identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A05D87FECA10FFCE7849FF03DC1441A4.text	A05D87FECA10FFCE7849FF03DC1441A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratomyrmex	<div><p>• Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri Perrichot, et al.</p><p>– an exceedingly unusual taxon described from four worker specimens of varying completeness. Retaining the same overall Cretaceous trap-jaw bauplan as other haidomyrmecines, C. ellenbergeri possesses a unique clypeal horn coated ventrally in elongate, tapered setae. The mandibles are correspondingly very long, apparently extended to pin prey between the mandibular points and lengthy clypeal projection. This configuration is a dramatic variant on the trap-jaw syndrome and would appear to confirm vertical mandibular articulation.</p><p>Locality: Burmese amber.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA10FFCE7849FF03DC1441A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFE27D9BF4283.text	A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFE27D9BF4283.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haidomyrmex Dlussky 1996	<div><p>• Haidomyrmex cerberus Dlussky</p><p>– the first hell ant was named 20 years ago by the prolific paleomyrmecologist Gennady Dlussky (Dlussky, 1996). Haidomyrmex cerberus was described from a single partial worker specimen, providing the basis for what are now tribal synapomorphies for the Haidomyrmecini, established by Bolton (2003) and revised by Perrichot et al. (2016): unusual L-shaped mandibles and a bulging clypeus possessing a clypeal brush comprising dense, stout setae.</p><p>Locality: Burmese amber, ~ 98.8 Ma, Kachin State, Myanmar (Shi et al., 2012)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFE27D9BF4283	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFBD4D9B045B3.text	A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFBD4D9B045B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haidomyrmex Dlussky 1996	<div><p>• Haidomyrmex scimitarus,</p><p>Haidomyrmex zigrasi Barden &amp; Grimaldi – reconstructions based on two entirely complete dealate (H. scimitarus) and worker (H. zigrasi) specimens suggested that the enigmatic L-shaped mandibles probably articulated, at least partially, in a vertical plane. In particular, the placement of trigger hairs on the clypeus as well as the hypognathous-like orientation of the head (all other non-haidomyrmecine ant heads are prognathous; Keller, 2011) suggested that hell ants were Cretaceous analogues to modern trap-jaw predators (Barden &amp; Grimaldi, 2012). H. scimitarus is also the largest haidomyrmecine, measuring over twice the total length of most other species.</p><p>Locality: Burmese amber</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFBD4D9B045B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFD7BD9D4443A.text	A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFD7BD9D4443A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haidomyrmodes	<div><p>• Haidomyrmodes mammuthus Perrichot, et al.</p><p>– described from both partial gyne and worker specimens, H. mammathus is the only alate specimen yet described (Perrichot et al., 2008). In addition, the type material is the only reported conspecific worker and putative queen caste for any Cretaceous taxon and provides important information regarding sociality in early ants. The description of multiple specimens from an additional locality confirmed beyond any doubt that the highly unusual features observed in H. cerberus were not preservational. Largely similar to H. cerberus, H. mammathus possesses ocelli, which have long been presumed to be an ancestral ant trait (Wilson et al., 1967b).</p><p>Locality: Charentese amber, ~ 100 Ma, Charentes, France (Perrichot et al., 2010)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABFD7BD9D4443A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABF9ABD9D8470F.text	A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABF9ABD9D8470F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haidoterminus	<div><p>• Haidoterminus cippus McKellar, et al.</p><p>– the youngest known haidomyrmecine, H. cippus is described from a single worker specimen. This species extends the temoporal and geographic range of hell ants considerably, indicating that the specialized mouthparts and probable trap-jaw behaviour were evidently successful for some time and over a wide area of Laurasia. Haidoterminus cippus is also unique among haidomyrmecines, possessing an elongate antennal scape somewhat similar to modern ant taxa.</p><p>Locality: Medicine Hat amber, ~ 78.5 Ma, Alberta, Canada (McKellar et al., 2013)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA10FFCE7BABF9ABD9D8470F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA13FFCD7B9EF996DC6D434A.text	A05D87FECA13FFCD7B9EF996DC6D434A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linguamyrmex Barden & Grimaldi 2017	<div><p>Genus Linguamyrmex Barden &amp; Grimaldi, new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9F04FAEE-59DA- 4B3C-AB8B-EE0D234CC118</p><p>Figs 1–5, 7, Video S1.</p><p>Diagnosis, worker. As in other haidomyrmecines ( Haidomyrmex, Haidoterminus, Haidomyrmodes, Ceratomyrmex), head hypognathous-like with mandibles projecting primarily downward; mandible scythe-like, with flattened basal margin leading to a curved apical tooth that is expanded perpendicular to axial plane of head. Cephalic clypeal ‘horn’ present but abbreviated, differs from Ceratomyrmex by horn stalk of Linguamyrmex being glabrous, that of Ceratomyrmex with fine, stiff setae of various lengths; clypeal horn much shorter in Linguamyrmex, less than head length/depth, stalk short, with the expanded, flat, paddle-shaped setose pad comprising&gt;50% total horn length; clypeal pad slightly trough-shaped ventrally, covered with very short, dense velcro-like vestiture; trigger hairs originate not at base of stalk as in Ceratomyrmex but near basal margin of setose pad; ocelli present. In addition, Linguamyrmex with first and second gastral segments with deep constriction between them (a gastral constriction is figured in description of Haidomyrmodes mammuthus but is less developed).</p><p>Type species. L. vladi sp.n.</p><p>Etymology. From Latin ‘lingua’, meaning tongue – in reference to the tongue-like clypeal projection – and the Greek ‘myrmex’, meaning ant.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA13FFCD7B9EF996DC6D434A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
A05D87FECA13FFCA783CFC86DB884323.text	A05D87FECA13FFCA783CFC86DB884323.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linguamyrmex vladi Phillip Barden & Hollister W . Herhold & David A . Grimaldi 2017	<div><p>Linguamyrmex vladi Barden &amp; Grimaldi sp.n.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C55A44F-974D- 4A33-BDC2-26269687577A</p><p>Figs 1, 2 A, 3F–I, 5.</p><p>Diagnosis. As for genus.</p><p>Description. Head: measuring 0.90 mm postero-anteriorly along dorsal margin, 0.96 mm in length/depth from vertex of head to anterior margin of clypeus. Occipital foramen positioned highly dorsad, just under vertex of head. Postgena broadly depressed; postgenal suture visible, deeply furrowed. Vertex broadly rounded and glabrous with gena gradually tapered ventrally towards mandibular socket and oral opening with fine, sparse setae. Ocelli faintly visible on vertex, positioned dorsally. Eye situated high on head capsule and bulging in frontal view, ovoid, measuring 0.38 mm in length and 0.25 mm in width when viewed laterally. Three antennal segments fully preserved (scape 0.94 mm in length; pedicel 0.12 mm; flagellomere I 0.55 mm). Antennal socket approximately in line with ventral margin of eye; socket exposed and immediately flanking a medial frontal triangle (sensu Perrichot et al., 2016). Frontal triangle extends the vertex, contrasted with antennal sockets, which are present within cuticular depressions. Clypeal horn originating at both frontal triangle and clypeal stalk, both structures heavily sclerotized with cleared, membrane-like cuticle connecting from frontal triangle to stalk. Horn paddle-shaped, total length 0.64 mm, diameter 0.49 at greatest; narrow (0.04 mm) glabrous stalk 0.22 mm in length leading to setose pad; setose pad (0.42 in length) with long trigger hairs originating at pad base; dorsal margin of setose pad glabrous, underside coated in a large number of stout setae in centre and longer, more tapered setae along edges. Anterior margin of clypeus medially triangulate; distinct medial ridge extending to clypeal horn; lateral margins, beginning just above mandibular insertion, extending diagonally toward clypeal horn. Cheek-like lobes projecting anteroventrally above mandible insertion. Mandible scythe-like, comprise a linear basal margin (0.55 mm in length) and curved apical tooth (0.92 mm measured as a straight line from base to tip, ignoring curvature) meeting nearly at right angle; preserved with apical teeth in parallel, nearly touching. Basal portion of mandible with anterior flange-like expansion, concave inner margin coated with pointed setae; leading edge of anterior flange expansion smooth; apical tooth rounded broadly with slight point. Maxillary and labial palps not visible.</p><p>Mesosoma. Pronotum broad, coated in fine setae; propleuron reduced, not visible in lateral view except where abutting head capsule anteriorly. Pronotal length 0.72 mm, measured along dorsal margin. Mesonotum 0.34 mm; metanotum 0.24 mm; propodeum 0.49 mm. Weber’s length 1.77 mm, mesosomal height 0.56 mm measured perpendicular to Weber’s length line at pronotum. Procoxal length 0.72 mm, max width 0.22; mesocoxal length 0.31, max width 0.21; metacoxal length 0.49, max width 0.26; protrochantal length 0.14, max width 0.11; mesotrochantal length 0.19, max width 0.11; metatrochantal length 0.19, max width 0.12; profemoral length 1.01, max width 0.13; mesofemoral length 1.09, max width 0.12; metafemoral length 1.48, max width 0.18; protibial length 1.09, max width 0.11; mesotibial length 1.30, max width 0.08; metatibial length 1.59, max width 0.08. Trochantellus present, length included in femur measurements. Three protibial spurs present, the largest approximately 2 × length of other two; mesotibia with two spurs, the larger 2 × the length of the smaller; two conspicuous setae of equal length positioned along anterior margin of mesotibial apex; metatibia with two spurs, the largest pectinate and ~ 3 × the size of the smaller. Pretarsal claw with subapical tooth positioned closer to apex than to claw origin. Dorsal margin of propodeum gradually rounded, posterior margin with sheer face. Propodeal spiracle a dorsoventrally elongate slit situated medially. Metapleural gland opening gaping, present within horizontal invagination of cuticle, opening visible posteroventrally following well-developed bulla.</p><p>Metasoma. Petiole 0.49 mm in length, 0.49 mm in height at greatest, pedunculate; not tergosternally fused, deep suture visible; anterior margin gradually sloping; with gradually rounded dorsal margin; broadly attached to gastral segment I (abd seg III) with striated helcium clearly visible. Lateral sulcus visible running anteroposteriorly along petiole, signifying incomplete fusion; ventral to sulcus lies thin, membraneous cuticular expansion with distinct anteriorly positioned keel. Sternite III with pointed projection on anterior margin exhibiting striations running laterally. Circumgastral constriction present between gastral segments I and II with dorsal, posteriorly extended notch. Gastral cuticle translucent, revealing heavily sclerotized and expanded apodemes of gastral sternites IV and V withdrawn into the gaster.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, AMNH BuPH-01, in the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History.</p><p>Additional material examined. Although not named, three specimens, BuPH-02 (Figs 2 D, 3C, 7, Video S1), BuPH-03 (Figs 2 B, 3A, B, 4) and BuPH-04 (2C), were studied and are illustrated here. These three specimens probably represent additional species, particularly with respect to overall size and clypeal paddle composition. Moreover, these specimens possess mandibles that appear to interlock basally, joining the distal apical tooth portions of the mouthparts (Figs 3 D, E, 7, Video S1). As the inner surface of each mandible is concave, their joining forms a channel that is open dorsally near the pointed mandibular apex (Fig. 7). However, there remains some ambiguity regarding the reliability of measurements and identification of other discrete features due to incomplete preservation. We therefore delay description until more complete material is obtained. Measurements are provided here (in mm): (BuPH-02) [BuPH-03] {BuPH-04} Head length measured postero-anteriorly along dorsal margin (1.14) [0.87] {0.69}, head depth (1.48) [1.22] {1.2}, scape length (1.56) [1.36] {1.28}, paddle length (1.5) [1.52] {1.26}, paddle diameter (−) [~ 0.57] {−}, eye length (−) [−] {0.29}, eye width (−) [−] {0.19}, basal margin of mandible (0.71) [0.53] {0.39}, apical tooth (1.97) [1.57] {1.48}, pronotal length (1.08) [0.97] {0.8}, mesosomal height (~ 0.81) [~ 0.75] {0.66}, Weber’s length (2.64) [2.49] {1.99}, petiole length (0.82) [0.76] {0.60}. Unfortunately, no specimen retained all antennal segments, preventing a reliable comparison of scape length relative to all other segments. In addition, all specimens, including the type, are missing terminal abdominal segments.</p><p>Etymology. In reference to Vlad III, or Vlad Dracula (c. 1429–1476), prince of a region of Romania then called Wallachia. His moniker, Vlad the Impaler, refers to his favoured and frequent method of execution, which inspired the vampirous character Count Dracula fictionalized by Bram Stoker in 1897. The patronym is in reference to the presumed impalement of prey by Linguamyrmex and its liquid diet (see later).</p><p>Systematic comments. Haidomyrmecines have been recovered as monophyletic (Barden &amp; Grimaldi, 2016) and have traditionally been placed as tribe within Sphecomyrminae (Bolton, 2003) . The subfamily is defined largely by plesiomorphic features and is now suspected to be paraphyletic (Barden &amp; Grimaldi, 2016). We tentatively follow this subfamilial assignment here but note that, following additional phylogenetic analyses, haidomyrmecines may be best served by the erection of a separate subfamily.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05D87FECA13FFCA783CFC86DB884323	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Phillip Barden;Hollister W. Herhold;David A. Grimaldi	Phillip Barden, Hollister W. Herhold, David A. Grimaldi (2017): A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure. Systematic Entomology 42: 837-846, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12253
