taxonID	type	description	language	source
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype and 58 paratypes. The holotype (female, slide B: 14 - 18 - 9, mounted in PVA) and 17 paratypes were collected from site 9 (8 females, slides B: 3 - 14 - 16 - 4; B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 3; B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 4; B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 7; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 1; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 2; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 3; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 8; 4 males, slides B: 3 - 14 - 16 - 1; B: 3 - 14 - 16 - 3; B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 1; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 5; 2 specimens of undetermined sex, slides B: 3 - 14 - 16 - 8; B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 5; 2 second-stage larvae, slides B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 2; B: 3 - 14 - 18 - 7, and 1 first-stage two-clawed larva, slide B: 2 - 14 - 18 - 6). One male (slide B: 1 - 14 - 2 - 1) was collected from site 4. One female (slide B: 2 - 14 - 6 - 1) and 1 male (slide B: 2 - 14 - 5 - 1) were collected from site 5. Three females (slides B: 2 - 14 - 7 - 4; B: 2 - 14 - 7 - 5; B: 2 - 14 - 8 - 3) and 2 males (slides B: 2 - 14 - 7 - 1; B: 2 - 14 - 7 - 3) were collected from site 6. One female (slide B: 3 - 14 - 14 - 1) was collected from site 8. One specimen of undetermined gender (slide B: 3 - 14 - 19 - 1) was collected from site 10. Four females (slides B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 1; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 5; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 7; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 9), 2 males (B: 4 - 14 - 24 - 6; B: 4 - 14 - 24 - 10), and 5 specimens of undetermined gender (slides B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 2; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 3; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 4; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 6; B: 4 - 14 - 23 - 11) were collected from site 11. Twelve females (slides B: 4 - 14 - 25 - 1; B: 4 - 14 - 25 - 3; B: 4 - 14 - 25 - 4; B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 2; B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 3; B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 5; B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 6; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 2; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 3; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 4; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 7; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 8), 6 males (slides B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 1; B: 4 - 14 - 26 - 4; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 5; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 9; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 10; B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 11), 1 second-stage larva (B: 4 - 14 - 27 - 6) and 1 individual of undetermined gender (slide B: 4 - 14 - 25 - 2) were collected from site 12. The type material (holotype and paratypes) is deposited in the collection of tardigrades of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal. We also examined an unnumbered slide in the Pollock collection from Jamaica marked “ Archechiniscus marci ” that we determined to be A. bahamensis sp. nov.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	diagnosis	Specific diagnosis: Archechiniscus with large dark brown eyes and cuticular metameric folds that create clearly demarked cephalic and terminal segments. Cuticle with fine punctation. Lenticular secondary clava located between the cephalic cirri, but nearer the external cirrus. Internal and external cephalic cirri with an enlarged crenate proximal portion and a distal portion that is bifurcated or trifurcated, but may appear as a blunt tip. Lateral cirri A with enlarged proximal portion and flagellum and long cirri E present. Median cirrus vestigial. Pedunculated external claws. Short spine on legs I and spherical papilla on legs IV. Legs I – III with an anterior bulbous papilla. Small seminal receptacles with short arced seminal ducts with openings located near, and anterior to, the female gonopore. Female gonopore in a depression surrounded by 3 cuticular platelets.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	description	Description of the holotype: Female with a cylindrical body 169 µm long and 69 µm wide. Conical cephalic region with large oblong dark brown eyes (shortest diameter about 6 µm). Rounded caudal region. Cuticle finely punctated (dorsally about 20 pillars / 10 µm length, pillars about 0.5 µm high) with cuticular folds creating clearly demarked segments. Cephalic and terminal segments well defined. Other segments (scapular, and at least two other dorsal segments) poorly defined. Habitus shown in Figs. 2 and 3, cuticular punctations in Fig. 4. The cephalic appendages are: short external and internal cephalic cirri (5.3 and 4.5 µm long, respectively) with an enlarged crenate proximal portion and a distal portion that is bifurcated or trifurcated, but may appear as a blunt tip. Lenticular secondary clavae (largest diameter 8.7 µm) located between external and internal cephalic cirri, but nearer the external cirrus. The club-shaped primary clava, 6.2 µm long, with a refracting annular van der Land’s body at its base and a distal pore, and the long lateral cirrus A (15.0 µm long) arising from a short common pedestal. The lateral cirrus A also has an enlarged and transparent proximal portion (about 6.8 µm long) and a thin distal flagellum. A vestigial median cephalic cirrus is present (a short protuberance about 0.7 µm long and 1.5 µm in diameter). Cephalic appendages are shown in Fig. 4. Cirrus E (22.3 µm long) consists of a short base and a flagellum with an enlarged proximal portion with accordion-like appearance (about 8.4 µm long) (Figs. 2 and 3). The protruded sub-terminal mouth is followed by a long buccal tube ending in an oval pharyngeal bulb (17.8 x 17.2 µm) containing three placoids (11.6 µm long). Stylets with stylet sheaths (13.2 µm long). Although not visible in the holotype, elongate stylets with large T-shaped furcae and the absence of stylet supports have been confirmed in some paratypes (Fig. 5 A). Stubby, non-telescopic legs typical of the genus having two external sessile robust claws and two internal digits (11.4 µm long) ending with crescent shaped claws (Fig. 5 B). External claws (5.3 µm on legs II / III) with a short spur directed downwards and a conspicuous peduncle (about 3.4 µm long on legs IV) at their base; internal claws (4.7 µm on legs II / III) with accessory points and without peduncles can be integrally retracted inside claw sheaths. Legs I – III with an anterior bulbous papilla (this character is not visible in the holotype but confirmed in several paratypes, Fig. 5 C). Sensory organs on legs I and IV. Small spine (3.1 µm long) with enlarged base and short tip on leg I (Fig. 5 D), and spherical papilla (3 µm) on leg IV (Fig. 3). This papilla has a refracting annular van der Land’s body at its base. The female gonopore consists of a six-cell rosette (diameter 4.3 µm), 12.4 µm from the anus (Fig. 6 and 7). Spherical small seminal receptacles are located to each side of the gonopore, with short arced seminal ducts (10.4 µm long and about 1.1 µm in diameter) leading anteriorly from seminal receptacles. The openings of the seminal ducts are anterior to but near the gonopore. The gonopore and the seminal duct openings are located in a triangular depression, protected by three cuticular platelets, two lateral and a smaller one at the vertex. The anal fissure is straight and surrounded by a fan of folds.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The males seem to be smaller than females (Table 2). The male gonopore is circular and, in comparison with females, located much nearer to the anus (Table 2). Plates or folds surrounding the male gonopore are not visible. All other characteristics are very similar to females. Male and female gonopores are shown in Fig. 6 and 7. A two-clawed larva has been examined (measurements in Table 2). With the exception of missing external claws, all the other characteristics as in the adults. Another examined specimen (slide B: 3 - 14 - 17 - 2) is presumably a second-stage larva, and spurs on the external claws are missing. ...... continued on the next page The specimen from the Pollock collection from Jamaica marked Archechniscus marci matches the new species, including the unique gonopore anatomy. Thus, the known range of Archechniscus bahamensis sp. nov. is the Bahamas and Jamaica. We do not have a date or exact location for this specimen, but according to L. W. Pollock (pers. comm.) it came from subtidal sand, less than 1 m depth, Hofstra Marine Station, St. Ann’s Bay, Ocho Rios, St. Ann’s Parish, Jamaica (approximately 18 ° 26.4 ′ N, 77 ° 12.1 ′ W).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFD2FFF2FF44F903FD07FA3B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: Excluding the new species, only four species have been attributed to the genus Archechiniscus Schulz, 1953: A. marci, A. minutus Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo, 1987, A. symbalanus Chang & Rho, 1998 and A. biscaynei Miller, Clark & Miller, 2012. Archechiniscus bahamensis sp. nov. differs from A. minutus, A. symbalanus and A. biscaynei by the presence of longer cirri A and E, and mainly by the short arced seminal ducts and gonopore peculiarly located in a depression protected by cuticular platelets. In A. minutus the seminal receptacles are also arced, but they are longer, open far away from the gonopore, and there is no cuticular depression associated with the reproductive structures. In A. symbalanus and A. biscaynei the seminal receptacle ducts are S-shaped. The new species also differs from A. minutus by the presence of large conspicuous eyes, a sensory spine on leg I, bulbous papillae on legs I – III, stylet sheaths, and absence of anal platelets. Archechiniscus bahamensis sp. nov. also differs from A. symbalanus by the presence of cuticular folds creating clearly demarked segments, a much shorter median cirrus (a vestigial protuberance about 0.7 µm long in the new species and a conspicuous 2.3 µm long cirrus in A. symbalanus), longer primary clava, secondary clava located between external and internal cirri (not under external cirri), and retractable claws in sheaths in males and females (only in males in A. symbalanus). The new species and A. biscaynei can also be distinguished by the presence of eyes, punctate cuticle with cuticular folds forming dorsal segments and sensory spine on leg I. The comparison of the new species with A. marci is complicated by the convoluted history of A. marci. This species was described by Schulz (1953) based on one specimen from barnacles in El Salvador, the description was brief and the holotype no longer exists. Later, Renaud-Debyser (1963) reported A. pacifici from intertidal sand in Bimini, Bahamas. However, there was no previous species with that name, and no description or drawing was provided in Renaud-Debyser (1963). The name just appeared on a list. Subsequently, multiple specimens of an Archechiniscus species were discovered in subtidal coralline sand in New Caledonia, South Pacific (Renaud- Mornant 1967). Renaud-Mornant provided an excellent description and drawings of these specimens, and she found several distinctions between them and Schulz’s description of A. marci. However, since no type specimen existed for A. marci and the description was brief, she did not feel justified naming a new species based on the New Caledonian specimens, so she called them A. marci, and she claimed that the characters she described completed the description by Schulz. She also synonymized A. pacifici from Bimini with A. marci. After the records from El Salvador, Bahamas, and New Caledonia, A. marci was reported from the Galapagos, Madagascar, the Caribbean, Italy, Australia, Brazil, and California, USA (Schuster & Grigarick 1966; Renaud-Mornant 1979; Renaud-Mornant & Gourbault 1981, 1984; D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1987; Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1983 a, b; Mackness 1999; Calvacanti da Rocha et al. 2013; Miller et al. 2014), but usually with little to no description. Given this complex history, we have compared our specimens with Schulz’s description of the El Salvador specimen, with Renaud-Mornant’s description of the New Caledonia specimens, and with specimen MNHN # 167 Ma from New Caledonia. No specimens or description of Renaud-Debyser’s specimens from the Bahamas exist, so comparisons are not possible. In the El Salvador specimens of A. marci, the seminal receptacles were not discussed (Schulz 1953). Our new species differs from the El Salvadorian description by the presence of dark brown eyes, an evident lenticular secondary clava located between the internal and external cirri (in A. marci the eyes are reddish and the secondary clava is a small papilla located under the external cirrus), bifurcated or trifurcated internal and external cirri, sensory spine on leg I, bulbous papillae on legs I – III and by much longer lateral cirri A and E (always longer than 10 µm and 20 µm in the new species compared to 6.4 and 6.5 µm for cirri A and E, respectively, in the description of the holotype of A. marci with a body length of 198 µm). Archechiniscus bahamensis sp. nov. also differs from Schulz’s description of A. marci by some peculiarities of the claws and the buccal apparatus. Unlike A. marci, in the new species the external claws have a conspicuous peduncle and the internal claws have an evident accessory point. In the buccal apparatus of the new species, stylets are smooth and have a T-shaped furca (rounded in A. marci), and stylet sheaths are present. The museum specimen marked Archechiniscus marci from New Caldedonia is damaged, but our observations of this specimen together with the original description of the Archechiniscus from New Caledonia (Renaud- Mornant 1967) indicates that this population differs from Schulz’s description of A. marci in a number of ways. Four differences can be noted based on Renaud-Mornant’s description: (1) The cuticle described as smooth by Schultz is dorsally punctated in the New Caledonian specimens. (2) Stylets in the New Caledonian specimens are not smooth but formed by sliding lamellae. (3) The dimension of cirrus E was four times larger in the New Caledonian specimens than in the original A. marci. (4) The female gonopore of the New Caledonian specimens was not rosette-shaped but was a longitudinal slit formed by a cuticular fold. Based on our examination of the MNHN specimen we noted two additional differences: (1) The external claws have a basal peduncle and internal claws have a thin accessory point, and although the peduncles were not mentioned in the original description, they do appear in the drawing (Fig. 5, Renaud-Mornant 1967). In Schulz’s description of A. marci these characters were not described and, according to Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), the peduncles could not be overlooked by Schulz due to their size and thickness. In addition, in the New Caledonian specimens, claws can be retracted into claw sheaths. (2) The secondary clavae in the New Caledonian specimens, although also located under the external cirri, are not small papillae but they are lenticular (9.3 µm diameter). There are important differences between A. bahamensis sp. nov. and the New Caledonian specimens. In the new species the stylets are smooth and stylet furcae are T-shaped, and dorsal cuticular folds create clearly demarked segments (less evident in the New Caledonian specimens). The New Caledonian specimen we examined did have bifurcated or trifurcated tips on cephalic cirri like A. bahamensis sp. nov. but they are shorter (about 3.5 µm total length in the New Caledonian specimen which was very large (276 µm body length) versus an average of 4.4 µm in A. bahamensis sp. nov.). The New Caledonian specimen did have basal peduncles on the external claws and accessory points on the internal claws like A. bahamensis sp. nov. but accessory points were considerably thinner. Furthermore, external claws of the New Caledonian specimen have tips that form an angle of about 90 o, whereas those in A. bahamensis sp. nov. are only slightly curved. And finally, in the new species the female gonadal apparatus is quite distinct with a rosette-shaped gonopore recessed and surrounded by three obvious cuticular platelets. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) The New Caledonian and El Salvadorian material are quite distinct, and traits from New Caledonian specimens should not have been used “ pour pouvoir completer ” (p. 114, Renaud- Mornant 1967) the description of A. marci. El Salvador and New Caledonia are on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean some 12,000 km apart, and the specimens were found in different habitats. (2) A. bahamensis sp. nov. cannot be confused with the El Salvadorian or the New Caledonian descriptions. (3) It is quite possible that the Archechiniscus from Bimini reported by Renaud-Debyser (1963) is A. bahamensis sp. nov. In our collections A. bahamensis sp. nov. was the most common subtidal marine tardigrade in the Bahamas and no other congenerics were found. We have also found it and no other congenerics in the British Virgin Islands (unpublished data), and the Archechiniscus from Jamaica in the Pollock slide collection exactly matches the new species. While these observations support the hypothesis that Renaud-Mornant’s Bimini record was A. bahamensis sp. nov., it is impossible to know this for sure since neither slides nor descriptions exist. Based on these conclusions, we believe A. marci should be used only for the El Salvadorian record. Subsequent records are dubious and need to be confirmed. Miller et al. (2012) proposed an identification key to the Archechiniscus species. However, that key is based on the presence or absence of the median cirrus that, according to Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987) and Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1987), is not a useful taxonomic character because, as in A. bahamensis sp. nov., it can be so small that it can be easily overlooked (see also Møbjerg et al. 2016). Miller et al. (2012) also use the location of the secondary clava as an important discriminating character. We agree that the attributes of clavae are important taxonomic characters, however the secondary clavae are often hard to see. Therefore, a new key to the known Archechiniscus species is presented, with the characters for A. marci as described by Schulz (1953). 1 Transverse dorsal cuticular metameric folds present .......................................................... 2 1 ’ Transverse cuticular dorsal metameric folds absent ........................................................... 4 2 Stylets with a rounded furca ............................................................. Archechiniscus marci 2 ’ Stylets with T-shaped furca .............................................................................. 3 3 Gonopore and seminal receptacle openings located in a depression protected by cuticular platelets. Short arced seminal receptacle ducts. Somatic cirri long even in smallest specimens; cirri A> 10 µm long; cirri E> 20 µm long ...................................................................................................... A. bahamensis sp. nov. 3 ’ Gonopore not located in a cuticular depression protected by cuticular platelets. Long arced seminal receptacle ducts. Somatic cirri short even in large specimens; cirri A <10 µm long; cirri E <15 µm .................................. A. minutus 4 Spine on legs I present. Claws not retractable into sheaths in females. Black eyes present .................. A. symbalanus 4 ’ Spine on legs I absent. Claws retractable into claw sheaths in females. Eyes absent ......................... A. biscaynei Ecological Notes: There may be two different niche specializations in this genus. Archechiniscus symbalanus, A. biscaynei and the holotype for A. marci were collected from barnacles (Chang & Rho 1998 a, Miller et al. 2012, Schulz 1953). In contrast Archechiniscus minutus was collected in coralline sand (Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1987, 2001, D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1989, Gallo et al. 2007), as was the New Caledonian Archechiniscus (Renaud-Mornant 1967) and A. bahamensis sp. nov.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDCFFF2FF44FCF1FCF3FCDA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 35 specimens from site 3, body size 81 – 147 µm.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDCFFF2FF44FCF1FCF3FCDA.taxon	discussion	Remarks: These specimens are most similar to B. similis Schulz, 1955. Similarities include the toe pattern (toe 3 shorter than toe 4 on leg IV), drumstick-shaped clavae, length of cephalic cirri, and long sensorial organ (P 4) on legs IV. The Bahamian specimens are different from B. similis based on the shape and orientation of the lateral processes and a unique caudal appendage that consists of a short triangular projection with a small s-shaped distal portion. This species appears to have a soft body and did not do well in the PVA mounting medium. For this reason, it was not possible to examine some structures and gender determination was not possible. The description of this species will be postponed until new material is collected.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDCFFF3FF44FA0AFD62F9FC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Six specimens. Four specimens collected from site 15 (2 females, 108 and 109 µm long, and 2 individuals of unknown gender, 1 was 99 µm long and the other not properly oriented to be measured); and 2 females (98 and 99 µm long) collected from site 2.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDCFFF3FF44FA0AFD62F9FC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Five species are currently known in the genus Dipodarctus. In three of these, one digit on legs I – III is much longer than the other digits. According to their original descriptions, in two other species, D. anaholiensis Pollock, 1995 and D. subterraneus, all digits on legs I – III are similar in length. However, in specimens attributed to D. anaholiensis from French Polynesia the innermost digit on legs I – III is slightly but consistently shorter than the other digits (Bartels et al. 2015 a). In our Bahamian specimens this difference is not clear (two specimens have digits on legs I – III of similar lengths and in three others digit I is slightly shorter). Dipodarctus subterraneus was originally described in the genus Halechiniscus Richters, 1908, further described and renamed Hemitanarctus subterraneus by de Zio Grimaldi et al. (1995 / 96), and subsequently moved to the genus Dipodarctus (see Jørgensen et al. 2014 for complete history). When the genus Dipodarctus was erected by Pollock (1995), he did not compare the very similar D. anaholiensis to the species then known as Halechiniscus subterraneus, so differentiating characters of these two are minimal. The only two characters clearly identifying D. subterraneus are a small lateral projection just anterior to leg IV and segmented cephalic cirri. These characters are observable in our best specimens, and since the Bahamas is the type locality for this species, we have assigned all our specimens to D. subterraneus. As mentioned by Kaczmarek et al. (2015), D. subterraneus is in need of redescription. Although the Bahamas is the type locality for D. subterraneus, the species is reported to have a very broad distribution and wide habitat preferences (see Bartels et al. 2015 b for interactive map), indicating these reports need to be verified (Kaczmarek et al. 2015).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FDB6FA84FB2C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Eight specimens collected from site 2 (5 females, 122 – 154 µm long, and 3 males, 99 – 111 µm long).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FDB6FA84FB2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks: These specimens from our collection clearly have caesti in the alae, and the shape of the alae and the caesti do not match any known species. As in Batillipes sp., some structures cannot be correctly observed in the examined specimens, preventing the description of this presumed new species until new material is collected.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FC73FB94FCEF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Four specimens from site 11. Two females (body lengths of 215 and 223 µm long) and 2 individuals of unknown gender (178 and 185 µm long).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FC73FB94FCEF.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Alae with caesti can be seen in these specimens, but the shape of the alae and caesti differs from those of Florarctus sp. 1. However, in all specimens of Florarctus sp. 2, the caudal ala is folded and cannot be adequately described. Thus, we are not able to identify these specimens to species level.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FAEAFE09FF1C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 28 specimens, 5 from site 1 (1 female, 124 µm long, and 4 specimens of unknown gender, 104 – 141 µm long), 13 from site 2 (9 females, 132 – 168 µm long; 2 males, 86 and 99 µm long; and 2 specimens of unknown gender, 144 and 167 µm long), 5 from site 3 (3 females, 116 – 140 µm long; 2 specimens of unknown gender, 102 and 134 µm long); 4 females, 133 – 164 µm long, from site 9; and 1 specimen of unknown gender, 163 µm long, from site 11.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDDFFF3FF44FAEAFE09FF1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The genus Wingstrandarctus contains five known species (Jørgensen et al. 2014) that have alae without caesti. Unlike W. unsculptus Jørgensen, Boesgaard, Møebjerg & Kristensen, 2014, the Bahamian specimens do have a sculptured cuticle. Unlike W. stinae Jørgensen, Boesgaard, Møbjerg & Kristensen, 2014, they do not have constricted primary clavae, and the shape of the alae differs as well. The caudal alae of our specimens are much smaller than those of W. intermedius Renaud-Mornant, 1967, and the internal claws have accessory points unlike W. crypticus Renaud-Mornant, 1989. The Bahamian specimens do match W. corallinus in all traits. Wingstrandarctus corallinus is an intertidal and shallow subtidal species. The type locality is Australia, but it has been recorded in the Western Atlantic in Florida, USA (Kristensen 1984) and many other areas (Kaczmarek et al. 2015, Bartels et al. 2015 b).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44FF01FCA8FAD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Thirty-nine specimens; 4 from site 1 (1 female not properly oriented to be measured, and 3 specimens of unknown gender, 89 – 127 µm long); 17 from site 2 (9 females, 105 – 180 µm long, 1 male, 79 µm long, 6 specimens of unknown gender, 74 – 155 µm long, and 1 two-clawed larva 44 µm long); 1 female from site 3 (89 µm long); 2 females from site 5 (106 and 181 µm long); 3 females from site 6 (133 – 176 µm long); 2 females from site 7 (119 and 124 µm long); 8 from site 11 (2 females, 120 and 182 µm long, and 6 specimens of unknown gender, 120 – 178 µm long); and 2 from site 12 (one female 209 µm long and a specimen of unknown gender not measured).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44FF01FCA8FAD2.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The specimens match the description of the species in Schulz (1955). This species is widely distributed in both intertidal and subtidal sand. Although it has been reported from both Brazil (Moura et al. 2009) and the North Atlantic (Morgan & O’Reilly 1989, Hansen et al. 2001), it has never been reported from the Bahamas, the USA or the Caribbean (Kaczmarek et al. 2015).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44FC59FF18FD06.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Three specimens collected at site 3 with a body length 117 – 128 µm long, one female and two individuals of unknown gender.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44FC59FF18FD06.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Only three species are currently known in this genus: Orzeliscus belopus du Bois-Raymond Marcus, 1952, which is in need of redescription (according to Kaczmarek et al. 2015); O. septentrionalis Schulz, 1953 treated as species inquirenda (McKirdy et al. 1976, Pollock 1982); and the recently described O. asiaticus Lee, Rho & Chang, 2017. These species can be distinguished by the shape of primary clava, presence of sensorial papilla on legs IV, development of the lateral projection between legs III and IV, and presence of a hemispherical protrusion on the cheek region of the head (Lee et al. 2017). Unlike O. septentrionalis, in our specimens recorded in the Berry Islands, papillae on legs IV are present. In these specimens the protrusion on the head, characteristic of O. asiaticus, is absent or weakly developed. However, due to the bad orientation of the specimens from the Bahamas, the shape of the primary clava and the size of the body projection between legs III – IV cannot be properly assessed.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44F98DFEA6FF82.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Nine specimens, two females and seven specimens of undetermined gender (94 – 156 µm long). One specimen was collected at site 1, three at site 2, two at site 3, one at site 9, and two at site 11.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDEFFF0FF44F98DFEA6FF82.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A unique feature identifying S. craticulus and S. craticuliformis Chang & Rho, 1998 is a grid-like pattern on the dorsal cuticle (see Kristensen & Higgins 1984 b and D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1989 for keys to this genus). Other species in the keys, and additional species described by Chang & Rho (1998 a) and Bartels et al. (2015 a) do not exhibit this character. This pattern is visible in some, but not all, of our specimens. However, all specimens share the same claw structure, primary clavae and cirrus A, so we are confident that all specimens belong to the same species. Our specimens differ from S. craticuliformis by having primary clavae and lateral cirri enveloped by a common membrane extending beyond the base and by claws with secondary points longer than primary points.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFF1FF44FE4FFE57FB47.taxon	diagnosis	Generic diagnosis (emended): Echiniscoididae with four claws on each of the first pairs of legs and three claws on the fourth pair of legs in adults. Paired basal spurs on all claws. Median cirrus present but reduced.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFF1FF44FE4FFE57FB47.taxon	materials_examined	Type Species: Anisonyches diakidius Pollock, 1975 Additional Species: Anisonyches deliquus Chang & Rho, 1998; Anisonyches mauritanius Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo, 1987	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFF1FF44FE4FFE57FB47.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This emendment is based on our re-examination of the holotype of A. diakidius (below). The initial description stated that a median cirrus was absent. It is small and difficult to see, but it is present. Reduced median cirri have now been found in all species in the genus including the new one described in this paper. Because of the presence of the median cirrus and several measurements that were not included in the original description, we redescribed the holotype.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFEFFF44FC59FBEAFA49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype from the U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute (USMN # 50901). East Plana Cay, Bahamas. Preserved in 70 % ETOH, mounted in glycerine. Collector: L. W. Pollock. 1968. Additional specimens from Bimini, Bahamas from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (MNHN # 169 Ma, one slide with four females and one male, col. J. Renaud-Debyser) and from Guadeloupe (USNM # W 62023, one specimen, col. Renaud-Mornant, 1979).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFEFFF44FC59FBEAFA49.taxon	diagnosis	Specific diagnosis (emended): Anisonyches with primary clavae present and papillae on base of fourth pair of legs only, claws on legs I – III progressively longer from innermost to outermost, all claws of legs IV similar in length, basal spurs widely divergent from each other and horizontally directed. Accessory points on medial claws I – III and inner two claws on legs IV. Claws slightly curved apically. Re-description of holotype: Female with characteristic worm-like body 175.1 µm long and 53.4 µm wide (at level of third pair of legs) (Fig. 8 A). Conical head with terminal mouth. Cephalic cirri with a swollen transparent pedunculate base (scapus) and a short flagellum. Median cephalic cirrus is present but very short and difficult to see (2.5 µm). Primary clavae ovoid (3.6 µm) with thickened cuticle; van der Land’s body and pore not visible but they are confirmed in the A. diakidius specimens from MNHN. Thin, short lateral cirri A (4.2 µm), slightly anterior to primary clavae; accordion-like pleats not visible on slightly swollen base. Slight bulges seem to appear on either side of the head that are likely to be secondary clavae, but air spaces along the leading edge of the head make measurements and description impossible (Fig. 8 A and C). Internal cephalic cirri (3.0 µm overall, 1.2 and 1.8 µm for the basal peduncle and the flagellum, respectively) dorsal to external cephalic cirri (3 µm overall, 1.4 and 1.6 µm for the basal peduncle and the flagellum, respectively). Black ovoid eyes antero-lateral to lateral cirri. Pharyngeal bulb small and somewhat flattened posteriorly (13.4 µm diameter). Buccal tube thin (24.0 µm length, 0.6 µm width); apophyses not visible. Thin stylets (31.6 µm length); furcae not visible. Stylets enter buccal canal through prominent sheaths (21.1 µm length). Stylet supports absent. Three placoids approximately 6 µm in length, but anterior fusion point not visible. Cuticle smooth without thickened plates, ornamentation or evident punctations. Cirri E (5.5 µm) located dorsoanterior to legs IV. Accordion-like pleats not visible on slightly swollen base. Slight lateral constriction in body just anterior to eyes, otherwise body has smooth contour without additional projections. Rosette-like gonopore, surrounded by six small membranes, 11.2 µm distant from the anus. Seminal receptacles not visible. Anus a fissure surrounded by irregular folds between legs IV. Stubby legs of approximately equal length with claws attached to leg with basal membrane. Four claws on legs I to III and three claws on legs IV. Claws progressively longer from innermost to outermost. Claws on leg II 5.2 µm, 6.2 µm, 6.8 µm, 7.1 µm, from inner to outer, respectively (Fig. 8 B); on leg III 5.6 µm, 6.5 µm, 6.8 µm, 7.0 µm, from inner to outer, respectively. On other legs, including IV, all claws are not measurable, however leg IV claws appear to be approximately equal in length (around 8 µm). The claws are slightly curved apically and paired basal spurs exit at right angles to one another, projecting away from the main claw branch almost horizontally giving the appearance of spread bird wings (see leftmost medial claws in Fig. 8 B). Accessory points occur on the two medial claws only in legs I – III (Fig. 8 B); leg IV inner two claws appear to have accessory points and outer claw does not, but these characters are poorly visible on claw IV. These accessory points are visible on the specimens from MNHN. Papillae (3.7 µm) present dorsally near base of legs IV, van der Land’s body not present and pore poorly visible, but they are clearly visible on the MNHN specimens. Spines not present on legs IV. Papillae and spines absent from legs I – III.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFDFFFEFFF44FC59FBEAFA49.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Our measurements differ from Pollock’s original descriptions, and in the case of cirri E rather dramatically. This could be due to greater accuracy based on current digital technology, changes in the specimen over time, or other causes. Our measurements and Pollock’s original measurements are included in Table 3. As speculated by both Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1987) and Chang & Rho (1998 b), the holotype of A. diakidius does have a small median cirrus (Fig. 8 C). Pollock overlooked this small, difficult-to-see structure. Accessory points were not discussed in the original paper. The archived specimens we examined from Bimini and Guadeloupe have claws with widely divergent basal spurs, claws I – III progressively longer from innermost to outermost (the diakidius - type claws of Chang & Rho 1998 b) and with accessory points on medial claws; claws IV similar in length and the two innermost claws with accessory points. They match the holotype in claw structure and for all other observable characters. We confirm that these are A. diakidius. This verifies that the previous record of Anisonyches from the East Plana Cay (Pollock 1975) is a different species than the new one described here. The specimen from Bimini is undated, and inexplicably it was not reported in Renaud-Debyser (1959, 1963).	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC1FFEBFF44FD5AFA79FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: A single female, slide B: 14 - 15 - 1, collected at site 10. The holotype is deposited in the collection of tardigrades of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC1FFEBFF44FD5AFA79FD1E.taxon	diagnosis	Specific diagnosis: Anisonyches with ovoid-shaped primary clava and papilla on the fourth pair of legs. Sensory organs on the first three pairs of legs absent. Claws with narrowly divergent basal spurs directed downward, a long curved distal point, medial claws longer than outer claws, and all claws bearing an apical accessory point.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC1FFEBFF44FD5AFA79FD1E.taxon	description	Description of the holotype: Female, with the characteristic worm-like body 193 µm long and 57 µm wide (at the level of the third pair of legs) (Figs. 9 and 10). Conical head with terminal mouth. Cuticle smooth without evident punctations. Large black round eyes located anteriorly to the lateral cirri. Cephalic cirri with a swollen transparent pedunculate base (scapus), resulting in a clearly visible inner filament, and a short flagellum (Fig. 11). Median cephalic cirrus very short and very difficult to see (about 2.5 µm long). Internal cephalic cirri in a dorsal position, 7.4 µm long (3.4 and 4.0 µm for the basal peduncle and the flagellum, respectively); ventral external cephalic cirri 5.0 µm long (basal peduncle = 2.6 µm + flagellum = 2.4 µm). Lateral cirrus A (10.5 µm long) bears an accordion-shaped basal peduncle (5.1 µm) and a terminal spike (5.4 µm). The terminal spike of the lateral cirrus has a cylindrical base tapering to a thin apical point. Primary clava ovoid, 3.6 µm, with thickened cuticle, a van der Land’s body at the base and a distal circular pore. Perceptible lensshaped secondary clava 16.0 µm in diameter (Figs. 10 and 11). Long cirrus E (15.2 µm long) also bearing an accordion-like pedunculate base (about 6.9 µm) and distal flagellum (8.3 µm) (Fig. 11 A). Ovoid papilla (3.7 µm), with a terminal circular pore, present at the base of legs IV. Sensory organs on legs I to III not evident. Buccal cavity with two thickened rings (probably teeth) (Fig. 11 B) followed by a long buccal tube (35.9 µm) (Fig. 11 A). The first portion (about 7 µm long) of the thin-walled buccal tube is very narrow (0.6 µm wide). A long wider portion (1.3 µm wide) follows with thicker walls in the anterior-medial part. The pharyngeal bulb is small (15.2 x 12.8 µm), with three placoids of about 6 µm and apophyses 2.4 µm long which exit the buccal tube at approximately right angles (Fig. 10). However, details of the pharynx need confirmation because in our specimen it is detached from the buccal tube (Fig. 11 A). Stylets, 43.8 µm long, with sheaths (20.4 µm), terminated by a conspicuous T-shaped furca. Branches of the furca (4 µm each) with round apexes. Stylet supports absent. Stubby legs with claws. Four claws on legs I to III and three claws on legs IV as typical of the genus. The medial claws (two on legs I – III, of about 7.4 µm, and the one on leg IV, about 8.4 µm) are larger than the outermost claws (about 6.7 on legs I – III, and 7.6 on leg IV) and the smaller innermost claws (6.1 on legs I – III, and 7.5 on legs IV) (Fig. 11 C). All claws with basal membranes, connecting each claw to the leg, and a light-refracting portion on its base. All claws with an apical accessory point and a pair of thin basal spurs directed downwards (A. mauritanius - type claws, Chang & Rho (1998 b )). The claws are strongly curved apically (the long terminal portion is bent at about 90 ° relatively to the basal portion). Rosette-like gonopore, surrounded by six small membranes, 12.8 µm distant from the anus. Anus a fissure surrounded by pursed lines between legs IV. Large oblong seminal receptacles (9.9 x 5.0 µm), lateral to the gonopore, with seminal ducts inserted posteriorly. The entire length of the ducts was not discernible. Measurements of the holotype and type material of the other Anisonyches species are compared in Table 3. Larvae and males were not found.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC1FFEBFF44FD5AFA79FD1E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species was found only in Eleuthera, thus the specific epithet.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC1FFEBFF44FD5AFA79FD1E.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: Only three species of the genus Anisonyches have been described previously: A. diakidius Pollock, 1975, the type species from the Bahamas, A. mauritanius Grimaldi de Zio et al., 1987 and A. deliquus Chang & Rho, 1998. The new species has intermediate characteristics between A. diakidius on one hand, and A. mauritanius and A. deliquus on the other. Anisonyches eleutherensis sp. nov. shares with A. diakidius the presence of the primary clava and papilla on legs IV and the absence of sensory organs on the other three pair of legs (sensory organs on legs I – III are also absent in A. deliquus). The mauritanius - type claws characterized by the presence of larger medial claws relative to the outer and innermost claws on legs I – III, smaller outermost claws on legs IV and spiniform basal spurs, narrowly divergent from one another and directed downward are shared by the new species, A. mauritanius and A. deliquus. The unique characters considered of important taxonomic value in the single specimen of A. eleutherensis sp. nov. are some other attributes of claw morphology. In the new species, all the claws without exception, have distal accessory points. In contrast, in A. deliquus only the two medial claws on legs I – III and the innermost two claws on leg IV have accessory points. Our examination of the holotype of A. diakidius revealed widely divergent, horizontally directed basal spurs (diakidius - type claws), and as Chang & Rho (1998 b) speculated accessory points on the medial claws only, at least on legs I-III and probably on inner claws of legs IV but these claws were not clear enough to be certain. The A. diakidius specimens we examined from Bimini, Bahamas collected by Renaud- Debyser also had diakidius - type claws with very small accessory points on medial claws of legs I-III and the inner claws of leg IV. The specimen from Guadeloupe was badly damaged, but did have diakidius - type claws. The absence of accessory points on A. mauritanius is probable based on the expertise of the author, the detailed description of the claw morphology, and the illustrations shown in the original description. Anisonyches eleutherensis sp. nov. also differs from A. diakidius by having mauritanius - type claws rather than diakidius - type claws, and in having the claws more strongly curved apically. In addition, our new species can be distinguished from all three other species in the genus by the presence of relatively longer lateral cirri A and E, both bearing accordion-like pedunculate bases. = Observations of Chang & Rho (1998 b) from specimens from the Philippines. Specimens from the Philippines attributed to A. diakidius by Chang & Rho (1998 b) had widely divergent basal spurs and small accessory points on the medial claws, however, they differed from Pollock’s original description in other ways. In the specimens from the Philippines, conspicuous secondary clavae are present associated with large head swellings, the outermost claws are similar in length to the medial claws on legs I – III, and eye spots are posterior to cirrus A. The A. diakidius holotype did not have large swellings associated with the secondary clavae, but artifacts around the leading edge of the head did not allow a clear view of this structure. Also, as noted by Chang & Rho (1998 b) the eyes are quite anterior to lateral cirrus A in the holotype. Thus, we believe the specimens from the Philippines warrant further study, and they could represent a new species similar to A. diakidius. The following key of the genus Anisonyches is presented:	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC5FFE8FF44F883FD88FA49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: One specimen from site 1, body length 171 µm.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
A01187D9FFC5FFE8FF44F883FD88FA49.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This single specimen is poorly preserved and oriented so that an adequate description is not possible. But it is remarkable in that only a very small number of marine eutardigrades are known. The genus Halobiotus Kristensen, 1982 is secondarily adapted to saltwater environments in northern latitudes, as is, apparently, Thulinius itoi Tsurusaki, 1980. All were described from intertidal or supralittoral sand. Our specimen was found in sand at 3 m depth, over 2000 m from the nearest shore. Is it a truly marine species or a terrestrial species that was an “ accidental ” in these samples? The distance from shore might suggest the former hypothesis, while the lone occurrence supports the latter. The specimen has a granulated cuticle without gibbosities, no visible eyes, Hypsibius - type claws with thick primary branches and well-developed accessory points, light refracting areas at the base of primary branches of all claws, lack of claw lunules, and a pharynx with two small macroplacoids (the first pear-shaped and larger than the second) and a minute roundish microplacoid / septula. Together with some morphometric characters, this does not match any currently known Hypsibius species. It seems to us improbable that an accidental terrestrial specimen would also be a species never before encountered. Further sampling is needed to resolve this intriguing question.	en	Bartels, Paul J., Fontoura, Paulo, Nelson, Diane R. (2018): Marine tardigrades of the Bahamas with the description of two new species and updated keys to the species of Anisonyches and Archechiniscus. Zootaxa 4420 (1): 43-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.3
