137222CFFE813700399FD43FEE4E25D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Mian;Sun, Xiaoyi;Bai, Ruobing	Huang, Mian, Sun, Xiaoyi, Bai, Ruobing (2025): Two new species of Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922 (Nematoda: Linhomoeidae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History 59 (17 - 20): 1127-1140, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202
A137222CFFE813740302FB75FBA7E518.text	A137222CFFE813740302FB75FBA7E518.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eleutherolaimus conoicaudatus Huang, Sun and Bai 2025	<div><p>Eleutherolaimus conoicaudatus Huang, Sun and Bai sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 1, 2 and Table 1)</p><p>Holotype and paratype material</p><p>Two males and one female were obtained and measured. Holotype (male 1), paratype (male 2) and paratype (female 1) are all on slide BHH3200-1-0-1.</p><p>Type locality and habitat</p><p>Holotype and paratypes were all collected from sea floor muddy sediment at Station 3200–1 (32°0′N, 122°0′E, water depth 30 m) in the Yellow Sea in 2008.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet is composed of the Latin words conoidalis (conical) and caudatus (tail), referring to the conical tail of this species.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>All measurement data are given in Table 1.</p><p>Description</p><p>Males. Body slender, cylindrical, tapering slightly towards both extremities. Cuticle finely striated, no lateral differentiation. Short somatic setae largely absent except in pharyngeal and cloacal regions, sparsely distributed, 3 µm long. Cephalic region round, not set off from the body. Six minute labial papillae barely discernible around the mouth opening. A circle of six outer labial setae, 3–4 µm long, located at the level of the anterior gymnostom margin; a circle of four lateroventrally and laterodorsally cephalic setae, ca. 3 µm long, located posterior to the circle of outer labial setae. Another circle of six subcephalic setae situated posterior to amphidial fovea, ca. 4 µm long. Amphidial fovea circular, outline slightly cuticularised, 45–60% corresponding body diameter, located at the level of posterior half of the buccal cavity. Buccal cavity cylindrical, 4 µm wide, 10–11 µm deep, with cuticularised walls. Pharynx muscular, widening slightly posteriorly but not forming true bulb. Nerve ring located slightly posterior to mid-pharynx. Secretory-excretory system with small ventral gland situated immediately posterior to cardia; excretory pore situated at the level of nerve ring or just below the nerve ring. Cardia long, ca. 14 µm, partially surrounded by intestine.</p><p>Reproductive system with two opposed testes; position of testes relative to intestine unclear. Spicules ventrally arcuate, slightly swollen proximal portion, unequal in length, right spicule (ca. 35 µm long) slightly longer than left one (30–32 µm long). Gubernaculum with paired strongly cuticularised dorso-caudal apophyses, slightly bent. Precloacal supplements not observed. Tail conical with rounded tip and two 5–6 µm terminal setae. Two rows of subventral caudal setae 2–3 µm long. Three caudal gland cells and spinneret present.</p><p>Female. Similar to males but amphidial fovea slightly smaller and tail shorter. Reproductive system with two opposed outstretched ovaries; anterior ovary to the left of intestine, posterior ovary to the right of intestine. Spermatheca not observed. Vulva slightly posterior to mid-body. Vaginal gland present.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Eleutherolaimus conoicaudatus sp. n. is characterised by six outer labial setae 3–4 µm long and four cephalic setae 3 µm long arranged in two separate circles. A circle of six subcephalic setae, 4 µm long, located just posterior to the amphidial fovea. Buccal cavity cylindrical, 10–11 µm deep, secretory-excretory pore situated at the level of nerve ring or just below the nerve ring, spicules unequal in length, right spicule 36 µm long (1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameter), left one 30–32 µm long (ca. 1 cloacal body diameter), tail conical, relatively short in the genus, 3.1–4.2 cloacal body diameter with two terminal setae.</p><p>secretory-excretory system; (b) view of entire female, showing reproductive system; (c) posterior portion, showing spicules, gubernaculum and tail; (d) anterior end, showing cephalic sensilla, buccal cavity, amphidial fovea and striated cuticle; (e) high-magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum; (f) high-magnification drawing of female reproductive system, showing the vagina and vaginal glands. Scale bars: a, c–f, h–j = 20 µm; b, g = 100 µm; f = 30 µm.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is most similar to Eleutherolaimus inglisi Timm, 1967 in the body size, number and arrangement of six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae, size of the buccal cavity, size and placement of amphidial fovea, but differs from E. inglisi in the shape and length of spicules (swollen proximal portion not projected dorsally, longer and unequal in length, 30–35 µm vs capitulum projected dorsally, equal in length, 22–25 µm), and the tail shape (both male and female tail conical vs male tail conical and female tail conico-cylindrical with swollen tip). The new species is also like E. chesapeakensis (Timm 1954) Tchesunov and Miljutin 2006 in the length and arrangement of outer labial setae and cephalic setae, size of the buccal cavity, size and placement of amphidial fovea, but differs by shorter body length and lower values of a (1770–1900 µm vs 3000–3700 µm, a = 41.3–46.6 vs 91.2–100 in E. chesapeakensis), lower values of c of males (14.2–19.6 vs 24.1–30), and unequal spicules without velum vs equal spicules with velum in E. chesapeakensis . The new species also resembles E. nutus Gerlach, 1964 in the position of amphidial fovea and excretory pore, but differs from the latter species by shorter body length and lower values of a (1770–1900 µm vs 2370–3160 µm and a = 41.3–46.6 vs 61–65), shorter cephalic setae (3 µm vs 11–13 µm), and shorter tail (c′ = 3.1–4.2 vs 5.9). Eleutherolaimus conoicaudatus sp. n. can be distinguished from other known species by the following combination of characters: the number, arrangement and length of cephalic setae, size of the buccal cavity, size and placement of amphidial fovea, position of the secretory-excretory pore, unequal length of spicules and relatively short conical tails.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A137222CFFE813740302FB75FBA7E518	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Mian;Sun, Xiaoyi;Bai, Ruobing	Huang, Mian, Sun, Xiaoyi, Bai, Ruobing (2025): Two new species of Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922 (Nematoda: Linhomoeidae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History 59 (17 - 20): 1127-1140, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202
A137222CFFEC137E0368FC40FE28E6E9.text	A137222CFFEC137E0368FC40FE28E6E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eleutherolaimus sinensis Huang, Sun and Bai 2025	<div><p>Eleutherolaimus sinensis Huang, Sun and Bai sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 3–5 and Table 1)</p><p>Holotype and paratype material</p><p>Three males and one female were obtained and measured. Holotype (male 1) and paratypes (male 2, male 3 and female 1) are all on slide RZ0807x-1.</p><p>Type locality and habitat</p><p>Holotype and paratype were all collected from the surface layer of fine sand sediment on an intertidal beach along the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.5725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.65806/lat 35.5725)">Rizhao</a> coast of the Yellow Sea, China (35°34′21″N, 119°39′ 29″E) in 2008 .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the country origin, China.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>All measurement data are given in Table 1.</p><p>cephalic setae and amphidial fovea; (c) anterior end, showing buccal cavity and subcephalic setae; (d) posterior portion, showing spicule, gubernaculum and tail; (e) right spicule and gubernaculum of male 2; (f) left spicule of male 2. Scale bars: a, d = 20 µm; b, c, e, f = 10 µm.</p><p>a, ratio of body length to maximum body diameter; b, ratio of body length to pharynx length; c, ratio of body length to tail length; c′, ratio of tail length to cloacal or anus body diameter; V%, position of vulva from anterior end expressed as a percentage of total body length; -, no data.</p><p>Description</p><p>Males. Body slender, cylindrical, tapering slightly towards both extremities. Cuticle finely striated, no lateral differentiation. Short somatic setae largely absent except in pharyngeal and cloacal regions, sparsely distributed, 3–4 µm long. Head truncated and not offset from the body. Minute labial papillae barely discernible around the mouth opening. Two separate circles of equilong cephalic and subcephalic setae located on lip region, each circle consisting of 4 setae, 3.5–4 µm long. Amphidial fovea circular, outline slightly cuticularised, at level of junction of buccal cavity and pharynx, 4 µm wide, or 40% corresponding body diameter. Buccal cavity cylindrical, 4 µm wide, 7–8 µm deep, with cuticularised walls and cuticularised ring. Pharynx muscular, widening slightly posteriorly but not forming true bulb. Nerve ring located slightly posterior to mid-pharynx. Secretory-excretory system with a large ventral gland situated at the anterior portion of intestine; excretory pore located anterior to nerve ring, about 110 µm from the anterior end of body. Cardia conspicuous, partially surrounded by intestine, 13–14 µm long.</p><p>Reproductive system with two opposed testes; position of testes relative to intestine unclear. Spicules 1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameters long, cuticularised, ventrally arcuate; cephalate proximal end and with short central lamella one-third of spicule length from distal tip. Gubernaculum triangular, with straight cuticularised dorsocaudal apophyses. Precloacal supplements not observed. Tail sub-cylindrical with bluntly rounded tip; two rows of 9–10 pairs of subventral setae 3–4 µm long, and two pairs of subdorsal setae near tail tip. Three caudal gland cells located mostly in anterior half of tail; spinneret present.</p><p>Female. Similar to males except tail slightly shorter and without caudal setae, and caudal gland cells extending anteriorly slightly beyond the anus. Reproductive system with two opposed outstretched ovaries; anterior ovary to the left of intestine, extending forward to 490 µm from the head end; posterior ovary to the right of intestine, extending back to 20 µm from the level of anus. Spermatheca not observed. Vulva protruding outward, situated posterior to mid-body.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Eleutherolaimus sinensis sp. n. is characterised by body length 2470–2960 µm, cephalic and subcephalic setae located in two separate circles and almost equilong, amphidial fovea circular, situated at level of junction of buccal cavity and pharynx, secretory-excretory pore situated slightly anterior to nerve ring, spicules 1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameters long, tail subcylindrical, 4.8–5.7 cloacal body diameters with two rows of subventral setae and two pairs of subdorsal setae near tail tip in males, and tail conical without setae in female.</p><p>Remarks. The new species resembles E. paraschneideri Leduc and Zhao 2023 in the body size, arrangement of cephalic setae, and amphidial fovea position, but differs from E. paraschneideri by longer cephalic setae (3.5–4 µm vs 2–3 µm), smaller amphidial fovea (4 µm vs 5–6 µm wide), longer spicules and gubernacular apophyses (1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameter vs 0.8 cloacal body diameter and 15–17 µm vs 13 µm long in the latter species). In addition, the new species differs from E. paraschneideri in the shape of spicules (spicules slender without central hollow vs spicules stubby with a central hollow). The new species is also similar to E. schneideri Turpeenniemi 1997 and E. chesapeakensis (Timm 1954) Tchesunov and Miljutin 2006, but differs from E. schneideri by almost equal length of cephalic setae and subcephalic setae (4 µm) vs unequal lengths of two circles of cephalic setae and subcephalic setae (2–3 + 5–6 µm), the position of the secretory-excretory pore relative to the nerve ring (anterior to nerve ring vs posterior to nerve ring in E. schneideri), distribution and length of somatic setae (4 µm long and mostly present in pharyngeal and cloacal regions vs 2–13 µm long and present throughout body, longer spicules and gubernacular apophyses (36–37 µm vs 25 µm and 15–17 µm vs 12 µm)), and higher values of b (12.9–15.2 vs 9–10 in E. schneideri). The new species differs from E. chesapeakensis by lower values of a (76.3–83.5 vs 91.2–100 in E. chesapeakensis) and lower values of c of males (14.2–17.1 vs 24.1–30), posterior position of amphidial fovea (situated at level of junction of buccal cavity and pharynx vs posterior half of the buccal cavity), and spicules without velum vs spicules with velum in E. chesapeakensis . Eleutherolaimus sinensis sp. n. differs from E. conoicaudatus sp. n. by larger body size (2670–2960 µm vs 1770–1900 µm), larger values of a (76.3–83.5 vs 41.3–46.6), slightly excretory pore (arrow 1) and cardia (arrow 2); (c) tail region, showing anus (arrow) and caudal glands; (d) tail posterior part of male 2, showing subventral setae; (e) tail tip of male 2, showing terminal setae. Scale bars: a, d, e = 10 µm; b, c = 20 µm.</p><p>longer and equilong spicules (36–37 µm vs unequal length, 30–35 µm), and slightly longer tail (c′ = 4.8–5.7 vs 3.1–4.2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A137222CFFEC137E0368FC40FE28E6E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Mian;Sun, Xiaoyi;Bai, Ruobing	Huang, Mian, Sun, Xiaoyi, Bai, Ruobing (2025): Two new species of Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922 (Nematoda: Linhomoeidae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History 59 (17 - 20): 1127-1140, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2477202
