taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	description	is a genus of fungus-growing ants belonging to the exclusively New World tribe Attini. Among the dozen genera presently recognized within the Attini, Cyphomyrmex is one of the most distinctive. The body is dull and, for the most part, without obvious sculpture, although a few obscure rugules may be present on the mesosoma. The first gastral tergum is without tubercles. Pilosity, except for a few erect simple hairs on the mandibular region of the head, is usually closely appressed to the body surface and is scale-like in appearance; in a few species the pilosity is suberect, but then it is also broad and squamiform. The frontal lobes of the head are exceptionally broad, completely concealing the antennal sockets, and the head is usually widest across the frontal lobes. Mesosomal spines are replaced in most species by low, blunt tubercles; in a few species even these are absent or nearly so.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	biology_ecology	The biology of Cyphomyrmex is not very well known, even though some species are among the mostly commonly encountered terrestrial species. The ants themselves are small, of drab coloration, slow-moving, and often become immobile when disturbed, sometimes for several minutes. When an ant feigns death the appendages are drawn close to the body and the ant then seems to be nothing more than a small particle of soil or other debris. Colonies are small, probably not exceeding 500 workers and usually far fewer; numerous dealate females are often present within a colony but they apparently are non-reproductive. The colonies are commonly situated in soil or rotting wood on the ground, or distributed within leaf-litter. They may also be located in dead, decaying tree limbs, in matts of moss on tree trunks, or within epiphytic pseudobulbs. The fungus gardens of Cyphomyrmex are grown on insect faeces and other bits of debris collected by the foraging workers. They do not at all resemble the large spongiform fungus gardens of Atta, Acromyrmex, and some other genera. Instead, the fungus consists of cheese-like bodies up to 0.5 mm in diameter. These bodies, or bromatia, are placed directly on the excrement from which they derive nutriment. Two species in the rimosus group grow a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the Agaricaceae, but the remaining species, as far as is currently known, cultivate bromatia that form solid, polygonal masses of an unidentified yeast-like fungus; Wheeler (1907) named one such fungus Tyridiomycesformicarum. However, until these fungi can be cultured to maturity, their identities and affinities remain unresolved.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	distribution	The genus is largely neotropical in distribution and its constituent species were reviewed by Kempf (1964, 1966). In these two papers, Kempf recognized a minimum of 31 species placed in two species groups: the strigatus group (15 species) and the rimosus group (16 species). One more species was added to the rimosus group by Kempf (1968). The present study is limited to species in the rimosus group and particularly the rimosus complex. Kempf (1966) left unresolved the status of 16 infraspecific forms assigned to C. rimosus, noting that this ' ... is both the commonest form in the genus and at the same time a residue of classification. The puzzling variability of the complex, which gave rise to a number of infraspecific names in the past, needs a special study	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	description	We intend only to amplify and continue the exemplary work of the late Dr Kempf: one adventive species has been discovered in the United States; new synonymy is proposed; four new species are described; and several infraspecific forms assigned to C. rimosus are elevated to specific rank. Collections	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	materials_examined	Material used in this study is from the following collections: British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); Museo de Instituto di Zoologia Sistematica, Universita di Torino (MIZS); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (MHNG); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM); United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM); and the personal collections of the junior author (LONG), J. C. Trager OCT), and G. J. Umphrey (UMPH).	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1F0CFA611F5BF7A1C595AEE3720DAD9A.taxon	description	Terminology In general, the descriptive mode follows that of Kempf; 1964, 1966; in order to facilitate comparison with his descriptions. The morphological terminology is conventional and follows Kempf, except that we prefer ' propodeum' to ' epinotum'. The symbol' [[ worker ]] ' is used for worker and ' [[ queen ]] ' is used for female or queen. Head width is measured between the outer margins of the head, in full frontal view, at the upper margin of the eyes and does not include the supraocular tubercle when it is present. Head length is the maximum measurable length between the lower clypeal margin and the apex of the occipital corner, lobe, or spine, as appropriate. The interocular distance is the minimum distance between the inner margins of the compound eyes. The eye length is the maximum diameter of the eye as seen in lateral view and the oculomandibular distance is the minimum distance between the lower eye margin and the mandible base. In the descriptions of new species, measurements for the holotype are followed, in parentheses, by those for the remaining specimens in the type series. SYSTEMATICS In his two papers reviewing the species of Cyphomyrmex, Kempf (1964, 1966) divided the genus into two species groups, the sirigosus group and the rimosus group. The subgenus Cyphomannia Weber, 1938 (type-species Cyphomyrmex laevigatus Weber, 1938) was treated as a synonym of Cyphomyrmex because its type-species was included in the rimosus group, to which the generitype also belongs. Although Weber ' 1966 attempted to reinstate Cyphomannia, we (ind his conclusions less compelling that those of Kempf (1964, 1968). Kempf (1964) deflned the two species groups as follows: I. Group of rimosus: Preocular carina curving mesally above eves, not joining up with the postocular carina, which extends from the occipital corner to posterior or inferior border of eye this character is not well-expressed in longiscapus and allies, which resemble the strigatus group in this respect); mandibles with 5 teeth only; two or no median pronotal tubercles present. Six subgroups are recognized here: kirbyi, costatus, foxi, rimosus, salvini, and laevigatus. II. Group of strigatus: Preocular carina extending all the way back to the occipital corner, forming the inferior border of the antennal scrobe; mandibles with 7 or more teeth, gradually diminishing in size towards base; a single median pronotal tubercle usually well developed in the worker caste. The following key will serve to separate workers of the members of the rimosus group that we recognize. It is based, in part, on the key by Kempf (1966). The species treatments following the key omit C. costatus Mann, C. wheeleri Forel (costatus subgroup), C. kirbyi Mayr, C. transversus Emery, and C. bicornis Forel; all were adequately covered by Kempf (1966) and we have no new data to present.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
5CD3CC3A3F855195D36626A0CC138294.taxon	description	(Figs 30.2, 30.30)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
5CD3CC3A3F855195D36626A0CC138294.taxon	distribution	This very distinctive species was described from workers and females from Colombia. Two small series of workers have been seen from ecuador: 2 - 6 km above Cochancay on GuayaquilTambo highway, Prov. Canar, 500 - 700 m elev., 25 July 1973 (W. L. Brown; MCZ); Univ. Miami Research Sta., Rio Palenque, 30 July 1978 (G. J. Umphrey, no. 872; UMPH), from a piece of hollow ' bamboo' in forest. There are a few specimens in the LACM collections from costa rica, Heredia Prov.: Finca La Selva, various dates from March to June, 1974 (Talbot and Van Devender), all from berlese funnel of forest leaf litter.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
E2BB46CCA0493C6BF90FF1046B3D32E8.taxon	description	(Figs 30.23, 30.31)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
E2BB46CCA0493C6BF90FF1046B3D32E8.taxon	distribution	Pergande (1896) described C. flavidus from seven worker specimens collected by Eisen and Vaslit at Santiago Ixtcuintla, near Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico. He compared this new species with C. kirbyi Mayr and C. morschi Emery. Three of the original seven cotypes are in the USNM; the remaining four have not been accounted for. Wheeler (1907) received one from Pergande, which may be in the AMNH; it was not located at MCZ in October, 1983. Forel's (1901) C. rimosus dentatus was also described from Mexican specimens, collected by Wheeler at Cuernavaca, Morelos. This form was compared only with C. rimosus; several cotypes are in the MCZ collections.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
E2BB46CCA0493C6BF90FF1046B3D32E8.taxon	discussion	When Wheeler, 1907: treated the North American fungusgrowing ants, he had available to him cotypes of both of these names. It is curious that he failed to recognize their co-identitv. He redescribed C. flavidus from the cotype, compared it with C. wheeleri, and asserted it to be '. .. intermediate in several respects between wheeleri and rimosus ... ' It may be that Wheeler's comparison of C. flavidus with C. wheeleri led Kempf (1966) to conclude that C. flavidus is ' rather close to wheeleri, with the same reticulate-punctate integument'. This, in fact is not true and in particular, the surface of the antennal scrobe is opaque and microgranulose, not at all shiny and reticulate as in C. wheeleri. Also, unlike C. wheeleri, the preocular carina is curved mesally in front of the eye. These two features, plus the absence of the mid-pronotal tubercles and the dilated and ventrally carinate metafemur, would place C. flavidus in the dentatus subgroup of the rimosus group. In Kempf s (1966) key to the species of the rimosus group, the cotypes of C. flavidus run directly and unequivocally to C. dentatus. They match the figures and description supplied by Kempf, and agree with the cotypes of C. rimosus dentatus in the MCZ collection. There is no doubt that the two are conspecific. Of the three cotypes of C. flavidus from the US N M, one bears a label, in Pergande's handwriting: ' Cyphomyromex flavidus (n. sp.) Type [lower left] and Perg. [lower right] '. This specimen has been marked Lectotype. The two remaining specimens are paralectotypes; one has been returned to the USNM and one is in the LACM. In addition to specimens from Cuernavaca and Santiago Ixtcuintla. We have seen the following additional records. mexico: Cocula, Jalisco, Nov. 1923 (W. M. Mann; USNM); Estacion Biologia ' Chamela', Jalisco, 18 June 1984 (D. H. Feener; LACM); 75 km S. Culiacan, Sinaloa, 28 Aug. 1959 (L. A. Stange and A. S. Menke; LACM); Alamos, Sonora, 13 July 1976 (A. Mintzer; LACM). united states: Arizona, Tempe, Maricopa Co., 11 Nov. 1932 (Murphree; USNM:; Headquarters, 1600 ft elev., Organpipe Cactus National Monument, Pima Co., 1 Nov. 1952 (W. S. Creighton; LACM, Bloxton, Santa Cruz Co., 23 Sept. 1923 (W. M. Mann; USNM California: Indian Pass Rd., 500 ft elev., 7 mile E. Ogilbv Rd., Imperial Co., 7 May 1978 (R. R. Snelling and C. D. George. RRS No. 78 - 44; LACM), from midden of dolichoderine ant. Forelius foetidus (Buckley), on hillside cactus scrub.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
72D8D746F62012F88F6BA746B24958B3.taxon	description	(Figs 30.32, 30.35)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
72D8D746F62012F88F6BA746B24958B3.taxon	distribution	Kempf described this species from specimens from the Brazilian States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. We have seen the following additional material, brazil: ' Sinop. rest area, Jesuit Society, ' Matto Grosso, 11 Dec. 1984 (J. C. Trager; LACM, JCT), nest in rotten log, rain forest, bolivia: Caranavi, near radio, 800 m elev., 24 - 26 June 1981 (Kugler and Lambert; LACM), from Berlese funnel of leaf litter, steep and rocky secondary forest with few primary trees.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	description	(Figs 30.7, 30.15, 30.27, 30.28)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member ofthe kirbyi subgroup related to C. kirbyi Mayr. Workers and femal es differ from these castes of C. kirbyi by the presence of conspicuous parafrontal tubercles on the clypeus, the sinuate apical clypeal margin and the very different profile of the mesosomal dorsum (compare Figs 30.12, 30.15 Males are unknown for most species of the kirbyi complex including C. kirbyi, and it is not presently possible to arrive at a meaningful suite of diagnostic features (see the Discussion).	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	description	Description Worker holotype. Measurements: Total length 3.3 (2.9 - 3.4); head length 0.82 0.74 - 0.86; head width 0.72 (0.68 - 0.73,; mesosomal length 1.13 - (1.00 - 1.14); metafemur length 1.01 (0.91 - 1.03) mm. Ferruginous, front of head and mesosomal tubercles darker, dorsum of gaster very weakly darker; mandibles brighter reddish. Integument opaque throughout, minutely granulose. Head shape as in Fig. 30.7. Mandible very finely longitudinally striolate; basal tooth much smaller than others. Anterior margin of clypeus with shallow median emargination; parafrontal tooth distinct. Frontal area impressed. Margin of frontal lobe rounded, corner above parafrontal tooth broadly rounded; posterior portion of frontal carina sigmoidal and attaining occipital corner. Submedian carinae of vertex short, obtuse, subparallel. Postocular carina absent. Supraocular tubercle very weak. Occipital corner little projecting, not dentate. Occipital margin, in frontal view, broadly concave, more strongly emarginate in middle. Posterior genal margin subcarinate to base of mandible. Scape, in repose, extending beyond occipital corner by about its own greatest thickness; funicular segments 2 - 8 distinctly longer than broad. Eye with about nine facets along greatest diameter; eye length equal to, or slightly greater than, oculomandibular distance. Mesosoma as in Fig. 30.15. Submedian pronotal tubercles absent; lateral tubercle low and obtuse; humeral ridge anterior to lateral tubercle, present but weak to obsolete; antero-lateral corner of pronotum nearly right-angular. Disc of mesonotum slightly depressed; anterior tubercle obtuse-conical; weak ridge present between anterior tubercle and indistinct posterior tubercle. Mesometanotal impression deep. Dorsal ridges of propodeum very weak. Metafemur (Fig. 30.27) neither dilated nor ventrally ridged in basal one-third. Node of petiole depressed and only a little broader than long. Posteromedian depression of post-petiole shallow and poorly defined. Pilosity flattened, scale-like, and appressed on most surfaces, more slender on scape and femora; hairs more erect, but curled, on gena and distally on gaster; gaster with suberect to erect, long, simple hairs distally and on ventral segments. Female. Measurements: Total length 3.83 - 4.00; head length 0.88 - 0.90; head width 0.78 - 0.81; mesosoma length 1.2 3 - 1.28; metafemur length 1.03 - 1.06; forewing length 3.33 mm. Head as in worker except that minute ocelli are present; eye with about 13 - 15 facets along greatest diameter. Lateral pronotal tooth low, blunt. Mesonotum anteriorly with weak swelling between mid-line and Mayrian furrows; disc slightly depressed; notauli indistinct. Axilla flat, margin rounded. Posterior margin of scutellum bidentate, emargination semicircular, Propodeum, in profile, evenly sloping, without differentiated basal face; lateral carina obsolete. Dorsal depression of post-petiole distinct. Male. Measurements: Total length 3.67; head length 0.74; head width 0.6 3; mesosoma length 1.27; wing length 3.2 3 mm. Head and body dark brown, appendages reddish brown, mandible, apical funicular segments, and distitarsi paler. Wings dark brownish. Head as in Fig. 30.28. Mandible with four distinct triangular teeth and minute inner tooth; diastema between second and third teeth much shorter than that between third and fourth. Apical margin of clypeus abruptly depressed below disc, with small median emargination. Frontal lobe strongly raised, outer margin weakly convex, lower end angulate in frontal view; frontal carina absent above frontal lobe. Occipital corner obtuse, not projecting; occipital margin concave in frontal view. Posterior margin of gena carinate to base of mandible. Scape extending beyond occipital corner by more than three times its greatest thickness; funicular segments 2 - 5 about twice longer than wide. Eye large, eye length about twice longer than oculomandibular length. Head granulopunctate and with fine, irregular rugules, becoming reticulate on vertex. Lateral pronotal tubercle small, acute, with distinct carina extending forward from tubercle to transverse post-marginal ridge; propleuron with a few longitudinal rugulae. Mayrian furrows of mesonotum broad and deep; parapsidal lines weak. Scutellum depressed below level of mesonotum, apico-lateral teeth distinct, margin between them shallowly concave. Propodeum in profile without distinct basal face, subiateral carinae distinct to apex. Integument dull, reticulo-punctate and with irregular rugulae, coarser on dorsal surface. Petiole with antero-ventral process; node depressed. Postpetiole with weak depression along length of node. Petiole and post-petiole dull, reticulo-punctate. Gaster slightly shiny, shagreened and with sparse fine punctures on first tergum. Pilosity of head and body sparse, depressed and not at all scale-like; a few longer, suberect hairs on apex and venter of gaster.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype worker: Isla Isabella, Santo Tomas V. Sierra Negra, elev. 1050 ft., Galapagos, ecuador, 9 June 1982 (YD. I. ubin, No. 147), in Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Paratypes: six workers, three females, one male, same data as holotype; two workers and two females, Los Tintos, 1100 feet elev. Sierra Negra, Isla Isabella, 10 June 1982 (Y. D. Rubin, No. 156). Paratypes in LACM, MCZ, USNM.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latinization of the Greek nesiotes (insular).	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
04920402E0DC872FE5BC6CA48C828472.taxon	discussion	Discussion. In Kempf' s key to species of the C. rimosus group, C. nesiotus will go to C. kirbyi Mayr. Mayr's worker tvpes were from an unknown locality in Colombia. Santschi 1921) recorded specimens from Guayaquil, Ecuador, as C. kirbyi. The Guayaquil specimens are in the collection of the Paris Museum; they are incorrectly identified and belong to an apparently undescribed species. The worker of C. kirbyi was redescribed, from type material, bv Kempf 1966 '. The following differences have been noted between C. kirbyi, as redescribed by Kempf, and C. nesiotus: in C. kirbyi the clypeal apex is without a median emargination; the parafrontal tooth is obsolete; the antennal scape extends beyond the occipital corner by nearly twice its maximum thickness; the mesosomal profile is different (Fig. 30.12); the petiole does not possess an antero-ventral process. These differences, except that of mesosomal profile, also exist between females of the two species. Male specimens are more difficult to deal with, since this caste is unknown for many members of the C. rimosus group. We have seen only males of C. minutus Mayr, C. wheeleri Forel, and C. rimosus (Spinola). The male of C. wheeleri has slender propodeal spines and is easily separated from that of C. nesiotus. In addition, the apical margin of the clypeus is evenly convex in frontal view and is not abruptly depressed below the level of the disc, and frontal carina is present to the occipital corner. In males of C. minutus, the apical portion of the clypeus is somewhat depressed, but not abruptly so as in C. nesiotus, and the margin is transverse. The frontal carina is present above the frontal lobe in C. minutus, but ends at about the level of the anterior ocellus. The occipital corners are prominent and dentiform in C. minutus and, in this species, the propodeum is dentate and there is no antero-ventral process on the petiole.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9750033A7F3DF55715062F859D9A7047.taxon	description	(Fig. 30.33)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9750033A7F3DF55715062F859D9A7047.taxon	distribution	This species is known only from Jamaica and is one of the more distinctive species of Cyphomyrmex, being one of the few known species in the rimosus group in which the breadth of the frontal lobes is less than the distance between the inner margins of the eyes. In this respect it is approached by C. podargus, described below, but in that species the width of the frontal lobes equals or slightly exceeds the interocular distance. The two differ, moreover, in that the dorso-lateral lobes of the post-petiole are elevated and somewhat spine-like in profile in C. foxi (Fig. 30.33), while they are low, rounded, and inconspicuous in C. podargus (Fig. 30.16). There are four cotypes of C. foxi in the Paris Museum and they are in agreement with the interpretations of Wheeler (1917) and subsequent authors. One ofthe four cotypes has been marked as the Lectotype; the three remaining cotypes are paralectotypes and all are in the MNHN, Paris. Apparently the only known specimens other than the types are the series of workers collected by C. T. Brues at Newton, 3000 ft. elev., Jamaica, January, 1912. Specimens from this collection are in a number of institutional collections.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9750033A7F3DF55715062F859D9A7047.taxon	discussion	Weber (1940) suggested that C. rimosus var. arnoldi Aguayo, 19 32, is a synonym of C. foxi; we do not agree with Weber's classification. Presumably, Aguayo treated his form as a variety of C. rimosus (actually C. minutus) because it closely resembled that species, with which he surely was quite familiar, inasmuch as it is the common Cyphomyrmex species found throughout the Caribbean. On the other hand, C. foxi, known only from Jamaica, is a much larger and more coarsely sculptured ant and does not at all superficially resemble C. minutus. Since Aguayo did not mention any of the numerous differences that exist between C. foxi and C. minutus in his description, but mentioned only superficial differences between var. arnoldi and C. ' rimosus', we think it much more likely that var. arnoldi is, in fact, a synonym of C. minutus.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9DE94574A81959913ACCBD87C3D95150.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member of the foxi subgroup and closely resembling C. foxi, but with maximum width across frontal lobes equal to, or slightly greater than, interocular distance; dorsal lobes of post-petiole low and rounded, rather than elevated and spiniform as in C. foxi.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9DE94574A81959913ACCBD87C3D95150.taxon	description	Description Worker holotype. Measurements: Total length 3.48 (3.24 - 3.48); head length 0.85 (0.81 - 0.83); head width 0.78 (0.73 - 0.79); mesosoma length 1.20 (1.14 - 1.22); metafemur length 1.12 (1.06 - 1.13) mm. Uniformly blackish brown, with dark brown legs; mandibles, funiculus, and tarsi ferruginous; coxae dusky ferruginous. Integument opaque, finely and densely granulo-punctate and with numerous short, fine rugae, especially on front of head (longitudinal) and dorsum of mesosoma (transverse). Head shape as in Fig. 30.8. Mandible very finely longitudinally lineolate; margin with five teeth, innermost tooth only slightly smaller than fourth tooth. Anterior margin of clypeus transverse and without median emargination; parafrontal tooth minute. Frontal area weakly impressed. Margin of frontal lobe broadly rounded, not acutely rounded above parafrontal tooth; dorsal portion of frontal carina low and weak, but discernible to occipital corner. Submedian carinae of occiput low and weak, subparallel. Postocular carina absent. Supraocular tubercle prominent. Occipital corner with projecting spine-like process. Occipital margin nearly flat in frontal view. Posterior genal margin subcarinata to below level of lower eye margin, continued very weakly to near mandible base. Scape extending beyond occipital process by about 1.5 times its greatest thickness; funicular segments 2 - 8 distinctly longer than broad. F. ye with about 9 facets in greatest diameter; oculomandibular distance 0.9 5 - 1.00 times eye length. Mesosomal profile as in Fig. 30.16. Submedian pronotal tubercles present; lateral tubercles long and slender; no humeral ridge anterior to lateral tubercle. Disc of mesonotum flat; anterior tubercle large, conical; posterior tubercle much smaller, acute. Mesometanotal impression broad and shallow. Dorsal propodeal ridges absent; posterior face without tubercle or denticle. Ventral margin of metafemur weakly, obtusely dilated at basal one-quarter and without carina or ridge distally of dilation. Petiole and post-petiole as in Fig. 30.20. Node of petiole flattened and about one-third broader than long. Post-median impression of post-petiole weak and postero-lateral lobes weak. Dorsum of first gastral segment without antero-median impression. Pilosity slender and recurved or hook-like; gastral venter with coarse, erect hairs.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9DE94574A81959913ACCBD87C3D95150.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype and 13 paratype workers: Quick Step, 380 m elev. 18 18 ' N 77 ° 45 ' W), Trelawny, jamaica, 22 - 23 Mar. 1984 J. Longino, No. 1010); Welcome, 590 m elev. 18: 18 ° 17 ' N, 77 ° 20 ' W), St. Ann, jamaica, 15 Mar. 1984 JL Longino, No. 1 - 5). Holotype in Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; paratypes in LACM, LONG, and MCZ.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
9DE94574A81959913ACCBD87C3D95150.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is of Greek origin, meaning ' swift-footed' and was suggested by the name of the type locality.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
510D6193A44D094702086598F0885E60.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Worker only: A member of the rimosus subgroup and most similar to C. minutus, with which it is sympatric; differs from C. minutus and other species in the rimosus subgroup in the presence of well-defined, spine-like propodeal tubercles, but with other mesosomal tubercles (except lateral pronotals) low and obtuse. The sexual forms are unknown.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
510D6193A44D094702086598F0885E60.taxon	description	Description Worker holotype. Measurements: Total length 3.08 (3.07 - 3.28); head length 0.73 (0.70 - 0.79); head width 0.67 (0.63 - 0.73); mesosoma length 1.07 (1.03 - 1.10); metafemur length 0.95 (0.90 - 0.97) mm. Blackish, grading to brownish ferruginous on lower side of mesosoma, on legs tibiae darker, petiole, and post-petiole; flagellum and mandibles dull ferruginous. Integument opaque throughout, minutely granulose. Head shape as in Fig. 30.3. Mandible very finely longitudinally lineolate; margin with five teeth. Anterior margin of clypeus very weakly convex and without median notch; parafrontal tooth inconspicuous, bluntly triangular. Frontal area weakly impressed. Frontal lobe broadly rounded and corner above parafrontal tooth rounded; dorsal portion of frontal carina weakly sinuate and attaining occipital corner. Submedian carinae of vertex short, obtuse, and subparallel. Postocellar carina present, but low and vaguely indicated, extending to occipital corner. Supraocular tubercle low, obtuse. Occipital corner not at all produced and occipital tubercle absent (i. e. there is no tubercle present on side of occiput behind occipital corner). Occipital margin broadly concave. Posterior genal margin carinate to base of mandible. Scape projecting beyond occipital corner by less than its greatest thickness; funicular segments 2 - 8 about as long as broad. Eye with 10 - 12 facets along greatest diameter; oculomandibular distance 1.07 - 1.08 times eye length. Mesosomal profile as in Fig. 30.11. Submedian pronotal tubercules present but very weak; lateral tubercle short and bluntly triangular; humeral ridge anterior to lateral tubercle low and rounded. Disc of mesonotum weakly concave; anterior tubercle low and blunt; posterior tubercle low, bluntly triangular. Mesometanotal impression deep and narrow. Dorsal ridges of propodeum weak; posterior face with a pair of spine-like, subacute tubercles that are longer than broad at base. Ventral margin of metafemur subangularly dilated at basal one-third, but without definite carina distally of dilation. Petiole and post-petiole as in Fig. 30.18. Node of petiole depressed and about twice broader than long. Postero-median depression of post-petiole moderately deep. Antero-median depression of first gastric tergum longer than broad, weakly defined. Pilosity flattened, scale-like, and appressed on most surfaces; gastral venter with sparse, suberect to erect, long, slender hairs.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
510D6193A44D094702086598F0885E60.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype and 197 paratype workers (some preserved in alcohol): Monteverde, 10 ° 18 ' N, 84 ° 39 ' W, 1100 m, elev. Puntarenas Province, costa rica, 7 Aug. 1985 (J. Longino, No. 691), in Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Paratypes in BMNH, LACM, LONG, MCZ, and USNM.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
510D6193A44D094702086598F0885E60.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is of Greek origin and means double, referring to the pair of propodeal spines.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
510D6193A44D094702086598F0885E60.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Additional specimens (not paratypes) are from Parque Nacional Corcovado, Sirena, 18 ° 28 ' N, 83 ° 35 ' W, 0 - 100 m, elev. Puntarenas Province, 1 and 11 July 1982 (J. Longino). Within the broad C. rimosus group, only C. flavidus, C. wheeleri and C. bicarinatus possess propodeal spines. In C. flavidus, midpronotal tubercles are absent and the metafemur is abruptly dilated and carinate on the ventral margin. The propodeal spines of C. wheeleri project from a pair of submedian carinae (absent in C. dixus), in C. wheeleri the preocular carina does not curve mesally in front of the eye, and the node of the petiole bears an apical tooth in lateral view. From C. bicarinatus this species differs in lacking occipital spines and in possessing supraocular tubercles.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1B5E84BC222CE798FC05C3D60D5F72A9.taxon	discussion	Although C. r. trinitatis has strict page priority over C. r. hamulatus, we have chosen to use the latter name for this species under the ' first reviser' principle, for three reasons: (1) the species is not confined to Trinidad, as the name would imply; (2) the name hamulatus is descriptively meaningful; (3) Kempf (1965) recognized the distinctiveness, of this taxon (as C. hamulatus) and so the name has acquired a sense of validity that C. r. trinitatis lacks. A name change would only add unnecessary confusion.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1B5E84BC222CE798FC05C3D60D5F72A9.taxon	distribution	The range of C. hamulatus extends from Trinidad to Venezuela and north to Costa Rica.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
0E1F5B5DF34F80C20F3E3EA520188166.taxon	distribution	This form is based on worker specimens from an unknown locality in Guatemala. Specimens subsequently recorded by Forel (1912) under this name from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, are probably not conspecific. The only specimens of C. major that we have seen are three cotypes from the Forel collection (MHNG). The three workers are mounted on a single card; the right-hand specimen is the best preserved of the three and is here designated as the Lecotype and has been appropriately marked and labelled.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
0E1F5B5DF34F80C20F3E3EA520188166.taxon	discussion	Although similar to C. vorticis and C. salvini, C. major differs from both in the shape of the prolonged portion of the occipital corners. In C. vorticis and C. salvini the occipital corner is distinctly spine-like, especially in lateral view; in C. major the occipital corner projects upward as a broad lobe (Fig. 30.5). The body hairs are slender and not at all scale-like in C. vorticis; in both C. major and C. salvini they are broadly scale-like C. major is further distinguished from C. salvini, by the broader, more obtuse mesosomal tubercles (Fig. 30.13), rather than acutely conical (see Kempf, 1966, Fig. 16).	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1DE47EC92743242FC0984FAD45785179.taxon	description	(Figs. 30.6, 30.14, 30.22, 30.24)	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1DE47EC92743242FC0984FAD45785179.taxon	distribution	This is the most widespread and commonly encountered of all the species of Cyphomyrmex. In the United States it ranges from Texas to Florida, but is abundant only from central Texas eastward. The range extends southward through Central America to northern South America and C. minutus is common through the islands of the Caribbean. The type locality is Cuba. Although the species generally maintains a monotonous morphological integrity, there are exceptional populations that have, not surprisingly, been named as distinctive forms. For example, specimens from Jamaica tend to possess mesosomal tubercles that are more acute than in samples from other areas. Aguayo's var. arnoldi is based on a very dark example of this form; no types of this form are known to exist in either the AMNH or MCZ Wheeler material. Presumably, the more conspicuous tubercles mentioned in the original description led Kempf (1966) to surmise that this might prove to be C. foxi. Some Central American samples, ranging from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, north to the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, have unusually short scapes in the females and workers. Generally, the apex of the scape extends beyond the occipital corner by an amount equal to, or slightly greater than, the apical breadth of the scape. In the short-scape form, equivalent to Weber's subsp. breviscapus, the scape exceeds the occipital corner by about one-half the breadth of the scape. In general, specimens with short scapes are among the smallest C. minutus seen (worker head width 0.50 - 0.55 mm), and slightly larger workers possess proportionately longer scapes. Wheeler's var. flavidus, because the name was preoccupied, was renamed flavescens by Weber. This is a minor colour variant, described from Haiti. Throughout its range C. minutus varies considerably in colour, even within a local population, and the naming of these variants is pointless. The var. venezuelensis was set up for specimens from the Orinoco River, Venezuela, on the basis of minor variations in the shape of the mesosomal tubercles and scape length. In our opinion these specimens are well within the range in variation shown for these features in other populations.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
1DE47EC92743242FC0984FAD45785179.taxon	discussion	Aside from their slightly more prominent anterior mesosomal tubercles and darker colour, the workers in the type series of Forel's race atrata hardly differ from most samples of C. minutus. The cotype series, consisting of all castes, from Dibulla, Guajira, Colombia, has been examined. As is true of the workers, the female cotypes are unusually dark, but seem otherwise like their counterparts from other areas.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
F533D950991DC05AA9293E6A0A3D0E45.taxon	distribution	This species, previously known only from the type series from Rio Porce, Cordillera Central, 3400 ft. elev., Colombia, is known only with certainty from Colombia. The following are new records for C. longiscapus, all from colombia: Quebrada Bolindrama, Cholo, (P. A. Silverstone; LACM), ex stomach contents of Phyllobates aurotaenia (Amphibia); between Quebrada Bachorama and Rio Tadoeito, Choco. P. A. Silverstone; LACM; ex stomach contents of Dendrobates hisirionicus Amphibia); Anchicaya, Municipio Buenaventura, 2000 m elev., Yalle W. L. Brown; MCZ, rain forest, under rock in canyon.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
54F04EA522330C51626FFEB5778B1679.taxon	discussion	We have examined the syntypes of C. rimosus, a worker and three males, in the MIZS. Morphologically they are identical to the form described by Emery (1894) as var. fuscus. The worker syntype of C. rimosus, here designated the lectotype, is callow and it is probably for that reason that Emery described normally-coloured workers as var. fuscus. Emery had earlier (1893) examined the syntypes of C. rimosus and so had a clear idea of the appearance of the worker; the var. fuscus was distinguished only by its darker colour. Cataulacus deformis is usually listed as a synonym of C. minutus. The name is a misspelling of F. Smith's Meranoplus difformis. Roger introduced this variant spelling when he declared that Mayr's minutus was the same as ' deformis'. It is an arguable point, and a trivial one, but we believe that it is most appropriate to maintain the difformis - deformis link. Weber (1958) established the synonymy of C. r. curiapensis with C. fuscus. Kusnezov's subspecies was described as a simple colour variant. Although we have seen no type material of this form, we find nothing in the original description to suggest that it is anything other than what it appears to be: an insignificant colour form not worthy of formal recognition. Previous records for C. rimosus are from Argentina, Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela. This species has been introduced and is established in the south-eastern United States. We have seen the following specimens: Alabama: Baldwin Co, Gulf State Park, 16 Apr. 1950 (E. O. Wilson; USNM). Mobile Co, Mobile, 6 May 1950 (E. O. Wilson; LACM); Mobile, 26 Jan. 1950 (A. J. Graham; USNM), in abandoned fire ant mound. County unknown, Cottage Hill, 2 Dec. 1949 (J. M. Coarsell; USNM). florida: Alachua Co, near Gainesville airport, 11 Nov. 1981 (J. C. Trager; JCT, LACM), in disturbed flatwood; La Crosse, 1 July 1981 Q. C. Trager; JCT, LACM), in pasture; Archer Road Lab., Gainesville, 16 June 1984 QC. Trager; JCT, LACM), under boards 2 colonies). Highlands Co, Archbold Biological Station. Price Tract, 10 Oct. 1981 (J. C. Trager; JCT, LACM), in rotting branch on ground; Highlands Hammock State Park, 7 Sept. 1981 R. K. Snelling; LACM), in mowed grass area adjacent to forest. Leon Co, Tallahassee, 10 Jan. 1 98 3 G. B. Marshall; LACM), hardwood litter berlesate. Mississippi: Harrison Co, IO miles N. Gulfport, Nov. 1957 H. T. Yanderford; USNM; Lyman, 24 Mar. 1 9 70 (C. H. Craig; USNM), ex fire ant mound .. Mates have been taken within nests between 6 May and 1 July. In addition to the differences cited in the above key, workers of C. rimosus may be further differentiated from those of C. minutus by the more prominent dorsal mesosomal tubercles; in particular, the anterior mesonotai tubercle is bluntly triangular in C. rimosus, rather than very low and obtuse as in C. minutus. In C. rimosus the metafemur is sometimes angulate at the basal one-third of the ventral surface, but often it is broadly rounded, and there is, at most, a very weak ridge extended distally from the angulation. The metafemur is distinctly angulate in C. minutus and an often lamella-like carina extends distally from the angulation. Females of the two species differ in many of the same features as do their workers, except, of course, those of mesosomal contour. The head width of C. rimosus females is 0.75 mm or more; that of C. minutus is less than 0.70 mm, usually about 0.67 mm. Males of C. rimosus are a little larger than those of C. minutus (head width, across eyes, 0.73 vs. 0.68 mm), the lateral ocelli are elevated, the occipital tubercle is bluntly spinelike, and the propodeal teeth, although short, are definitely spine-like.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
54F04EA522330C51626FFEB5778B1679.taxon	biology_ecology	The following biological information has been provided by J. C. Trager for two samples collected 16 June, 1984 in Gainesville: These ... were under boards in a weedy lot next to my lab. The brood and fungus gardens of the colonies were kept apart but adjacent on grass stolons or compacted grass blades near the center of single nearly round 5 - 8 cm-diam. chambers, 1 - 2 cm deep. Males were clustered on the underside of the board (the warmest, driest part of the nest). The insect fragments, grasshopper feces, etc. collected with one series were heaped separately at opposite sides of the periphery of the nest chamber. This rigid compartmentalization of castes and materials is typical of ... this ant. [Queens are usually] associated with the brood [and] most often there are 1 or 2 queens per nest, but I've seen 3 or 4 on occasion. Mating flights take place at the first faint light of dawn, following heavy rains alter a dry spell during the summer months.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
A9F40E6E72BD77037163266CD0A2FD8F.taxon	discussion	Kempf (1966) first expressed the view that C. championi was probably the male caste of C. salvini. W'e have examined the type of C. championi, in the BMNH, and it is inseparable from males collected from nests of C. salvini, thus confirming Kempf's assumption.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
A9F40E6E72BD77037163266CD0A2FD8F.taxon	distribution	This species has been previously reported from Panama and Costa Rica, including Isla de Cocos (Kempf 1966). We have seen numerous specimens from several Costa Rican localities. Two small series of specimens extend the range to guatemala: Mixco, no date (W. M. Mann; USNM); and colombia: Anchicaya, Municipio Buenaventura, c. 200 m elev., Dept. Valle, 17 - 19 June 1971 (W. L. Brown; MCZ), under rock in canyon, rain forest, ecuador: Rio Palenque (Univ. Miami Res. Sta.), 30 July 1978 (G. J. Umphrey; UMPH), nest in hollow ' bamboo' in forest.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
22D8F3FBC55CCA6042B8CEB19E2E2C2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member of the salvini subgroup in which the worker is separable from that of C. salvini by the lack of a supraocular tubercle, the prominent and slender posterior mesonotal tubercle, and the presence of a pair of sharp sublateral carinae on the propodeum that terminate in spine-like processes on the declivitous face. The presence of an occipital spine, the broad, scale-like hairs, and the presence of a distinct median groove at the base of the first gastral tergum will separate C. bicarinatus from C. vorticis. The female of C. bicarinatus is separable from those of C. salvini and C. vorticis by the same cephalic and gastral features as are the workers and, in addition differs from both in having more pronounced propodeal spines. The male of C. bicarinatus is unknown.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
22D8F3FBC55CCA6042B8CEB19E2E2C2B.taxon	description	Description Worker holotype. Measurements: Total length 3.1 (2.9 - 3.1); head length 0.79 (0.7 3 - 0.82); head width 0.6 (0.56 - 0.62); mesosomal length 1.04 (0.91 - 1.04); metafemur length 0.86 (0.81 - 0.88) mm. Dull brownish ferruginous, carinae and tubercles darker: funiculus and legs mostly yellowish ferruginous; mandibles reddish. Integument opaque throughout, minutely granulose. Head shape as in Fig. 30.1. Mandible subopaque and very finely longitudinally lineolate; basal tooth minute. Anterior margin of clypeus transverse or weakly emarginate in middle; parafrontal teeth prominent. Frontal area sharply, though shallowly, impressed. Frontal lobe 0.81 (0.76 - 0.81) times transocular distance; outer margin broadly curved, corner above parafrontal tooth narrowly and abruptly rounded; frontal carina strongly developed and attaining occipital corner and joining supraocular carina. Occipital margin deeply concave between occipital corners. Submedian carinae of vertex strong, subparallel anteriorly, posterior segment not reaching laterally to frontal carina. Supraocular tubercle absent. Occipital corner, at junction of frontal and supraocular carinae distinctly elevated, short-spiniform in lateral view. Posterior genal margin carinate to mandible base. Scape, in repose, extending beyond occipital corner by about its apical width; middle segments of funiculus a little longer than broad. Eye with about seven facets across greatest diameter; oculomandibular distance 1.00 - 1.25 times eye length. Mesosoma as in Fig. 30.10. Submedian pronotal tubercles distinct; lateral tubercles short and subacute. Anterior mesonotal tubercles conical, acute; posterior pair slightly shorter, subacute to acute, compressed. Propodeum with high, compressed sublateral carina-like ridges that terminate on declivity as short, triangular teeth. Ventral margin of metafemur dilated at about basal one-third, with continuous carina from base to apex. Petiole and post-petiole as in Fig. 30.19. Node of petiole about twice wider than long. Postero-median depression of post-petiole broad and clearly defined. First gastral tergum with defined median, longitudinal impression that is usually completely apilose and several times longer than broad. Pilosity flattened and scale-like, but several times longer than broad, with acute apices; narrowest on head; most hairs distinctly elevated above, but bent parallel to integument. Female. Measurements: Total length 3.4; head length 0.82; head width 0.60; mesosoma length 1.08; metafemur length 0.86 mm. Head as in worker except that minute ocelli are present; eye with about 12 facets across greatest diameter. Lateral pronotal tooth prominent, subacute. Area between Mayrian furrows strongly raised on either side, deeply depressed along middle; notauli indistinct. Axilla elevated, triangular. Margins of scutellum strongly raised, posterior emargination jeep and rounded. Sublateral ridges of propodeum distinct, compressed, forming blunt, tooth like process on each side. Petiole, post-petiole, and gaster as in worker.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
22D8F3FBC55CCA6042B8CEB19E2E2C2B.taxon	materials_examined	Tvpe material Holotype worker: one dealate female and 45 worker paratypes: Cincinnati, c. 13 oo m elev .. Magdalena Province, colombia. Feb. 1924 W. M. Mann; additional paratypes are from 2 km NW. San Pedro, 1200 m dev .. 10 ° 55 ' N 74 ° 03 ' W, Magdalena, 16 Aug. 198 5 (J. Longino. Holotype and most paratypus in USNM; paratypes also in LACM, LONG, and MCZ.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
22D8F3FBC55CCA6042B8CEB19E2E2C2B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combines the Latin prefix, bi- (two or double., with carina ridge), signifying the pair of strong propodeal ridges.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
22D8F3FBC55CCA6042B8CEB19E2E2C2B.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Among those species of the rimosus group that possess the middle pair of pronotal tubercles, this can be confused only with C. salvini, the only other species with which it shares the spine-like occipital corners and scale-like pilosity. Particularly notable differences between the workers are the lack of supraocular tubercles and the strongly developed sublateral propodeal ridges in C. bicarinatus. The pilosity is very similar to that of C. salvini but the hairs, especially on the gaster are narrower, with distinctly acute tips, and are less closely appressed to the surface. Both species differ from C. vorticis, the only other member of the subgroup, in which the hairs of the disc of the first gastral tergum are so closely appressed against the segment that they are not visible in profile. Other differences between C. vorticis and the other two species are set forth in the key.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
F535848C2AF660832A51B45CA72B45E6.taxon	distribution	The type locality of C. laevigatus is lower Rio Madidi, Bolivia. Kempf 1966 recorded this species also from Dirkshoop, Surinam. We have seen specimens from the following additional localities, bolivia: Caranavi, near radio, 800 m elev., 24 - 26 Jun. 1981 Kugler and Lambert; LACM. brazil: Mustu Goeldi Botanical Garden, Belem, Para, 3 (an. 198 5 (J. C. Trager; LACM, JCT), ex berlesate from bamboo litter, colombia, Meta: Puerto Lleras, 73 ° 22 ' W, 0 3 ° 18 ' N, c. 300 m, near Loma Linda, Jan. 1989 (V. Roth; LACM). peru: Tingo Maria and vicinity, 9 - 12 Mar. 1967 (W. L. Brown and W. Sherbrooke; MCZ).	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
3EF7F004CAB582726DB747282E2F3E67.taxon	distribution	Kempf (1966) reported this species only from Bolivia (Santa Helena, the type locality) and Brazil. We have seen a series of 9 workers, 2 females, and 1 male from Zent, costa rica, collected in March, 1924 by W. M. Mann (USNM). The workers agree well with Kempfs redescription, and with cotypes in the LACM, in all particulars except the pilosity. The appressed pilosity of the head and body is fine and hair-like in the cotypes and is very inconspicuous. The Zent specimens differ in having more conspicuous, though no more abundant, pilosity because the individual hairs are broad and scale-like.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
3EF7F004CAB582726DB747282E2F3E67.taxon	discussion	Whether or not these represent a variant of C. vorticis, or an undescribed species, is uncertain. More material of both forms, as well as samples from intervening localities, must be available before the status of the Costa Rican specimens is clear. For the present they are tentatively assigned to C. vorticis.	en	Snelling, R. R., Longino, J. T. (1992): Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). In: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (Eds): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 479-494, URL: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=13137
