taxonID	type	description	language	source
A13887AADA5BC238FF68F999BDA3AD9C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell variable, from broadly oval to narrowly fusiform, with high last whorl and diameter of the spire whorls expanding slowly or rapidly. Siphonal canal either absent (in which case the shell is strongly notched) or very short, unnotched. Shell sometimes covered with thick periostracum, but in most cases not and then shell surface glossy. Protoconch multispiral or paucispiral. In all families except Pseudolividae and Benthobiidae, anterior end of the shell strongly callused and bearing an anterior band. Callus differently pronounced, sometimes limited to inner apertural lip, but at other times extending on significant part of the last whorl and spire, or even completely covering the shell (some Ancillidae). Radula with five to three teeth per transverse row.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5BC23AFC12F8B9BF7CAA1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Diagnosis: Shell glossy, lacking periostracum, broadly to narrowly fusiform, with high to very high last whorl and narrow aperture tapering adapically. Siphonal canal absent, anterior end of shell distinctly notched. Anterior part of the shell forming a well-defined anterior band, raised above the shell cloak. Plication plate nearly always with more or less defined spiral plicae. Primary spire callus present, covering at least partially the spire whorls. Narrow filament channel present, but in Calyptoliva overlaid by narrow primary callus. Foot with well-developed crescent-shaped propodium, with median longitudinal cleft on dorsal side and parapodia, partially embracing the shell. Radula with three or five (Olivella) teeth per transverse row. Mantle with mantle filament (except in Calyptoliva), with posterior and anterior mantle lobes, and with anterior mantle tentacle (except in Calyptoliva and Olivancillaria).	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5BC23AFC12F8B9BF7CAA1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Diagnosis: Plication plate subdivided into parietal plate, shoe and belt. Filament channel well defined, eventually overlaid by primary spire callus on upper spire whorls, but free at least on last whorl. Operculum absent. Anterior mantle tentacle well defined. Head with two vertical flaps with narrow tentacles bearing eyes. Radula with three teeth per row, central tooth with short or long lateral flaps, and three large cusps. Stomach with narrow and rather long posterior mixing area.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA59C23AFF7CFE3ABF24AD4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Voluta oliva Linnaeus, 1758; subsequent monotypy by Lamarck, 1799. Remarks: The genus Oliva is rather heterogeneous and a number of subgenera have been proposed, some of them even raised to full genus (Petuch & Myers, 2014). Petuch & Sargent (1986) recognized 19 subgenera, of which five were monotypic. Tursch & Greifeneder (2001) discussed briefly their status but abstained from the use of subgenera, since in many cases they did not find clear conchological distinctions between them. On the contrary, Hunon et al. (2009) used as valid most of the subgenera that had been proposed earlier, while still leaving some species in Oliva (e. g. O. lacanientai Greifeneder & Blöcher, 1985). Our COI molecular analysis demonstrates that at least some of the subgenera in their current usage are paraphyletic (Fig. 2 – abbreviated subgenera indicated in bold after species names). Nevertheless, we foresee that, with increased taxon sampling in molecular phylogenies, a number of (sub) genera will be found to be justified. However, with the molecular data currently available, we simply list in the following the accepted subgenera, but abstain from using them. The species delimitation approach would suggest that O. sericea and O. miniacea would be a single species. However, because they are represented by a single specimen each in our analysis and because the two species are distinct conchologically, we remained conservative and did not change the status of the species. Furthermore, Oliva ‘ lacanientai ’ shows great intraspecific variability and probably represents the species complex. We abstained from description of new species, since the species level taxonomy was beyond the scope of the current paper.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA58C23BFE9EFE3ABF67AE67.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Voluta hiatula Gmelin, 1791; M. Synonyms	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA58C23BFE9EFE3ABF67AE67.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Olivella Swainson, 1831 Diagnosis: Plication plate not distinctly subdivided, with defined spiral plicae that can extend to columella. Internal shell walls partially resorbed. Primary callus extending up to anterior end of plication plate. Filament channel well defined, free on most spire whorls. Anterior mantle tentacle well defined. Head with small, broadly spaced, dorso-ventrally compressed flaps; eyes absent. Operculum present or absent. Radula with five teeth per transverse row; central tooth broad, with numerous short cusps and convex anterior edge. Lateral teeth hook-shaped; additional rectangular weak plates exterior to lateral teeth.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA58C23CFCE8F9FBBC11AADB.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Calyptoliva Kantor & Bouchet, 2007 Diagnosis: Plication plate either smooth or with weak spiral plicae that extend to columella. Primary callus very thin, overlaying suture. Anterior band very thin, hardly discernible, very slightly raised above the shell cloak, uniform. Filament channel absent. Anterior mantle tentacle absent. Posterior mantle lobe moderately or well developed and without anterior mantle tentacle. Head with small, broadly spaced, dorso-ventrally compressed flaps; eyes present or absent. Operculum present. Radula with three teeth per transverse row; central tooth medium broad, tricuspid. Lateral teeth hook-shaped. Stomach with narrow and long posterior mixing area.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA58C23BFF78FAC3BCABADF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Olivella purpurata Swainson, 1831 [= Voluta dama Mawe, 1828]; SD, Dall (1909). Remarks: Olivella is conchologically rather variable, and a number of (sub) genera have been proposed. Only three species were included in our molecular analysis and, based on this limited dataset, we cannot make any conclusion on the possible subgeneric division of the genus. In the following, we list the classification proposed by Olsson (1956) with some additions and corrections.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5FC23CFC11F917BAB2AC12.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Olivella brazieri Angas, 1877; OD. Synonym: Belloliva (Gemmoliva) Iredale, 1924. Type species: Oliva triticea Duclos, 1835; OD.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5FC23CFC11FC09BB6DADCB.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Belloliva Peile, 1922 Diagnosis: Shell glossy, lacking periostracum, narrowly fusiform, with high to very high last whorl and narrow aperture tapering adapically. Siphonal canal absent, anterior end of shell distinctly notched. Anterior shell end with poorly defined anterior band, very slightly raised above the shell cloak. Plication plate limited to columella, with spiral plicae (Belloliva) or not (Olivellopsis). Primary spire callus absent. Narrow filament channel present, opened on all spire whorls. Foot with well-developed crescent-shaped propodium, subdivided by a longitudinal cleft on the dorsal side, and parapodia partially embracing the shell. Operculum present. Radula with three teeth per transverse row. Central tooth with three large, closely spaced cusps and, in Belloliva, with distinct small cusps adjoining the major lateral cusps (Fig. 11 B), that are indistinct or absent in Olivellopsis (Fig. 11 C). Mantle with mantle filament, a small anterior mantle lobe, and without anterior mantle tentacle. Head formed by dorso-ventrally compressed flaps with or without eyes, at least in Olivellopsis on very short and narrow tentacle.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5FC23CFF1AFE67BCC3A80A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Calyptoliva bolis Kantor & Bouchet, 2007; OD. Remarks: C. bbugeae Kantor et al., 2016 is the only sequenced species and forms a long branch and the sister group cannot be recognized in our analysis. However, the genus is confidently placed in Olividae and differs from all other representatives of the family by the absence of a channelled suture and, correspondingly, by the absence of the mantle filament. The suture is overlaid by a very narrow primary spire callus.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5FC23CFF17FC28BA69A817.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Oliva auricularia Lamarck, 1811; M. Synonyms	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5FC23CFF17FC28BA69A817.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The position of Olivancillaria remains unclear. We did not have access to molecular material and therefore the genus is not included in our analysis. In their revision of Olivancillaria in the south-western Atlantic, Teso & Pastorino (2011) briefly considered similarities and differences with other genera of Olivoidea and suggested affinities to Agaronia. Marcus & Marcus (1959) described the anatomy of two species, O. vesica (as Lintricula auricularia) and O. urceus (as O. brasiliensis). The radular characters of all examined species are similar to that of Agaronia in having rachidian teeth with three large cusps and smaller additional cusp exterior to the main lateral cusp on each side of the tooth (Fig. 11 E), a character not found in Olivinae. Besides, the head has flaps without eyes and tentacles, similar to the situation in Agaronia. Based on the description of Marcus & Marcus (1959), Golikov & Starobogatov (1975) erected the new family Olivancillariidae, remarking the differences in shell and radulae as well as in some details of the female reproductive system, which however are not very clearly described by Marcus & Marcus. Despite a radula similar to that in Agaronia, Olivancillaria lacks the olivoid groove and anterior mantle tentacle. Molecular data will be crucial to clarify the position of Olivancillaria and, although morphologically and conchologically it is close to Olivinae, it may prove to form a distinct lineage, consistent with the recognition of a separate subfamily.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5EC23DFF69F984BA0EAE02.taxon	description	Possible synonym: Vanpalmeriidae Adegoke, 1977. Type genus: Vanpalmeria Adegoke, 1977. Monotypical family based on Vanpalmeria africana Adegoke, 1977, from the Paleocene of Nigeria. Type genus: Ancillaria Lamarck, 1811 [= Ancilla Lamarck, 1799] Diagnosis: Shell glossy or mat, lacking periostracum, fusiform to narrowly fusiform, with high last whorl, and medium broad-to-narrow aperture tapering adapically. Siphonal canal absent, anterior end of shell distinctly notched. Anterior shell end with well-defined anterior band, raised above the shell cloak and often strongly shagreened. Olivoid groove present (at least in some species) in all genera. Plication plate limited to columella, usually with spiral plicae. Primary spire callus well defined, covering most of, or even completely, the shell. Secondary spire callus from poorly defined to very strong. Suture always overlaid by the callus. Foot with well-developed crescent-shaped propodium, subdivided by longitudinal cleft on dorsal side, and with parapodia partially or completely embracing the shell. Operculum usually present (rarely absent). Radula with three teeth per transverse row. Central tooth tricuspid or multicuspid, lateral teeth mostly simple hook-shaped, sometimes with additional serration along the inner edge (Ancillina, Fig. 12 G) or bifurcated on the top (Ancilla atimovatae – Kantor et al., 2016: Fig. 9 A – C). Mantle without mantle filament, with weak anterior mantle lobe, without anterior mantle tentacle, with very well developed posterior mantle lobe, sometimes subdivided into two lobes. Head formed by dorso-ventrally compressed flaps with or without eyes. Remarks: The monotypic family Vanpalmeriidae is characterized by a heavily callused spire and few weak plications on the columella. It was originally classified in Volutacea and was reduced to a subfamily of Olividae by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) together with Olivinae and Ancillariinae. Although the position of this enigmatic species remains unclear, it is transferred here conditionally to Ancillariidae based on the presence of the strong primary spire callus that is overlaying the suture.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5EC23DFE86FB34BF20AEB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Voluta jaspidea Gmelin, 1791; OD. Remarks: The genus was established in the subfamily Olivinae on the basis of the tricuspidate rachidian tooth. The type species from the Caribbean has a shell similar to that of Belloliva, as well as the operculum, also characteristic for this family. No material was available to us and we attribute Jaspidella conditionally to Bellolividae on the basis of shell and radula similarities.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5EC23DFF70FF6CBC0FAF17.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Olivella (Callianax) simplex Pease 1868; M. Synonym: Olivella (Janaoliva) Sterba & Lorenz, 2005, syn. nov. Type species: Olivella amoni Sterba & Lorenz, 2005; OD. Remarks: When describing Janaoliva, Sterba & Lorenz (2005) compared it with Olivella, correctly pointing out the very simplified structure of the plication plate, which differs from other subgenera of Olivella. Kantor & Bouchet (2007) overlooked the description of Janaoliva and thus did not compare Olivella amoni with the very similar species Olivellopsis simplex, which they included in Belloliva. The very long branches of both Belloliva and Olivellopsis suggest that they are two separate genera. In the vicinity of Kavieng (New Ireland), the type locality of O. amoni, another similar, although molecularly different species was recently found. Their radulae are similar (Fig. 11 C) and are close to the radulae of O. simplex from New Caledonia (Kantor & Bouchet, 2007: Fig. 12 A – D). In the light of the new data indicating the presence of a species complex, O. simplex from New Caledonia may be specifically different from O. simplex, the type locality of which is the ‘ Paumotus Islands’ (Tuamotu Archipelago), French Polynesia. We also found very similar shells off Madagascar. It is possible that a whole radiation of Olivellopsis will be uncovered by molecular phylogenetics.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5EC23EFC27FA0ABA50A921.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ancilla cinnamomea Lamarck, 1801; by subsequent monotypy. Synonyms	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5EC23EFC27FA0ABA50A921.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Kilburn (1981) tentatively used Sparella, Sparellina, Chilotygma and Hesperancilla as subgenera of Ancilla. The obtained sequences show considerable genetic distances between the 11 groups of Ancilla delimited with ABGD (Fig. 1), and the radulae also show considerable disparity (Fig. 13). Therefore the presence of discrete (sub) genera is possible, although the currently accepted system is hardly plausible. Kilburn’s recognition of Sparella and Sparellina was based mainly on radular characters, Sparella generally having a tricuspid rachidian teeth, often with intermediate denticles between main cusps, while Sparellina has multicuspid rachidian teeth. We examined the radula of the type species Ancilla cinamomea (Fig. 13 J), and it proved to have a tricuspid rachidian. Thus Sparella in the definition of Kilburn becomes a synonym of Ancilla (Ancilla), and most studied species should be attributed to the nominative subgenus. The topology of the COI-based tree of Ancilla (Fig. 1) is nearly identical to that of the reduced dataset based on four genes (Figs 3, 4). A COI sequence was not available for Ancilla atimovatae Kantor et al., 2016, but in the four-gene tree it is sister to the clade including A. ventricosa (Lamarck, 1811), A. adelphe Kilburn, 1982 and A. lhaumeti Kantor et al., 2016. The radula of A. atimovatae is very distinctive (especially in the shape of the bifurcating lateral teeth – Kantor et al., 2016: Fig. 9 A – C), but is more similar to the radula of Sparellina (as defined by Kilburn, 1981). Thus Ancilla s. s. (= Sparella) becomes paraphyletic. Moreover, Ancillista aureocallosa Kilburn & Jenner, 1977, the only species of Ancillista that was available to us, was confidently placed in Ancilla. Its radula (Fig. 13 A) is similar to some other Ancilla spp. (e. g. Ancilla boschi Kilburn, 1980 – Kilburn 1981: Fig. 83). In the four-gene analysis, Ancillista aureocallosa is sister to Ancilla sp. (MNHN IM- 2007 – 36606), while in the COI analysis it is basal to all other Ancilla. The radula of the type species of Ancillista remains unknown, but that of Ancillista muscae (unpublished) is different from A. aureocallosa in the shape of the central tooth, although it is also tricuspid. Therefore, we conditionally synonymize Ancillista with Ancilla, pending molecular data on the type species. We did not have specimens of the type species of Chilotygma, and Hesperancilla and cannot draw any conclusions on them. Both were established based on the shell characters, and we conditionally treat them as separate entities.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5DC23EFCC0FB17BB73AC2C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ancillaria tankervillii Swainson, 1825; SD, Cossmann (1899). Remarks: The species of Amalda together present a wide range of shell forms and it is not surprising that several genus group names have been proposed. Our analysis covers very little of the general diversity of the group, but at least three subgenera are present in our dataset: Amalda s. s., Baryspira [represented in our analysis by Amalda contusa (Reeve, 1864)] and Alocospira (represented by Amalda bellonarum Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988). Although the support of the genus itself is significant (1 in BA), the genetic distances within its constituents are rather small, compared to, for example, the genus Ancilla. Nevertheless, at least Alocospira constitutes a rather long branch, and it is possible that future molecular studies will reveal a more complex and robust structuring necessitating the recognition of (sub) genera. At present we abstain from using any subgenera and provide a list of names with Recent type species for future reference.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5DC23EFC07FD0EBB17A818.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: † Ancillaria pusilla Fuchs, 1877; M (Austria, Miocene) Synonym: Ancilla (Gracilancilla) Thiele, 1925. Type species: Ancilla sumatrana Thiele, 1925; OD.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5DC23EFC26FC35BDC1AF3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ancilla mauritiana G. B. Sowerby I, 1830; M. Remarks: Anatomy and radular characters remain unknown; therefore, the validity of the genus is uncertain.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFC2EFB32BB6FAD65.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Benthobia tryonii Dall, 1889; OD. Synonym: Nux Barnard, 1960. Type species: Nux alabaster Barnard, 1960; OD. Remarks: In the absence of anatomical data, Simone (2003) considered Nux a separate genus, pointing out its close affinity to Benthobia. The radula of N. alabaster is nearly identical to that of Benthobia (Barnard, 1960) and there are no good reasons to consider it a separate genus. The mantle lobe (called anal siphon by Simone 2003) is moderately pronounced and simple.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFC20FF6CBB60AF16.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Benthobia Dall, 1889 Diagnosis: Shell covered by periostracum, ovoid to biconical, with high or very high last whorl and medium-broad to broadly ovate aperture. Siphonal canal very short and broad, not notched. Anterior band not pronounced. Olivoid groove present, terminating by a short denticle on the lip. Plication plate either weakly pronounced, limited to columella, smooth (Benthobia) or absent (Fusulculus). Primary spire callus limited to inner lip, extending up to parietal wall. Spiral sculpture either absent (Benthobia) or consisting of rather distinct spiral cords (Fusulculus). Suture simple, adpressed. Foot with narrow propodium, lacking parapodia. Operculum large, with terminal nucleus. Radula with three teeth per transverse row. Central tooth either tricuspid (Fusulculus; Bouchet & Vermeij, 1998) or multicuspid (Benthobia; Kantor, 1991; Simone, 2003). Lateral teeth unicuspid. Mantle without mantle filament, with weak to moderately pronounced posterior mantle lobe. Head with long cylindrical tentacles, with (Fusulculus) or without eyes (Benthobia). Rhynchostome shifted to the base of right tentacle. Proboscis very short when retracted, with basal buccal mass and radular odontophoral retractor passing through the nerve ring. Salivary glands acinous. Accessory salivary gland terminating with very large muscular bulb.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFE8DFCB2BC86AF59.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Eburna flavida Lamarck, 1801 [= Buccinum glabratum Linnaeus, 1758]; M. Remarks: We examined the anatomy of Eburna lienardi (unpublished data). It is rather typical ancillariid and the genus is attributed to the family on the basis of morphology and radula (Fig. 12 I).	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFF2DFBF3BF4DAFF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Entomoliva incisa Bouchet & Kilburn, 1991; OD.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC230FCC6F9C1BC9EAA3C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Fusulculus crenatus Bouchet & Vermeij, 1998; OD. Remarks: The anatomy of Fusulculus crenatus (own observations) is similar to that of Benthobia spp., especially the anterior foregut. The mid-oesophagus is glandular, as in Benthobia, although the glandular epithelium is more pronounced in the former. The synapomorphy is the presence of a single accessory salivary gland, terminating in a very large muscular bulb. Similarly, in both genera, the anteriormost part of the osphradium lacks lamellae on the left side.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFF6CFAADBC38AD11.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: † Amalda granum Maxwell, 1992 (New Zealand, Eocene); OD. Remarks: In addition to several fossil species from New Zealand and recently described ones from the Paris and Aquitanian basins, the Recent species Ancillaria longispira Strebel, 1908, from the Falkland Islands, was attributed to Micrancilla by Pacaud, Merle & Pons (2013). Neither the anatomy nor the radula of M. longispira has been examined so far.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA5CC23FFF6DF901BC48AC0A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ancillaria lanceolata Martens, 1901 [a primary homonym of Ancillaria lanceolata Tate, 1889, has been renamed Ancillus (Turrancilla) akontistes Kilburn, 1980]; SD, Wenz (1943).	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FC12FA3ABADDAD24.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Buccinum costae Douvillé, 1933; M. Remarks: The only Recent species, L. zebrina (A. Adams, 1855) was examined anatomically by Kantor (1991) and proved to be similar to Pseudoliva ancilla. Doubtful taxonomic position	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FCF9FB35BB21AF92.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Naudoliva caitlinae Kilburn, 1989; OD.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FCF3FE9EBAA6AF28.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Buccinum plumbeum Dillwyn, 1817 (= Buccinum crassum Gmelin, 1791); OD. Synonyms Mariona G. B. Sowerby III, 1890. Type species: Pseudoliva ancilla Hanley, 1859; M.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FCF3FE9EBAA6AF28.taxon	description	Sylvanocochlis Melvill, 1903. Type species: Pseudoliva ancilla Hanley, 1859; OD; Invalid: junior objective synonym of Mariona. Fulmentum P. Fischer, 1884. Type species: Buccinum sepimentum Rang, 1832; M. Remarks: Besides size, the distinction between Pseudoliva and Fulmentum is in the better development of the plate-like parietal ridge (Fig. 5 M), which divides the aperture of Fulmentum into two compartments; however, a similar, although weaker, plate is also present in the type species of Pseudoliva. Pseudoliva sepimenta and P. crassa have rather similar and characteristic bicuspid lateral teeth, differing in this from all other pseudolivids that have unicuspid lateral teeth. We consider the conchological differences insufficient for separation of two genera.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FF41FE6EBB7EABB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Pseudoliva Swainson, 1840 Diagnosis: Shell covered by periostracum, ovoid to fusiform, with high or very high last whorl, and medium broad to broad ovate aperture. Siphonal canal short to very short, moderately broad, shallowly to deeply notched. Anterior band not pronounced. Olivoid groove present, terminating by short denticle on outer aperture lip, sometimes denticle poorly pronounced. Plication plate not pronounced. Primary spire callus limited to inner lip, at most slightly extending to parietal wall. Parietal wall sometimes forming well-defined fold, partially separating the upper part of aperture (Pseudoliva). Spiral sculpture absent (Pseudoliva) or present. Suture simple, adpressed, eventually broadly channelled (Zemira). Foot with narrow propodium, lacking parapodia. Operculum large, with terminal nucleus. Radula with three teeth per transverse row. Central tooth tricuspid. Lateral teeth unicuspid or bicuspid (Pseudoliva, Fig. 12 A, B). Mantle without mantle filament, with weak to moderately pronounced posterior mantle lobe. Head with short flaps with eyes, sometimes flaps producing short tentacles. Rhynchostome slightly shifted to the base of right tentacle. Proboscis very short when retracted, with basal buccal mass and radular odontophoral retractor passing through the nerve ring. Salivary glands acinous. Accessory salivary gland tubular. Remarks: The anatomy of various Pseudolividae has been reasonably well studied, for some species in detail (Ponder & Darragh, 1975; Kantor, 1991; Simone, 2007). The genera Macron H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (type species: Buccinum aethiops Reeve, 1847; M) and Triumphis Gray, 1856 (type species: Buccinum distortum W. Wood, 1828; M) were attributed to Pseudolividae by Vermeij (1998). Thiele (1929) illustrated the radula of the former and described that of the latter. The tricuspid lateral teeth (not found in any other Pseudolividae) and multicuspid central ones are more similar to Buccinoidea. Landau et al. (2013) suggested a placement of Macron in Nassariidae, a position that was not rejected by Galindo et al. (2016) but requires molecular confirmation. The position of Triumphis is even more uncertain, but it may be tentatively assigned to the Nassariidae as well.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C231FCD1F919BFEAAADB.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Olivella adiorygma Verco, 1909; OD. Remarks: The position of this monotypical genus is unclear. Overall, it has an olivoid shell with nonchannelled sutures, a very simplified pication plate and, according to the original illustration of the type species (Verco, 1909: pl. 25, figs 3, 4), it lacks an anterior band. The last whorl is lifting towards the aperture, a character not known in any other Olivoidea. The species is known only from empty shells. Lee (2004) has suggested that this may be a columbellid, a hypothesis that we find convincing.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
A13887AADA53C230FCC0FABFBBCCAE1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Eburna australis G. B. Sowerby I, 1833; M.	en	Kantor, Yu. I., Fedosov, A. E., Puillandre, N., Bonillo, C., Bouchet, P. (2017): Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541
